Revolucion Cientifica

 

Z`vciugk÷f gk`ftèakgn

 

Gcfg`ptc W` gcfcg` gcf `i fchjr` b` Z`vciugk÷f Gk`ftèakgn ni gnhjkc brîstkgc `f `i hcb`ic b` p`fsnhk`ftc qu` tuvc iuenr `ftr` ics skeics ]Q, ]QK y ]QKK, `f Cggkb`ft`, burnft` in @bnb Hcb`rfn   t`hprnfn. Rrnfsacrh÷ pnrn sk`hpr` ins vkskcf`s h`bk`vni`s  y in vkbn . W`ft÷ ins jns`s pnrn `i  y scjr` in fnturni`zn  surekhk`ftc b` in gk`fgkn   gchc gchc in gchpr`fb`hcs mcy `f bèn. In Z`vciugk÷f Gk`ftèakgn fngk÷ `f @urcpn n akfni`s b`i b `i Z`fngkhk`ftc  . Au` arutc b` ins fu`vns kb`ns `f hnt`rkn b` aèskgn , nstrcfchèn  , jkciceèn   y y quèhkgn , y gcf `iins `i gnhjkc `f `i pnrnbkehn    akics÷akgc akics÷akgc qu` prcbudc `i hcvkhk`ftc scgkni ` kft`i`gtuni gcfcgkbc gchc Kiustrngk÷f  .

 

Gnrngt`rèstkgns •

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W` gcfskb`rn qu` s` kfkgk÷ `f >027, gcfr`vciugk÷f in pujikgngk÷ pujikgngk÷f r`jciutkcfkvus crjkuh gc`i`stkuh («In b` ficsb` B` gu`rpcs g`i`st`s¿) b` Fkgciîs Gcpërfkgc. @f `stn cjrn, Gcpërfkgc r`aut÷ in t`crèn e`cgëftrkgn, in guni nakrhnjn qu` in Rk`rrn `rn `i g`ftrc b`i ufkv`rsc, y pcstui÷, `f gnhjkc, su t`crèn m`ikcgëftrkgn (in guni ujkgnjn ni Wci `f `i g`ftrc b`i ufkv`rsc) n pnrtkr b` in utkikzngk÷f b` m`rrnhk`ftns hnt`hîtkgns. Ics hnycr`s gnhjkcs s` prcbud`rcf `f `i gnhpc b` ins hnt`hîtkgns, in aèskgn y in nstrcfchèn. Wkf `hjnrec, `i b`snrrciic b` uf hëtcbc gk`ftèakgc b` kfv`stkengk÷f khpngt÷ scjr` tcbns ins îr`ns b`i gcfcgkhk`ftc. @i gcfcgkhk`ftc jnsnbc `f in trnbkgk÷f y ins `sgrkturns s` r``hpinz÷ pcr `i cjt`fkbc n trnvës b` in cjs`rvngk÷f y in `xp`rkh`ftngk÷f.. In i÷ekgn b`bugtkvn nrkstctëikgn au` `xp`rkh`ftngk÷f r``hpinznbn pcr `i hëtcbc kfbugtkvc pr`s`ftnbc pcr Jngcf, `i guni prcpcfèn pnrtkr b` gnscs pnrtkguinr`s pnrn ii`enr n pr`hksns e`f`rni`s.

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W` prcbudc ufn hnt`hntkzngk÷f b` in fnturni`zn, `s b`gkr qu` ics kfv`stkenbcr`s gckfgkbk`rcf `f in npikgngk÷f b` hcbcs b` b`sgrkpgk÷f hnt`hîtkgcs pnrn kfv`stkenr in fnturni`zn. Gch`fz÷ n gcfg`jkrs` n in gk`fgkn gchc uf skst`hn b` gcfcgkhk`ftc bka`r`ft` b` ins t`crèns akics÷akgns y r`ikekcsns. W` kfkgk÷ in kfstktugkcfnikzngk÷f b` in kfv`stkengk÷f gk`ftèakgn gk`ftèakgn. . W` ngnb`hkns aufbnrcf, nb`ic inrec b` @urcpn, bkstkftns gk`fgkn gchc in Zcyni Wcgk`ty (aufbnbn `f Icfbr`s, pcr Ksnng F`wtcf `f >11111) y in Z`ni Ngnb`hkn b` H`bkgkfn y Gkrueèn (W`vkiin, >1;5), `ftr` ctrns qu` nerupnjnf n gk`ftèakgcs y bkaufbènf `i gcfcgkhk`ftc.

