Revised First Aid in English.pdf

REVISED FIRST AID IN ENGLISH Increase your vocabulary Get grammar right Spell and punctuate correctly Avoid common language errors Improve speech and writing 15 self-test sets of questions An Answer Book is available

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USIMJ THIS BOOK REVISED FIRST AID IN ENGLISH deals with more than 50 topics or aspects of the English language, which can be grouped into a number of main fields of study as follows: Words — and their functions in sentences. Vocabulary — meanings of words, shades of meaning, relationships denoted by words. Functions of parts and forms of words. Sentence structure — sentences, clauses, phrases. Special usages — of words, phrases, etc. Conventions of correct speech and writing. Where a student's answer to a question shows up a possible weakness in a |wilii nlni topic, the student should refer or be referred to the relevant page of Revised iit\t Aul m English for further study, checking his answers with the Answer Book. In mltlilinii, il will often be helpful to select a kindred topic or topics from the same field in the y,inii|tiu>» M l out below, and check whether there is a weakness there too, which needs fuillin study, DETAILED GROUPING OF TOPICS I'nflc No, in Rev. I'A. inl'NOI.ISII

WORDS and their Functions in Sentences Parts of Speech Substitute words — pronouns Relationship words — conjunctions and prepositions

6 49 52,55

VOCABULARY — Basic Tool in Human Communication Everyone speaking or writing, listening or reading, depends on a knowledge of words and their meaings. Some words are in everyday use. Others will be used more frequently by some people than by others because of their particular jobs or special interests, but many of these still have to be understood by anyone reading a book, a newspaper or a notice, using the telephone, attending a school or college, or listening to a radio or television programme. A good vocabulary is an essential basis for all human knowledge, thought and understanding, and man's principal means of communicating with his fellow men. Check that you are familiar with vocabulary of the following kinds: Words for Things, Creatures, Activities, Happenings, Ideas. Masculine/feminine words Members of families Dwelling places Names Collections Occupations Work places Receptacles and contents Sounds and motions Fastenings and equipment Places, countries, cities, buildings, rivers, races 2

R e v

F A

jn^NG^jsH 9 11 12 13 15 18 19 20 21 20,82 79-81

Using this Book Relationships denoted by words In addition to denoting particular things, ideas, qualities and actions as above, words also serve to describe special features of things and actions, their similarity and dissimilarity and their relations to one another in size, position, time, cause and effect and in many other ways. The speaker or writer armed with a good vocabulary has the basic equipment needed to express these relations and accurately distinguish between different shades of meaning. The following sections of Revised First Aid in English will show you your strengths and weaknesses: Page No. in Rev. F.A. in ENGLISH

Modifying words — adjectives, adverbs, comparatives and superlatives . . . . Relativities expressed by conjunctions/prepositions Classifications — things and creatures Analogies and correspondences Opposites Words with similar meanings < Shades of meaning Small quantities

44,45 52,55 * » ^ 33 59 "6 2

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DIFFERENT PARTS AND FORMS OF WORDS — What they do In addition to knowing the meanings and shades of meaning of different words the good speaker or writer also understands the special contribution which different parts of some words make to their meaning (e.g. prefixes like import, export; bicycle, tricycle; roots like telephone, televise; and suffixes like useful, useless). He also makes correct use of different forms of some words for different purposes (e.g swim, swam, swum). Exercises designed to develop a mastery of this aspect of language are provided in the following pages: RolesofPartsofWords Rev Roots and derivations Prefixes Suffixes (singular/plural, masculine/feminine, comparative/superlative) Roles of Various Forms of Words Present/past tense forms of verbs, participles and infinitives Possessive/objective forms of nouns/pronouns Comparative/superlative forms of adjectives Diminutives Word building, compound words

FA.inENGUSH

73-74 74-75 7,9,45-46,75 39 49,64 45 66 36-38

SENTENCE STRUCTURES — Grouping words to express thoughts A single word, however clear its meaning, seldom conveys a complete message (though the command "Go!", for example, does just that). Normally, words are used in groups, which may have to be quite long and complicated if the thought which they express is complicated. 3

Using this Book Where the thought conveyed by the group of words is complete in itself, we have a sentence (a statement, a question, a command). Where a group of words does not form the complete statement, question or command intended by the speaker or writer, but has some meaning, it may be a phrase — for example a group of words or a complete s t a t e m e n t o r the answer to the question o r a s sweet as honey If there is a verb in the group of words, it may be a clause — for example, "... when I tell you or "If I knew the answer..." or "I came, I saw, and I conquered.". Notice that a clause in a sentence may be either a principal (main) clause or a subordinate clause. In the sentence "I came, I saw, and I conquered" there are three main or principal clauses. In the sentence "Sit down when I tell you." the clause "Sit down" is the main or principal clause and "when I tell you" is a subordinate clause. Check that you understand this by working the following exercises: Page No. in Rev. F A . in ENGLISH

Sentences Clauses Simple and complex sentences Phrases and equivalent clauses

57,62-63 52-54 62-63 62

SPECIAL USAGES — These are valuable aids to effective communication. Doubles for emphasis Similes Colloquial expressions Popular phrases Proverbs

27 17 71-72 73 67-69

CONVENTIONS OF SPEECH AND WRITING — What is accepted and understood. Grammatical speech and writing are more easily understood than ungrammatical speech and writing, and it is therefore a courtesy on the part of a speaker or writer to avoid bad grammar. In writing, correct spelling is a great help to the reader, ensuring that words can be immediately recognised. Good punctuation is another important aid, helping the reader to grasp the meaning of a sentence without having to re-read it. Weakness in these fields is frequently taken as a sign of ignorance or stupidity — often with good reason. Study of the following sections of Revised First Aid in English will enable mistakes in these fields to be avoided: Page No. in Rev. F.A. in ENGLISH

Basic Grammar Apostrophe, capitals, punctuation Abbreviations and contractions Spelling

7,8,39-44,46-48,55-57 64,65,66 28-30 7,83-86

CONTENTS PAGE Parts of Speech Number (Singular and Plural) Gender (Masculine and Feminine) Parents: Young Homes (Person, Creature) Names (Christian, Surnames) Group Terms or Collections Similes Occupations Places Receptacles Fastenings Creature (Sound, Motion, Adjective) Sounds (made by Objects) Classification Analogies Doubles Abbreviations and Contractions Opposites Similar Words (Meaning) Homonyms Formation of Nouns Formation of Adjectives Formation of Verbs Formation of Adverbs Formation of Compound Words

6 7 9

• •• 12 13 15 1 7

18 1 9

20 20 21 23 24 26 27 28 30 33 35 36 37 38 38 38

CORRECT USAGE The Verb and Adverb Comparison of Adjectives Concord (Agreement) The Pronoun (Case) Conjunctions Prepositions Correction of Sentences The Right Word in the Right Place Addition of Clauses Sentences (Simple to Complex) Alphabetical Order The Apostrophe Capital Letters Punctuation Diminutives and Small Quantities For Reference Proverbs Colloquialisms Derivations (Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes) General Knowledge Useful Information Countries (Peoples, Languages) Countries (Capitals, Currencies) Science Spelling Lists Tests

39 45 46 4 9

52 55 57 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 66 67 67 " 7

7 3 7

6 7 9

80 81 82 83 87

ENGLISH The English Language, now in widespread use throughout the world, has developed over many centuries from the language of the Angles and Saxons from Denmark and Northern Germany who settled in England in the fifth and sixth centuries. Although the majority of the words in English are of this Anglo-Saxon origin, the language today includes, as a result of cultural influences and commercial contacts, many other words derived from Latin, Greek, French, Celtic, Dutch, German and other languages. The Parts of Speech. Each word in any sentence can be classified, according to its use in that particular sentence, as belonging to one of the eight parts of speech, which are: The Noun. A noun is the name of a person, animal, place or thing, e.g. John, tiger, school, kettle. The Verb. A verb may be said to be a "doing" word, e.g. run, swim, write. The Pronoun. A pronoun is a word which takes the place of a noun, e.g. he, she, it. The Adjective. An adjective describes a noun or a pronoun, e.g. good, fine, proud. The Adverb. An adverb generally modifies a verb, e.g. quietly, here, suddenly. The Preposition. A preposition shows the relation between one thing and another, e.g. against, for, with. The Conjunction. A conjunction is a word used for joining words and clauses, e.g. and, but. The Exclamation or Interjection. An exclamation or interjection expresses sudden emotion, e.g. Oh! Hullo! Stop! Note. A word may be one part of speech in one sentence and a different one in another — or even in the same sentence, e.g. The Earth is round (adjective) and goes round (preposition) the Sun. When we wish to express a thought, we use words grouped together in a certain order so that we convey a sensible, definite meaning. This combination of words is termed a sentence.

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NUMBER Most nouns have a Singular form used to denote ONE person or thing and a different Plural form denoting MORE than ONE. Pronouns and verbs also have different singular and plural forms. Singular Plural Singular Plural children box boxes child feet brush brushes foot goose geese fox foxes men gas gases man mice glass glasses mouse oxen ox watch watches teeth army armies tooth women city cities woman flies fly brothers lady ladies brother brethren calf calves halves cloths half cioin clothes knives knife ,. leaf leaves dies die life lives dice loaf loaves fishes ficK nsn fish shelf shelves thief thieves geniuses genius wolf wolves genii peas chief chiefs pea pease dwarf dwarfs hoof hoofs, hooves pennies penny reef reefs pence roof roofs shots shot shot cargo cargoes echo echoes hero heroes brother-in-law brothers-in-law Negro Negroes bye-law bye-laws by-ways potato potatoes by-way coats-of-mai] banjo banjos coat-of-mail cupfuls day days cupful mouse-traps halo halos, haloes mouse-trap hangers-on piano pianos hanger-on passers-by solo solos passer-by maids-of-honour valley valleys maid-of-honour sons-in-law son-in-law men-of-war man-of-war spoonfuls spoonful

{ { { { { { { {

cannon deer grouse sheep trout

cannon deer grouse sheep trout

cod dozen salmon swine

cod dozen salmon swine

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Number The following words have no singular: bellows, billiards, gallows, measles, pincers, pliers, scissors, shears, spectacles, thanks, tidings, tongs, trousers, tweezers, victuals. EXERCISES 1. State the plural of: loaf, man-of-war, piano, sheep, foot, echo, penny, life, deer, ox. 2. Give the singular of: ladies, thieves, geese, clothes, trout, passers-by, mice, knives, teeth, boxes. 3. Fill in the appropriate singular or plural: army cupful swine dwarf

roofs women

4. Change all Singulars into Plurals. (1) I heard the echo in the cave. (2) The lady spoke to the child. (3) The boy went for a loaf. (4) The man fed the calf. (5) The mouse ran into a hole. (6) The knife was lying on the table. (7) The fisherman caught a trout. (8) The dwarf gave him a stick. (9) The ship struck the reef. (10) My foot troubled me. (11) It was a man's boot.

son-in-law cargo

children flies

halo potatoes (12) The burglar tried to rob my shop. (13) The prisoner says that he is innocent. (14) The girl's hat was on the peg. (15) The boy robbed a bird's nest. (16) His tooth hurt him badly. (17) The fanner ploughs his field. (18) The horse is eating a raw carrot. (19) The child cried because he was tired. (20) This is the house in which I stay.

5. Change all Singulars into Plurals and Verbs into the Past Tense. (11) The child runs to the table. (1) The rabbit runs from the dog. (12) He is a man of means. (2) The girl wears a blue dress. (13) I keep the bird in a cage. (3) The sailor swims to his ship (14) He writes my name. (4) The woman catches the goose. (15) She tells me so. (5) The man shoots the deer. (16) He has a sharp knife. (6) The ox eats the potato. (17) She takes his pencil. (7) The lady prefers the rose. (18) The old woman sits on that seat. (8) The sheep runs in the valley. (19) The man walks slowly to this job. (9) Her foot is badly cut. (10) The thief steals the valuable bag. (20) The mouse scampers from the cat.

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GENDER Nouns and pronouns belong to one or another of four GENDERS in grammar. These are: 1. MASCULINE — words denoting male creatures, e.g. boy, king. 2. FEMININE — words denoting female creatures, e.g. girl, queen. 3. COMMON — words denoting creatures of either sex, e.g. child, owner. 4. NEUTER — words denoting things of neither sex, e.g. house, box. Masculine abbot actor author baron conductor count deacon duke emperor enchanter giant god heir host hunter instructor Jew lion manager marquis master mayor murderer negro ogre patron peer poet priest prince prophet shepherd sorcerer steward tailor tiger traitor waiter

Feminine abbess actress authoress baroness conductress countess deaconess duchess empress enchantress giantess goddess heiress hostess huntress instructress Jewess lioness manageress marchioness mistress mayoress murderess negress ogress patroness peeress poetess priestess princess prophetess shepherdess sorceress stewardess tailoress tigress traitress waitress

Masculine bachelor beau boy brave bridegroom brother Czar don earl executor father fianc6 friar gentleman governor he hero him husband king lad lord male man masseur monk Mr. nephew papa proprietor sir sloven son Sultan tutor uncle widower wizard

Feminine spinster belle girl squaw bride sister Czarina donna countess executrix mother fiancee nun lady matron she heroine her wife queen lass lady female woman masseuse nun Mrs. niece mama proprietrix madam slut daughter Sultana governess aunt widow witch 9

Gender Masculine boar buck bull bullock cock colt cob (swan) dog

Feminine sow doe cow heifer hen filly pen bitch

Masculine gander hound mallard ram sire stag stallion steer

Feminine goose brach wild-duck ewe dam hind mare heifer

billy-goat Boy Scout buck-rabbit bull-calf cock-sparrow grandfather

nanny-goat Girl Guide doe-rabbit cow-calf hen-sparrow grandmother

he-goat Jack-ass landlord male-child manservant

she-goat Jenny-ass landlady female-child maidservant

COMMON GENDER words denote creatures of either sex and the same word may used both of male and of female, e.g. animal, bird, child, friend, owner, pupil, singer, teacher, visitor. NEUTER GENDER words denote things without life or sex, e.g. box, butter, chair, disease, happiness, honesty, language, river, school. EXERCISES IN GENDER 1.

Give the feminine of: heir, monk, stallion, nephew, gander, waiter, sir, ram, hero, bachelor.

2.

Give the masculine of: witch, filly, cow, maidservant, wife, duck, bride, vixen, duchess, aunt.

3.

State the gender of: lion, cousin, jotter, mistress, friend, pencil, steward, sister, book, child.

4. Fill in blank spaces — masculine or feminine — as required: lion bull lady grandfather governess hind male widow actor tom-cat tailor slut 5.

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Change all Masculines into corresponding Feminines: (1) The bridegroom is my nephew. (2) The instructor ordered him to jump. (3) My landlord is a widower. (4) The wizard spoke to the prince.

Gender (5) The bull attacked the milkman. (6) The Duke chatted to the man. (7) The heir to the estate is a bachelor. (8) "No, sir," he replied. (9) The waiter served his own brother. (10) "He was indeed a hero," said the emperor. (11) The lion sprang at the colt. (12) The master gave instructions to the manservant. (13) "Well!" said his grandfather, "How are you, my little lad?" (14) The steward brought a glass of water to my uncle, who was seasick. (15) The conductor of the car directed the famous actor to the theatre. (16) The proprietor of the hotel was a wealthy earl. (17) The host was extremely puzzled by the twin brothers. (18) The son of a king is termed a prince. (19) The mayor talked to the father of the little boy. (20) The old man told his shepherd to search for the ram. Young

Parents father king man Red Indian uncle

mother queen woman squaw aunt

baby or child prince or princess baby or child papoose nephew or niece

bear billy-goat boar (pig) buck (deer) buck (hare) buck (rabbit) bull (cattle) bull (elephant) bull (seal) bull (whale) cob (swan) cock (fowl) cock (pigeon) dog dog (fox) drake eagle gander hawk hold (ferret) leopard lion

she-bear nanny-goat sow hind doe doe cow cow cow cow pen hen hen bitch vixen duck eagle goose bowess Jill leopardess lioness

cub kid porkling, piglet fawn leveret rack calf calf calf calf cygnet chicken squab pup cub duckling eaglet gosling bowet hob cub cub 11

Gender Parents owl ram (sheep) stag (red deer) stallion tiercel (peregrine) tiger tom-cat wolf Adult bee bird butterfly eel frog

owl ewe hind mare falcon tigress queen or tabby-cat she-wolf Young grub nestling caterpillar elver tadpole

Adult moth salmon toad trout wasp

Young owlet lamb fawn foal eyas cub kitten cub Young caterpillar pantadpole fry grub

EXERCISES 1. 2. 3.

4.

Name the young of: fox, eagle, goose, sheep, pig, goat, cow, horse. Name the parent of: fawn, pup, cygnet, chicken, leveret, kitten, owlet, duckling. Fill in the blank spaces — the name of parent or young — as required: wolf kid foal bear sow lamb gosling eagle Give the names for: a young salmon, a young eel, a young cod, a young trout, a young bird.

TRADITIONAL HOMES Person Arab Aborigine convict Eskimo gipsy king lumberman man Maori minister monk noble 12

Home dowar humpy prison igloo caravan palace log-cabin house whare manse monastery castle

Creature ape badger bear beaver bee bird cow dog eagle fowl fox hare

Home tree-nest sett, earth den, lair lodge hive nest byre kennel eyrie coop earth, lair form

Traditional Homes Person nun parson pioneer priest (eastern) prisoner Red Indian Red Indian soldier soldier Swiss (herdsman) tinker vicar Zulu

Home convent parsonage wagon temple cell wigwam, tepee barracks camp chalet tent vicarage kraal

Creature horse lion mole mouse otter owl P«g pigeon rabbit (tame) rabbit (wild) sheep snail spider squirrel tiger wasp

Home stable lair, den fortress hole, nest holt barn, tree sty dove-cote hutch burrow, warren pen, fold shell web drey lair nest, vespiary

EXERCISES 1.

Name the traditional homes of: gypsy, tinker, king, minister, Eskimo, cow, dog, eagle, bee, pig.

2.

What creatures live in the following places? dove-cot, hutch, pen, form, stable

3.

Name the people who live or lived in the following: convent, cell, wigwam, barracks.

