Reviewer in Polygraphy

Jacques d’ Arsonval

By MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim

CONCEPTS OF LIE DETECTION AND INTERROGATION Melcon S. Lapina

Polygraph: Meaning • Etymology: Greek polugraphos – writing copiously

(SOURCE: Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged © HarperCollins Publishers 1991,

1994, 1998, 2000, 2003)

• Popular name: Lie Detector Test • Device for measuring & recording – Blood pressure – Heart rate – Respiration – Skin conductivity Melcon S. Lapina

Deception Detection • Deception: “…involves acting in such a way which leads another person to believe something, that you, yourself, do not believe to be true.”

(SOURCE: What Is The

Definition of Deception? (2012). Retrieved September 18, 2012, from http://www.truthaboutdeception.com/lying-and-deception/ways-people-lie/what-is-deception.html )

• Detection: fact…” SOURCE: (

Truth

about

Deception:

“the act of discovering or the The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by

Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.)

• Deception Detection/Lie Detection: “practice of determining whether someone is lying.” (SOURCE: Lie detection. (2012). Retrieved September http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/lie+detection )

Melcon S. Lapina

18,

2012,

from

TheFreeDictionary:

Methods of Deception Detection SOURCE: Caballero, N. S., & Manwong, R. K. (2012). Polygraphy: The Art and Science of Lie Detection. Quezon: Wiseman's Books Trading, Inc.

• Early Methods 1. Red Hot Iron Ordeal

9. Drinking Ordeal

2. Ordeal by Balance

10. Trial of Eucharist

3. Boiling Water Ordeal

11. Ordeal by Heat & Fire

4. Ordeal by Rice Chewing

12. Ordeal of Boiling Oil/Water

5. Ordeal of Red Water

13. Ordeal of Red Hot Needle

6. Combination of Drinks & Food 14. Ordeal of Tiger Ordeal 7. Trial by Combat

15. Test of Cross Ordeal

8. Trial by Torture

16. Donkey’s Tail Ordeal

Melcon S. Lapina

Methods of Deception Detection • Countries practicing Trial by Ordeal – Burma – Borneo – Greece – Nigeria – Europe & Early United States (17th Century)

Melcon S. Lapina

Methods of Deception Detection • Forerunners of Scientific Methods – Hypnosis – Word Association Test – Truth Serum Method – Narco-Analysis/Narco-Synthesis – Intoxication – Psychological Stress Evaluator

Melcon S. Lapina

Physiological & Psychological Signs & Symptoms of Guilt • • • • • • • • • •

Sweating Color change Dryness of mouth Excessive activity of Adam’s apple Fidgeting Peculiar feeling inside Swearing to truth of his assertion Spotless past record; religious man Inability to look at investigator straight in the eye Not that I remember expression

Melcon S. Lapina

Kinds of Lie • White/Benign Lie – for harmony of relationship • Pathological Lie – can’t tell right from wrong • Red Lie – communist propaganda • Black Lie – intriguing to dishonor/discredit • Malicious Lie/Judicial Lie misleading/obstructing justice

Melcon S. Lapina

Kinds of Lie • Fabrication – misrepresentation of truth • Bold-Face Lie – obviously lying • Lying by Omission – omission of important fact • Lie-to-Children – to gain acceptance to children • Noble Lie – to maintain law, order & safety • Emergency Lie – to prevent harm to 3rd party Melcon S. Lapina

Kinds of Lie • Perjury – false testimony under oath • Bluffing – pretense of capability/intention one does not possess • Jocose Lies – meant to be jest; teasing & sarcasm • Contextual Lies – stating part of truth out of context • Promotion Lies – incredible advertisements Melcon S. Lapina

Types of Liars • • • • • • •

Panic Liars Occupational Liars Tournament Liars Psychopathic Liars Ethological Liars Pathological Liars Black Liars

Melcon S. Lapina

Theory of Lying • Bodily functions influenced by mental state • Physiological changes by deception: recordable, measurable & interpretable w/ reasonable certainty • Lying produces emotion of fear/anxiety: fluctuations in pulse rate, blood pressure, breathing & perspiration • Physiological fluctuations: automatic, selfregulating & beyond conscious control Melcon S. Lapina

