REVISI LP Dan ASKEP FISIK GERONTIK Ratih

 

FDY@_DK YCKGDESFSDK MCYC_D^DWDK NC_@KWLM GCKNDK MDXSX N@SW D_WE_LWLX

G`sck Ycjoljolkn 1

_lkd Kur E, J.Mcp., Xp.Mcp.M`j

Glsusuk `fce 1

_dtle _dhejd ^dtl (?9?9989>2)

Y_@N_DJ XWSGL Y_@BCXL KC_X XWLMCX OLKD XCEDW YYKL J@A@MC_W@ WDESK DAD_DK ?9?4

 

ODO 4 YCKGDESFSDK 4.4 Fdtdr Fdtdr Ocfdmdk Ocfdmdkn n

Jckud dtdu jckadgl tud oumdkfde sudtu pckydmlt tctdpl jcrupdmdk pr`scs  ocrmurdknkyd gdyd tdedk tuoue gdfdj jcknedgdpl rdknsdkndk gdrl gdfdj jdupuk fudr tuoue ydkn jdsle glmdtcn`rlmdk scodndl edf ydkn dfdjlde. ^dfdupuk gcjlml gcj lmldk, dk, jcjdkn jcjdkn edrus edrus gldmul gldmul odewd odewd fdkaut fdkaut usld usld rcktdk rcktdk tcrmck tcrmckdd ocrodn ocrodndl dl  pckydmlt dktdrd fdlk pdgd slstcj jusmuf`smcfctdf. Xdfde sdtu pckydmlt ydkn jckycrdkn slstcj jusmuf`smcfctdf pdgd fdkaut usld ydltu `stc`drtrltls. N`utt drterl N`u drterltls tls dtdu dsdj urdt jcrupdmdk ndknnudk jctdo`flsjc ydkn sugd sugde e glmc glmckd kdff sc scad adm m zdjd zdjdk k \ukd \ukdkl kl Muk` Muk` `f `fce ce Elp` Elp`mr mrdt dtcs cs.. Yc Ycky kydm dmlt lt lk lkll  ocreuoukndk gckndk tlknnlkyd mdgdr dsdj urdt gdfdj gdrde. Dsdj urdt jcrupdmdk edslf jctdo`flsjc ydkn tlgdm o`fce ocrfcoledk gl gdfdj tuoue, sctldp jdkusld jcjlflml mdgdr dsdj urdt gl gdfdj tuouekyd ydkn jcrupdmdk edslf gdrl jctdo` jct do`flsj flsjcc scgdkn scgdknmdk mdk pcjlhu pcjlhu fdl fdlkky kkydd ydkn ydkn jckyco jckycodom domdk dk mdgdr mdgdr dsdj urdt urdt tlknnl dgdfde sckydwd ydkn odkydm jckndkgukn purlk. (Yrlhc & ^lfs`k, ?947). L. L.4 4 Wuau Wuaudk dk L.4.4

Wuaudk uj ujuj

Wuaudk pckuflsdk ujuj gdrl fdp`r`rdk pckgdeufdk dgdfde uktum jcknctdeul tlkadudk tc`rl tcktdkn fdksld, N`ut Drterltls gdk m`kscp dsuedk mcpcrdwdtdk pdgd fdksld gckndk ndknnudk blslm gckndk `stc`drterltls. L.4.? Wuaudk Me Meusus 4. Jcknctdeul tlkadudk tc`rl tcktdkn m`kscp fdksld ?. Jc Jckn knct ctde deul ul tlka tlkadu dudk dk tc`r tc`rll tcktd tcktdkn kn m` m`ks kscp cp N`ut N`ut Drte Drterlt rltls ls gd gdk k

m`kscp dsuedk mcpcrdwdtdk pdgd fdksld 8. Jcknctdeul pckdkndkdk jdsdfde ydkn scrlkn jukhuf pdgd fdksld

schdrd ujuj

 

ODO ? WLKADSDK WC@_L ?.4 M`kscp M`kscp Fdksl Fdksld d ?.4. ?.4.4 4 Gcbl Gcblkl klsl sl Fdks Fdksld ld

Fdkaut usld oumdk jcrupdmdk sudtu pckydmlt, jcfdlkmdk sudtu tdedp fdka fdkaut ut gd gdrl rl sudtu sudtu mc mcel elgu gupd pdk k gljd gljdkd kd fd fdks ksld ld oc ocrd rdgd gd pd pdgd gd bd bdsc sc dm dmel elrr yd ydkn kn gltdkgdl gckndk jckurukkyd mcjdjpudk tuoue gdfdj jcfdmumdk dgdptdsl gckndk flknmukndkkyd scelknnd tlgdm gdpdt ocrtdedk tcredgdp lkbcmsl gdk jcjp jc jpcr crod odlm lmll

mcru mcrusd sdmd mdk k

ydkn ydkn

tcra tcradg dgll

gl

gd gdfd fdj j

tu tuou ouek ekyd yd..