NAMES Native English speakers have names which consist of (1) A First name, often called a Christian name, and sometimes a Given name. (2) A Surname, which is the family name of the person's father, and which is the last word in the name. Many people also have a middle name or names. SOME COMMON FIRST OR CHRISTIAN NAMES (with popular diminutives) Male Female Albert (Bert, Bertie) Agnes (Aggie, Nessie, Senga) Alexander (Alick, Sandy) Alice (Elsie) Alfred (Alf) Ann (Annie, Nan, Nancy) Allan Barbara (Babs) Archibald (Archie, Baldy) Catherine (Kate, Cathie) Arthur Cecilia (Cis, Cissie) Charles (Charlie) Christina (Chrissie, Tina) 13

Names Male Colin Daniel (Dan, Danny) David (Dave) Donald (Donnie, Don) Duncan Edward (Ed, Ned, Ted) Francis (Frank) Frederick (Fred, Freddy) George (Geordie, Dod) Henry (Harry, Hal) Hugh (Hughie) James (Jem, Jim, Jimmy) John (Johnny, Jack, Jock) Joseph (Joe, Joey) Oliver (Nol, Nolly) Patrick (Pat, Paddy) Peter (Pete, Peterkin) Richard (Dick, Dicky) Robert (Bob, Bobby, Robin, Bert) Samuel (Sam, Sammy) Thomas (Tom, Tommy) William (Bill, Will, Willie)

Female Diana (Di) Dorothy (Dot, Dolly) Elizabeth (Bessie, Betty, Lizzie) Flora (Flo) Florence (Flo, Flossie) Grace (Gracie) Helen (Nell, Nellie) Jane (Janet, Jean) Jessie (Jess) Joan (Jo) Judith (Judy) Lilian (Lily) Mable (Mabs) Margaret (Marjory, Maggie, Peggy) Marion (Mamie) Mary (May, Molly) Rebecca (Beck, Becky) Rose (Rosie) Ruth Sarah (Sally, Sadie) Susan (Sue, Susie) Violet (Vi) SURNAMES

Surnames are derived from many sources such as Christian names, occupations, places, animals, birds, colours and qualities of mind or body. From Christian names: Archibald, Charles, Francis, Patrick. A great many surnames are composed of a Christian name and a form of the word "son of" added, e.g. Adamson, Davidson, Donaldson, Neilson, Richardson, Williamson. In England and Ireland "son of" is sometimes shown by Fitz, e.g. Fitzgerald, Fitzpatrick, Fitzwilliam. In Wales "ap" or "ab" (in each case small letters) denotes "son of", e.g. Dafydd ab Edmund — David son of Edmund. In the Highlands of Scotland Mac (son of) is very common, e.g. MacArthur, MacDonald, MacDougall, MacGregor, MacNeil, MacWilliam. In Ireland "son of" is generally shown by Mc and "grandson of" by O', e.g. McNeil, McWilliam, O'Donnell, O'Neil. In Kenya the word "arap" in a name means son of, e.g. the respected President of Kenya is named Daniel Toroitich arap Moi. Similarly in other districts the Kikuyu, Kamba, Meru and Embu tribes use "wa" meaning son of or daughter of. 14

Names In Malaysia many names show an Arabic origin indicating the son or daughter status by the use of "bin" (boy) or "binte" (girl), e.g. Achmed bin Faued or Faridah binte Hussein. In Singapore Indian names would include S/O (Son of) or D/O (Daughter of), e.g. Selvarajoo S/O Velu or Saraswethy D/O Rajoo. In China names are written with the family name first, e.g. the Prime Minister of Singapore is the Honourable Lee Kuan Yew, Lee being the family name. An interesting fact about Chinese names is that the second name denotes the generation. As an example take the name Tan Wu Cheng. Tan is the family name, Wu the generation name and Cheng the personal name. Should Mr. Tan have a brother or brothers they will all bear the same family name, Tan, followed by the generation name Wu followed by their own personal name, Cheng or Ling or any other given name. In Iceland the boy or girl would, in addition to his/her own personal name, be given his/her father's name with the addition of son or daughter, e.g. Magnus' father was called John so Magnus Johnson would be the boy's name.

GROUP TERMS OR COLLECTIONS an army of soldiers a bale of cotton a bale of wood a band of musicians a batch of bread a bench of bishops a bench of magistrates a bevy of ladies a board of directors a bouquet of flowers a brood of chickens a building of rooks a bunch of grapes a bundle of rags a choir of singers a clump of trees a cluster of diamonds a cluster of stars a clutch of eggs a company of actors a covey of grouse a crew of sailors a drove of cattle a fleet of motor cars a fleet of ships a flight of aeroplanes a flight of steps

a flock of birds a flock of sheep a forest of trees a gaggle of geese a gang of labourers a gang of thieves a hedge of bushes a herd of buffaloes a herd of cattle a host of angels a library of books a litter of cubs a litter of pups a nest of rabbits a pack of rascals a pack of wolves a party of friends a plague of insects a plague of locusts a school of whales asetofgolf-clubs a set of tools a sheafofcorn a shoal of herring a stack of hay a staff of servants a stud of horses 15

Group Terms or Collections a suit of clothes a suite of furniture a swarm of bees a swarm of insects a team of horses a team of players

a tribe of natives a troop of lions a troop of monkeys a troupe of dancers a troupe of minstrels People

at a concert in church in the street

—audience —congregation -crowd

in a riot —mob in a rowdy scene —rabble in an office —staff

Less Common Examples a bevy of quails a cast of hawks acoffleof slaves a field of runners a flight of swallows a gang of elk a hand of bananas a herd of antelopes a kindle of kittens a muster of peacocks a nest of machine-guns

a nide of pheasants a peal of bells a posse of sheriffs men a pride of lions a rope of pearls a sheaf of arrows a shock of wheat a skein of silk a skein of wool a truss of hay a wisp of snipe EXERCISES

A number of sheep together is called a flock. What name is given to a number of: singers, ships, wolves, trees, bees, whales, thieves, players, pups? Of what are these collections? menagerie, mob, regiment, bundle, heap. 3.

4.

Supply the missing word: a of motor cars a a of cattle a a of grapes a a of books

of herring of angels of chickens

of servants of directors of monkeys

Insert the most suitable word in each of the following: a litter of a band of a cluster of... a stack of a gaggle of... a building of. a plague of a bouquet of. a crew of an army of Give one word for a number of people: (1) at a concert; (3) in the street; (2) in church; (4) in a riot;

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a a a

(5) in a rowdy scene (6) in an office

SIMILES SIMILES show characteristics of creatures and special qualities of things — and used in everyday talk. as agile as a monkey as bald as a coot as blind as a bat as brave as a lion as bright as a lark as busy as an ant as busy as a bee as calm as a cat as crafty as a fox as cunning as a fox as fast as a hare as fat as a pig as fierce as a lion as flat as a flounder as fleet as a gazelle as frisky as a lamb as frisky as a two-year-old as gentle as a dove as gentle as a lamb as graceful as a swan

Creatures as hairy as a gorilla as happy as a king as happy as a lark as harmless as a dove as heavy as an elephant as hungry as a hunter as like as two herring as mad as a March hare as meek as a lamb as obstinate as a mule as old as Methuselah as patient as Job as playful as a kitten as pleased as Punch as plump as a partridge as poor as a church mouse as proud as a peacock as quiet as a mouse as red as a turkey-cock

as slippery as an eel as slow as a snail as slow as a tortoise as sober as a judge as strong as a horse as strong as an ox as swift as a deer as swift as a hare as swift as a hawk as tall as a giant as tender as a chicken as thick as thieves as timid as a mouse as timid as a rabbit as wise as an owl as wise as Solomon as white as a ghost as white as a sheet as white as snow

Things as safe as houses as bitter as gall as flat as a pancake as sharp as a needle as black as coal as fresh as a daisy as sharp as a razor as black as sin as good as gold as silent as the grave as bold as brass as green as grass as smooth as velvet as bright as a button as hard as iron as soft as down as brittle as glass as hard as nails as sound as a bell as brown as a berry as heavy as lead as sour as vinegar as clean as a new pin as hot as a furnace as steady as a rock as clear as crystal as keen as mustard as stiff as a poker as clear as day as large as life as straight as an arrow as cold as ice as light as a feather as straight as a ramrod as cold as charity as like as two peas as sturdy as an oak as cool as a cucumber as old as the hills as sweet as honey as dead as a doornail as pale as death as thin as a rake as deaf as a doorpost as plain as a pikestaff as tough as leather as dry as a bone as quick as lightning as true as gospel as dull as ditchwater as right as rain as true as steel as easy as ABC as round as a barrel as weak as water as easy as winking as round as an orange as fit as a fiddle Sometimes we refer to things as being: blood-red, bottle-green, brick-red, cinnamon-brown, coal-black, milk-white, nut-brown, pea-green, primrose-yellow, rose-pink, ruby-red, russet-brown, sea-green, shell-pink, sky-blue, slate-grey, snow-white. 17

EXERCISES We say "As black as coal" . Supply the missing words in the following: As sharp as As slippery as As meek as As keen as As brave as As swift as As sweet as As clear as As cold as As light as Complete the following: As as a monkey As as iron As as a chicken As as the hills

As As As

as a rock as Punch as a rabbit

As As As

as a flounder as a new pin as a bee

Pick out (by underlining) the best simile in the following: Example: As dry as (a tree, an egg, a bone, an apple). (1) As flat as (a kettle, a pancake, a loaf, a saucer). (2) As steady as (a rock, a book, a box, a table). (3) As fast as (a child, a tortoise, a herring, a deer). (4) As proud as (a lamb, a daisy, a peacock, a rabbit). (5) As happy as (a giraffe, a lark, a lobster, a serpent). Complete the following sentences with suitable words: (1) The coward was trembling like a (2) His hands were as cold as (3) The man could swim like a (4) The baby was as good as (5)

The boy ran like the

OCCUPATIONS Describe in a sentence the occupations of the following: glazier miner artist commercial minister athlete traveller governess aviator greengrocer navvy conductor barber confectioner grocer newsagent blacksmith decorator hairdresser nurse butcher ironmonger optician dentist cabinet-maker detective jockey pedlar caddie doctor joiner physician caretaker draper journalist plumber carpenter drover judge poacher cashier engineer lawyer policeman chauffeur explorer locksmith porter chemist farmer magistrate postman clothier farrier mason reporter clown florist matron saddler sailor coastguard fruiterer mechanic cobbler milliner sawyer gamekeeper

sculptor seamstress shepherd slater soldier stationer steeplejack stoker surgeon tailor teacher tinker tinsmith tourist witness wright

Occupations With whom do you associate the following? anvil glasscutter mail awl guide-book oath barrow gun pack baton handcuffs palette brief-case harness plane cart hats plough cleaver joy-stick prescription forceps knife pulpit furnace lancet razor

rifle roofs safety-lamp saw scales sheep shovel solder spanner

Name the chief persons connected with the following: army hospital Police Station college navy Post Office committee newspaper prison court of law orchestra railway station

spectacles telescope thimble ticket-punch trumpet truncheon ward wig

school ship team of players workshop

PLACES Worship chapel, church, kirk, mosque, pagoda, synagogue, temple. Business What are the places called where the following are made? beer, bread, films, flour, iron goods, leather, money, paper, ships, whisky. Name particular places where the following are sold: bread, clothes, dresses, fish, flowers, fruit, general foodstuffs, hats, meat, milk, newspapers, poultry, spectacles, stockings, sweetmeats, tobacco, vegetables, writing materials. Sport Give particular names of the places where the following are played: badminton, bowls, boxing, cricket, croquet, football, golf, hockey, putting, rugby, running, skating, sleighing, tennis, wrestling. General Give the particular names of the places connected with the following: Where Where historical relics are shown aeroplanes are kept law is meted out bees are kept motor cars are kept birds are kept operations are performed bull-fighting is held orphans are kept chickens are hatched people are buried cooks prepare food people lunch for payment criminals are kept plays are shown crows build their nests 19

Occupations Where doctors receive their patients films are shown fish are kept fruit trees grow gas is stored grain is stored grapes are grown

Where pupils are educated soldiers are stationed water is stored wild animals are kept young plants and flowers are reared young trees are grown

Explain the difference between: yacht — ferry, motor — aeroplane, river — canal, pen — pencil, shoes — boots, chair — sofa, pin — needle, tramcar — omnibus, shadow — reflection, clock — watch, ham — bacon, hay — straw.

RECEPTACLES Name the contents you would expect to find in the following: attache-case bunker cupboard handbag pocket-book band-box butt decanter hogshead portfolio barrel caddy drum jar pot basin can envelope punnet jug basket canister ewer keg purse bath carafe flagon kettle safe flask bin cask kitbag satchel boiler cellar fob library scabbard bottle compact gasometer packet scuttle bowl creel goblet pan still box cruet pitcher tank grip brief-case cup hamper phial tankard

tea-pot Thermos flask till trunk tub tumbler tun urn vase vat wallet wardrobe

In what receptacles or containers would you expect to find the following? Example: tea — caddy. money, water, sauce, jam, coal, hat, sword, flowers.

FASTENINGS Name the things fastened by the bar and hasp chain belt clip bolt cord braces fishplate brooch glue button gum cable handcuffs cement harness 20

following: hawsers hinge hook and eye lace latch lock mortar nail

padlock paste peg pin putty rivet rope solder

staple strap and buckle string strut tack thread twine zip

SOUNDS AND MOTIONS All creatures make sound and move in a fashion peculiar to their species. Their outstanding characteristics are described by the common adjectives. ape ass bear bee beetle bull cat cow deer dog donkey elephant frog horse hound hyena lamb lion monkey mouse person P'g rabbit serpent wolf

Sound gibbers brays growls hums drones bellows purrs lows bells barks brays trumpets croaks neighs bays screams bleats roars chatters squeaks talks grunts squeals hisses howls

Motion swings jogs lumbers flits crawls charges steals wanders bounds runs trots ambles leaps gallops bounds prowls frisks prowls climbs scampers walks trots leaps glides lopes

Common Adjective ungainly stupid clumsy busy horrid angry sleek stolid fallow faithful obstinate ponderous clammy noble gallant cunning gentle tawny agile timid average fat timid loathsome lean

bird cock crow curlew duck eagle hen lark owl parrot pigeon robin seagull sparrow swallow turkey wren

whistles crows caws pipes quacks screams cackles sings hoots screeches coos chirps screams chirps twitters gobbles warbles

flies struts flaps flits waddles swoops struts soars flits flits flutters hops glides flits dives struts hops

swift proud black lonely waddling proud domestic gentle tawny saucy gentle little tireless little swift plump tiny 21

Sounds and Motions aquiline asinine bovine canine corvine elephantine equine feline

2.

—like an eagle —like an ass —like a cow or ox —like a dog —like a crow —like an elephant —like a horse —like a cat

ferine leonine lupine ovine piscine porcine tigrine vulpine

— — — — — — — —

like a wild beast like a lion like a wolf like a sheep like a fish like a pig like a tiger like a fox

EXERCISES Animals make different sounds, e.g. The dog barks. What sounds are made by the following animals? donkey, elephant, horse, pig, wolf, monkey, deer, cow, bear, hyena. Write the names of the creatures: The croaks. The bays. The purrs. The hisses. The gobbles. The crows. The roars. The bleats. The quacks. The caws. Describe the movements of the following, e.g. The horse gallops. The frog The duck The monkey The lamb The wolf The lark The seagull The bear

4.

5.

22

Apply the most fitting adjective: sleek, cunning, obstinate, fat, tireless, loathsome, gentle, faithful. The mule. The fox. The pig. The lamb. The dog. The cat. The serpent. The seagull. Which creatures were the speakers thinking of when they said? (1 "The man bellowed with rage." (2: "He has the hump today." (3; "We were stung by his remarks." (4: "Don't crow so loudly." (5; "The officer barked an order." (6: "The witch spoke in a croaky voice." "He grunted in reply." "The girls were chattering in the hall." (9; "Why are you galloping along the corridor?" (io: "The boy howled when he was caught." ( i i "The wicked old woman cackled loudly as she stirred the pot. (12 "The lecturer's voice droned on and on." (i3: "The little girl screeched with delight." (14 "The captain snorted in disgust." (15; "The curious child prowled about the room." (i6: "Loud hooting interrupted the speech."

Sounds and Motions 6. Explain the words underlined in the following sentences: (1) He had an aquiline nose. (2) The burglar walked with a feline tread. (3) The yokel had a bovine loolf (4) He was scolded for his asinine conduct. (5) They had the appearance of sharp canine teeth. 7.

What is meant by calling a person (1) an ape (6) a donkey (2) an ass (7) an elephant (3) a bear (8) a fox (4) a bull (9) a goat (5) a dog (10) ahorse

(11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

a hound a lamb a lion a pig a rabbit

(16) (17) (18) (19) (20)

a sheep a snail a swine a tortoise a viper

SOUNDS (Made by Objects) beat of a drum blare of a trumpet blast of an explosion booming of a gun buzz of a saw call of a bugle chug of an engine clang of an anvil clang of a bell clanking of chains clatter of hoofs clink of a coin crack of a whip crackling of wood creak of a hinge crinkle of paper grinding of brakes hissing of steam

jangling of chains jingle of coins lapping of water patter of feet pealing of bells ping of a bullet popping of corks purr of an engine rattling of dishes report of a rifle ring of metal ring of a telephone ringing of bells rumble of a train rustle of silk rustling of leaves scrape of a bow screeching of brakes

shriek of a whistle shuffling of feet sighing of the wind skirl of the bagpipes slam of a door swish of skirts tick of a clock tinkle of a bell tinkle of glass throb of an engine toot of a horn tramp of feet twang of a bow wail of a siren whack of a cane wheezing of bellows whirring of wings

Other Sound Names: babble, bubble, fizz, gurgle, murmur, splutter, tinkle. EXERCISES 1.

Insert suitable words in the blank spaces: Example — The beat of a drum. The of a hinge. The The of brakes. The The of feet. The The of a bugle. The....

of a whip.

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Sounds (Made by Objects) 2.

3.

Supply the missing words: Example: The clatter of hoofs. The pealing of The booming of The crinkle of Theslamofa

The popping of. The skirl of the. The throb of an. Thetootofa

Use the right words in the following: A boiling kettle Thunder Frying fat in the pan. The rain on the window. Coins in the bag. I heard the of a rifle. The heavy bar fell with a Suddenly we heard the of hoofs.

CLASSIFICATION All things on earth may be divided into two classes: (1) Animate (living things). (2) Inanimate (things having no life). 1.