Theory of Lying • Lying person fears detection: physiological changes • Fear of detection: experienced by subject • Tuning in & out – tunes in: trouble/danger, tunes out: lesser threat • Polygraph Test – tunes in: most intense relevant questions; tunes out: control question & other weak relevant questions • Truthful – tunes in: control questions; tunes out: relevant ones Melcon S. Lapina

Melcon S. Lapina

Melcon S. Lapina

ANS in Polygraph Examination • Nervous System – Central Nervous System – Peripheral Nervous System

• Peripheral Nervous System – Somatic Nervous System: controls organs under voluntary control (mainly muscles) – Autonomic Nervous System: regulates individual organ function & homeostasis; mostly not subject to voluntary control. SOURCE: LAB 9 - The Autonomic Nervous System and Polygraphy. (n.d.). Retrieved September 9, 2012, from Anne Wickersham: http://www.wickersham.us/anne/index.htm

Melcon S. Lapina

ANS in Polygraph Examination • Importance of ANS – Emergency situations: stress; “flight or take “flight” (run away) – Non-emergency situations: “rest” & “digest”

• ANS responsible: – monitoring conditions in internal environment – bringing about appropriate changes in them

• ANS: 2 Major Components – Sympathetic – Parasympathetic SOURCE: Ibid.

Melcon S. Lapina

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic NS • Like accelerator of car • Mobilized body for action • Increases heart rate • Elevates blood pressure

Melcon S. Lapina

Parasympathetic NS • Like brakes in car • Slows body down to keep its rhythm • Enables body to conserve & store energy

ANS in Polygraph Examination

SOURCE: Ibid. Melcon S. Lapina

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Autonomic Nervous System - Sympathetic THE FIGHT & FLIGHT RESPONSE • • • •

You perceive sensory stimulus. Adrenal gland sends hormones They activate sympathetic nervous system. That produces state of arousal or alertness that provides body with energy to act (pupils dilate, heart beats faster, & breathing speeds up).

Melcon S. Lapina

VIPs of Polygraph • • • • • • • •

Daniel Defoe Jacques d’ Arsonval Christian Hans Stoelting Angelo Mosso Charles Samson Fere Sir James Mackenzie Cesare Lombroso George Sticker

Melcon S. Lapina

VIPs of Polygraph • • • • • • • •

Otto Veraguth Hugo Munsterburg Vittorio Benussi William M. Marston Harold Burtt John A. Larson Leonarde Keeler Capt. Clarence D. Lee

Melcon S. Lapina

VIPs of Polygraph • • • • • • • •

Chester W. Darrow Max Wastl John E. Reid Paul Wilhelm & Donald Burns Cleve Backster Joseph F. Kubis John Kircher & David Raskin Dale Olsen & Johns Harris

Melcon S. Lapina

TECHNIQUES IN CONDUCTING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS Melcon S. Lapina

Value of Polygraph • • • • • • •

Investigative aid/technical aid Verification of statement of statements Establishment of credibility Evaluation of truthfulness Pre-employment screening Loyalty check Counter-intelligence

Melcon S. Lapina

Objective of Polygraph Examination • Obtaining subject’s admission: statement of fact by accused, not involving acknowledgment of guilt and confession: declaration made voluntarily, acknowledging commission/participation in crime

Melcon S. Lapina

Tripod Foundations of Polygraph Technique • Mechanical Basic Premise: capable of recording physiological changes • Physiological Basic Premise: physiological changes that automatically occur • Psychological Basic Premise: individual consciously attempts concealment of deception

Melcon S. Lapina

Physiological Phenomena: Basis of Detecting Deception per Tripod Foundation • Blood Pressure & Heart Beat Frequency • Breathing as Means of Detecting Deception • Electrodermal Response

Melcon S. Lapina

Accuracy of Polygraph • 95-98%: qualified, trained, & experienced polygraph examiner • Most accurate tool available for determining truth & deception