Lk Lkgl glvl vlgu gu

glmdtcn`rlmdk mc gdfdj fdksld mctlmd tcfde jcjdsuml usld gldtds 29 tdeuk. Odkydm Odk ydm fdksld fdksld ydkn ydkn jckndf jckndfdjl djl ndknnu ndknnudk dk dmlodt dmlodt pckuru pckurukdk kdk buknsl buknsl tuoue tuoue scpcrt scp crtll ndknnu ndknnudk dk mdrgl` mdrgl`vdsm vdsmufc ufcr, r, pcrkdb pcrkdbdsdk dsdk,, pckhcrk pckhcrkddk ddk,, pdkhd pdkhd lkgrd, lkgrd,  pcrsdrdbdk, ckg`mrlk, lktcnujckt gdk jusmuf`smcfctdf jusmuf`smcfctdf (Xukdry` ct df., ?942). Fdkaut Fdk aut usld usld jcrupd jcrupdmdk mdk sudtu sudtu odnldk odnldk gdrl gdrl pr`scs pr`scs tujoue tujoue mcjodk mcjodkn. n. Jdkusld tlgdm schdrd tlod-tlod jckadgl tud, tctdpl jcfdful pr`scs tdedpdk dtdu  pcrmcjodkndk gdrl odyl, dkdm-dkdm, rcjdad, gcwdsd gdk dmelrkyd jckadgl tud. Fdksld jcrupdmdk pr`scs dfdjl ydkn gllmutl gckndk pcruodedk blslm gdk  pcrlfdmu. Xcjud lkglvlgu dmdk jckndfdjl pr`scs jckadgl tud gdk jdsd tud jcru jc rupd pdmd mdk k jdsd jdsd elgu elgup p tded tdedp p dm dmel elrr gd gdrl rl jdku jdkusld sld,, gl gljd jdkd kd jckn jckndf dfdjl djl mcjukgurdk blslm, jcktdf gdk s`sldf schdrd ocrtdedp (Drtlkdwdtl, ?947). ?. ?.4. 4.? ? Odtd Odtdsd sdk k Ssl Ssld d

Jckuru Jck urutt Odgdk Odgdk Mcsced Mcscedtdk tdk Gukld Gukld dtdu dtdu ^`rfg ^`rfg Ecdfte Ecdfte @rndkz @rndkzdtl dtl`k `k ( gdfdj Dspldkl, ?947) fdkaut usld glodnl jckadgl tlnd mdtcn`rl ydltu usld fdkaut ocrmlsdr scmltdr ujur 29 sdjpdl >7 tdeuk, usld tud jdsum mcgdfdj ujur >3 sdjpdl 5< tdeuk gdk usld gldtds 9 tdeuk

 

tcrodnl dtds, y`ukn dtds, y`ukn `fg  usld   usld >9->3 tdeuk, `fg  usld   usld >3-59 tdeuk gdk vcry `fg  usld ;59 tdeuk. Jckurut Ourklsc (gdfdj Drtlkdwdtl, ?947) ?947)   dgd cjpdt tdedpdk fdkaut usld y`ukn usld  y`ukn `fg  jcjdsuml   jcjdsuml usld 29-2< tdeuk, tdeuk, jlggfc dnc `fg  jcjdsuml   jcjdsuml usld >9->< >9-> < tdeuk, tdeuk, `fg-`fg  jcjdsuml  jcjdsuml usld 59-5< tdeuk gdk vcry `fg-`fg  jcjdsuml   jcjdsuml usld ;) Jcjcfl Jcjcfledr edrdd mcocrsl mcocrsledk edk glrl glrl 5) Jckadnd Jckadnd m`juklmdsl m`juklmdsl gdk m`ktdm m`ktdm ydkn ydkn dgcmudt dgcmudt gckndk gckndk mcfudrnd mcfudrnd gdk tcjdk tcjdk , >,4 4 jn/g jn/gF F gd gdk k wdkl wdkltd td 1 ?, ?,22-2, 2,9 9 jn/g jn/gF F (Xjcftzcr & Odrc, ?948). N`ut

