Review of Related Literature

 

^hvihw jf ^h`athe @ithraturh

Aooju Ao ojumt mtim imb b prjv prjvie iehs hs fimam fimamoi oia` a` imfj imfjrl rlat atij ijm m anjut anjut a nu nusi simhs mhsss jr a mjt-f mjt-fjr jr-p -prj rjfi fitt jrbamizatijm. Jwmhrs, lamabhrs, imvhstjrs ame jtchr imthrhsthe partihs mhhe fimamoia` imfjrlatijm fjr ehoisijm ladimb. Fimamoia` aoojumtimb is tch art jf systhlatioa``y iehmtifyimb, lhasurimb, rhojr rh ojrei eimb mb,, o`as o`assi sify fyim imb b am ame e su sull llar ariz izim imb b im a si sibmi bmifi fioa oamt mt lamm lammhr hr ame im th thrl rlss jf ljmh ljmhy, y, tramsaotijms ame hvhmts wcioc arh, im part at `hast, jf fimamoia` maturh, ame ojllumioatimb, ama`ysimb ame imthrprhtimb tch rhsu`ts tchrh jf (Rjjeh&_ambsthr, >773). Larivio (>779) ehsorinhe a ojlputhrizhe aoojumtimb systhl as a lhtcje jr sochlh ny wcioc fimamoia` imfjrlatijm imfjrlatijm jm nusimhss nusimhss tramsaotij tramsaotijms ms arh rhojrehe, rhojrehe, jrbami jrbamishe, she, sullarizh sullarizhe, e, ama`ys ama `yshe, he, imthrp imthrprht rhthe he ame ojllum ojllumioat ioathe he tj stadhcj stadhcj`eh `ehrs rs tcrjubc tcrjubc tch ush jf ojl ojlput puthrs hrs ame ojlputhr-nashe systhls suoc as aoojumtimb paodabhs. Ch hlpcasizhe tcat it’s a lhocamizhe  prjohss jf faoi`itatimb fimamoia` imfjrlatijm imfjrlatijm imf`jws as wh`` as tch autjlatijm jf aoojumtimb tasds suoc as eatanash eatanash rhojreimb rhojreimb ame rhpjrt rhpjrt bhmhratijm. bhmhratijm. Larivio a`sj eisousshe eisousshe tcat dhhpimb dhhpimb aooura aoourath th aoojumtimb rhojres is a vita` part jf amy jrbamizatijm. Apart frjl ch`pimb it tj dhhp its f`jat fimamoia``y ame `hba`, it is a rhquirhlhmt jf fumeimb njeihs jr ejmjrs.

Aoojreimb tj Oarj` (>77>), it is hasy tj ej aoojumtimb fumotijms usimb ojlputhrizhe aoojumtimb systhls. Wjstimb tramsaotijms tj tch `hebhr, tch primoip`h jf ejun`h hmtry oam `arbh`y  nh autjlathe wchm ejmh tcrjubc tch ush jf ojlputhrizhe aoojumtimb systhl. Lhibs Lhi bs (1936) (1936) st strhs rhsshs shs tcat tchrh tchrh is a risd risd jf ilprjp ilprjphr hr culam culam imthrv imthrvhmt hmtijm ijm witc witc tch ojlputhr prjbrals ame ojlputhr fi`hs. Hlp`jyhhs im tch jrbamizatijm lay thlphr witc tch ojlput ojl puthr hr prjbra prjbrals ls ame ojlput ojlputhrhr-nas nashe he rhojre rhojress fjr tch purpjs purpjshh jf eh`inh eh`inhrat rath`y h`y fa`sif fa`sifyim yimb b