Melcon S. Lapina

Factors Affecting Accuracy of Polygraph Results • General • Specific

Melcon S. Lapina

Limitations of Polygraph • Not substitute for investigation • Not lie detector but scientific diagnostic instrument • Not determine facts but records responses • Accurate as examiner as competent • Enough facts established 1st before test • No test w/o voluntary consent of subject • Refusal to test not indicator of guilt Melcon S. Lapina

Limitations of Polygraph • No test given w/o accusations being explained 1st to subject • Polygraph not a mental/physical evaluation of person • No test on unfit subject

Melcon S. Lapina

Barriers to Polygraph Examination • • • • •

Pathological liar Mental case Persons under influence of intoxicating liquor Narcotics related cases Various heart & other organic troubles

Melcon S. Lapina

Polygraph Instrument • Simultaneously records physiological phenomena by kymograph • Polygram: tracing of components • Polygraph attachments: – Respiratory Rate – Blood Pressure/Heart Rate – Galvanic Skin Resistance

Melcon S. Lapina

Major Components of Polygraph Instrument • • • •

Pneumograph Component Cardiograph Component Galvanograph Component Kymograph Component

Melcon S. Lapina

Control Mechanism of Polygraph Instrument • Resonance Control – clear up/make better pattern of too much pulse pressure of subject • Hand Electrode – make electrical contact w/ subject • Panel Control – control/adjust operation of galvanograph

Melcon S. Lapina

Other 5 Important Controls • Off & on power switch – powers galvanograph section • Subject’s resistance control – balances galvo section to skin resistance of subject • Reactivity control – adjusts sensitivity of galvo section • Self-centered normal switch – selects either mode of operation • Self-centering mode – centers pen itself after every excursion Melcon S. Lapina

Control of CardioSphygmograph Section • Manual Centering Knob – places cardio in proper place on chart • Vent Valve – lifts atmospheric pressure into system & releases pressure all/parts of pressure • Resonance Control – decreases amplitude of cardio tracing

Melcon S. Lapina

Control of Pneumograph Section • Manual Centering Knob – positions base line of pneumo tracing on upper heavy horizontal line • Vent – vent down: system closed & nonoperative; vent up: system open & ready for use • Uses of Vent

Melcon S. Lapina

Examiner • • • •

Intelligent person Good educational background Intense interest in work Good practical understanding of human nature • Suitable personality traits

Melcon S. Lapina

Subject • General types • Specific types

Melcon S. Lapina

Disqualified Subjects • Extreme nervousness • Physiological abnormalities: high blood pressure/hypertension, heart disease, respiratory disorder, toothaches, severe headaches & any painful ailments • Mental abnormalities • Unresponsive: mental fatigue/under influence of drugs/alcohol • Pregnant women • Under 18 yrs of age Melcon S. Lapina

Examination Room • • • • • •

Quiet/private room No distraction w/in subject’s view No windows No ornaments, pictures/objects of distraction No officers/spectators other than examiner Adequate ventilation w/ comfortable temperature • Lightings not excessive Melcon S. Lapina

Examination Room • • • •

W/ observation room W/ one-way mirror W/ hidden microphone Female secretary observing in observation room

Melcon S. Lapina

Duration of Polygraph Testing • 1 – 3 hrs depending on purpose of examination • Short if subject confesses • Prolonged if to resolve inconsistent/inconclusive patterns of responses • Examination repeated 3-4 times: no longer than few minuets each question Melcon S. Lapina

Phases of Examination • Pre-Test Interview • Actual Interrogation & Instrument • Post-Test Interrogation

Melcon S. Lapina

Recording

thru

Supplementary Tests • Peak-of-Tension Test • Guilt Complex Test • Silent Answer Test

Melcon S. Lapina

EVALUATION TESTING Melcon S. Lapina

OF

POLYGRAPH

Rules in Formulation of Questions • • • • •

Simple & direct Not involved legal terminology Answerable by yes or no Short as possible Meaning: clear & unmistakable (language subject can easily understand) • Not in form of accusation • Never contain inference presupposing knowledge on part of subject Melcon S. Lapina

Rules in Formulation of Questions • Refer to one offense only • Refer to only one element of offense • Not contain interferences to one’s religion races/belief