dr drte terl rltl tlss

dtdu dtdu

ds dsdj dj

ur urdt dt

jcr cru updm dmdk dk

ndk dknn nnu udk

jctd jc tdo` o`fl flsj sjcc yd ydkn kn su sugd gde e glmc glmckd kdff sc scadm adm zd zdjd jdk k \ukd \ukdkl kl Muk` Muk` `f `fce ce Elp`mrdtcs. Yckydmlt lkl ocreuoukndk gckndk tlknnlkyd mdgdr dsdj urdt gdfdj gdrde. Dsdj urdt jcrupdmdk edslf jctdo`flsjc ydkn tlgdm o`fce  ocrfcoledk gl gdfdj tuoue, sctldp jdkusld jcjlflml mdgdr dsdj urdt gl gdfdj tuouekyd tuouekyd ydkn jcrupdmdk jcrupdmdk edslf gdrl jctdo`flsjc jctdo`flsjc scgdknmdk  pcjlhu fdlkkyd ydkn jckycodomdk mdgdr dsdj urdt tlknnl dgdfde sckydwd ydkn odkydm jckndkgukn purlk. (Yrlhc & ^lfs`k, ?947).

 

Drtrltls plrdl (N`ut) dgdfde sudtu pr`scs lkbfdjdsl ydkn tcradgl mdrckd mdr ckd gcp`sl gcp`slsl sl mrlstd mrlstdff dsdj urdt urdt pdgd pdgd adrlknd adrlkndk k scmltd scmltdrr sckgl. sckgl. n`ut n`ut tcradgll scodndl tcradg scodndl dmlodt dmlodt gdrl elpcrurlscjld elpcrurlscjld ydkn ocrfdknsukn ocrfdknsukn fdjd (dsdj urdt scruj urdt scruj jcklkn jcklknmdt mdt)) glscod glscodomd omdk k mdrckd mdrckd pckujp pckujpumd umdk k purlk purlk dtdu dtdu cmrcsl dsdj urdt ydkn murdkn gdrl nlkadf. Drtrltls plrdl dgdfde sudtu slkgr`j mflkls ydkn jcjpukydl ndjodrdk meusus, ydltu drtrltls dmut. Drtrltl Drt rltlss dmut dmut glscod glscodomd omdk k mdrckd mdrckd rcdmsl rcdmsl lkbfdj lkbfdjdsl dsl adrlkn adrlkndk dk tcredgd tcredgdp p  pcjocktumdk mrlstdf j`k`s`gluj urdt j`k`elgrdt (Dryd, ?948). ?.?.? MFDXLBLMDXL

4) N`ut pr prljcr  Jcrupdmdk dmlodt fdknsukn pcjocktumdk dsdj urdt tuoue ydkn  ocrfcole dtdu dmlodt pckurukdk cmrcsl dsdj urdt. ?) N`ut N`ut scm scmuk ukgc gcr  r  Glscod Gls codomd omdk k mdrckd mdrckd pcjock pcjocktum tumdk dk dsdj dsdj urdt urdt ydkn ydkn ocrfco ocrfcole le dtdu cmrcsl dsdj urdt ydkn ocmurdkn dmlodt pr`scs pckydmlt fdlk dtdu  pcjdmdldk `odt tcrtcktu.

?.?.8CWL@F@NL

Yckycodo

utdjd

tcra raddglkyd

n`ut

dgdf dfdde

mdrck ckdd

dgdkyd

gcp`slt/pckljoukdk Mrlstdf dsdj urdt gdfdj sckgl. Yckljoukdk dsdj urdt scrlkn tcradgl pdgd pckydmlt gckndk jctdo`flsjc dsdj urdt dok`rjdf gdk mcfdlkdk mcfdlk dk jctdo`flh jctdo`flh gdfdj pcjocktumd pcjocktumdk k purlk gdk cmsrcsl dsdj urdt ydkn murdkn gdrl nlkadf.  Ococrdpd bdmt`r fdlk ydkn jckgumukn jckgumukn scpcrtl 1 d. Bdm dmt` t`rr

nck nckctlh ctlh

sc scpc pcrt rtll

ndk dkn nnu nudk dk

jctd jctdo` o`fl flsj sjcc

pur urlk lk

ydk dkn n

jckycodomdk dsdj urdt ocrfcoledk ( Elpcrurlhcjld ), rctcksl dsdj urdt dtdu mcgudkyd.  o. Yckycodo scmukgcr ydltu dmlodt `ocsltds, gldoctcs jcffltus, elpcrtcksl, ndknnudk nlkadf ydkn mdk jckycodomdk 1 

Ycjchdedk dsdj ydkn gdpdt jckycodomdk elpcrurlhcjld

 



Mdrckd pcknnukddk `odt ‘ `odtdk ydkn jckurukmdk cmsrcsl dsdj urdt scpcrtl 1 dsplrlk, glurctlh, fcv`g`pd, gldz`mslg, dsdj klm`tlkdt, dsctd z`fdjlg gdk ctdjout`f.

h. Ycjock Ycjocktum tumdk dk dsdj dsdj urdt urdt ydkn ydkn ocrfco ocrfcole le 1  N`ut prljcr jctdo`flh glscodomdk slstcksl fdknsukn ydkn  ocrtdjode. 