 

Z`pr`s`ftnft`s ◃

Fkgciîs Gcpërfkgc (>257->027). Durkstn, (>257->027). Durkstn, hnt`hîtkgc, aèskgc y giërkec gnt÷ikgc pcingc, b`bkg÷ ernf pnrt` b` su vkbn n in nstrcfchèn  , y r`acrhui÷ n su hnf`rn in t`crèn M`ikcgëftrkgn b`i Wkst`hn Wcinr , acrhuinbn kfkgknih`ft` pcr Nrkstnrgc b` Wnhcs. Arnfgks Jngcf (>01>->1:1)4 aki÷scac kfeiës, gr`nbcr b`i `hpkrkshc  .

Fkgcins Gcpërfkgc

Arnfgks Jngcf 

 

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Eniki`c Eniki`k (>012->12:)4 aki÷scac, hnt`hîtkgc, aèskgc ` kfv`ftcr ktniknfc. Dcmnff`s O`pi`r (>05>->170;1->10121->5>1)4 aki÷scac y hnt`hîtkgc ni`hîf. Ksnng F`wtcf (>12:/>127->5:5)4 aèskgc y hnt`hîtkgc kfeiës. Wus b`snrrciics hnt`hîtkgcs y aèskgcs au`rcf aufbnh`ftni`s pnrn `i b`snrrciic b` in gk`fgkn hcb`rfn.

. Z`f` B`sgnrt`s

Ksnng F`wtcf

 

@facqu` scgkni 

B`sgcfaknfzn nft` ins kftukgkcf`s kfe`funs b`i

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s`ftkbc gchôf. `i vnicr b` in cjs`rvngk÷f, b` in W` kfgr`h`ftn `xp`rk`fgkn y in f`g`skbnb b` in g`rt`rc. W` bn ufn khpcrtnfgkn hnycr n ics a`f÷h`fcs b` fu`strc nir`b`bcr .



 

npcrt` 

•@i hcb`ic m`ikcgëftrkgc b`i Wkst`hn Wcinr. N trnvës b`i gîiguic y in cjs`rvngk÷f    b`i akrhnh`ftc gcf t`i`sgcpkcs gnbn v`z hîs

r`akfnbcs, ics prkh`rcs nstr÷fchcs b`hcstrnrcf qu` fc `s in Rk`rrn `i g`ftrc b`i ufkv`rsc nir`b`bcr b` in guni ekrn `i Wci, skfc qu` `s `i Wci `i g`ftrc b`i Wkst`hn Wcinr y nir`b`bcr b` ëi ekrnf ics pinf`tns , `ftr` `iics in Rk`rrn. @st` snj`r rchpk÷ gcf `i crb`f gcshci÷ekgc r`ikekcsc qu` khp`r÷ burnft` `i h`bkc`vc, y qu` prcv`fèn b`i hkshèskhc Nrkst÷t`i`s.

•Npcyc b`i ntchkshc pcr `fgkhn b` ins t`crèns nrkstctëikgns b` in hnt`rkn. Nrkst÷t`i`s p`fsnjn, `f in nftkeù`bnb, qu` in   `rn ufn acrhn gcftkfun y qu` `stnjn gcfstktukbn pcr hnt`rkn  guntrc

`i`h`ftcs4 nkr` ,

au`ec, neun  y

tk`rrn,

`f

bkv`rsns

•W`pnrngk÷f b` in quèhkgn b` in niqukhkn. In quèhkgn   fng` acrhnih`ft` burnft` `st` p`rècbc,  fng` erngkns n ics prkh`rcs `stubkcscs b` in hnt`rkn gchc Rygmc Jrnm`, \nrng`isc y Zcj`rt Jcyi`, `ftr` ctrcs. •B`snrrciic b` in ÷ptkgn. In ÷ptkgn au` uf `fcrh` nvnfg` b` in Z`vciugk÷f Gk`ftèakgn, qu` s` trnbudc fc s÷ic `f h`dcr`s gcfcgkhk`ftcs b`i gchpcrtnhk`ftc b` in iuz , skfc `f h`dcr`s kfsuhcs pnrn in kfv`stkengk÷f gk`ftèakgn , gchc , qu` p`rhktk`rcf in t`i`sgcpkcs y hkgrcsgcpkcs  cjs`rvngk÷f b` ics nstrcs i`dnfcs y b` ins pnrtèguins   hkgrcsg÷pkgns.  hkgrcsg÷pkgns.

prcpcrgkcf`s. @stn kb`n khp`r÷ burnft` `i h`bkc`vc, n p`snr b` qu` B`h÷grktc, ctrc aki÷scac nftkeuc, yn mnjèn acrhuinbc in t`crèn nt÷hkgn  . @stn ôitkhn au`, burnft` in Z`vciugk÷f

•\rkh`rcs `xp`rkh`ftcs gcf in `i`gtrkgkbnb. Ukiiknh Ekij`rt au` ufc b` ics prkh`rcs `f b`bkgnrs` n in `xp`rkh`ftngk÷f    y y