Melcon S. Lapina

Types of Questions • Not more than 12 questions • At least 3 test charts: – lasting not more than 4 minutes – Rest interval: 5-10 minutes between charts • 2 General Types of Questions – General Question Test (GQT) – most common – Peak-of-Tension Test (PTT) – supplementary test Melcon S. Lapina

Types of Questions • 5 sets of tests: – GQT – Number Test (Psychological Test) – Spot Responder Test – Mixed Question Test – Silent Answer Test (SAT)

Melcon S. Lapina

Other Questions • Check Question – Last question asked – Direct question – Relates to fact that subject has told truth to all questions asked in lie test

• Fishing Expedition Test Question – Subject: Vagrants/loiterers for routine interrogation – Examiner: No idea what offense committed by subject – Ex: have you ever been arrested before? Melcon S. Lapina

Supplementary Tests • • • • •

Peak-of-Tension Test Guilt Complex Test Silent Answer Test Symptomatic Question S.K.Y. Questions

Melcon S. Lapina

Signs & Symbols in Chart Marking • • • • •

X/60/1.5 A = 1st markings on chart XX/60/1.5 A = Examiner’s mark after test X = Start of test XX = End of test 60 = mm of mercury shown in sphygmomanometer dial • A or M = Automatic/Manual galvo amplifier used • \\ = Pont where each question begins and ends (called stimulus mark) Melcon S. Lapina

Signs & Symbols in Chart Marking • • • • • • •

+ = Yes answer - = No answer A = Adjustment T = Talked R = Request C = Cough N = Noise

Melcon S. Lapina

Signs & Symbols in Chart Marking • • • • •

S = Sighed (moan) PJ = Paper Jam SN = Sniffed BI = Breathing Instruction OS = Outside Stimulus (caused changes of tracing) • M = Moved/movements • MI = Movement Instruction Melcon S. Lapina

Signs & Symbols in Chart Marking • • • • • • •

L = Laughed B = Belched C+ = Increase in galvo sensitivity C- = Decrease in galvo sensitivity Y = Yawned IS = Ink Stopped CT = Cleared Throat

Melcon S. Lapina

Chart Interpretation • Rules to follow: – There must be a specific response. – To be specific, it must form a deviation from norm. – It must appear in at least 2 test charts. – The best indication of deception is the simultaneous specific responses in the 3 tracings of the chart. Melcon S. Lapina

Melcon S. Lapina

POLYGRAPHY

Suppression – approaches but does not quite equal the typical respiratory blocks in A and B.

Melcon S. Lapina

POLYGRAPHY

STAIRCASE SUPPRESSION

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POLYGRAPHY

RISE FROM THE BASELINE

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POLYGRAPHY

GALVO TRACING DECEPTION RESPONSES

DECREASES WITH CORNEAL DEHYDRATION

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POLYGRAPHY

DEHYDRATED CORNEUM

HYDRATED CORNEUM

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POLYGRAPHY

RELATED TO CHANGE IN HEIGHT OF COLUMN OF SWEAT IN CORNEAL PORTION OF DUCT

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POLYGRAPHY

ONGOING RESPONSE

RESPONSE

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POLYGRAPHY

MULTIPLE RESPONSE

SINGLE RESPONSE

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POLYGRAPHY

PLUNGING PEN AT STIMULUS

PLUNGING ELECTRODERMAL TRACING

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POLYGRAPHY

GALVANOGRAPH DECEPTION RESPONSES:

    

Melcon S. Lapina

Double Saddle Response Rise from the Baseline Vertical Rise Point Long Duration Plunging of the tracing

POLYGRAPHY

CARDIO TRACING NON-DECEPTION RESPONSES

Consistently Irregular (described as Ectopic)

Melcon S. Lapina

POLYGRAPHY

Relatively Small (Obese subject)

Very Slow Pulse (described as Vagatonic)

Fluctuating Level of the Blood Pressure (reflective of nervousness)