N`ut scmukgcr jctdo`flh glscodomdk pcjocktumdk dsdj urdt ocrfcole mdrckd pckydmlt fdlk scpcrtl fcumcjld.

g. Murdkn Murdkn dsdj urdt urdt jcfd jcfdful ful nlkadf nlkadf c. N`ut N`ut prljcr prljcr rckdf rckdf tcradgl tcradgl mdrckd mdrckd cmsrcsl cmsrcsl dsdj dsdj urdt gl tuouf tuoufus us glstdf glstdf nlkadf ydkn scedt. b. N`ut N`ut sc scmu mukg kgcr cr rc rckd kdff glsc glscod odom omdk dk `f `fce ce md mdrc rckd kd mc mcru rusd sdmd mdk k nl nlka kadf df jlsdfkyd nf`jcr`kcbrltls mr`klm dtdu ndndf nlkadf mr`klm. M@JYFLMDXL

4) Yc Ycky kydm dmlt lt Nlka Nlkadf df M`jp M` jpfl flmd mdsl sl dsdj dsdj ur urdt dt yd ydkn kn pd pdfl flkn kn ujuj ujuj dg dgdf dfde de nd ndkn knnu nudk dk-ndknnu ndk nnudk dk pdgd pdgd nlkadf nlkadf.. Ndknnu Ndknnudk dk pdgd pdgd nlkadf nlkadf tcradgl tcradgl dmlodt dmlodt gdrl gdrl  pckdkndk pdgd pckgcrld dsdj urdt dmut tcrfdjodt jckdkndkl  pckydmltkyd. Ydgd pckgcrltd dsdj urdt dgd gud pckycodo ndknnudk  pdgd nlkadf ydltu tcradglkyd odtu nlkadf (odtu dsdj urdt) gdk rlslm` rls lm` mc mcru rusdm sdmdk dk nlka nlkadf df.o .odt dtu u ds dsdj dj ur urdt dt tc tcra radg dgll pd pdgd gd pc pckg kgcrl crltd td yd ydkn kn jcjlflml dsdj urdt fcole tlknnl gdrl 48 jn/gf. Dsdj Ds dj ur urdt dt jcru jcrupd pdmd mdk k ed edsl slff ou oudk dknd ndk k gd gdrl rl jctd jctdo` o`fl flsj sjcc tu tuou oue e jcfdfull urlkc. jcfdfu urlkc. Xcpcrt Xcpcrtll ydkn ydkn tcfde tcfde glmctd glmctdeul eul,, urlkc urlkc gl pr`scs pr`scs gl nlkadf. @fce scodo ltu, almd mdgdr gl gdfd gdrde tcrfdfu tlknnl jdmd dsdj dsd j urdt urdt ydkn ydkn ocrfco ocrfcole le dmdk dmdk jcjock jcjocktum tum mrlstdf mrlstdf gdfdj gdfdj gdrde. gdrde. Dpdo Dp dolf lfdd

aujf aujfde deky kydd

sc scjd jdml mlk k

od odky kydm dm,,

dm dmdk dk

jckn jckndm dmlo lodt dtmd mdk k

 pckujpummdk gdk pcjocktummdk odtu nlkadf. Odtu Odt u nlkadf nlkadf tcrockt tcrocktum um mctlmd mctlmd urlkc urlkc jckndk jckndkguk gukn n suostd suostdksl ksl ydkn ydkn jcjocktum mrlstdf, scpcrtl mdfsluj, `msdfdt gdk dsdj urdt. Ydgd sd sddt dt yd ydkn kn sdjd, sdjd, ur urlk lkcc jukn juknml mlk k mc mcmu murdk rdknd ndk k suos suostd tdks ksll yd ydkn kn jckhcn jck hcnde de mrlstdf mrlstdf jckydt jckydtu. u. Mcgud Mcgud edf lkl jckadg jckadglmd lmdkky kkydd scoud scoud flknmukndk flknmukn dk ydkn lgcdf uktum uktum tcrocktumky tcrocktumkydd odtu nlkadf. Odtu nlkadf nlkadf tlgdm jckdjpdmdk ncadfd sdjpdl odtu nlkadf tcrscout ocrncrdm gl gdfdj nlkadf dtdu jdsum mc sdfurdk mcjle (urctcr), sudtu sdfurdk ydkn jckneuouknmd jckneuouknmdk k nlkadf nlkadf gdk mdkgukndk mdkgukndk mcjle (K`vlydktl (K`vlydktl,, ?943). ?) Yc Ycky kydm dmlt lt Adk Adktu tukn kn Mcfc Mc fcol oled edk k dsdj dsdj ur urdt dt gd gdfd fdj j tu tuou oue e (e (elp lpcr crur urlsc lscjl jld) d) jcjo jcjoud udtt scsc`rdkn ocrp`tcksl tcrmckd scrdkndk adktukn. Ydgd `rdkn ydkn jckgcr jck gcrltd ltd elpcru elpcrurlsc rlscjld jld tcrgdp tcrgdpdt dt pcklkn pcklknmdt mdtdk dk rlslm` rlslm` 8-3 mdfl mdfl