The animate or living things consist of creatures and plants. Creatures can eat, grow and move about from place to place, e.g. animals including people, birds, fishes, insects, reptiles. Plants are fixed by means of roots and although they can absorb food and grow they cannot move about from place to place, e.g. trees, flowers, vegetables.

2.

The inanimate or things having no life are fixed, cannot eat, cannot grow and cannot move about from place to place, e.g. stone, cloth, knife. Every object can be placed in a certain general class either because of its resemblance to other things or because of its purpose or use. The following are general classes: animals, birds, insects, fishes, reptiles, flowers, fruits, trees, vegetables, minerals, liquids, apparel, occupations, places, utensils, ships, games, vehicles, cereals, coins, instruments. In the following list of words, one word seems out of place. Underline the word you consider is not in the same class. (1) Rose, daffodil, tulip, cauliflower, carnation. (2) Hen, hare, duck, goose, turkey. (3) Beech, elm, oak, violet, ash. (4) Slate, gold, silver, iron, lead. (5) Potato, turnip, lemon, carrot, beetroot. (6) Granite, cement, limestone, marble, whinstone. (7) Oats, wheat, scone, barley, rye. (8) Salmon, whale, herring, mackerel, cod. (9) Diamond, emerald, pearl, ruby, sapphire. (10) Athens, Glasgow, London, Paris, Rome. 24

Classification (11) Ireland, Iceland, Malta, Spain, Sri Lanka. (12) Tea, coffee, biscuit, cocoa, Ovaltine. (13) Rain, sleet, snow, heat, hail. (14) Bacon, milk, cheese, butter, bread. (15) Shield, lance, dagger, gun, spear. (16) Omnibus, taxi, liner, train, tram. (17) Cottage, mansion, palace, bungalow, warehouse. (18) Tomatoes, journeys, excursions, voyages, trips. (19) Birch, maize, maple, chestnut, pine. (20) Man, boy, master, princess, uncle. (21) Rose, palm, orchid, lily, primrose. (22) John, Joseph, Jane, James, Jacob. (23) Cupboard, kitchen, scullery, bedroom, parlour. (24) Orange, potato, cherry, apple, banana. (25) Oil, milk, calico, wine, water. (26) Boy, wagon, kitten, girl, puppy. (27) Plate, cup, saucer, bowl, fork. (28) Radiator, violin, flute, piano, cornet. (29) France, Germany, London, Italy, Spain. (30) Elephant, tiger, giraffe, crocodile, horse. Put a (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25)

line under one of the same kind. No. 1 is done for you. face, boot, turban, coat, hatchet, Cap,balmoral,hat bowl, loaf, hammer, key, door, Jug, tea-pot, cup egg, butterfly, owl, nest, mouse, Stork, hen, eagle foot, cup, brush, rose, scissors, Tulip, daisy, violet hand, leg, knee, arm, ear. Eye, nose, mouth basin, iron, marble, corn, carrot, Tin, copper, zinc gate, street, orange, ship, trout, Tuna, whiting, mackerel sofa, pot, door, car, tub. Chair, table, stool wasp, herring, skunk, canary, Buffalo, monkey, squirrel peach, violet, onion, hawthorn, Apple, banana, plum marble, coal, slate, zinc, Iron, lead, copper rabbit, fly, poodle, snake. Ant, earwig, moth Kenya, Scotland, Nigeria, Nairobi, Lagos, London, New York aeroplane, trawler, motor, train, Steamer, yacht, submarine book, pencil, toffee, ruler, Caramel, cake, ice-cream grasshopper, maple, stoat, heron, Falcon, penguin, raven blouse, curtain, sheet, carpet, Frock, jacket, coat bicycle, steamer, canoe, seaplane, Motor, train, taxi vulture, snail, eel, setter, Salmon, flounder, haddock darts, cricket, boxing, whist, Tennis, hockey, golf chestnut, turnip, lily, ruby, Crocus, tulip, hyacinth bread, soup, pepper, sugar, Cocoa, coffee, water drum, bugle, guitar, trombone, Violin, piano, harp lilac, beetroot, pine, pheasant, Cabbage, carrot, potato milliner, labourer, miner, pedlar. Barber, florist, draper 25

ANALOGIES Put in the suitable words in the spaces below: Example: Little is to big as dwarf is to giant. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11 12 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22 23 24 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34 35 36

26

Spider is to fly as cat is to Sheep is to mutton as pig is to Steamer is to pier as train is to Boy is to girl as is to woman. June is to July as is to May. High is to low as is to down. North is to as east is to west. Uncle is to as aunt is to niece. Soldier is to as sailor is to navy. is to donkey as neigh is to horse. is to hand as toe is to foot. are to birds as scales are to fish. Tear is to sorrow as smile is to Wrist is to arm as ankle is to One is to dozen as dozen is to Arrow is to bow as is to rifle. Cat is to kitten as is to pup. Foot is to man as is to horse. Father is to as mother is to daughter. Artist is to as author is to book. Water is to as liquid is to solid. is to cygnet as pig is to porkling. is to herring as school is to whales. is to hive as cow is to byre. Wing is to bird as fin is to Rich is to poor as ancient is to One is to single as two is to Flock is to sheep as is to cattle. Here is to there as is to that. Day is to week as is to year. Eat is to as go is to went. OD is to as tea is to caddy. Steam is to as smoke is to Are. is to sty as horse is to stable. is to cold as seldom is to often. is to fish as air is to animal.

DOUBLES —

Used in Speech to give greater emphasis

1.

By repetition of actual word: again and again, by and by, neck and neck, out and out, over and over, round and round, so and so, such and such.

2.

By repetition of meaning: beck and call, ways and means, far and away, puff and blow, null and void, stuff and nonsense, fast and furious, odds and ends, rant and rave, lean and lanky, out and away, hue and cry, bawl and shout, old and grey.

3.

By alliteration (words beginning with the same letter): humming and hawing, kith and kin, might and main, part and parcel, safe and sound, hale and hearty, spick and span, alas and alack, time and tide, rack and ruin, rough and ready, one and only.

4.

By opposites: this and that, thick and thin, on and off, great and small, in and out, high and low, come and go, give and take, one and all, ups and downs, here and there.

5.

By words of similar sound: high and dry, fair and square, out and about, wear and tear.

6.

By related words: heart and soul, hip and thigh, tooth and nail, body and soul, root and branch, lock and key, hammer and tongs, hole and corner, head and shoulders, hand and foot.

7.

Other examples: all and sundry, fast and loose, fits and starts, hard and fast, free and easy, rough and tumble, habit and repute, over and above, touch and go, time and again. EXERCISES

Place the following phrases in the most suitable sentences: again and again, lock and key, spick and span, puff and blow, odds and ends. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The police placed the man under He polished his boots until they were She tried to do it The child had gathered many The stout man began to with exertion. 27

ABBREVIATIONS An abbreviation is the shortening of a word to a few letters. These letters are used in place of a word for brevity. It is customary to mark all abbreviations with a full stop. Abbreviation A.A. A.B. A.D. a.m. Al B.B. B.B.C. B.C. B.D. BR. B.Sc. C.A. C.I.D. Co. C.O.D. Cr. curt. do. Dr. D.V. e.g. E.R. Esq. etc. G.P.O. H.M. H.M.S. h.p. H.R.H. i.e. orie inst. I.O.U. J.P. Lat. lbw Ltd. M.A. Messrs. M.P. Mr. Mrs.

28

Word in FuU Automobile Association Able-bodied seaman Anno Domini ante meridiem Boys' Brigade British Broadcasting Corporation Before Christ Bachelor of Divinity British Rail Bachelor of Science Chartered Accountant Criminal Investigation Department Company or County Cash on Delivery Credit current ditto Doctor Deo volente exempli gratia Elizabeth Regina Esquire etcetera General Post Office Her Majesty Her Majesty's Ship horse-power His (or Her) Royal Highness id est instant I owe you Justice of the Peace Latitude leg before wicket Limited Master of Arts Messieurs Member of Parliament Mister Mistress

Meaning

in the year of our Lord before noon first class (of ships)

this month the same God willing for example Queen Elizabeth and the other things

that is this month

gentlemen

Abbreviations Word in Full

Abbreviation N.B. N.B. No. O.H.M.S. O.K. p.c. per cent P.C. p.m. P.O. prox. P.S. P.T.O R.A.C. R.A.F. R.C. R.I.P. R.N. R.N.R. R.S.V.P. S.A. S.S. T.A. T.U.C. U.K. ult. U.S.A. V

viz. W.P. Y.M.C.A. Y.W.C.A.

nota bene North Britain Numero On Her Majesty's Service post card per centum Police constable, post meridiem Post Office or Postal Order proximo post scriptum Please turn over Royal Automobile Club Royal Air Force Roman Catholic Requiescat in pace Royal Navy Royal Naval Reserve Repondez s'il vous plait Salvation Army Steam-ship or Sailing-ship Territorial Army Trades Union Congress United Kingdom ultimo United States of America versus videlicet weather permitting Young Men's Christian Association Young Women's Christian Association

Meaning note well Number all correct in each hundred after noon next month written after

May he (or she) rest in peace Reply if you please

last month against namely

ABBREVIATIONS Ave. Cres. Dr. Gdns.

- Avenue - Crescent -Drive - Gardens

Mans. —Mansions PI. —Place Rd. — Road

Sq. St. Terr.

—Square — Street — Terrace

CONTRACTIONS auto bus exam gym

- automobile - omnibus - examination - gymnasium

mag phone photo plane

— magazine — telephone —photograph —aeroplane

pram — perambulator prom —promenade specs — spectacles

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Abbreviations all's can't couldn't 'cross didn't doesn't don't hasn't haven't he'd he'll he's

— all is — cannot — could not — across — did not — does not — do not — has not — have not — he would — he will — he is

I'll I'd I'm isn't it's I've o'clock o'er shan't she'll shouldn't that's

— I will — I would — I am — is not — it is — I have — of the clock — over — shall not — she will — should not — that is

there's — there is they'll —they will we'll — we will we've — we have whate'er — whatever where'er — wherever whosoe'er — whosoever who've — who have won't — will not wouldn't — would not you'll — you will you're — you are

EXERCISES 1.

Insert the apostrophe where it should be: tis, neednt, youll, Halloween, souwester, Ive, twas, neer, oclock, dont.

2.

What do the following abbreviations mean? J.P., B.B.C., C.O.D., M.P., G.P.O., B.C., M.A., H.R.H., lbw, B.R.

3.

Often abbreviations are used in letter-writing. Give the meaning of the following: a.m., inst., prox., ult., Esq., Rd., Mr., W.P., p.m., St.

OPPOSITES 1.

30

Give the words opposite in meaning to the following: abroad black confirm drunk absence contract dry bless accept bold correct dull adult bottom coward dwarf bow early alive curse ancestor bright damp east ancient broad dark easy answer buy day ebb arrive captive defeat educated asleep captivity defend empty assemble cheap deep enemy back chubby deny entrance backward clean depart evening bad clever depth ever barren coarse die everywhere beautiful cold exit difficult bent come dirty expand better conceal disperse failure condemn big faint divide bitter confined down fair-play

false familiar famous fancy far fat feeble fertile few first flow foe foolish foreign found free freedom friend front

Opposites frown full future gaunt generous giant go good guilty hard hate heavy height hell here hero heroic hide high hollow home honest hot humble ignorant immense inferior innocent join junior juvenile land last 2.

late lean liberty light live long lost loud love low mad maximum merry minimum minority miser miserable modern morning motorist mountain moving multiply narrow native near never new night noise none north nowhere

numerous often old opaque open out past peace pedestrian permanent plain pleasant plural polite poor poverty powerful praise present private prosperity proud purchase question quiet rapid refuse retire retreat reveal rich right rude

sadness safety seldom selfish sell senior shallow short show shut singular slovenly slow small smart smooth sober soft solid south sour spacious spendthrift stale stationary steep stern straight strong stupid success summer superior

Give the words opposite in meaning to the following: (a) By Adding Prefix order advantage direct legible approve essential like patient audible fair lock perfect famous loyal pleasure aware behave fire modest poisonous comfortable happy moral polite common human mortal possible connect just necessary proper content kind noble pure convenient known regular normal correct legal obey reverent

sweet take tall tame temporary there these those timid tiny top transparent truth ugly unite vacant vague valley victory wane war wax weak wealth west wet white wild wise worse wrong young youth

safe sane screw selfish sense tidy transitive trust twist visible wise 31

Opposites (b) By Changing the Prefix Ascend, encourage, export, exterior, external, increase, inside. (c) By Changing the Suffix Careful, cheerful, joyful, merciful, pitiful, useful. 3.

The following may be said to be opposites: doctor — patient, parent — child, teacher — pupil, king — subject, shopkeeper — customer, employer — employee, leader — follower, speaker — listener, host — guest, lawyer — client, gamekeeper — poacher, captor — prisoner, borrower — lender, buyer — seller, hound — quarry, attacker — defender, guardian — ward. EXERCISES

1.

Write words opposite in meaning to: success, visible, praise, transparent, fair-play, arrive, nowhere, barren, ancient, wise.

2.

Give the opposites (by prefix) of the following: audible, behave, known, legible, modest, noble, obedient, regular, sense, pleasant.

3.

In the spaces provided write the opposites of each of the following: north possible entrance often rough enemy pedestrian bitter guilty senior

4.

Give the opposites of the following phrases: a bright boy a bright colour a stormy day a stormy sea a wild boy a wild horse

a bright light a stormy meeting a wild flower

State the opposites of: an armed man a false gift I am sorry a heavy load to keep step to sing in tune

a soft answer a mighty army she was dark

5.

6.

32

In the spaces provided write the opposites of the words underlined: Example: The ball was solid — hollow (1) It was a beautiful dress. (2) Tuesday was a very sunny day. (3) The ascent of the hill took two hours. (4) He has a temporary post. (5) She purchased the toy. (6) He is a lazy fellow.

Opposites (7) There was an abundance of fruit. (8) He gave an intelligent answer. (9) The sea was rough. (10) It was very fertile land. 7.

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with a word which is the opposite of the word underlined. (a) Read the question and then write your (b) The Polar bear which escaped from the zoo was soon (c) Last year the well was empty, but this year it is (d) A polite boy is much thought of: there is nothing to be gained by being (e) I suddenly remembered that I had my spectacles.

SIMILAR WORDS abandon leave dwelling abode abundant plentiful accused blamed sharp acute adhere stick affectionate loving aid help ally friend amazement wonder old ancient gather assemble astonish surprise asunder apart besieged surrounded blank empty bright shining broad wide caution care round circular coarse rough commence begin comprehend understand conceal hide policeman constable conversation talk bravery courage cunning sly curb control custom habit

deceive difficult disaster dusk elude emperor enemy enormous extended exterior fall famous fatigue feeble gap glance gravely greeted grope gruff halt heroic hoax imitate insolent intention interior join lament lean

cheat hard calamity twilight escape king foe gigantic enlarged outside drop noted weariness weak hole look sternly saluted feel harsh stop brave trick copy rude purpose inside unite grieve thin

lofty loyal mad malady margin mariner marsh maximum meagre minimum moan modern moisture mute myth nimble noisy odour omen option peculiar persuade plume profit prohibit prompt powerful promised protect puny

high true insane disease edge sailor swamp most scanty least groan new dampness dumb fable active rowdy smell sign choice choice coax feather gain forbid quick strong avowed guard weak 33

Similar Words purchase quaint quantity queer raiment ramble rank rapid regret remedy request residence reveal roam

buy odd amount peculiar clothes roam position quick sorrow cure desire dwelling show wander

robust scene shrine sleek slender small squirming steed stern stubborn sturdy surrender suspended terror

strong sight tomb smooth slim little wriggling horse strict obstinate strong yield hung fear

tested thrust tranquil transparent unite vacant valour vanquish wealth wicked withdraw wrath wretched yearly

tried pushed peaceful clear join empty bravery defeat riches sinful retire anger miserable annually

EXERCISES 1.

2.

Give words similar in meaning to the following: comprehend, empty, sufficient, vicinity, purchase, perceive, modern.

attempted,

In the spaces provided write words similar in meaning: bright peculiar lofty disappear hoax margin wrath

enemies,

risky,

convenient unite valour

3.

Place the words in their proper positions in the sentence: (handsome — pretty) The girl admired the prince. (proud — vain) The king laughed at the little girl. (fat — stout) A woman should not eat meat. (feeble — weak) tea will not refresh the old lady. (hot — sultry) On a day don't drink liquids. (old — antique) The man was fond of furniture. (loving — tender) Her hands had prepared a chicken. (sad — dull) The day was and we felt quite

4.

Give short sentences, one for each word, showing the correct use of the following: learn, teach, mad, angry, invent, discover, possible, probable, accept, except.

5.

Use (a) (b) (c) (d)

34

similar words in place of the words underlined: The pail dropped into the well. "Don't conceal your real feelings." I was astonished to find the house vacant. He alters his plans annually.

HOMONYMS HOMONYMS are words which have the same sound or the same spelling, or both, but different meanings. If they are spelt the same they may be called HOMOGRAPHS. If they are spelt differently, but sound the same, as in the following examples, they may be called HOMOPHONES. air heir hail hale raise rays,raze aisle isle, I'll hair hare read reed allowed hear real aloud here reel ant aunt heard herd right rite hymn right ate eight him wright bad bade hoard horde right write bail bale hole whole ring wring ball bawl holy wholly road rode, rowed bare bear hour our root route beach beech quay rose rows key bell belle knew new rye wry blew blue knight night sail sale boar bore knot not scene seen board scent sent, cent bored lair layer bough bow leak leek sea see boy buoy loan lone seam seem buy by, bye loot lute sew so, sow ceiling sealing made maid sight site cellar seller mail male soar sore cereal serial main mane sole soul cheap son sun cheep meat meet check cheque medal meddle stair stare coarse course missed mist stake steak core corps more mower stationary stationery council counsel muscle mussel steal steel crews none nun stile style cruise currant current oar o'er, ore tail tale dear tares tears deer pail pale desert dessert pain pane tears tiers die dye pair pare, pear their there draft draught pause paws threw through ewe you, yew peace piece throne thrown faint feint peal peel tide tied fair fare peer pier time thyme feat feet place plaice to too, two flew plain told tolled flue plane flour flower plum plumb vain vane, vein fowl pores pours vale veil foul gait gate practice practise waist waste gamble gambol praise prays, preys wait weight gilt guilt principal principle weak week grate great profit prophet won one groan grown rains reigns, reins wood would 35

Homonyms EXERCISES 1.