Melcon S. Lapina

POLYGRAPHY

Exceptionally Slow Pulse

Occurrence of Two Dicrotic Notches

CARDIO TRACING DECEPTION RESPONSES

Rise from the Baseline

Decrease in Pulse Amplitude

Less Dramatic Form (obese subject) Dropped to Baseline

Slow Pulse

Melcon S. Lapina

Roller Coaster Shape POLYGRAPHY

EFFECTS OF IMPROPER CUFF PRESSURE

To Much Cuff Pressure

To High Cuff Pressure

Presence of burge amplitude – to be

Melcon S. Lapina

POLYGRAPHY

Deflation Cuff Pressure

Blood Pressure – pulse tracing of very obese

Cuff Pressure is to Low reduce by lowering the cuff pressure

May you all pass the Board Examinations!

THAT’S ALL FOLKS!

Hypnosis • Alteration of consciousness & concentration • Subject manifests heightened suggestibility • Not admissible in court SOURCE: Solis, P. P. (1987). Legal Medicine. Quezon: R.P. Garcia Publishing Co.

Word Association Test • Questions answerable by yes or no • Concerned w/ time of response – Quick answer: no relation to investigation – Delayed answer: relation to investigation SOURCE: Ibid.

Truth Serum Method • Misnomer: (1) not truth-inducing procedure, (2)not serum but drug • Drug used: induces state of delirium; depresses nervous system – Hyoscine hybrobromide (hypodermically) – Scopolamine (causes psychotic reactions)

• Not admissible in court SOURCE: Ibid.

Narcoanalysis/Narcosynthesis • Akin to Truth Serum Method • Drug used: depresses inhibitory mechanism of brain; subject talks freely – Sodium amytal/sodium penthotal

• Not admissible in court SOURCE: Ibid.

Intoxication w/ Alcohol • • • •

Inhibits inhibitor Commencement of question: excitatory state Termination of question: depressive state Confession – Conditional admissibility: – Admissible: capable to recollect facts – Not admissible: refuses to admit/incapable of recollection

SOURCE: Ibid.

Psychological Stress Evaluator • Analysis of microtremor of voice – Under stress (lying): moderately/completely suppressed

• Detects, measures, modulations

&

microtremor

displays

voice

– Truthful: inaudible frequencies registered clearly – Lying: frequencies tend to disappear SOURCE: Ibid.

Panic Liars • To avoid consequences of confession • Afraid of embarrassment • Confession worsens matter most

Occupational Liars • Practical liars • Motive of lying: higher pay off than telling truth

Tournament Liars • Love to lie • Motive of lying: challenge of not being detected

Psychopathic Liars • Most difficult type • No conscience, regret & manifestation of guilt

Ethnological Liars • Taught not to squeal • Squeal: slang term – to reveal secrets of organization

Pathological Liars • Unable to tell right from wrong • Insane persons

Black Liars • Always pretend what they are & what they think

Daniel Defoe • British novelist • Recommended taking pulse as method of distinguishing truthfulness from lying

Jacques d’Arsonval • French scientist • External Friction: electricity generated by body – Sweat glands store & discharge electricity – Foundation of development of galvanometer

Christian Hans Stoelting • Founded Stoelting Co – Leading product supplier on physiological, psychological & psycho-physiological measurement

Angelo Mosso • Used plethysmograph in research: emotion & fear in subjects under questioning – Studied effects of these variables on cardiovascular & respiratory activity • Studied blood circulation & breathing patterns & their changes under certain stimuli • 1st scientist to report experiments on breathing, blood pressure & pulse rate

Charles Samson Fere • French scientist • Electro-dermal response caused by increase in action of heart & vital energy converted w/ human emotions • Human body: ability to generate, store, discharge high voltage of static electricity

Sir James Mackenzie • English heart specialist • Constructed clinical polygraph: instrument for medical examinations; capability: simultaneously record undulated line tracings of vascular pulses

Cesare Lombroso • 1st scientific instrument to detect deception • Modified hydrosphygmograph: – Experiments: measure physiological changes in uspect’s blood pressure & pulse rate • 1st person to use instrument (successfully) to determine truthfulness from deception in suspects

George Sticker • 1st to suggest use of galvanograph for detecting deception • Theory: galvanic skin phenomenon influenced by exciting mental impressions