 

jukhufkyd pckydmlt adktukn m`r`kcr gdk str`mc. Euoukndk dktdrd dsdj urdt gckndk pckydmlt adktukn dgdfde dgdkyd mrlstdf dsdj urdt yd ydkn kn gd gdpd pdtt jcru jcrusdm sdm ck ckg` g`tc tcff dt dtdu du pc pcjo jouf ufue ue gd gdrd rde e m` m`r` r`kc kcr. r. Elpcrurlscjld Elpcrurlscj ld aund ocreuoukn ocreuoukndk dk gckndk gckndk slkgr`jd slkgr`jd jctdo`flm jctdo`flm dtdu rcsls rcslstc tcks ksll lk lksu sufl flk, k, yd ydlt ltu u mu mujp jpuf ufdk dk mc mcfd fdlk lkdk dk-mc -mcfdl fdlkd kdk k gc gckn kndk dk jcklkn jck lknmdt mdtkyd kyd mdgdr mdgdr lksufl lksuflk k gdfdj gdfdj gdrde, gdrde, elpcrtc elpcrtcksl ksl,, smfcr` smfcr`sls sls (K`vlydktl, ?943). 8) Gldo Gldoct ctcs cs Jcff Jcfflt ltus us edslf stugl odru Cswdr Mrlsekdk ydkn jcrupdmdk dslstck Yr`bcs`r  _ecujdt`f`ny gl Xtdkb`rg Sklvcrslty gckndk edslf pckcfltldk ydkn glpr glprcs csck cktd tdslm slmdk dk gl pc pcrt rtcj cjud udk k tdeuk tdeukdk dk Djcr Djcrlh lhdk dk H`ff H`ffcn cncc `b  _ecujdt`f`ny glgdpdtl mcsljpufdk odewd, mdgdr dsdj urdt ydkn tlknnl gdfdj gdrde ocrmdltdk gckndk rlslm` pcklknmdtdk gldoctcs edjplr ?9% gdk rlslm` pcklknmdtdk m`kglsl ydkn jckndrde pdgd  pcrmcjodkndk pckydmlt nlkadf gdrl 79%. Ydrd pckcfltl jcklkadu hdtdtdk gdrl scmltdr ?.999 `rdkn gckndk n`ut gdfdj gdf dj gdtdod gdtdodsc sc Rctcrdk Rctcrdkss Dgjlkl Dgjlklstrd strdtl` tl`k. k. Ydgd Ydgd dwdf dwdf pckcfl pckcfltldk tldk,, scjud scj ud pcscrtd pcscrtd pckcfl pckcfltld tldk k tlgdm tlgdm jckgcr jckgcrltd ltd gldoct gldoctcc dtdu pckydm pckydmlt lt nlkadf. Xcfdjd pcrl`gc tlnd tdeuk, , >,3 3

jn/g jn/gf. f.

Yc Ycjc jcrl rlms msdd ddk k

lk lkll

jcknlkglmdslmdk elpcrurlhcjld, dmlodt pcklknmdtdk pr`gumsl dsdj urdt dtdu ndknnudk cmsmrcsl. ?)

Dknmd fc fcum`sl sltt Jckukaummdk pcklknmdtdk ydkn slnklblmdk jckhdpdl ?9.999/jj8 scfdjd scrdkndk dmut. Xcfdjd pcrl`gc dsljt`jdtlm dsljt`jdtlm dknmd dknmd fcum`slt fcum`slt

jdsle gdfdj odtds k`rjdf ydltu 3999 ‘ 49.999/jj8. 8) Cuslk Cuslk`b `blf lf Xcgl Xcgljc jck k rdtc rdtc (CX_ (CX_)) Jcklknmdt Jcklk nmdt scfdjd scrdkndk scrdkndk dmut. Ycklknmdtdk Ycklknmdtdk mchcpdtdk mchcpdtdk scgljck scgljck rdtc jcknlkglmdslmdk pr`scs lkbfdjdsl dmut, scodndl dmlodt gcp`slt dsdj urdt gl pcrsckgldk. 7)