Make short sentences, one for each word, showing the correct use of the following: bear, bare, fool, full, flower, flour, too, two, ate, eight, write, right.

2.

Score out the wrong words: She bought some (steak, stake). The bicycle was for (sail, sale). We have found a (hoard, horde) of candles. The (hole, whole) army marched into the town. The boy broke a (pane, pain) of glass. We walked to the golf (coarse, course). (Their, There) books are on the desks. The girl had to (wait, weight) till four o'clock. The wounded soldier uttered a loud (grown, groan). The joiner (bored, board) a small (whole, hole) in the (wood, would).

3.

Give sentences showing clearly the meaning of each of the following words: collar, caller, steal, steel, heard, herd, reign, rain, their, there.

4.

Insert the words in their proper places: (allowed — aloud) It is not to speak in class. (maid — made) The admitted that she had a mistake. (piece — peace) He will give no until he receives a of cake. (scent — sent) "Did you get the I you?" (stair — stare) I saw him at the man on the (waist — waste) " not, want not," said the woman with the thin

5.

Medal, horde, gambol, guilt, prophet, gamble, meddle, profit, gilt, hoard. From the above list insert the correct words in the following sentences: A of coins was found under the floor. The business man made a large on the deal. He was told not to with the toys. I saw the lambs in the field. His name was printed in large letters.

WORD BUILDING Form Nouns from: able advertise absent amuse angry abundant accurate anxious acquaint appear act applaud admire apply adopt approve 36

attend attract bag beautiful beg begin behave bitter

boy brave bright cash child civilise clean compare

conclude content create credit cruel curious dark deceive

decent decide deep depart describe destroy develop discover

Word Building divide do encourage enjoy equal exhaust expect explain faithful false famous favourite feed fragrant free friend gay

grand great grow hate hero high holy imagine imitate injure interfere introduce invent judge just know learn

Form Adjectives from: coward accident craft adventure credit affection crime angel critic anger cruelty anxiety custom athlete danger attract decide autumn describe beauty disaster bible distance boy duty brass breath energy expression Britain faith care fame caution fashion change father charity fault child favour choir fire circle five colony comfort fool force continent forget courage

like live listen long lose loyal magic manly marry merry mission mock moral mountain move music occupy

oppose persuade please profess prosper proud prove pursue ready real rebel receive recognise reveal revive sad

satisfy school scientific secure see select serene shade sick simple speak steal stream strike strong succeed

tell think thrive typical vain visit war warm weak weary weigh wide wise worthy young

fortune France friend giant girl gold grace grief hate heat height hero hope iron Italy joy law length life love luxury man marvel meddle melody mercy

mine mischief mountain mourn music mystery nation nature neglect noise north notice obey occasion ornament parent patience peace peril person picture pity please poet poison pride

quarrel rag reason science sense shadow shower silk silver sister skill sorrow south spire spirit star stop study strength success sun storm sympathy talk terror thirst

tide tire trouble truth value vanity variety victory voice volcano Wales war water wave weary west winter wisdom wit wood wool worth wretch year youth

37

Word Building Form Verbs from: colony able actor composition banishment courage bath creator beauty critic blood custom dark bright broad deed camp description circle dictation circulation education civil false fat clean cloth Form Adverbs from: ability happy critic heavy faith horror

fertile fine food force friend frost full glass glory gold grass grief growth

horror joy just knee knowledge large life long magnet moisture nation obedience peril

pleasure proof provision pure relief resident resolution rich roll sharp shelf short simple

soft solution song spark speech strong success terror thought tight tomb trial wide

joy pure simple

sweet terror

thought true

weary wide

COMPOUND WORDS A word in its simplest form is called a Primary Word, e.g. table, board, egg. If we combine two Primary Words to form one word we get a Compound Word, e.g. tablecloth, blackboard, eggcup. Form Compound Words from the following: mat school ache day heart ball door house milk stone black dust ink mill strong board jam pick table egg boot fire lamp piece time church fly light pond tomb cloth foot maid post tooth coal gentle man pot wife cup gun master room yard EXERCISES 1.

Make a noun corresponding to each of the following words: please, prove, know, proud, choose, encourage, strong, real, just, give.

2.

Give nouns formed from: gay, select, grow, bag, act, receive, invite, succeed, repent, divide.

3.

Make an adjective corresponding to each of the following words: Britain, heat, expense, anger, faith, height, fashion, boy, vanity, sense.

38

Word Building 4.

Give adjectives from: decide, bible, talk, circle, attract, mystery, voice, nation, winter, peril.

5.

Give a verb corresponding to each of the following words: Example: solution — solve, knee, strong, description, gold, custom, tight, grief, large, glory, food.

6.

Give verbs from: obedient, sweet, education, fat, life, composition, civil, tomb, bath, pure.

7.

Complete a table of nouns and verbs corresponding to the adjectives: long, strong, broad, glad, able, wide, e.g.: Adjective Noun Verb long length (to) lengthen

CORRECT USAGE THE VERB One of the most common errors in speech and writing is the use of the wrong form of the verb for the past tense or the past participle, e.g. I seen you; Have you broke it? The two parts are often the same but there are many exceptions. Most verbs form these two parts in the same way, by adding '-ed', '-d' or '-t' to the basic form of the verb, (the infinitive) thus: Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle (to) work (I) work-ed (I have) work-ed (to) live (I) live-d (I have) live-d (to) deal (I) deal-t (I have) deal-t Some verbs which form these parts by adding '-t' to the infinitive also have an alternative form, ending in '-ed', e.g. dream-t or dream-ed; lean-t or lean-ed; spoil-t or spoil-ed. In some cases the spelling of the infinitive (or a vowel sound in it) is changed before the ending is added, e.g. cap, capp-ed; transfer, transferr-ed; spell, spel-t; flee, fled; pay, pai-d; say, sai-d; hear, hear-d; lean, lean-t; fight, fought-t; teach, taugh-t. A few verbs which end in '-d' (in the infinitive) change t h e ' d ' t o ' t ' to form both the past tense and the past participle, e.g. bend, bent; build, built; so also lend, rend, send, spend. In addition there are several verbs which simply use the same form for the infinitive, the past tense and the past participle — burst, cast, cost, cut, hit, hurt, spread. 39

Correct Usage There are, however, some very common verbs (about 300) which have other ways of forming these parts, and which in many cases form the two parts differently, giving rise to the errors mentioned above. Infinitive Past Tense (to) (I) come came become became run ran hold held sing sang meet met read read

Past Participle (I have) come become run held sung met read

In some cases the past participle is formed with the ending -en, or -n, or -ne added to the infinitive.

beat show do go

beat showed did (went)

beaten shown done gone

In some cases there is a vowel change in the past tense, and the past participle is formed with the ending -en, or -n, or -ne either with or without the same vowel change.

eat grow see bear * but bom

ate eaten grew grown saw seen bore borne * in being born at birth.

In some cases the past tenses or the past participles, or both, are formed by changing a vowel sound in the infinitive without adding any ending.

The following lists show further examples of all the above any fixed rules, but simply have to be learned. Infinitive Past Past Infinitive Tense Participle (to) (I have) (to) (I) flee fled fled dwell lay laid laid leap shoe shod shod leave sold sold sell lose tell told told creep bring brought brought feel buy bought bought keep catch caught caught kneel seek sought sought sleep think thought thought sweep work wrought* wrought* weep * or worked; dwelled; leaped. bend lend rend 40

bent lent rent

bent lent rent

send spend build

variants. These do not obey Past Tense (I) dwelt* leapt* left lost crept felt kept knelt slept swept wept

Past Participle (I have) dwelt* leapt* left lost crept felt kept knelt slept swept wept

sent spent built

sent spent built

Correct Usage Infinitive

Infinitive Past Past Tense Participle (to) (I have) (to) (I) clung clung bleed cling flung flung breed fling speed slung slung sling stung stung lead sting string strung strung dig swing swung swung light wring wrung wrung shine hung* hung* shoot hang slunk slunk sit slink spun spun stand spin stuck stuck win stick struck struck strike bound bound bind found find found ground grind ground wound wound wind * or speeded; lighted; hanged (as a punishment).

Past Tense (I) bled bred sped* led dug lit* shone shot sat stood won

Past Participle (I have) bled bred sped* led dug lit* shone shot sat stood won

begin drink ring shrink

began drank rang shrank

begun drunk rung shrunk

sink spring stink swim

sank sprang stank swam

sunk sprung stunk swum

arise drive ride rise smite stride strive write

arose drove rode rose smote strode strove wrote

arisen driven ridden risen smitten stridden striven written

fall bid forbid give forgive take mistake forsake shake

fell bade forbade gave forgave took mistook forsook shook

fallen bidden forbidden given forgiven taken mistaken forsaken shaken

blow draw break choose freeze speak steal wake

blew drew broke chose froze spoke stole woke * or waked

blown drawn broken chosen frozen spoken stolen woken * or waked

know throw slay swear tear wear bite forget tread

knew threw slew swore tore wore bit forgot trod

known thrown slain sworn torn worn bitten forgotten trodden 41

Correct Usage Other cases where normal usage is worthy of special attention are: Infinitive Past Infinitive Past Past Past Tense Participle Tense Participle (to) (I have) (to) (I have) (I) (I) mow mowed mown show showed shown saw sawed sawn strew strewed strewn sew sewn crow crew crowed sewed dared sow sowed sown dare durst make made made or dared can could (none) shall should (none) will would (none may might (none) be was, were been (in the sense of set down) lay laid laid lain (as in to lie down) lie lay lied lie lied (in the sense of telling lies) gone went (went is the otherwise obsolete past tense go the verb to wend, adopted as the past tense the verb to go, but not as the past participle) Finally, some easy ones: bet bet bet burst burst burst cast cast cast cost cost cost cut cut cut hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt let let let put put put

rid set shed shut slit split spread thrust

rid set shed shut slit split spread thrust

rid set shed shut slit split spread thrust

As can be seen from these examples, these verbs do not follow any fixed rules, b simply have to be learned. One way to attune your ear to the correct usage is to give the past tense a subject (e.g. I sang, Tom sang) and say it aloud; then put / have, or Tom has in front of the past participle (e.g. I have sung, Tom has sung) and say this aloud. EXERCISES 1.

Give the past tense of: arise, break, cut, fall, keep, say, shake, drink, bite, choose.

2.

Give the past participle of: bear, drive, fly, give, hurt, ride, sell, speak, come, swim.

3.

Give the present tense of: ate, beaten, froze, hidden, blew, spoken, awoke, sold, lost.

4.

Give the present infinitive of: burn, speak, stand, sweep, drive.

42

Correct Usage 5. Give the past tense and past participle of: am, do, forget, grow, write, sing, tear, hide, go, begin. 6. Complete the following table: Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle I rise I rose I have risen I forget I I have I cut I sing I blow 7. Fill in each space correctly with one of these words: rise, rose, raise, risen, raised. (a) When he met the lady he his hat. (b) Yesterday the boy at five o'clock. (c) I saw him from his seat. (d) She tried to the lid. (e) The sun had in the sky. 8. Use the correct part of the verbs in the blank spaces: (go) She had for a walk. (see) He his uncle yesterday. (fall) The old man asleep in his chair. (awake) He was by the noise. (dream) The boy was about pirates. In each of the sentences below there are groups of two words within brackets. One of the two words is correct, the other wrong. Which is the correct word? 1. We (drank, drunk) our tea before we (sung, sang) the carol. 2. After he had (ran, run) about 5 kilometres, he (sank, sunk) to the ground. 3. Cloth is (wove, woven) from wool which has (grown, grew) on sheep. 4. He had (gave, given) me the parcel before he was (took, taken) a prisoner. 5. The timid creature was (drove, driven) into a narrow valley where it was soon (slew, slain) by the cruel tiger. 6. The vessel (sank, sunk) before they had (swam, swum) a great distance. 7. The tree had (fell, fallen) across the road and many of its branches were (broke, broken). 8. By the time the sun had (rose, risen) the aeroplane had (flown, flew) across the sea. 9. No sooner had he (spoke, spoken) than a deer (sprang, sprung) into our path. 10. He (began, begun) to look for the toy which he had (gave, given) to his brother. 11. The man had (threw, thrown) away the purse which was (stole, stolen) from the lady. 12. I have (knew, known) him since he has (came, come) to this village. 43

Correct Usage 13. The jacket had been well (wore, worn) and the cloth had (shrank, shrunk). 14. After we had (ate, eaten) our supper we went to the pond which was (froze, frozen) over. 15. The picture was (drawn, drew) by a famous and wealthy artist who had (rose, risen) from poverty. 16. They had just (went, gone) when we were (saw, seen) by our friends. 17. A nest had (fell, fallen) to the ground, where it had been (blew, blown) by the wind. 18. The bell (rang, rung) just after I had (wrote, written) the letter. SOME COMMON VERBS WITH SUITABLE ADVERBS Verbs acted answered ate bled bowed caressed charged chuckled crept decided explained fell flogged fought frowned injured left listened lost mumbled pondered pulled ran remembered sang shone shouted slept smiled sneered spent spoke sprang 44

. . .

Adverbs quickly, suddenly, warily. correctly, immediately, tartly. greedily, hungrily, quickly, slowly. freely, profusely, slightly. humbly, respectfully, stiffly. fondly, gently, lovingly. bravely, desperately, furiously. artfully, gleefully, happily. quietly, silently, softly, stealthily. carefully, eventually, immediately. briefly, clearly, concisely, vaguely. heavily, quickly, suddenly. brutally, cruelly, unmercifully. bravely, furiously, gamely. angrily, sulkily, worriedly. accidentally, fatally, seriously, slightly. hurriedly, quietly, suddenly. anxiously, attentively, carefully. badly, heavily, sportingly. angrily, inaudibly, indistinctly. deeply, seriously, thoughtfully. hastily, strongly, vigorously. hurriedly, quickly, rapidly, slowly. clearly, distinctly, faintly, slightly. loudly, softly, sweetly, tunefully. brightly, brilliantly, clearly, dimly. frantically, joyfully, jubilantly, loudly, suddenly. fitfully, lightly, soundly. broadly, happily, ruefully. insolently, impudently, tauntingly. foolishly, freely, recklessly, sparingly. clearly, distinctly, earnestly, loudly, plainly, slowly. hurriedly, lightly, quickly, suddenly.

Correct Usage Verbs staggered strove stuttered trembled waited walked wept whispered yielded

. . . .

Adverbs awkwardly, drunkenly, weakly. bravely, desperately, manfully. excitedly, haltingly, painfully. fearfully, frightfully, visibly. patiently, anxiously. clumsily, haltingly, quickly, slouchingly, slowly, smartly. bitterly, distractedly, sadly, touchingly. audibly, quietly, softly, stubbornly, weakly, willingly. EXERCISES

1.

In the spaces provided, place the following adverbs: heavily, furiously, silently, soundly, immediately, sparingly, broadly, patiently. He charged He decided He slept He crept He spent He fell He smiled He waited

2.

Add any suitable adverb to the following sentences: The girl sings The clerk wrote The lion roars The river flows The artist paints The stars shine The child sleeps The horse gallops The cat walks The man frowns COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

The Positive is the simple form of the adjective used when speaking of or describing an object, e.g. short, big. The Comparative is used when comparing two objects and is formed by adding -er to the Positive or -r if the Positive ends in -e, e.g. shorter, bigger, braver. The Superlative is used when speaking of more than two objects and is formed by adding -est or -st to the Positive, e.g. shortest, biggest, bravest. Generally to compare adjectives of two or more syllables more is used comparatively, and most is used superlatively, e.g. careful, more careful, most careful. Positive big fast gay great late

Comparative bigger faster gayer greater later

Superlative biggest fastest gayest greatest latest

Positive long small tall thin

Comparative longer smaller taller thinner

Superlative longest smallest tallest thinnest

Note. A single syllable adjective ending in a single consonant other than w, x or y which is preceded by a single vowel, doubles the consonant in the Comparative and Superlative, e.g. fatter—but laxer, lower, cooler. 45

Comparison of Adjectives Positive Comparative bad worse far farther good better little less Positive beautiful brilliant cautious comfortable generous gracious handsome ignorant

2. 3.

Superlative worst farthest best least Comparative more beautiful more brilliant more cautious more comfortable more generous more gracious more handsome more ignorant

Positive many much old

Comparative more more older

Superlative most most oldest

Superlative most beautiful most brilliant most cautious most comfortable most generous most gracious most handsome most ignorant

EXERCISES Give the comparatives and superlatives of: many, hot, bad, famous, little. Write down the comparatives of: fast, good, gracious, tall, beautiful. Write the superlatives of: thin, much, comfortable, gay, handsome. Draw up a table showing the Positive, Comparative and Superlative of: long, far, good, generous, late, cautious. State whether the following words are Positive, Comparative or Superlative: nearest, better, far, more certain, surest, larger, most wonderful, bad, shorter, biggest.

CONCORD CONCORD means agreement or harmony. In grammar it means agreement between subject and verb, which must both have the same person and number. Person and number. A pronoun subject (see page 49) is either First Person (I, we) or Second Person (thou, you) or Third Person (he, she, it, they): a noun subject is Third Person. Most verbs have a Third Person Singular form in the Simple Present Tense (ending in -s or -es, e.g. he look-s; she watch-es; the cat jump-s). In the verb to be, and in the continuous tenses of other verbs formed with parts of the verb to be, there are different forms for First, Second and Third Person singular; the plural forms are the same for the three persons, thus: Singular I am, was looking; thou art, wert looking; he is, was looking you are, were looking Plural We are, were looking; you are, were looking; they are, were looking. 46

Concord Rules of Concord (a) When the subject is singular, the verb is singular, e.g. (1) He writes. (2) She swims. (3)

The baby cries.

(b) When the subject is plural, the verb is plural, e.g. (1) We write. (2) They swim.

The babies cry.