Otto Veraguth • 1st to use Psychogalvanic Reflex – Electrical phenomenon due to activity of sweat glands

Hugo Münsterberg • Proposal & advocacy: – Lie test based on lie detector should be admissible in court

Vittorio Benussi • Successful in detecting deception w/ pneumograph: – Instrument for recoding inhalation & exhalation

William Moulton Marston • Contribution: verbal deception detectable by changes in systolic blood pressure: blood pressure cuff & sphygmomanometer • Also used pneumograph • Father of Polygraph

Harold Burtt • Respiratory changes indicative of deception • Changes in systolic blood pressure greater value than changes in respiration in determining deception

John Augustus Larson • Developed Larson Polygraph: – Continuously recording: • Blood pressure • Pulse • Respiration • Psychiatrist by profession • Worked as police officer under August Vollmer

Leonarde Keeler • Devised polygraph using inked pens for recording changes in blood pressure, pulse rate & respiratory patterns • Added psychogalvanometer: – Measured changes in galvanic skin resistance • Patented prototype of modern polygraph: Keeler Polygraph • Father of modern polygraph

Capt Clarence D. Lee • Designed Lee Psychograph: – Chart drive/recording unit – Pneumograph/respiration unit – Cardiograph/pulse-blood pressure unit – Stimulus signal unit

Chester W. Darrow • Made 3rd modification to Larson CardioPneumo Psychograph by adding galvanometer – Psychogalvanometric record – Electrodes on palm & back of hand

Max Wastl • Founded Lafayette Instrument Company – Leading polygraph machine distributor

John E. Reid • Developed control question technique – Control questions: designed to be emotionally arousing for non-deceptive subjects & less emotionally arousing for deceptive subjects than relevant questions – Replaced Relevant/Irrelevant Question Technique – Major breakthrough in polygraph methodology • Found 1st polygraph school – Keeler Polygraph Institute in Chicago, Illinois

Paul Wilhelm & Donald Burns • Lie detector specialists in Michigan City, Indiana • Invented Electronic Psychometric using Electrodermal Response as basis for lie detection

Cleve Backster • Developed Backster Zone Comparison Technique: – Alteration of Reid question sequencing – Quantification system of chart analysis – More objective & scientific – Adopted as standard procedure in polygraph today

John Kircher & David Raskin • Computer Assisted Polygraph System – Integrating 1st algorithm for measuring physiological data

Dale Olse & John Harris • Completed software program: PolyScore – used sophisticated mathematical algorithm • To analyze polygraph data • To estimate probability of deception/truthfulness

Joseph F. Kubis • 1st researcher to computer applications to polygraph chart analysis

Plethysmograph For measuring changes in volume w/n organ or whole body (usually resulting from fluctuations in the amount of blood or air it contains) SOURCE: Plethysmograph. (2012, September 6). Retrieved October 2, 2012, from Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plethysmograph

Hydrosphygmograph • Cylinder containing water & connected w/ registering tube, used to record amount of blood forced w/ each pulsation into limb incased in apparatus.

Clinical Polygraph • Modified into clinical ink polygraph w/ clockwork mechanism: – Paper-rolling – Time-marker movements – Ink recordings of physiological functions • Modern polygraph: modification of Mackenzie’s clinical ink polygraph

Blood Pressure & Heart Beat Frequency • Criteria for detecting deception: – Increase of blood pressure Relevant Questions – Heartbeat frequency • Systolic/High Pressure: heart contracts & valves open w/ blood rushing into arteries • Diastolic/Low Pressure: valves close & heart relaxes • Normal blood pressure: 120/80

Breathing as Means of Detecting Deception • 2 steps: – Inspiration – contraction of diaphragm & expansion of chest cavity; air rushing into lungs – Expiration – relaxation of diaphragm & contraction of chest cavity; air rushing out of lungs

Electrodermal Response • Most popular name for human body phenomenon • Skin: changes resistance electrically upon application of certain external stimuli – Normal response – Abnormal response

General Factors of Polygraph Accuracy • • • •

Instrument Condition of subject Condition of examination room Qualification and skills of examiner