Srl rlk k spc spcsl slj jck ?7 adj adj Srlk glmujpufmdk gdk glpcrlmsd uktum jckcktumdk pr`gumsl gdk cmsmrcsl gdk dsdj urdt. Aujfde k`rjdf sc`rdkn jckncmsmrcslmdk ?39 - >39 jn/?7 adj dsdj urdt gl gdfdj urlk. Mctlmd pr`gumsl dsdj urdt jcklknmdt jdmd fcvcf dsdj urdt urlk jcklknmdt. Mdgdr  murdkn gdrl 599 jn/?7 adj jcknlkglmdslmdk ndknnudk cmsmrcsl  pdgd pdslck gckndk pcklknmdtdk scruj dsdj urdt.Lkstrumslmdk  pdslck uktum jckdjpukn scjud urlk gckndk pcscs dtdu tlsu t`lfct sc scfd fdjd jd

wdmt wdmtu u

pckn pcknuj ujpu pufd fdk. k.

Olds Oldsdk dkyd yd

gl glct ct

pu purl rlk k

k`rj k`rjdf df

glrcm`jckgdslmdk scfdjd pcknujpufdk urlk jcsmlpuk glct ocods  purlk pdgd wdmtu ltu gllkglmdslmdk. gllkglmdslmdk. 3) Dkdflsl Dkdflslss hdlrdk hdlrdk dsplrdsl dsplrdsl gdrl gdrl sckgl sckgl ydkn jckn jckndfd dfdjl jl lkbfdjd lkbfdjdsl sl dmut dmut dtdu jdtcrldf dsplrdsl gdrl scoude t`bl jcknnukdmdk adruj mrlstdf urdt ydkn tdadj, jcjocrlmdk gldnk`sls gcblkltlb n`ut.

 

2) Yc Ycjc jcrl rlms msdd ddk k rdgl rdgl`n `nrd rdbl bl Glfdmu Glf dmumdk mdk pdgd pdgd sckgl sckgl ydkn ydkn tcrscrd tcrscrdkn, kn, edslf edslf pcjcrl pcjcrlmsd msddk dk dmdk dmdk jckukaummdk tlgdm tcrgdpdt pcruodedk pdgd dwdf pckydmlt, tctdpl sc sctc tcfd fde e pcky pckydm dmlt lt ocrm ocrmcj cjod odkn kn pr pr`n `nrc rcsl slbb jdmd jdmd dm dmdk dk tc tcrf rfle ledt dt  acfds/drcd tcrpumuf pdgd tufdkn ydkn ocrdgd gl odwde slkdvldf sckgl. ?.?.< Yckdtdfdmsdkddk Yckdtdfdmsdkddk jcgls 4)

Bdsc dmut

@odt ydkn glnukdmdk 1 d.

H`fhelhlkc (9 (9,2 j jn n) M`fmlslk M`fm lslk dgdfde dgdfde sudtu dnck dktl rdgdkn rdgdkn ydkn oldsdkyd glpdmdl uktum ukt um jckn`o jckn`odtl dtl scrdknd scrdkndkn` kn`ut ut dmut, dmut, gdk ukfum ukfum jckhcn jckhcnde de scrdkndk scrdknd k n`ut n`ut Dmut Dmut gl mcjugl mcjugldk dk edrl. edrl. @odt @odt lkl aundgd aundgdpdt pdt glnukdmdk scodndl sdrdkd gldnk`sls.Yckn`odtdk scrdkndk dmut  oldsdkyd tdofct 9,3jn sctldp adj, sdjpdl ncadfd-ncadfd scrdkndk Dmut gdpdt glmurdknl dtdu mdfdu tcrkydtd gdrl ocrdt  pdslck ocrsdknmutdk. Ococrdpd pdslck jckndfdjl rdsd judf ydkn ecodt,juktde-juktde gdk gldrecd, gdk pdgd mcdgddk lkl  pcjocrldk `odt edrus glecktlmdk.

 o.

Bcklfoutdz`k. Bcklfoutdz`k, sudtu dnck dktl rdgdkn, gdpdt aund glnukdmdk ukfum jckn`odtl drtrltls n`ut dmut. Wctdpl, mdrckd bcklfoutdz`k jckljoufmdk cbcm sdjplkn, jdmd m`fmlslk glnukdmdk scodndl tcrdpl pckhcndedk. Lkg`jctdslk aund humup cbcmtlb.

h.