(3)

(c) Expressions such as "each of", "one of", "neither of", "every one of", "not one of" and words such as "each", "every", "none", "anybody", "everybody" and "nobody" must be followed by verbs in the singular, e.g. (1) Each of the boys has a toy. (4) Either of the knives cuts well. (2) One of the ladies is married. (5) Every one of us knows that. (3) Neither of the brothers was present. (6) Not one of the girls has come (d) A singular subject with attached phrases introduced by "with" or "like" or "as well as" is followed by a singular verb, e.g. (1) The boy, with several others, was late for school. (2) Alice, like Rose, is tall for her age. (3) Tom, as well as Fred, rises early in the morning. (e) When a verb has two singular subjects connected by "and", the verb is plural, e.g. (1) The cat and the dog were great friends. (2) The farmer and his wife are jolly people. (f) When a verb has one or more plural subjects connected by "and", the verb is plural, e.g. (1) The officer and his men were crossing the field. (2) The boys and the girls are sure of their work. (g) Two singular subjects separated by "either or", "neither nor" take a singular verb, e.g. (l)Either Tom or Dick has lied (2) Neither he nor she writes well. (h) Plural subjects separated by "either or", "neither "both and", also "all but", take a plural verb, e.g. (1) Either the boys or the girls are to blame. (2) Both Hugh and Ian were to play. (3) All but James have failed. (4) All of them but Grace are correct.

nor",

(i) When one of the subjects connected by "either or", "neither nor", etc. is singular and the other plural, the plural subject is placed next to the verb, which is made plural. Neither the teacher nor the pupils are ready. (j) When subjects connected by "either or", "neither nor", etc. are of different Person, the verb can be made to agree with the subject mentioned last: Either Mary or you are to be in the team. It is better, however, to repeat the verb: Either Mary is to be in the team or you are. 47

Concord EXERCISES In each of the sentences below there are groups of two words within brackets. One of the two words is correct, the other wrong. Underline the correct word: Each of the boys (is, are) going on holiday so each of them (has, have) gone to bed early. Everybody (was, were) pleased as each of them (was, were) treated alike. Neither he nor she (want, wants) to go. (Wasn't, Weren't) we sorry when we heard you (was, were) going? All but Tom (has, have) been lazy so all but Tom (loses, lose) marks. James as well as John (rise, rises) at eight, so James like John (is, are) early for work. Neither of the singers (was, were) present. The miller and his wife (is, are) a happy couple. Neither of them (has, have) paid as both of them (is, are) poor. The girl with several others (was, were) going to school. Both Agnes and Albert (is, are) here tonight. John like James (is, are) smaller than Peter. All of you but Andrew (is, are) good, so all of you but Andrew (get, gets) a reward. Each of the ladies (is, are) delighted as each of the ladies (receive, receives) a prize. Anybody (is, are) allowed to enter. Nobody (is, are) grumpy at the camp because nobody (is, are) allowed to feel lonely. Arthur as well as Donald (is, are) clever so Arthur as well as Donald (has, have) succeeded. The gentlemen and the ladies (was, were) wearing evening dress. Either one or the other (is, are) wealthy as either one or the other (has, have) plenty of money. All of us but David (was, were) on holiday so all of us but David (is, are) suntanned. (Wasn't, Weren't) they pleased when they heard we (was, were) coming? Cecil as well as Annie (like, likes) spelling and Cecil as well as Annie (hate, hates) arithmetic. Why (do, does) every one of them do that, when every one of them (know, knows) the arrangements? Neither the soldiers nor their officer (was were) afraid. Either you or your brother (has, have) to take the blame. 48

THE PRONOUN Personal Pronouns: Person First (Sing.) Second (Sing.) Third (Sing.) First (Plur.) Second (Plur.) Third (Plur.)

Nominative

Objective

Possessive

Reflexive

XdjectivcO

I thou* you he she it we you they

me thee* you him her it us you them

mine thine* yours his hers its ours yours theirs

myself thyself* yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves

(my), (mine*) (thy*), (thine*) (your) (his) (her) (its) (our) (your) (their)

* These forms are little used in modern English. Relative Pronouns: which which whose who whom whose that that what what It should be noted that the pronouns thou, thee, thy, thine and thyself are not used in modern English. Pronouns used as subjects must be in the nominative case, e.g. I bought some apples. We saw a large cave. You will catch a cold. They shouted with joy. He caught a fish. She sang a song. Who saw the man? Even the best of us are apt to make mistakes in the use of the double nominative. Study the following examples carefully and note that the pronouns acting as subjects are in the nominative case: He and I bought some apples. James and you will catch cold. She and I sang a song. They and I will go. Pronouns used as objects must be in the objective case, e.g. The play bored me. The guards pushed you. The boys will follow him. The lady watched her. The man cannot tell whom. The children left us. The answer decided them. Many mistakes are made in the use of the double objective. Note that the pronouns acting as objects are in the objective case: The play bored both him and me. The guards pushed you and him. The lady watched Mary and her. The children left Sam and us. The answer decided the captain and them. 49

The Pronoun Pronouns used after prepositions must be in the objective case, e.g. The animal stared at me. The girl will listen to you. We know nothing about him. A crowd gathered round us. The policemen ran after them. Here again the double objective must be watched carefully: The animal stared at her and me. We know nothing about either him or her. The girl will listen to you or me. The policemen ran after both us and them. A crowd gathered round Fred and us. Between you and me I think he is wrong. There are a few verbs which are followed by pronouns in the nominative case where we should normally find the objective. Study them carefully as they often cause difficulty. First let us understand why these verbs are followed by the nominative. It is because all such verbs make the following nouns and pronouns act in the same way as subjects. For example all forms of the verb to be, when used by themselves (am, is, are, was, were, have, been, will be, etc.), control the following pronouns: It is I (Universal practice allows "It is me" to be accepted.) It is she (not It is her). It is he (not // is him). It is we (not It is us). It is they (not It is them). From this we gather that the following are the correct forms: That was he. Those were they. Who was she? Who are they? Included with the verb to be are expressions such as is believed to be, is said to be, is supposed to be, is thought to be, etc. The boy is believed to be he (not him). The lady is said to be she (not her). It appears to be she (not her). It seems to be they (not them). The man who won is supposed to be he (not him). At the concert we were thought to be they (not them). Common Errors: (a) after as and than: He is as tall as me (wrong). He is as tall as I (am) (correct). His brother is older than him (wrong). His brother is older than he (is) (correct). The reason is that as and than are conjunctions (not prepositions). (b) after let: Let you and I go (wrong). Let you and me go (correct). The reason is that let is the same as the transitive verb allow. (c) after between: Between you and I (wrong). Between you and me (correct). The reason is that between is a preposition governing both pronouns. 50

The Pronoun EXERCISES In each of the sentences below there are groups of two words within brackets. One of the two words is correct, the other wrong. Underline the correct word: (He, Him) and (I, me) went for a walk. It was (he, him) (who, whom) we saw in the shop. No one believes it was (she, her); everyone thinks it was (I, me). Between (he, him) and (I, me) we ate the whole cake. (She, Her) and (I, me) can go, but you and (he him) cannot. Jack is not as clever as (he, him) or (I, me). It seems to be (they, them). Between you and (I, me), be careful what you say to Annie or (she, her). (Her, She) and you sang very well together. Let you and (I, me) go to the shore. John is much brighter than (he, him). Those are (they, them). This discovery must remain a secret between you and (I, me). Jean and (her, she) ran to the house. It was (he, him) who knew the right answer. James is older than (me, I), but his brothers are younger than (us, we). The dog pursued Frank and (I, me). (Who, Whom) are (they, them)? We were busy when (he, him) and his brother appeared. Let him and (I, me) fetch the small table. (Us, We) lads were at the cinema. Between you and (I, me), I know all about Sue and (she, her). He is almost as big as (me, I). Her sisters are smaller than (us, we) but she is taller than (I, me). You and (he, him), if you played together, would become friends. The wild creature snarled at my sister and (I, me). They will choose either (he, him) or (she, her). You and (I, me), if we try, would manage it, but you and (he, him) couldn't. It appears to be (he, him). (She, Her) and (I, me) are twelve years of age. Her cousin is younger than (she, her). Was it (I, me) you saw there? (Who, Whom) did it? (Me, I). I spoke to (he, him) and (she, her). We saw the book but it was (they, them) who tore it. The dress becomes her better than (I, me). We are certain it was not (he, him). It is not (she, her) that I am angry with. (He, Him) I can excuse, but not (they, them). Was it (he, him) or (she, her) who found the purse? (Who, Whom) do you think we met? Is that (he, him) at the door? 51

THE CONJUNCTION A Conjunction joins words, phrases or sentences together. There are two main kinds of conjunction: (a) Conjunctions which join similar parts of speech and clauses of equal value, e.g. and, both, but, for, therefore, either.... or, neither.... nor, whereas. Examples: (1) The boy and the girl hurried home. (2) The dog was delighted with the bone and wagged his tail. (3) Both he and his wife went on holiday. (4) Both the driver and the man, who was hurt, were questioned. (5) He was poor but honest. (6) She could write well, but she could not do her sums. (7) I am surprised at him for he should know better. (8) It was foggy therefore miserable. (9) He was a good man therefore he was respected. (10) Either my brother or his chum knows the place. (11) Either my nephew goes with me or he stays at home. (12) Neither James nor Mary wants to go. (13) Neither did he come nor did he send any excuse. (b) Conjunctions which join principal clauses to subordinate clauses. (Included are many adverbs which act as connecting words and therefore become conjunctions.) In order to distinguish the various types of conjunction in this class they are grouped under the appropriate headings below: TIME Conjunctions are: after, before, now, since until, till, when, whenever, while. Examples: (1) After the lady opened the door she switched on the light. (2) The man ate a sandwich before he boarded the bus. (3) Now the weather has changed the farmers can expect good crops. (4) Since I have known her we have been firm friends. (5) We will wait here until the next train arrives. (6) I cannot say definitely till I hear from him. (7) The boys were going to school when we saw them. (8) Whenever it is possible we shall visit her. (9) While there is life there is hope. PLACE Conjunctions are: whence, where, wherein, wherever. Examples: (1) The city whence the travellers had come was rich. (2) That is the house where my father was born. (3) They saw no place wherein he could hide. (4) The brooch must be found wherever it is. 52

The Conjunction CAUSE or REASON Conjunctions are: as, because, lest, since. Examples: (1) As he was in a hurry I did not speak to him. (2) We know he was to blame because we saw the accident. (3) I was afraid lest he should fall. (4) Do not say anything since she is frightened. CONCESSION Conjunctions are: although, as, even if, however, though, whether, while. Examples: (1) Although I have written twice, he has not replied. (2) I would not go even if I were invited. (3) Though the boy had faults I could not but like him. (4) It is the truth whether you believe it or not. (5) While we should condemn vice, we should praise virtue. (6) He could not get the answer, clever as he was. CONDITION Conjunctions are: as, except that, if, unless. Examples: (1) Except that she is a trifle slow, she writes well. (2) Send me word if you wish to go. (3) That rascal will do nothing unless he is compelled. MANNER or DEGREE as, as .... as, as if, as though, so as, than.

Conjunctions are: Examples: (1) He remained at home as he had been ordered. (2) The house is vacant as far as we know. (3) He speaks as if he knows all about it. (4) The animal lay as though it were dead. (5) James does not read so well as Robert. (6) He is taller than I am. PURPOSE

Conjunctions are: in order that, lest, so that, that. Examples: (1) They worked hard in order that they might finish in time. (2) Take care, lest you are hurt. (3) I sent him a letter so that he would know. (4) You come to school that you may learn. 53

The Conjunction CONSEQUENCE Conjunctions are: so that, so .... that. Examples: (1) He spoke loudly so that we heard him. (2) She is so dull that she can learn nothing. EXERCISES In the following exercises there are sentences with groups of two words within brackets. One of the two words is correct, the other wrong. Underline the correct word: TIME (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

Wait there (how, till) I have finished. He left (before, that) darkness fell. We haVe remained here (whether, since) you left. (After, Unless) they arrived, they sat down. I can call (however, whenever) it is convenient to you. The exercise will be corrected (before, when) it is finished. His brother waited (except, until) James returned. She read a book (that, while) I wrote a letter. PLACE

(1) (2) (3) (4)

The place (whence, when) the stranger came was not on the map. The faithful dog followed his master (lest, wherever) he went. The old man pointed out the place (since, where) he lived. We will go (whither, unless) our fancy takes us. CAUSE or REASON

(1) (2) (3) (4)

(As, Where) we left early, we did not see him. I was afraid to speak (lest, however) he should tell. You ask him (since, than) you are friends. My uncle was angry (where, because) he was deceived. CONCESSION

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

The boy is strong and healthy (though, since) he is not tall. (While, Unless) I trust him, I dislike his companions. We will go (how, even if) it rains. (Whether, Where) you like it or not, he will invite you. My cold is much worse (although, whence) I have tried to cure it.

(1) (2) (3) (4)

He could not win (as, unless) he was given a start. I'll lend you an umbrella (unless, if) it rains. She will go (than, if) you ask her. You cannot obtain admission (unless, since) you pay.

CONDITION

54

The Conjunction MANNER or DEGREE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

You are quite right (while, as far as) I can see. The dog lifted his paw (as though, how) he understood me. She is older (than, since) I am. They did not play (while, so well as) their opponents. The man looked (when, as if) he was a foreigner. I cannot work (as, whence) he can. PURPOSE

(1) (2) (3) (4)

The man put on the light (so that, since) he could read. (In order that, When) they might be in time, they left early. The boy ran quickly (why, lest) he should be left behind. You should go (that, how) you may be cured. CONSEQUENCE

(1) It was so misty (that, as) the search was called off. (2) The dog ran so fast (that, while) he caught the hare.

THE PREPOSITION The preposition is placed before a noun or a pronoun. It is somewhat like a conjunction as it shows the relationship between nouns and pronouns in the same sentence. The following list contains the most common prepositions: about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, amidst, among, amongst, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, betwixt, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, into, near, of, off, on, over, round, since, through, till, to, towards, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, with, within, without. 1.

Use the correct prepositions in the blank spaces: (1) The boy must apologise the lady. (2) That man is an authority flowers. (3) The mother was proud her son's success. (4) He placed the bat the wall. (5) My cousin put the book the drawer. (6) It is an exception the rule. (7) His opinion differs mine. (8) The man ran the path. (9) She takes great pride her appearance. (10) The ball went the window. 55

The Preposition 2.

3.

Supply three suitable prepositions in each sentence: (1) The pencil lay

the desk.

(2) The man rowed

the river.

(3) The lady sat

the chairman.

Underline the prepositions in the following sentences: (1) I stood on the bridge of the ship. (2) Above me, I saw a cloudy sky. (3) The dog leaped over the wall after a ball. (4) We chased him through a field of hay. (5) With that ticket you can obtain admission to the show. (6) My brother received a letter from him. (7) The fanner stored his hay in a large barn. (8) Beside the boxes lay several boulders. (9) The careless boy ran behind the car. (10) During the year many people were injured in street accidents.

Many people find it difficult to choose the correct prepositions. The following should be read carefully and revised from time to time: disappointed with (somebody) according to afflict with disgusted at (something) agree to (something) disgusted with (somebody) agree with (somebody) dislike for aim at divide among (many) angry with divide between (two) ashamed of equal to attack on filled with full of blame for good for change for (something) change with (somebody) guilty of comment on indignant at (something) complain of indignant with (somebody) confer with inspired by conscious of interfere with invasion of defiance of meddle with despair of die of opposite to differ from (opinion) part from (somebody) differ with (somebody) part with (something) disagree with prevail on disappointed in (something) protest against 56

The Preposition pursuit of recoil from regard for rely on similar to suffer from tired of (something) tired with (action)

thirst for (or after) vexed at (something) vexed with (somebody) victim of wait for (person, thing) wait upon (somebody) write about (something) write to (somebody)

CORRECTION OF SENTENCES There are errors in the following sentences. Rewrite them correctly. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

She was the oldest of the two sisters. Who did you see at the party? Neither John or James were present. She is not as old as me. The best team won the football match. The books what we read were interesting. Being a fine day I went to the seashore. Who can it be for? He was angry at me for leaving. I am your's truly. I cannot run no farther. John has broke his leg. Hurrah shouted the man. The letter was sent to Mr. John Brown, Esq. The parcel was returned back to the sender. I left home at | to 7. The girl said that she done it herself. He returned home as quick as he could. I have forgot to post the letter. "Where is my boots?" She hurted her leg. She got a bad accident. There is four books on the table. He went for to get up. The lady bought a comb for the baby with plastic teeth. Between you and I, he is quite wrong. They sung the same song twice. This jacket is wore out. It's no use me working. I intended to have written. I was that tired I could hardly of spoken. The fishermen saw a flock of herring in the sea. Everyone in the class knows they could do better. Between you and me we seen many people. 57

Correction of Sentences 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 58

I saw a dog with his master which had a long tail. We found the ring belonging to the lady made of gold. A piano was sold to a lady with carved legs. We seen the rascal who stole were ball. There is five books on the table. A man was at the corner and his dog. She and her husband am going. His hair needs cutting badly. Neither of them are tall. Someone's left their books behind. Him and his sister went to the pictures. Me and my friend went to buy a coat for ourselves. It was him you saw. They have did it again. She could not come no quicker. We have never seen none of them. He couldn't remember nothing. He done his work correctly. Is he the tallest of the two? Each of the boys had their books. It was me that broke the window. Which is the cleverest, John or Mary? A more kinder man never lived. I was that breathless I could hardly speak. The animal did not take no notice. Neither of them have been lucky. Me and him went together to the pictures. He took the biggest half. It was a remarkable fine picture. He is worse than me. I seen him go to the theatre. One of the horses were tired. Of the two, I like James best. Give me them oranges. He don't speak very clear. We are quite sure he done it. She sent it to you and I. The man learnt him to swim. That answer is different than mine. Neither one or the other is right. She will not stay, I do not think. The lady sings quite nice. He did not except the gift. To who does this belong? Whom do you think that can be? The two brothers divided the apple among them.

THE RIGHT WORD IN THE RIGHT PLACE Place the following words in the sentences best suited to their use: closed, finished, stopped, completed, concluded, ended. (1) His watch at six o'clock. (2) I remember how the story (3) I have my lessons. (4) They have the alterations. (5) The meeting with the National Anthem. (6) Having enough money they the fund. Use the following words (instead of "nice") to describe: agreeable, beautiful, convenient, delicious, enjoyable, fine, good, interesting, pleasant, pretty. a garden a bonnet a cake a walk a house an man a day a train an concert an book Place the following words in their sentences: frowned, mumbled, sang, chuckled, bowed, whispered, listened, smiled. He tunefully He gleefully He angrily He broadly He humbly He attentively He indistinctly He softly Place the following words in the sentences best suited to their use: exclaimed, muttered, answered, said, shouted, explained, whispered, pleaded. He that he would come He with joy He why he was late "Look!" he He for mercy He under his breath He quietly to his "That is so," he neighbour Place the following words in the sentences best suited caressed, ate, pulled, charged, slept, bled, crept, He furiously. He He profusely. He He vigorously. He He fondly. He

to them: strove. greedily. soundly. manfully. stealthily.