Specific Factors of Polygraph Accuracy • Nervousness/extreme emotional tension of subject telling truth • Physiological abnormalities • Mental abnormalities • Unresponsiveness in lying or guilty subject • Attempt to “beat the machine” by controlled breathing/by muscular flexing • Unobserved application of muscular pressure producing ambiguities & misleading indications in blood pressure tracing

Respiratory Rate • 2 rubber tubes filled w/ air: Pneumographs • Placed around subject’s chest & abdomen • Air in tubes displaced by expansion of abdominal muscles • Transducers convert air displacement into electronic signals

Blood Pressure/Heart Rate • Blood pressure cuff placed around examinee’s upper arm • Tubing runs from cuff to polygraph • Transducers convert displacement into electronic signals

Galvanic Skin Resistance • • • •

A.k.a. electro-dermal activity Measures sweat on subject’s fingertips Theory: we sweat more when under stress Finger electrodes attached to 2 fingers of subject – Measure skin’s ability to conduct electricity – Hydrated skin conducts electricity more easily

The PNEUMOGRAPHIC TUBE

PNEUMOGRAPHIC TRACINGS

The ARM CUFF

The CARDIOGRAPHIC Component

HAND-PUMP BULB The CARDIOGRAPHIC Component

HAND-PUMP BULB The CARDIOGRAPHIC Component

ANEROID B/P METER GAUGE The CARDIOGRAPHIC Component

The CARDIOGRAPHIC TRACINGS

The FINGER ELECTRODES The GALVANOGRAPHIC (GSR) Component

The G.S.R. Tracings

The KYMOGRAPH Component

The KYMOGRAPH Component

The KYMOGRAPH Component

The KYMOGRAPH Component

Uses of Vent • • • • •

To stop pen between tests To prevent pen from jam To stop pen during tube adjustment To assist in gaining amplitude To let atmospheric pressure enter into system

3 Types of Subjects for Polygraph Testing • Suspect • Victim/complainant • Witness

Specific Types • • • • • • •

Guilt definite/reasonably certain Emotional offender Committing crimes in heat of passion Committing crimes in accidental nature Non-emotional offender Committing crimes for financial gain Guilt doubtful/uncertain

Pre-Test Interview • Informal interview lasting for 20-30 minutes • Purpose of Interview: – Determine whether subject has: (1) medical condition, (2) psychiatric condition, (3) used drugs – Explain purpose of examination – Develop test questions – Relieve truthful subject; satisfy deceptive subject – Know any anti-social activity/criminal record of subject

Actual Interrogation & Recording • Components attached to subject • Standard Test Questions – Irrelevant Questions – Relevant Questions – Control Questions

Actual Interrogation & Recording • Stimulation Test: – Convince subjects to accuracy of polygraph examination – Reassure truthful subjects & provoke anxiety in deceptive subjects – Common Stimulation Test: Number/Card Test

Post Test Interrogation • Clarify findings • Learn possible reasons for subject’s responding to relevant question other than knowledge of crime • Obtain additional information & admission, if results suggest deception

Peak-of-Tension Test • Given if subject not yet informed of details of offense under investigation • About 7 questions – 1 specific bearing: details of incident not have been known to subject – Truthful subject: no tension – Guilty subject: peak-of-tension

Peak-of-Tension Test 1. Do you know whether the stolen watch from Rommel is a Rolex? (This is an introductory phrase plus padding question) 2. Is it an Omega? (Padding) 3. Is it a Seiko? (Padding) 4. Is it a Timex? (Padding) 5. Is it Alba quartz? (Padding) 6. Is it Bolivia? (Padding)

Guilt Complex Test • Given if: – Relevant & control questions: similar in degree & consistency – Examiner can’t tell whether subject: truthful/not • Additional relevant questions: – No response: subject deceptive to primary issue – Similar response: no conclusion

Silent Answer Test • Conduct of test: same when relevant, irrelevant & control questions were asked • Subject instructed to answer questions silently • Effective: subject’s verbal response causes distortion in tracing: sniff/clearing of throat