Gk`ftèakgn, r`sgntnbn y h`dcrnbn. nfntchèn muhnfn  muhnfn y b`sgnrt` b` ins t`crèns b` •Nvnfg`s `f in nfntchèn

r`ekstrc b` ics prkfgkpkcs `iëgtrkgcs, kfv`ftnfbc kfgiusc in pninjrn intkfn `i`gtrkgus, b`rkvnbn b `rkvnbn b` `i`otrcf (’îhjnr‘ `f erk`ec). Nsè b`sgujrk÷ ins prcpk`bnb`s `iëgtrkgns b` hugmcs hnt`rkni`s bkstkftcs, gchc `i nzuar`, in g`rn c `i vkbrkc, y r`nikz÷ `fcrh`s nvnfg`s `f hnt`rkn b` `i`gtrkgkbnb    y y hnef`tkshc  , qu` aufbnrcf gnhpcs

Eni`fc. Burnft` hîs b` hki nþcs ics `stubkcs b`i nftkeuc Eni`fc. Burnft` Eni`fc rkek`rcf `i snj`r hëbkgc `f Cggkb`ft`, mnstn qu` in , bks`ggkcf`s y Z`vciugk÷f Gk`ftèakgn ii`e÷. Fu`vcs `xp`rkh`ftcs  `stubkcs npikgnfbc `i hëtcbc gk`ftèakgc y gcf fu`vcs kfstruh`ftcs b` h`bkgk÷f  , p`rhktk`rcf in h`dcr gchpr`fsk÷f b`i

`ft`rcs b` `stubkc b` in aèskgn.  

A`gmns khpcrtnft`s  FCHJZ@

NÞC

GCH@FR GCH@FRNZKCW NZKCW

Fkgcins Gcpërfkgc

>027

W` tchn gchc kfkgkc b` in r`vciugk÷f gk`ftèakgn. Gcf in pujikgngk÷f b` in cjrn b` guhjr` ’scjr` ics hcvkhk`ftcs b` ics crj`s g`i`st`s‘.

Arnfgks Jngcf

>1:<

@f

su

cjrn Fcvuh

crenfuh s`ft÷ ins jns`s b`i

hëtcbc

gk`ftèakgc

`xp`rkh`ftni.

Eniki`c Eniki`k

>17:

W` gcfskb`rn gchc `i akfni b` in r`vciugk÷f gk`ftèakgn. Gcf in pujikgngk÷f b`i bknicec ’bknicec b` ics bcs

hîxkhcs

 

skst`hns

b`i

Ngtunih`ft` gchc s` r`ai`dn `f in scgk`bnb ◃

In Z`vciugk÷f Gk`ftèakgn skefkakg÷ uf gcrt` khpcrtnft` gcf in trnbkgk÷f  h`bk`vni  h`bk`vni qu`, nft` tcbc, b`hcstr÷ in gnpngkbnb muhnfn b` npikgnr `i kft`i`gtc k ft`i`gtc n in gchpr`fsk÷f b`i hufbc. \`rhktk÷ `i fngkhk`ftc b`i rngkcfnikshc   y b`i  y

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p`fsnhk`ftc hcb`rfc, qu` b`spinz÷ in a` h`bk`vni gchc prkfgkpkc r`e`ft` b` in vkbn y scgk`bnb muhnfns. \`rc qukzî in hnycr gcfs`gu`fgkn qu` tuvc mnyn skbc `i fngkhk`ftc acrhni b` ins gk`fgkns, `fhnrgnbns `f `i hëtcbc gk`ftèakgc y `f `i `hpkrkshc rngkcfnikstn. @stc khpikgn ufn rnbkgni trnfsacrhngk÷f b`i hufbc b` ins kb`ns, kb `ns, p`rhktk`fbc in r`npnrkgk÷f b` snj`r`s qu` mnstn mng` uf skeic acrhnjnf pnrt` b` in niqukhkn   ksiîhkgn y b` ics snj`r`s m`rëtkgcs.

 

¡Hugmns erngkns! erngkns! \crKft`ernft`s su nt`fgk÷f b`i `qukpc >4

Tuihn @stm`r Qnibës \ër`z [nfgk Ekss`ii` Rkqu` Enrgèn Kvîf b` D`sôs Wunr`z I÷p`z Ni`dnfbrc Rkqu` Inzc @bunrbc Dnvk`r Rcrr`s A`rfîfb`z M`j`f`r D`sus Rcrr`s Cinf

GZ@BKRW4 Rmks pr`s`ftntkcf t`hpint` wns gr`nt`b jy Wikb`sec, kfgiubkfe kgcfs jy Aintkgcf Aintkgcf,, nfb kfacernpmkgs & khne`s jy Ar``pko Ar``pko nfb  nfb kiiustrntkcfs