Always avoid use of the word "got". There is usually another word which can be used to better effect. Substitute a better word in each of the following sentences: He got up at eight o'clock. He got a penny from his mother. He got his breakfast early. He got a bad cold yesterday. He got to the station in time. He got married last year.

The Right Word in the Right Place 7. Write in the most suitable word: A man who digs for coal is a I switched on the light. The holiday is in December. They sang a Christmas He was so ill he went to bed. The postman the letters. He avoided accidents because he drove very 8. Place the right words of who, whom, whose, which in the following sentences: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

That That That That That

is the boy is the stone is the man is the boy is the boy

broke the window. broke the window. window was broken. I saw breaking the window. told me that he broke the window.

9. Words ending in "-able": (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

A piece of furniture. A horse's home. Written by /Esop. Can be carried. Diamonds are.

(6) A telegram from overseas. (7) Helpless. (8) Land under cultivation. (9) A carrot. (10) Glass things are.

10. Give a single word for each of the following: (1) go away, (2) go back, (6) go on hands and knees, (10) go up.

(3) go down, (7) go out of,

(4) go forward, (5) go into, (8) go quickly, (9) go slowly,

11. The following may be said to be the right action at the right time. Tell what immediate action you would take and suggest a cure (if necessary). What would you do? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 60

If you burned your foot. If you lost your way. If you sprained your ankle. If your nose started to bleed. If you noticed an escape of gas in the house. If your sister's dress caught fire. If you found a pocket-book in the street. If your brother's hand was cut. If you saw smoke coming from a closed shop. If your cousin was stung in the arm.

ADDITION OF CLAUSES Add a clause to the following and name the kind of clause you add: I saw the lady The little boy said The girl ran quickly I noticed We stood on the very spot

when they reached home. when he rose to speak. if you cannot swim.

The dog barked loudly The lady "Will you let me know The dog We saw the train I hope

was my sister. ?" saved the child. while they listened.

The boy hurt himself badly The man I saw She bought an umbrella

was caught by the police. as she spoke.

The messenger arrived I watched the man I do not know As the girl approached the house We saw "Come to my house I know the child When I came here

when we returned. if you are ill. "

which cost very little. My father scolded me The crowd rushed forward The soldiers The unhappy scholar said

were trapped in the wood. if you do not send word.

The boy lifted the box The man waved frantically

61

PHRASES TO CLAUSES Change the underlined phrases into clauses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

He failed through carelessness. On the completion of his task the boy went out to play. He told me of his coming. A man in high position has many responsibilities. She lived in a cottage near the sea. On entering I saw several pictures. The police recovered the stolen property. We do not know his hiding place.

Change the underlined clauses into phrases: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

I am convinced that he is sincere. The child was in bed before the sun had set. His action showed how brave he was. I am certain that you will help me. As I approached I heard a great noise.

SENTENCES SIMPLE TO COMPLEX Make each pair of simple sentences into one complex sentence and retain the meaning as far as possible. (Do not use "and" or "but" or "so".) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 62

(a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a)

I have a dog. That is the man. I was travelling in a bus. The boy did not pass. I was gazing out of the window. The boy was riding a horse. The man could hardly walk. The book belongs to Jack. The girl went for the doctor. The house was destroyed. He works hard at his lessons. The men were walking quickly. He heard the strains of music. The lady lost the book. The man stood at the door. The boy caught a rabbit. The girl fell heavily. He opened the cupboard. The lady was careless. Mary entered the room.

(b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b)

I am very fond of it. He stole my purse. It collided with a taxi. His work was badly done. I saw a crowd. It looked tired. He carried such a heavy load. It is a red one. The doctor stayed next door. It was built by Tom's father. He wishes to succeed. The men saw me. He was passing a church. She was going to the library. The door was open. He took it home. The girl hurt herself. He saw many books. She lost her purse. The room was brightly decorated.

Sentences 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

(a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a)

A loud peal of thunder came. Tom made mistakes in reading. The teacher praised the boys. The horse fell. The man caught a salmon. The boy has hurt his foot. The lady sat in a coach. The tourist climbed the hill. My sister has a good voice. The girl found a brooch. I found a lady's purse. The girl wore a red dress. I visited the little cottage. The woman was selling flowers.

35. (a) I went to see my cousin. 36. (a) The man was poorly clad.

(b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b)

The children were frightened. He could not see well. They had worked well. It was pulling a heavy load. He took it home. The boy cannot walk. Four horses drew it. The hill was steep. She sings in the choir. She took it to her mother. It contained two coins. She sat next to me. I was born in it. She stood at the comer of the street. (b) His home was in the country. (b) I gave him money.

Change Complex Sentences into Simple Sentences: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

He is a man who is very intelligent. We heard the news that he was saved. I can tell you how old he is. The woman lives in a house which is very big. He spoke to the soldier who was wounded. The boy lost his ticket because he was careless. I shall speak to him when he arrives. The child found a ring which was very valuable.

ALPHABETICAL ORDER The Alphabet (twenty-six letters)

A N

B C O P

D E F G H Q R S T U

I V

W

J K L M X Y Z

Practically all books containing lists have the words arranged in the order of the letters of the alphabet: 1. By the first letters of the words. 2. When the first letters are the same, the words are arranged according to the second letters. 3. When the first two letters are the same, the words are arranged according to the third letters, and so on. 63

Alphabetical Order Examples: 1. By the first letter: amount, bicycle, height, machine, physical, seized, vehicle, Wednesday. 2. When the first letters are the same: absence, acquaintance, aeroplane, ancient, attention, autumn, awkward. 3. When the first two letters are the same: thatch, their, thimble, though, through, thumb, thyself. EXERCISES 1. Place the following in alphabetical order: vegetable, official, judgment, colonel, extremely, humorous, necessary, language. 2. Re-arrange the following words in dictionary order: pain, pale, pane, pail, prey, pore, pray, pour.

THE APOSTROPHE The Possessive Case of a Noun is shown by a mark (') known as an Apostrophe. In the Singular it is shown b y ' s , e.g. Mary's bag, the animal's foot. In the Plural it is shown by an apostrophe after the plural ending, e.g. the men's hats, the ladies' coats, the bees' stings. Singular Possessive the girl's dress the lady's bag the boy's pencil a day's work the man's pipe the woman's glove the child's clothes

Plural Possessive the girls' dresses the ladies' bags the boys' pencils seven days' work the men's pipes the women's gloves the children's clothes EXERCISES

1. Insert the apostrophe in the following sentences: (1) The boys pencil lay on the floor. (2) The ladies coats were in the cloakroom. (3) My cousins hand was badly hurt. (4) The mens boots were covered with mud. (5) The childs doll fell into the pond. 2. Correct by putting in the apostrophe: (1) The childrens books were left in my uncles house. (2) The maids dress was torn by a neighbours dog. (3) My fathers wallet was discovered in the thieves den. (4) A ducks egg is generally cheaper than a hens. (5) Mr. Smiths watch is five minutes slower than Mr. Browns. 64

CAPITAL LETTERS Capital letters are used: 1. To begin sentences. 2. To begin special names. 3. To begin direct speech. 4. To begin words in titles. 5. To begin lines of poetry. 6. To begin words of exclamation. 7. To begin words He, Him, His, if they refer to God or Christ. 8. To write word "I". Examples illustrating the use of capital letters. 1.

Beginning Sentences. One day a girl was playing on a busy street. Her ball rolled into the middle of the road and she ran after it. At that moment a motor-car came dashing round the corner. A passer-by saw the girl's danger and ran quickly to her aid. Fortunately he saved her from serious injury.

2.

Special Names. Jean Miller and her brother David are expected to arrive by Concorde from New York on Tuesday, November 30th, St. Andrew's Day.

3.

Direct Speech. A man said to his friend, "If you manage to solve the puzzle, send me the answer." His companion replied, "You will have my solution before the end of the week."

4.

Titles. The famous collection of Indian animal stories called The Jungle Book was written by Rudyard Kipling.

5.

Lines of Poetry. I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host of golden daffodils, Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

6.

Exclamation. "Oh!" shouted the boy, "I have hurt my finger." "Indeed!" exclaimed his father, "You are lucky to get off so lightly."

7.

Reference to God and Christ. After Jesus had preached to the multitude He proceeded on His way to Jerusalem.

8.

The Pronoun "I". He advised me to travel by 'bus but I told him that I preferred to travel by rail. 65

PUNCTUATION By correct punctuation we mean the proper use of: capital letters, comma (,), period (.), quotation marks (" "), exclamation mark (!), question mark (?), and apostrophe ('). Punctuate the following sentences: 1. What time is it asked the traveller 2. His father said where is your brothers knife 3. My friends exclaimed what a lovely view 4. He has gone to school said his sister in a quiet voice 5. The child suddenly shouted look 6. Oh cried the boy i have hurt my finger 7. Come here said his mother all right replied the boy 8. The man asked have you seen the hammer yes replied his companion it is on the table 9. A boy said to his chum are you going to the pictures no replied the other im on my way home 10. When i return said the girl to her father will you tell me the story of the shipwreck very well he answered but dont be too long at your aunts

DIMINUTIVES booklet circlet coronet fillet latchet leaflet locket pamphlet

rivulet streamlet cygnet eaglet leveret owlet bannerette cigarette

epaulette kitchenette rosette damsel morsel satchel globule molecule

cubicle icicle particle chicken kitten maiden lambkin mannikin

codling duckling gosling nestling porkling seedling bullock hillock

SMALL QUANTITIES an ounce of energy a breath of air a chip of wood a crumb of bread a drop of any liquid a glimmer of light a grain of sand a lock of hair 66

a morsel of food a particle of dust, matter a pat of butter a pinch of salt, snuff a posy of flowers a puff of wind a scrap of paper, food

a sip of water a spot of rain a smut of soot a speck of dirt a touch of colour a whiff of air a wisp of straw

FOR REFERENCE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

To Find the address of a person the meaning of a word the day and date of the month the position of a place a list of priced goods or books a telephone number the time of a train or bus record of a ship's progress at sea record of attendance record of personal daily events collection of photos and autographs extracts from books and papers record of events of previous day facts regarding days of the year a fictitious tale a life story facts about living creatures facts about plants facts about the stars facts about the Earth's crust, minerals

Look at directory dictionary calendar atlas catalogue telephone directory time-table log register diary album scrap-book newspaper almanac novel . biography book on zoology book on botany book on astronomy book on geology

PROVERBS Proverbs are popular sayings expressed in a clever, brief manner. 1. A bad workman quarrels with his tools. 2. Absence makes the heart grow fonder. 3. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 4. A cat may look at a king. 5. A drowning man will clutch at a straw. 6. A fair exchange is no robbery. 7. A fool and his money are soon parted. 8. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 9. A hungry man is an angry man. 10. All's well that ends well. 11. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 12. Any time means no time. 13. A miss is as good as a mile. 14. A penny saved is a penny gained. 15. A pet lamb is a cross ram. 16. A rolling stone gathers no moss. 17. A stitch in time saves nine. 18. As well be hanged for a sheep as a lamb. 19. A small leak will sink a great ship. 20. As the twig is bent so the tree's inclined. 21. As you make your bed so must you lie in it. 67

Proverbs 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 68

A wild goose never laid a tame egg. Better half a loaf than no bread. Better late than never. Birds of a feather flock together. Charity begins at home. Cut your coat according to your cloth. Discretion is the better part of valour. Don't carry all your eggs in one basket. Don't count your chickens before they are hatched. Ducks lay eggs, geese lay wagers. Early to bed — early to rise, etc. Empty vessels make most noise, sound. Enough is as good as a feast. Every cloud has a silver lining. Every dog has its day. Every tide has its ebb. Evil weeds grow apace. Example is better than precept. Experience teacheth fools. Faint heart never won fair lady. Far from court far from care. Fine feathers make fine birds. Fine words butter no parsnips. Fire is a good servant but a bad master. First come, first served. Forbidden fruit tastes sweetest. Fortune knocks once at every man's door. Good wine needs no bush. Grasp all, lose all. Great minds think alike. Great oaks from little acorns grow. Habit is second nature. Half a loaf is better than none. Hard work is the best appetiser. He laughs best who laughs last. He pays the piper who calls the tune. He goes a-sorrowing who goes a-borrowing. Hunger is the best sauce. Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery. In for a penny, in for a pound. It's a long lane that has no turning. It's an ill wind that blows nobody any good. Laugh and grow fat. Leave well alone. Let not the pot call the kettle black. Let sleeping dogs lie. Listeners hear no good of themselves.

Proverbs 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108.

Little boys should be seen and not heard. Little pitchers have long ears. Look after the pence, and the pounds will look after themselves. Look before you leap. Love laughs at locksmiths. Make hay while the sun shines. Misery makes strange bedfellows. More haste, less speed. Necessity is the mother of invention. New brooms sweep clean. No cross no crown. None but the brave deserve the fair. None so deaf as those who will not hear. No news is good news. No smoke without fire. Once bitten twice shy. One good turn deserves another. One man's meat is another man's poison. One swallow does not make a summer. Out of sight, out of mind. Out of the frying pan into the fire. Penny wise, pound foolish. Pride goeth before a fall. Robbing Peter to pay Paul. Sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander. Set a thief to catch a thief. Shoemakers' wives are worst shod. Silence gives consent. Spare the rod and spoil the child. Speech is silvern, silence is golden. Still waters run deep. The least said the soonest mended. The early bird catches the worm. Too many cooks spoil the broth. Truth will out. Two heads are better than one. Union is strength. We never miss the water till the well runs dry. Where there's a will there's a way. When the cat's away the mice will play.

69

COLLOQUIALISMS Colloquialisms are expressions used in common conversation. A person may be said to be: The apple of one's eye . . . Armed to the teeth A wet blanket Dead beat In the same boat Carried away A chip of the old block . . . Off his chump Under a cloud Down in the mouth Down on one's luck . . . . All ears At a loose end A queer fish Good for nothing A son of a gun Hard of hearing Hard up Hard hit In evil case Ill-used Lion-hearted At loggerheads with someone The man in the street . . . . Up to the mark An old salt A peppery individual . . . . A pocket Hercules At rest A rough diamond Silver-tongued Golden-voiced Purse-proud Out of sorts On the square Stuck up Thick in the head Beside oneself Heavy-eyed

70

somebody specially dear, completely armed, a discouraging person, exhausted. in same circumstances. highly excited. very like father. off his head. in trouble or disfavour. in low spirits. in ill-luck. paying close attention, having nothing to do. an odd person, useless, a rascal, almost deaf, short of money, seriously troubled, poor. badly treated. of great courage. quarrelling. an ordinary man. good enough. an experienced sailor. a cranky person. small but strong. dead. a well-liked person of rough plausible and eloquent. pleasing to hear. conceited about money. not well. honest. conceited. stupid. angry, distraught, sleepy.

GENERAL COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSIONS

1 o make no bones about it

. . . . .

. . . . .

. . To have one's heart in one's boots . . . . To have one's heart in one's mouth . . . . . . . . . . . . , .

. . , .

. . ' (b wait till the clouds roll by To give the cold shoulder

. . . . . .

I'o have a crow to pluck with . . . lb lead up the garden path 1 b keep a thing dark 1 o keep one's distance

lb make both ends meet

, ,

. . . . . . . , . .

1 o hit the nail on the head

, . . . .

to lift the anchor. to maintain an outward show. to be obsessed with an idea. to do best possible. to take all. to be plain and outspoken. to overdo work and play. to be in terror. to be frightened. to make peace. to find that something doesn't exist. to tell incredible stories. to confess. to have something to be proud of. to try to captivate. to give up. to give up. to reproach. to escape by running. to stop suddenly. to await better circumstances. to change one's principles. to give tit for tat. to show indifference or ignore. to discourage. to have something to settle. to be very showy. to delude. to deceive by hiding real intentions. to hide something. to stay aloof. to have a wretched life. to refuse to exceed some limit. to be ready or prepared. to deceive. to manage financially. to meet the worst. to avoid taking sides. to cause embarrassment by word or action. to come against. to get into trouble. to go without permission. to act fairly. to act unfairly. to keep silent. to boast. to be right. 71

General Colloquial Expressions To kick up a dust To bite the dust To kick over the traces To knock on the head To turn over a new leaf To pull someone's leg To go through the mill To put the cart before the horse To make the mouth water To sling mud To nip in the bud To send one packing To pad the hoof To play fast and loose To keep the pot boiling To rain cats and dogs To raise one's dander To mind your p's and q's To raise the wind To smell a rat To take a rise out of To rub the wrong way To get into hot water To turn the tables To give back chat To ride the high horse To let the cat out of the bag To send to Coventry To haul over the coals To take the bull by the horns To strike while the iron is hot To take forty winks To chew the fat To act the goat To live from hand to mouth To hang one's head To turn up one's nose To play with fire To swing the lead To blaze the trail To come a cropper To go on all fours Tell that to the Marines 72

to create a row. To fall to the ground. To throw off control. To stop suddenly. To conduct oneself better. to hoax someone. to undergo suffering. to start at the wrong end. to cause to desire. to slander. to stop at an early stage. to dismiss quickly. to walk. to act carelessly. to keep an activity going. to rain very heavily. to anger. to be careful about your behaviour. to obtain money. to be suspicious. to fool. to irritate by opposing. to get into trouble. to reverse a result. to make impertinent remarks. to be snobbish, arrogant. to tell what should be kept secret. to ignore as a punishment. to scold or punish. to act despite risks. to act without delay. to sleep. to argue. to behave foolishly. to live in hardship. to feel ashamed. to scorn deliberately. to tempt serious trouble. to avoid work purposely. to lead the way. to fail or to fall to earth. to travel on hands and knees. only the gullible would believe that.