Lk Lkg` g`jc jctd tdslk slk ( 39 jn 8 U sced scedrl rl scf scfdj djdd 7-> 7-> edrl) edrl)

Yc Yckn kn`o `odt dtdk dk

adkn adknmd md

pdka pdkadk dkn n

tc tcre redg dgdp dp

ey eypc pcru rurl rlhc hcjl jldd

uk uktu tum  m 

jckhcnde m`jpflmdsl d. N`f` N`f`kn kndk dk url urlm` m`su surl rlm  m  

Yr`ockdslg, dgdfde ackls `odt ydkn ocrbuknsl jckurukmdk dsdj urdt gdfdj scruj.

 



Xufblkplrdz`k, jcrupdmdk glrlvdt plrdz`f`k g`sls ?99-799 jn pcredrl.



Dzdpr`pdz`k, g`slsl scedrl 7 U 899 jn.



Ockzor`jdr`k.

 o. Lkelolt`r xdktlk (df`purlk`f). Dgdfde Dgd fde sudtu sudtu lkelol lkelolt`r t`r `mslgd `mslgdsc sc p`tck, p`tck, ocmcra ocmcradd jckhcn jckhcnde de m` m`kv kvcr crsl sl elp` elp`xd xdkt ktlk lk jcka jckadg dgll xd xdkt ktlk lk,, gd gdk k m` m`kv kvcrs crsll xd xdkt ktlk lk jckadgl dsdj urdt. ?) Glfd Glfdmu mumd mdk k pcjo pcjocg cgde dedk dk

Almd dgd t`bl ydkn sugde jcknndknnu ncrdmdk sckgl,mdrckd t`bl tcrscout sugde tcrfdfu ocsdr. 8) @odt @odt fdlk ydkn ydkn ocrn ocrnuk ukd d uktu uktum m tc tcrd rdpl pl pcku pckuka kadk dkn n dt dtdu du tc tcrd rdpl pl pckhcndedk pckhcnded k scpcrtl1Df`pu Df`purlk`f rlk`f gdpdt jcknurdkn jcknurdknll pcjocktum pcjocktumdk dk

dsdj urdt. G`sls 499-799 jn pcr edrl gdpdt jckurukmdk mdgdr  dsdj urdt scruj. Yr`ockcslg Yr`ockcslg gdk Xufblkplrdz Xufblkplrdzlk lk jcrupdmdk jcrupdmdk dnck urlm`surlm, urlm` surlm, drtlkyd jcrcmd gdpdt jcknedjod jcknedjodtt pr`scs rcdos`rpsl ur urdt dt `fce `fce tuou tuoufu fuss nlka nlkadf df gd gdk k gc gckn kndk dk gc gcrk rklm lmld ldk k jckl jcklkn knmd mdtm tmdk dk cmsmrcsl dsdj urdt. Ycjcrlmsddk mdgdr dsdj urdt scruj ocrnukd uktum jckcktumdk ctcmtlvltds sudtu tcrdpl.

 

ODO 8 M@KXCY DXSEDK MCYC_D^DWDK

8.4 YCKNMD YCKNMDALD ALDK K 8.4.4

Lgcktltds

Jcflp Jcf lput utll kd kdjd jd,, ackl acklss ackls ackls mc mcfd fdjl jlk k (fcol (fcole e scrlk scrlkn n pd pdgd gd pr prld ld gd gdrl rlpd pdgd gd wdkltd), usld ( tcrutdjd pdgd usld 89- 79), dfdjdt, dndjd, odedsd ydkn glnukdmdk, stdtus pcrmdwlkdk, pckglglmdk, pcmcraddk, dsurdksl mcscedtdk, n`f`kndk gdrde, k`j`r rcnlstcr, tdknndf jdsum rujde sdmlt, gdk gldnk`sls jcgls. 8. 8.4. 4.? ?

_lwd _lwdyd ydtt M Mcs csce cedt dtdk dk

d. Mc Mcfu fued edk k St Stdj djdd Ydgd ujujkyd mflck jcrdsdmdk kycrl ydkn fudr oldsd pdgd sckgl lou  adrl mdml (sckgl fdlk).  o. _lwdydt Yckydmlt Xcmdrdkn Mdal Kycrl olfd dgd, jcknnukdmdk YT_XW h. _lw _lwdyd dydtt Yckydm Yckydmlt lt Gdeu Gdeufu fu Wdkydmdk pdgd mflck dpdmde jckgcrltd pckydmlt nlkadf g. _lw _lwdyd dydtt Yckydmlt Yckydmlt Mcfudr Mcfudrnd nd Wdkydmdk dpdmde pcrkde dgd dknn`td mcfudrnd mflck ydkn jckgcrltd  pckydmlt ydkn sdjd scpcrtl ydkn glgcrltd mflck scmdrdkn lkl. 8.4. 8.4.8 8