General Question Test • About case under investigation • Sequence of relevant, irrelevant & control question asked in designed order • Arranged to contrast subject’s responses between relevant & control questions • Restricted to yes or no only • Purpose: to condition subject to have standard tracing & to establish truth-telling pattern

Sample GQT 1. Have you ever been called by the name of Pedro? (Irrelevant) 2. Is today Monday? (Irrelevant) 3. Do you have anything to do with the robbery at SM last night? (Weak Relevant) 4. Are you over 20 years of age? (Irrelevant) 5. Were you one of those who robbed the SM last night? (Strong Relevant)

Sample GQT 6. Have you been involved in a robbery case this year? (Control) 7. Do you drink water? (Irrelevant) 8. Was the pair of gloves found at SM yours? (Weak Relevant) 9. Do you know of anyone involved in the robbery at SM last night? (Weak Relevant) 10.Have you ever been involved in any robbery in your life? (Secondary Control)

Card or Number Test • • • •

Done after GQT Examiner will show subject 7 numbered cards Examiner knows the sequence of number Intended to assure innocent examinee of accurateness of test & competency of polygraphist • Serves to arouse guilty examinee • Purpose: To check feasible distortion when selected number is asked.

Spot Responder Test • Contains questions previously asked in GQT in different order • Purpose: To determine responsiveness of subject to critical questions & also serve as check on possibility of spot respond.

Mixed Question Test • Same with Spot Responder Test but questions of GQT is again mixed • Purpose: To compare degree of reaction between Relevant & Control Question

Silent Answer Test • No verbal answer • Subject must given truthful answer silently to himself • Purpose: To serve as an affirmative check

Irrelevant Questions • No bearing to case investigated • Purpose: to ascertain subject’s normal pattern of response by eliminating feeling of apprehension • Examples: – Did you eat today? – Do you smoke? – Are you wearing brown leather jacket now? – Do you live in Davao City?

Relevant Questions • • • • •

Related to case investigated Understandable to subject Related to one issue or criminal act Must be specific to get accurate result Ex: “Did you shoot to death Mr. X?”

Relevant Questions • Strong Relevant/Primary Relevant Question: intense relationship to crime/problem; to produce strong emotional response in guilty subjects; ex: Did you steal Juan’s cell phone? • Secondary/Weak Relevant Question: concern w/ elements of crime &deals mostly on guilty knowledge & partial involvement; ex: Between 8 to 10 a.m., August 29, 2012, did you open the table drawer of Mr. Capistrano?

Relevant Questions • Weak Relevant: – Sacrifice Relevant or DYAT Questions (Do you intend to Answer Truthfully): clue to subject’s attitude of willingness or voluntariness – Ex: Regarding the stolen cell phone, do you intend to answer truthfully to each question?

Relevant Questions • Weak Relevant: – Knowledge Questions: to detect information about crime only guilty subject knows – Ex: Do you know for sure who stole the cell phone of Juan?

Relevant Questions • Weak Relevant: – Evidence Connecting Question: inviting subject’s attention on incriminating proof tending to establish his guilt – Ex: Were the footprints outside the house of Juan yours?

Control Questions • Unrelated to case investigated • Similar nature but less serious compared to relevant questions • Purpose: to get response of innocent subject • Ex: Case of killing by shooting – “Have you ever used or fired a gun?”

Control Questions • Primary Control Question: recalls offense from childhood up to 3/5 years before occurrence of present offense – Ex: Before reaching the age of 28, have you ever stolen anything?

Control Questions • Secondary Control Question: more specific in nature; based on another sort of wrongdoing enhancing subject’s opportunity for responsiveness; scope: up to present period of examination • Ex: Have you ever stolen anything from this locality?

Symptomatic Question • Function: detect & evaluate presence of outside issues w/c may suppress response to relevant questions • Subject: afraid being asked about another case not subject matter under investigation

S.K.Y. Questions • S – Suspect; K – Knowledge; Y – You • Based on Backster Technique • Ex: – Do you SUSPECT anyone in particular of stealing Nick’s Ipod? – Do you KNOW for sure who stole Nick’s Ipod? – Did YOU steal Nick’s Ipod?