POPULAR PHRASES Explain what is meant by the following phrases: horse play from pillar to post as the crow flies no flies on him a red letter day a dead cert a far cry a fly in the ointment on the nail bats in the belfry

back to the wall a fine kettle of fish a busman's holiday a white elephant not worth the candle a cat on hot bricks with flying colours every man Jack not a patch on a storm in a teacup

for a lark a bird's eye view a stiff upper lip a blind alley a hen on a hot girdle a cock and bull story a flash in the pan the lion's share pins and needles by hook or by crook

DERIVATIONS A Root is a word in its first and simplest form. A word may be built up or have its meaning changed by an addition at either end. The addition at the beginning is known as a Prefix, e.g. DIS-agree. The addition at the end is known as a Suffix, e.g. paint-ER. ROOTS Word aqua audio capio centum clamo creo . curro decern dico . duco . facio . finis . fortis homo Impero liber . inalus manus initto navis octo . pcllo . IH'ndeo pedis planus

. . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Meaning water . I hear . I take . a hundred I shout . create . I run . ten . . I say . . Head . I make . an end . strong . a man . I command free . . bad . . . hand . I send . a ship . eight . I drive I hang . the foot . level . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Examples aquatic, aqueduct audible, audience, audit capable, captive, capture centenarian, century clamour, proclaim, exclaim creation, creature courier, current, excursion December, decimal edict, dictation, verdict, dictator introduce, produce, reduce fact, factory, perfect final, infinite fort, fortify homicide, human empire, emperor, imperial liberal, liberty malady, malice, maltreat manual, manufacture, manuscript missile, mission, remittance navigate, navy octagon, octave, October expel, propel, repel depend, pendant, suspend pedal, pedestrian, quadruped plain, plan, plane 73

Derivations plus porto poto primus pro pro rego rota ruptum scribo specio teneo unus vanus venio video vinco voco volvo

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

more . I carry . I drink . first . before . instead of I rule . a wheel . break . I write . I see I hold . one . empty . I come . I see . I overcome I call . I roll .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

plural, surplus export, import, porter, transport poison, potion primer, primitive, Prime Minister prophet, prologue pronoun regal, regent, regiment rotate, rote, rotund eruption, interruption, rupture scripture, describe, manuscript aspect, prospect, spectacles contain, retain, tentacles unit, unity, union vanish, vanity, vain adventure, prevent, venture provident, visible, vision convince, victory revoke, vocal, voice evolve, revolve, volume PREFIXES

Prefix a . . . a-, ab-, absad-, ac-, ar- (etc.) ante. . . bi-, bis- . . . circum- . . . com. . . contra- . . . de. . . dif-, dis. . ex. . . fore. . . im-, in- . . . in. . . inter. . . mis. . . ob. . . post. . . pre. . . pro. . . re. . . sub. . . trans. . . un. . . vice. . . 74

Meaning on . . away, from to . . before . . two, twice . round . . together against . . down . . apart, not out of . . before . . in,into . . not . . . between wrong . . against . . after . . before . . forth . . back . . under . . across . . not, without instead . .

Examples afloat, ashore, aloft avert, absolve, abstract adhere, accept, arrive, assume, attract antecedent, anteroom bicycle, biped, bisect, biscuit circumference, circuit comparison, competition contrary, contraband, contradiction depress, descend, describe different, disagree, disappear exhale, export, extract forecast, forenoon, foretell, foresee import, include incapable, inhuman international, interrupt, interval misdeed, misjudge, mistake object, obstruction postpone, postscript, post-war predict, prepare, pre-war proceed, produce retake, return, retrace submarine, subway transfer, transport, transpose unfit, unknown, unpaid, unsafe vice-captain, viceroy

Derivations SUFFIXES Suffix -able, -ible . -ain, -an . -ance, -ence -ant . . •el, -et, -ette -er, -eer, -ier -ess . . -fy •icle, -sel . -less . . ling . . -ment . . -ock . . oon,-on . -ory . .

. . . . . . .

"OUS

.

.

.

. . . .

Meaning capable of being one connected state of . . one who . . little . . one who . . the female . . to make . . little . . without . . little . . state of being . little . . large . . a place for . . full of . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Examples movable, eatable, incredible chaplain, publican repentance, existence assistant, servant satchel, locket, cigarette baker, engineer, furrier goddess, princess, waitress glorify, purify, simplify particle, morsel careless, guiltless, merciless codling, gosling, darling merriment, enjoyment hillock, bittock saloon, balloon, flagon dormitory, factory famous, glorious, momentous

75

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE In the following list many questions can be answered by do so. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 76

A boy who frightens weaker boys. The men who work on a ship. A man who protects sheep. A ship which travels below the surface of the sea. A place for storing a motor car. A small leaf. A field in which fruit trees grow. An instrument for measuring time. From what do we make butter? A man who makes furniture. A fertile place in the desert. A stream which flows into a river. A hundred years. Name instrument for telling direction. What are the steps of a ladder called? Name two spotted animals. A doctor who performs operations. What is the front part of a ship called? What is daybreak sometimes termed? A man who draws and paints. A shallow crossing in a river. Two creatures which see well in the dark. What do we call the breaking of a bone? What is the flesh of a sheep called? Name of metal container for oil. A place where people are buried. Name three "string" instruments. Name imaginary line round middle of earth. An instrument which measures heat and cold. From what do we make cheese? Name the five human senses. Name two striped animals. A place where birds are kept. The air surrounding the earth. A person who saves and hoards money. How does a fish breathe in water? Name the colours of the rainbow. What is the small top room of a house? What is the national dress of Scotland? A three-sided figure. Meaning of "The Seven Seas". A room on board a ship. A soldier with three stripes on each arm. How many legs has a fly? A place where iron goods are made. Name three animals living mostly in water. Water which has turned into gas.

48. 49. 50. § 1. §2. 53. 54. 55. 56. §7. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. f I. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. HO. HI. 82. H3. 84. HS. H6. H7. H8, H9. W. VI. W '1.1. r»„ J0

What is the flesh of a pig called? A place where leather is made. Another name for a donkey. Machine which makes electricity. Who is a Jack Tar? What is a tripod? What is the flesh of the deer called? Name for smuggled goods. What is an astronaut? What are the primary colours? What is the Milky Way? What is the Crow's Nest to a sailor? Explain lbw. What is a boneshaker? Which is the lightest common metal? Where is the longest wall in the world? A place where fish are kept. What is a mimic? Give common name for the spine. What is a planet? What is a grotto? Name three "wind" instruments. A place where you can lunch for payment. What is a rookery? What is the basin of a river? What is capital punishment? ^ What side is starboard? What is meant by "crossing the line"? What is a fleece of wool? Name two "percussion" instruments. What is a song for two called? What is a centenarian? Instrument used for drawing circles. Which insect makes honey? Name any animal covered with spines. When is signal"S.O.S" used? When is Christmas Day? How many teeth has an adult person? What do we call water when solid? Name any "pouched" animals. What is a fishplate? An instrument for seeing tiny objects. Which month contains the shortest day? What is a storey? Which animal is called the "King of Beasts"? Another name for an airman. What is a burnous? What is a bed on board a ship called? What kind of person is a dude? What is a gamp?

General Knowledge 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 78

Which animal covers great distances without water? What is a rickshaw? Name gas which supports life and flame. What is a weather satellite? Name insect which carries malaria fever. What is the yellow part of an egg called? Who was Mars? When is a person said to be myopic? Name given to a sailor's map. What is the skin of the orange called? Name given to a barrel cork. Another word meaning remedy. Soldiers on horseback. What is meant by a bird's-eye view? Who is a sheik? What is used for making tea? How is bronze made? Another name for a learner. What is the Aurora Borealis? American dog used to pull sledges. Stone bowl used to make flour. Way out sign above door. The top of a hill or mountain. What is coral? What is a banshee? Name given to soldiers on foot. A place from which stone or slate is obtained. What is the white of an egg called? Give another word meaning salary. What is meant by walking abreast? From what do we obtain coffee? What is a cog wheel? Name an animal which chews the cud. What is a cataract? Which letters are vowels? Name any beast of prey. What is a Lunar Probe? What is a life-buoy? From what tree would you expect acorns to fall? Which animal has a tail called a brush? What is a gondola? From what do we make cider? What is a carnivorous creature? What is meant by "The Sign of the Three Brass Balls What is the hand-rail for a stair called? What is meant by "The Dark Continent"? Where is the "New World"? Name an animal with a very long neck. What is veal? What is a nightmare?

USEFUL INFORMATION The Races of Mankind differ in a number of inherited features, e.g. skin colour; shape of nose, eyes, lips; type and colour of hair. They are: Mongolian. "Yellow". Most numerous. Yellow, copper skin; fairly broad nose, low bridge; slanting eyes; black coarse hair. Chinese, Japanese, Siberian and SouthEast Asians, Eskimos, American Indians, Laplanders. Caucasian. "Whites". Pink, olive, light brown skin; high narrow nose; eyes light, more recessed; hair fair, wavy or straight, more beard. Europeans and their American descendants, South-West Asians, Indians, other South Asians and some Pacific islanders. Negro. "Blacks". Black or dark brown skin; broad nose, thick lips; black, brown woolly hair, less beard. African peoples and American descendants, Papuans and some other Pacific islanders. The Principal Languages of the World are as follows (arranged according to the number speaking each): Chinese, English, Russian, Western Hindi, Spanish, German, French, Japanese, Portuguese and Italian. The Continents are: Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Australia. The Oceans are: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Antarctic. The Largest Islands (other than the continents) are: Greenland, New Guinea, Borneo, Madagascar and Baffin Land. The Greatest Lakes are: Caspian Sea (U.S.S.R.), Lake Superior (North America), Victoria Nyanza (Central Africa), Aral Sea (U.S.S.R.), Lake Huron (North America) and Lake Michigan (North America). The Highest Mountains of the World are all in the Himalayan Mountain Range in Northern India. They are: Mt. Everest, Mt. Godwin-Austin, Mt. Kangchenjunga, Mt. Nanga Parbat and Mt. Kamet. The Longest Rivers are: Missouri-Mississippi (United States), Amazon (Brazil), Nile (Egypt), Yangtse (China), Lena (U.S.S.R), Zaire (Central Africa), Niger (West Africa) and Yenesei (U.S.S.R.). The Largest Cities of the World are: London (England), New York (U S.A.), Tokyo (Japan), Berlin (Germany), Chicago (U.S.A.), Shanghai (China), Paris (France) and Moscow (U.S.S.R.). The following were the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: 1. The Pyramids. 2. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon. 3. The Tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus. 4. The Temple of Diana at Ephesus. 5. The Colossus at Rhodes. 6. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia. 7. The Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria. 79

Useful Information VARIOUS COUNTRIES — THE PEOPLES — THEIR LANGUAGE Country Australia Belgium Bulgaria Canada Chinese People's Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Egypt England Finland France Germany Greece Holland Hungary India Iran Ireland (Eire) Israel Italy Japan Kenya Mexico New Zealand Nigeria Poland Portugal Saudi Arabia Scotland South Africa Spain Switzerland Turkey United States *U.S.S.R. Wales

People Australians Belgians Bulgarians Canadians Chinese Czechs, Slovaks Danes Egyptians English Finns French Germans Greeks Dutch Hungarians Indians Iranians Irish Jews, Arabs Italians Japanese Kenyan Mexicans f New Zealanders < L Maoris Nigerians Poles Portuguese Arabs Scots South Africans Spaniards Swiss Turks Americans Russians Welsh

Language English Flemish, French Bulgarian English, French Chinese Czech Danish Arabic English Finnish French German Greek Dutch Magyar Hindustani Persian English, Gaelic Hebrew, Arabic Italian Japanese Swahili, English Spanish English Maori Yoruba, Hausa, Ibo Polish Portuguese Arabic English, Gaelic English, Afrikaans Spanish French, German, Italian Turkish English Russian English, Cymric

* The people of the Soviet Union are commonly called the "Russians", but this vast country comprises many peoples other than true Russians, speaking many languages other than Russian. 80

Useful Information VARIOUS COUNTRIES AND THEIR CAPITALS < 'ountry Albania Argentine Australia Belgium Itrazil Bulgaria Canada ('hinese People's Republic (V.cchoslovakia Denmark Hfjypt Hire 1 England 1''ranee t icrmany (West) (icrmany (East) (ireece Holland 1 lungary India

Capital Tirana Buenos Aires Canberra Brussels Brasilia Sofia Ottawa Beijing (Peking) Prague Copenhagen Cairo Dublin London Paris Bonn East Berlin Athens Amsterdam Budapest New Delhi

Country Italy Japan Kenya New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Poland Portugal Rumania Scotland Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Turkey Republic of South Africa United States U.S.S.R. Yugoslavia

Capital Rome Tokyo Nairobi Wellington Lagos Oslo Islamabad Warsaw Lisbon Bucharest Edinburgh Madrid Colombo Stockholm Berne Ankara Cape Town Washington Moscow Belgrade

CURRENCIES OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES Argentine Australia Belgium < anada t 'hinese People's Republic Denmark Fiance t iarmany t ireece Holland India Ilsily

peso, centavo dollar, cent franc, centime dollar, cent yuan krone, ore pound, piastre franc, centime Deutsche Mark drachma, lepton guilder, cent rupee, paisa lira, centesimo

Japan Kenya Mexico New Zealand Nigeria Poland Portugal Republic of South Africa Spain Switzerland Turkey United States U.S.S.R.

yen shilling, cent peso, centavo dollar, cent naira, kobo zloty, grosz escudo, centavo rand peseta, centimo franc lira, juru dollar, cent rouble, kopeck

81

Useful Information SCIENCE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

doctor's "listening" instrument magnifies tiny objects makes distant objects look bigger, nearer measures heat and cold measures heat of the body indicates the weather measures gas or electricity used helps the voice to carry picks up sound for sending out again carries messages by wire carries sound without use of wires carries messages by wire across the sea takes photographs takes photographs through the body glasses used for bettering the eyesight pocket instrument used for telling time tells if a thing is horizontal tells if a thing is vertical gives direction a sailor's map a ship which can travel below the water attracts iron makes electricity ship's engine which works by steam a machine for measuring time measures angles in surveying instrument for drawing circles releases over-pressure of steam machine used in business for letter-writing causes the spark in motor engine

Sound travels 1-6 km in 5 seconds. Light travels approximately 300,000 km in 1 second. Light takes 8 minutes to reach the Earth from the Sun. 36 km per hour is equal to 10 m per second. 1 litre of water weighs 1 kg. 1 nautical mile is 1-85 km.

82

stethoscope microscope telescope thermometer clinical thermometer barometer meter megaphone microphone telephone radio cable camera X-rays spectacles watch spirit-level plumb-line compass chart submarine magnet dynamo turbine clock theodolite compasses safety-valve typewriter magneto/distributor

SPELLING LISTS Home uttic bolster cullar chimney curtains cushion detergent hearth kitchen lobby mattress meter mirror parlour pillow poker 'luucer Ncullery

towel (umbler Clothing braid cloak costume cotton flnnnel gabardine flurments liicket linen lingerie muslin petticoat j.ilin .locking nousers tweed velour velvet wiiistcoat woollen

People adult ancestors aunt babies children comrade cousin friend guest hostess maiden nephew niece orphan parents relation uncle visitor widower youth

Body ankles arteries exercise forehead heart knees knuckles limbs lungs muscles nostrils shoulder skeleton skull stomach thigh throat tongue veins wrist

Food bacon biscuits bread butter cheese chocolate cocoa coffee margarine marmalade mutton porridge pudding sago salmon sandwich sausages steak sugar venison

Trades butcher carpenter chemist clothier doctor draper druggist engineer grocer journalist lawyer mason mechanic plumber purveyor riveter sawyer sculptor tailor wright

Travel (1) aeroplane airship balloon bicycle brakes carriage coach cruise electricity engine express fares gangway guard label locomotive luggage machine omnibus parcel

Travel (2) passengers pedals pier platform purser saloon seaplane signal skis sledge sleigh steerage steward tourist tramway traveller tunnel vehicle wagons whistles 83

Spelling Lists Land cape cliff continent country headland hillock island marsh mound mountain pampas peninsula plain prairie precipice summit tundra valley veldt volcano

Sea billows breakers breakwater channel crest fiord harbour inlet lagoon lake loch ocean river rivulet sea streamlet torrent tributary trough waves

Sky altitude astronomy atmosphere cloudy comet creation crescent dawn eclipse hazy heavens horizon midnight planet solar sunset telescope twilight universe zenith

Coast bathing beach billows breeze cliffs cockles costume diving herring lobster mussels pier rowing seaweed shingle swimmer view whelks winkles wreck

Time ancient annual August autumn century Christmas dawn Easter era February gloaming January minutes modern punctual Saturday September Thursday Tuesday Wednesday

Sport badminton bowls boxing cricket fencing football golf hockey polo putting release rounders rugby shinty skating sleighing sprinting tennis wrestling yachting

School calendar ceiling chalk composition copies cupboard dictation easel grammar history hymns interval partition pastels pencil picture poetry pupil scholar teacher

Hospital accident casualty chloroform disease doctor fever infection massage medicine ointment operation paralysis physician plaster poison sterilize surgeon thermometer tonic ward

84

Spelling Lists Animals (1) ape armadillo badger hat bear beaver buffalo bull camel cat cow deer dog donkey dromedary elephant ferret fox gazelle giraffe

Animals (2) goat gorilla hare hedgehog hippopotamus horse hyena jackass jaguar kangaroo leopard lion llama lynx mole mongoose monkey moose mouse mule

Animals (3) otter ox panther P'g porcupine puma rabbit rat reindeer seal sheep skunk squirrel stoat tiger walrus weasel whale yak zebra

Dogs Airedale Alsatian bloodhound bulldog borzoi collie dachshund Dalmatian greyhound Newfoundland Pekinese pointer Pomeranian poodle retriever Saint Bernard setter sheepdog spaniel terrier

Birds (1) albatross blackbird budgerigar canary chaffinch cormorant corncrake crane crow cuckoo curlew dipper duck eagle la Icon linch flamingo punnet p,oose guillemot

Birds (2) hawk heron jackdaw kingfisher lapwing magpie moorhen nightingale owl oyster-catcher parrot partridge peewit pelican penguin pheasant pigeon plover puffin raven

Birds (3) redshank robin rook sandpiper seagull skylark snipe sparrow starling stork swallow swan swift tern thrush turkey vulture wagtail woodpecker wren

Fish cod dogfish eel flounder flying-fish goldfish haddock halibut herring mackerel pike plaice roach salmon shark skate sole swordfish trout whiting 85

Spelling Lists Trees apple ash beech birch cedar chestnut elm fir hawthorn larch lime maple oak olive palm pine poplar rowan sycamore yew

Flowers (1) aster bluebell buttercup carnation chrysanthemum crocus daffodil dahlia daisy dandelion forget-me-not foxglove geranium gladiolus honeysuckle hyacinth iris lilac lily lily-of-the-valley

Flowers (2) lotus lupin marigold narcissus orchid pansy peony poppy primrose queen-of-the-meadow rhododendron rose snowdrop sunflower sweet pea thistle tulip violet wall-flower water-lily

Insects ant bee beetle bug butterfly centipede cricket daddy-long-legs dragonfly earwig flea fly gnat grasshopper locust louse midge mosquito moth wasp

Fruit apple apricot banana blackcurrant bramble cherry currant damson gooseberry grape lemon melon orange peach pear pineapple plum raspberry strawberry tomato

Vegetables bean beetroot cabbage carrot cauliflower celery cucumber garlic leek lettuce onion parsley parsnip pea potato radish rhubarb sprout tomato turnip

Minerals aluminium brass bronze coal copper gold granite iron lead marble mercury nickel platinum radium silver slate steel sulphur tin zinc

Liquids acid alcohol beer brine cider cocoa coffee lemonade milk oil paraffin petrol port sherry tea turpentine vinegar water whisky wine

86

GENERAL TESTS TEST 1 Give the general analysis of: When the girl returned from London she told her father that she had seen a grizzly bear which performed tricks in the circus. Parse the words printed in bold type in Question 1. (a) State the feminine of: instructor, bachelor, horse, manservant, husband. (b) Give the plural of: knife, child, penny, sheep, piano. Insert the names of the creatures: The brays. The grunts. The croaks. The barks. The howls.