Xtdt Xtdtus us Mcsc Mcsced edtd tdk k Blsl` Blsl`f` f`nl nlss

4. Y`stur Y`stur ttufdkn ufdkn ocfdmdkn ocfdmdkn pdslck tcndp. ?. WdkgdWdkgd-tdk tdkgd gd vltdf vltdf gdk stdtu stdtuss nlzl 1 4) Xueu

1

?) Wcmdkdk gdrde

1

8) Kdgl

1

7) _csplrdsl

1

3) Ocrdt odgdk

1

2) Wlknnl odgdk

1

 

8.4. 8.4.7 7

Yckn Ycknmd mdal aldk dk Ecdg Ecdg W` W`c W`c

4. _djout Ocrsle, ocrwdrkd putle, tlgdm dgd mct`joc ?. Jdtd Xljctrls, m`kaukntlvd tlgdm dkcjls, shfcrd dklmtcrlm, pcknfledtdk tlgdm mdour, tlgdm jcjlflml rlwdydt mdtdrdm, tlgdm jcknnukdmdk mdhdjdtd. 8. Elgukn Ocktum elgukn sljctrls, tlgdm dgd pcrdgdkndk, pckhlujdk jdsle  odlm. 7. Jufu Jufutt g gdk dk tckn tcknn` n`r` r`md mdk k Ocrsle, jum`sd ololr fcjodo, tlgdm dgd pcrdgdkndk nusl, tlgdm dgd mdrlcs, tlgdm dgd `jp`kn, tlgdm mcsufltdk jcknukyde gdk jckcfdk. 3. Wcflknd Ocrsle, tlgdm dgd pcrdgdkndk, pckgckndrdk odlm. 2. Fcecr   Wlgdm dgd pcjocsdrdk mcfckadr tyr`lg gdk tlgdm dgd mdmu mugum  >. Gdgd Ocktum gdgd k`rjdf hecst, tlgdm dgd r`khel gdk wecczlkn, tlgdm dgd sudrd adktukn tdjodedk 5. Dog`jck Wlgdm dgd kycrl tcmdk, tlgdm mcjoukn, tlgdm supcf, olslkn usus ?9x/jcklt, tlgdm dgd jdssd . 5.

 ocradfdk fdmumdk gckndk mursl r`gd ) Kd K dlm turuk tdknnd Ocrpdmdldk tcrjdsum jcknckdmdk scpdtu

49 49

4 Bcor Bcorud udrl rl ?9? ?9?4 4

Adj

1 4) Gldrc

(5) Adktukn ocrgcodr   () Gldrc

(5) Adktukn ocrgcodr   () GJ

(5)Elpcrtcksl (< ( ) GJ

(5) Elpcrtcksl 

fdlk1Xtr`mc

LLL.

XWDWSX BL BLXL@F@NLX

Odndljdkd p`stur tufdkn ocfdmdkn fdksld 1 (4) Wcndp

(?) Mlb`sls

(8) Xm`fl`sls

Wdkgd-tdkgd vltdf gdk stdtus nlzl 1 (4) Xueu

1 82,2`H

(7) F`rg`sls

(. Gdgd Ocktum gdgd

1 k`rjdf hecst/odrrcf hecst/plnc`k hecst/fdlkkyd

_ctrdmsl

1 yd/tlgdm 

^ecczlkn

1 yd/tlgdm 

_`khel

1 yd/tlgdm 

Xudr Xu drdd adkt adktuk ukn n ttdj djod oded edk k 1 dgd/ dgd/tlgdm  5. Dog`jck Ocktum

1 glstcksl/bfdt/fdlkkyd

 Kycrl tcmdk

1 yd/tlgdm 

Mcjoukn

1 yd/tlgdm 

Xupcf

1 yd/tlgdm 

Olslkn usus

1 dgd/tlgdm, brcmwcksl 1 ?4

Jdssd

1 yd/tlgdm , rcnl`

.

Fcole cole sc scrl rlkn kn jdmdk dmdk sc sck kglrl glrldk dk

4

-

5.

Jcjp Jcjpuk ukyd ydll mced mcedru rusd sdk k jcka jckadf dfdk dkmd mdk k tcrd tcrdpl pl jlk jlkuj uj `od `odtt

4

-

?

-

?

-

8 mdfl dtdu fcole sctldp edrlkyd .

Kdlm turuk tdknnd

3

49

3

5.

Ocrp Ocrpdm dmdl dldk dk tcrj tcrjds dsum um jck jcknc nckd kdmd mdk k

3

49

49

scpdtu