The The The The The

hoots. chatters. bleats. neighs. trumpets.

Correct the following sentences: (1) He said that you done it. (2) She is the biggest of the twins. (3) It was me that took the pencil. (4) The man went for to get the book. (5) A piano was sold to the lady with carved legs. TEST 2 I.

Select from each of the following sentences the subordinate clause and tell its kind and relation: (a) The cottage where Burns was born stands near Ayr. (b) He told me secretly where he was going. (c) The soldiers slept where they found a resting place.

I.

Parse the words printed in bold type in Question 1.

•I.

Supply the missing words: Example: As sharp as a needle. As black as As meek as As brave as As sweet as As cold as

As fast as As happy as As keen as As steady as As fit as 87

General Tests 4.

5.

(a) Give the objective case of: I, he, you, we, they. (b) Give the past tense of: does, hides, writes, sings, bites. Change the bold type clauses into phrases: (1) The child was in bed before the sun had set. (2) Flowers will grow where conditions are suitable. (3) Remember to write when you arrive. (4) I saw her when the clock struck four. (5) I am convinced that he is sincere. TEST 3

1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

Give the general analysis of: When the gentleman arrived at his home he discovered that he had left his umbrella in the train. Parse the words printed in bold type in Question 1. Write down the Comparatives and Superlatives of: many, hot, evil, famous, little. (a) Name the traditional homes of the following: tinker, hare, gipsy, eagle, bee. (b) By adding a prefix form words opposite in meaning to: possible, secure, welcome, use, legal. Change all Singulars into Plurals and Verbs into Past Tense: (1) The rabbit runs from the dog. (2) The girl wears a blue dress. (3) The sailor swims to his ship. (4) He has a sharp knife. (5) I keep my bird in a cage. TEST 4

1,

Read the following sentence and then answer the questions below: When I heard that the man was seriously injured I resolved to help him in every way possible. Write out the adverbial clause. What parts of speech are: I, seriously, resolved, possible? What part of the verb is "to help"? What number is him? What is the subject of was injured? Write down the preposition in the sentence. Form nouns from: introduce, loyal, revive, ready, broad. Form adjectives from: parent, reason, fortune, poet, winter.

88

General Tests 3.

4.

5.

Use any five of the following words (one for each sentence) to form short sentences: instinct, obstinate, traditional, respectively, occurrence, standard, respectable, resolved. Put the correct prepositions in the blank spaces: (1) The boy was told not to meddle the pencils. (2) She felt ashamed herself. (3) The man took great pride his garden. (4) The child has been lost Thursday. (5) He hurried home school. What is meant by saying a person is: (a) hard up, (b) hard of hearing, (c) stuck up, (d) dead beat, (e) all ears, (f) at rest, (g) lion-hearted, (h) ill-used, (i) an old salt, (j) out of sorts? TESTS

1.

2. 3.

Give the general analysis of the following sentence: We were thoroughly alarmed when information reached us that the train in which our friends were travelling had been involved in a serious accident. Parse the words printed in bold type in Question 1. (a) Some Christian names have popular short names, e.g. Robert — Bob, Catherine — Kate. Give the short names for: Albert, Christina, Frederick, Patrick, Elizabeth. (b) In which countries do the following peoples live? Dutch, Hindus, Eskimos, Greeks, Welsh.

4.

Punctuate and insert capital letters where necessary: do you think said my friend in a whisper that theres a chance of escape certainly i replied.

5.

Insert the following phrases in their sentences: rack and ruin, thick and thin, head and shoulders, safe and sound, out and out. (a) The ship reached harbour (b) The man was an rascal. (c) She is taller than her brother. (d) Later through foolishness he went to (e) The soldiers would follow their general through TEST 6

1.

Read the following sentence and then answer the questions below: When the man reached the garden gate he noticed that the old house in which he was born was in ruins. (a) What parts of speech are: garden, that, which, was, ruins? (b) Write out the principal clause. (c) Write out the subordinate adjective clause. (d) Name kind of sentence. 89

General Tests 2.

3.

In the following list of words, one word seems Out of place. Underline the word you consider is wrong: Coat, hat, gloves, curtains, stockings. Blue, yellow, ruler, green, pink. Saw, envelope, plane, hammer, chisel. Anchor, rope, string, twine, cord. Needle, pin, scissors, thimble, spoon. Where would you look to find: The address of a person? The position of a place? The meaning of a word? The day and date of the month? Something which happened the previous day?

4.

Give the past tense and past participle of the following verbs: break, fly, hide, ring, swim.

5.

What is meant in each of the following proverbs? (a) Let sleeping dogs lie. (b) Too many cooks spoil the broth. (c) Once bitten twice shy. TEST 7

1.

2.

Add a clause and name the kind of clause you add: (a) We ran for shelter (b) When the rain stopped (c) Mary told him (d) The cunning fox Correct the following sentences: (a) Walk as quick as possible. (b) He has forgot the address. (c) Neither Tom or I can swim. (d) This end of the rope is the thickest. (e) The time was j past 9.

could not be caught.

3.

Make a noun from strong. Make a verb from courage. Make an adjective from obey. Give the opposite of poverty. Give a similar word to mute.

4.

Medal, board, loose, waist, hoping, lose, meddle, hopping, bored, waste. Fill in the blank spaces of the following sentences, using the most suitable words from the above list: The teacher told the little boy not to with the as it had a hinge. The child went over to the paper box to find his pencil.

90

General Tests The following is written in the singular number and present tense. Change it into plural number and past tense. I have a cousin who stays on that little farm. He knows that I like to come here on my holiday. TEST 8 Read the following sentence carefully and then answer the questions below. When the soldiers reached the city walls they saw that the town which the enemy had completely ruined had been deserted for some time. (a) Give the case and relation of: town, which, walls. (b) What parts of speech are: city, that, reached, enemy, for, some? (c) Write out the subordinate adverbial clause. (1) (2)

Give the opposites of: seldom, visible, praise, export, advance. Give similar words to: enemy, purchase, feeble, perceive, conceal.

Your answer in each case should be one word: (a) A person who collects fares. (b) Water which has turned into gas. (c) Name of metal container for oil. (d) A place where birds are kept. (e) Conveys sick or injured to hospital. Join the following ten words in pairs so that they form five sensible compound words: head, black, gentle, dust, egg, bin, ache, board, cup, man. (a) Complete these proverbs: (1) A stitch in time (2) A bird in the hand (3) Birds of a feather (4) A rolling stone (5) First come (b) Give the meaning of: a.m., Co., B.B.C., G.P.O., p.m., M.P., U.K., A.D., U.S.A., J.P. TEST 9 Add a clause and name the kind of clause you add: (a) The boys ran away (b) The lady (c) The man saw (d)

was my sister. when he returned. before the child arrived. 91

General Tests State the masculine of: witch, duck, aunt, vixen, wife. Give the singular of: loaves, armies, roofs, sheep, feet. Use each of these verbs—frowned, mumbled, sang, chuckled, bowed, whispered, listened, smiled — once only to complete the following sentences: (1) He tunefully. (5) He gleefully. (2) He angrily. (6) He broadly. (3) He humbly. (7) He attentively. (4) He indistinctly. (8) He softly. A number of sheep together is called a flock. What name is given to a number of: ships, insects, herring, angels, thieves, wolves, chickens, geese, pups, players? Make each pair of sentences into one sentence without using and or but or so. (a) The house was destroyed. It was built by Tom's father. (b) He works hard at his lesson. He wishes to succeed. (c) The men were walking quickly. The men saw me. (d) He heard the strains of music. He was passing the church. (e) The lady lost the book. She was going to the library. TEST 10 Read the sentences below and then answer the questions: Our little hut was situated among the high mountains near the River Dee. Along the banks lay green pastures to which deer came frequently in winter. (a) What case is hut? (b) What kind of noun is Dee? (c) What part of speech is our? (d) Parse among. (e) What is the subject of lay? (f) Parse frequently. (g) What tense is came? (h) What part of speech is which? (i) What gender is deer? (j) What part of speech is high? (1) Form adj ectives from: affection, nature, attraction, pride, value. (2) State opposites of: success, arrive, often, sense, entrance. Make sentences, one for each word, showing the correct use of: coarse, course, root, route, rode, rowed, currant, current, pare, pair. Rewrite the following correctly: a boy said to his chum where are you going james oh replied the other i'm on my way home. 92

General Tests .V

< iivr one word in place of each: oiJ A fertile place in the desert. (h) A person who by desire lives alone. !•) An instrument for measuring heat and cold. (il) A person who looks on the bright side of things. U'j A stream which flows into a river.

TEST 11 I

(a) Make a sentence containing that he would come as a noun clause. (b) Make a sentence containing which he bought as an adjective clause. (c) Make a sentence containing when he reached the station as an adverbial clause.

L

Give the plural of ox. Give the feminine of tiger. Word for a young swan. The home of an Eskimo. Adverb from danger.

,t„

Put in the suitable words in the spaces below: Example: Little is to Big as Dwarf is to Giant. Sheep is to Mutton as Pig is to High is to Low as is to Down. Soldier is to as Sailor is to Navy. is to Herring as School is to Whales. Bee is to Hive as Cow is to

J,

Change the following Complex Sentences into Simple Sentences: (1) There is a boy who is very proud. (2) He spoke to me while he was passing. (3) The girl who is intelligent gave the right answer. (4) The man bought a boat which is very big. (5) We received word that he was rescued.

S.

What is the meaning of the following expressions? A wet blanket. To have a bee in one's bonnet. A rough diamond. To bury the hatchet. A queer fish. To draw the long bow. A chip of the old block. To keep one's powder dry. 93

General Tests TEST 12 1.

Read the sentence and then answer the questions below: When the boys who were playing in the park heard the school bell ringing loudly they were afraid that they would be late. What parts of speech are: who, park, loudly, school, that? What part of the verb is playing? What is the case of bell? What is the number of boys? What is the subject of heard? What is the gender of they?

2.

(a) Give the gender of: lion, cousin, jotter, waitress, friend. (b) Give words similar in meaning to: lair, disappear, inside, empty, quickly. Give the names of the shops where you would buy fruit spectacles hats milk fish meat tobacco

3.

4.

5.

Change all nouns and verbs into plural: (1) The lady is very beautiful. (2) Is the salmon fresh? (3) The son-in-law is ill. Who use the following articles? hoe anvil solder palette awl "goose" cleaver

(4) (5)

the following: flowers newspapers sweets

The valley is broad. The goose makes a loud noise.

spanner safety-lamp hod

TEST 13 In the following sentences there are groups of two words within brackets. One of the two words is correct, the other wrong. Underline the correct word: (1) William can (ran, run) faster than (I, me). (2) It was (me, I) who (did, done) it. (3) George and (he, him) (has, have) gone on holiday. (4) Between you and (me, I) I think they (was, were) wrong. (5) (He, Him) and (me, I) are twelve years of age. A number of sheep is called a flock. Insert the most suitable word in each of the following: (1) a of wolves (5) a of ships (2) a of bees (6) a of singers (3) a of herring (7) a of thieves (4) a of cattle (8) a of rascals 94

General Tests X

In the following sentences underline the correct word of the two words within Itiitckets: {I) You ought to visit her now (but, that) you know where she stays. {/) Write down the answers (as, when) you were taught. (I) The boy tried hard (but, that) he failed. (4) (Than, When) he conies let us know. (5) The man was careful (except, lest) he should fall.

•I,

(a) Give the plural of: deer, mouse, pansy, tooth, woman. (b) Give the masculine of: cow, duchess, duck, waitress, niece.

H„ By accident the sentences of this story were jumbled. Re-arrange them in their proper order: Fortunately he saved her from serious injury. Suddenly her ball rolled into the middle of the road, and she ran after it. A passer-by saw the girl's danger and ran to her aid. A little girl was playing on a busy street. At that moment a motor came dashing round the corner. TEST 14 1.

In the following sentences underline the correct word of the two words within brackets: (1) How he managed it remains a (duty, mystery). (2) James was honest and (deceptive, diligent). (3) The stranger asked if I could (direct, inform) him to the station. (4) The (remedy, illness) or cure is very simple. (5) His opinion differed (against, from) mine.

2.

(a) Punctuate the following correctly: tell me said the old gentleman what is your name. (b) Form adjectives from: reason, success, south, fool, France.

3.

Use the correct prepositions in the blank spaces: (1) The bottle was filled water. (2) He was told not to meddle the toys. (3) The two brothers divided the apple them. (4) That hat is similar mine. (5) I hope I can rely you. With whom do you associate the following? Example: anvil — blacksmith. (1) rifle (5) letters (2) prescription (6) pulpit (3) telescope (7) sheep (4) spectacles (8) joy-stick

4.

95

General Tests 5.

Opposite each phrase are groups of words in brackets. Underline the group of words in brackets which gives the correct meaning of the phrase: down in the mouth (speaking quickly) (in low spirits) a peppery individual (a cranky person) (a happy person) out of sorts (not well) (of great courage) hard up (good enough) (short of money) beside oneself (overcome with anger or grief) (very self-satisfied) TEST 15

1.

Underline the correct word of the group of words in brackets: (1) A person who eats too much is a (miser, glutton, hypocrite). (2) A lady who sells hats is a (milliner, florist, hosier). (3) John, who is my aunt's son, is my (nephew, brother, cousin). (4) A soldier who rides on horseback is in the (marines, cavalry, infantry). (5) A wooden shelter made for a dog is a (byre, stable, kennel).

2.

Give words opposite in meaning to: present entrance east guilty

bitter polite danger lost

3.

Underline the correct word in each of the brackets: (Who, Whom) do you think I (saw, seen)? All but one (was, were) saved»when the ship (sank, sunk). Each of the men (has, have) a right to (their, his) opinion. Between you and (I, me), the boys (wasn't, weren't) pleased. Let you and (me, I) stay after the others have (gone, went).

4.

We say "As black as coal". Supply the missing words in the following: as blind as as cold as as quiet as as good as as gentle as as sharp as as happy as as fresh as

5.

Following are five sentences, which, if arranged properly, would make a short story. Re-arrange them in proper order: The bird, highly flattered, opened her mouth to sing. One day a crow spied a piece of cheese on a window sill. The cheese fell and was soon eaten by the crafty animal. She picked it up and flew to a neighbouring tree. A cunning fox approached and praised her voice.

Printed by Bell and Bain Ltd., Glasgow

REVISED FIRST AID IN ENGLISH BY

ANGUS MACIVER

ISBN 07169 4073 6 ©Angus Maciver, 1988

ROBERT GIBSON Publisher 17 Fitzroy Place, Glasgow, G3 7SF

FIRST AID IN E N G L I S H S E R I E S By Angus

Maclver

Used whenever the English language is spoken or taught, these famous text-books have now sold over three million copies. As a guide to perfect acquaintance with our language, in every aspect of idiom, everyday usage, and formal syntax, these books cannot be bettered. T H E NEW FIRST AID IN ENGLISH (Revised Edition), 192 pages ANSWERS to T H E NEW FIRST AID IN ENGLISH, 64 pages REVISED FIRST AID IN ENGLISH, 96 pages ANSWERS to REVISED FIRST AID IN ENGLISH, 48 pages C O N C I S E FIRST AID IN ENGLISH, 96 pages ANSWERS to CONCISE FIRST AID IN ENGLISH, 40 pages Concise First Aid in English has been edited and arranged by D . A . MacLennan, M . A . , with the emphasis on current usage and practice. READERS BOOK A. BOOKB. BOOKC. BOOK D. BOOKE. BOOKF.

What a Fright! AliBaba. Buried Treasure. A Narrow Escape. Crossing The Line. Kariba.

192 pages 192 pages 192 pages 24()pages 264 pages 240 pages

ISBN 0 7 1 6 9 5 5 0 0 8 ISBN0716955016 ISBN 0 7169 5502 4 ISBN0716955032 [SBN0716955040 ISBN 0 7169 5505 9

"The New First Aid in English can be highly recommended and its Readers are equally stimulating . . . they include legends; extracts from old works and new. Questions and exercises about the stories and poems are provided; and black and white illustrations, combined with good print and paper, add to the attraction of this excellent series." The Times Educational Supplement C O R R E C T ENGLISH by D. A. MacLennan A diagnostic and remedial pupil's book of 32 pages, pinpointing and remedying most of the common errors in writing and speech. A feature is ease of reference from one section to another. PRACTISE YOUR ENGLISH by C. E. Wood Supplementary English exercises based on First Aid in English. Over 2,500 test items covering Vocabulary, Simple G r a m m a r , Comprehension and Everyday Expressions. 96 pages.

ROBERT GIBSON

Publisher

17 Fitzroy Place, Glasgow, G3 7SF.