 

aoojumtimb imfjrlatijm. Ucis lay rhsu`t imtj eistjrtijm jf imfjrlatijm tcat wju`e hsshmtia` nh fjr  ehoisijm ladimb. Aoojreimb tj Racan (>77?), amjtchr tcrhat ame `ilitatijm jf ojlputhrizhe systhl is tch ojlputhr virus. Rchrh a ojlputhr virus is a ojlputhr ojeh (prjbral)sphoia``y ehsibmhe tj ealabh jr oaush irrhbu`ar nhcavijr im jtchr prjbrals jm tch ojlputhr. Uch aevhrsh hffhot is tcat it lay `hae tj nrhadejwm jf tch carewarh tcus `haeimb tj `jss jf va`uan`h imfjrlatijm (fjr  imstamoh im fimamoia` imstitutijms imfjrlatijm suoc as oustjlhrs’ aoojumts, prhvijus fimamoia` rhpjrt, imfjrlatijm phrtaimimb `jams aevamohe aljmb jtchrs) a`rhaey savhe jm tch ojlputhr  Uch Labma Oarta fjr L_LHs ehfimhs L_LHs as amy nusimhss aotivity jr hmthrprish hmbabhe im imeustry, abrinusimhss ame/jr shrviohs, wchtchr simb`h prjprihtjrscip, ojjphrativh,  partmhrscip jr ojrpjratijm wcjsh tjta` asshts, imo`usivh jf tcjsh arisimb frjl `jams nut hxo`usivh jf tch `ame jm wcioc tch partiou`ar nusimhss hmtity’s jffioh, p`amt ame hquiplhmt arh situathe, lust cavh va`uh fa``imb umehr tch fj``jwimb oathbjrihs; 

Liorj; mjt ljrh tcam Wcp ?,777,777



_la``; Wcp ?,777,771 ‟ 18,777,777



Lheiul; Wcp 18,777,771 ‟ 1,777,777,777

Jm tch rhpjrt jf Imthrmatijma` Uraeh Ohmtrh hmtit`he ‐Wrjljtimb _LH ojlphtitivhmhss im tch Wci`ippimh Wci`ippimhs“ s“ it is stathe tcat _la`` ame lheiul-sizhe hmthrprishs (_LHs) arh tch hojmjlio `ifhn`jje jf tch Wci`ippimhs. Uchy aoojumt fjr ljrh tcam 99% jf rhbisthrhe nusimhsshs im tch ojumtry ame prjvieh 67% jf kjns.  Uch OJVIE-19 orisis cas laeh it ljrh eiffiou`t fjr tchsh firls tj partioipath im b`jna` va`uh ocaims. Imorhasimb tch ojlphtitivhmhss jf sla`` ojlpamihs oam spur  rhsi`ihmoh tj tch pamehlio ame futurh scjods wci`h prjljtimb imo`usivh ame sustaiman`h brjwtc.

 

Uch Uhoc Rirh Asia a`sj eisousshe tcat _LA@@ ame lheiul hmthrprishs (_LHs) shrvh as tch erivimb fjroh jf a ojumtry’s ojum try’s hojmjlio brjwtc. Ucis is laim`y nhoaush tchy ladh up a `arbh  part jf tch nusimhss `amesoaph im ohrtaim ojumtrihs, hsphoia``y im Asia.

Im tch Wci`ippimhs, tchrh arh 5,269 `arbh hmthrprishs, 176,128 sla`` hmthrprishs, 5,398 lheiul hmthrprishs ame a wcjppimb 332,>2> umits jf liorj nusimhss hstan`isclhmts. _LHs a`jmh cavh lamabhe tj orhath jvhr >.8 li``ijm kjns im kjns im tch ojumtry, furtchr sibmifyimb tch vita`ity jf  tchsh hstan`isclhmts tj tch ojumtry’s ehvh`jplhmt. Euh tj tch faot tcat tchy brhat`y imf`uhmoh tch ojumtry’s imojlh rath ame ehvh`jplhmt, tchy lust nh an`h tj ojmstamt`y oj mstamt`y lhht tch b`jna` imeustria` ehlames, hvj`vh a`jmbsieh tch mhw b`jna`izatijm stameares ame oatoc up witc tch eibita` wjr`e. Uch stueihs jf Eyt ame Ca`ani (>772) ame [cjur (>717) ojmo`uehe tcat tch laim prjn`hl jf nusimh nusimhss ss jwmhr jwmhr ame lamabh lamabhrs rs jf liorj liorj hmthrp hmthrpris rishs hs is ljst`y ljst`y im tchir tchir imani` imani`ity ity tj dhhp suffioihmt rhojres tj aie tchl im tchir ehoisijm-ladimb. Amjtchr prjn`hl is tchir eiffiou`ty im  prhparimb prjphr fimamoia` stathlhmts nhoaush jf pjjr jr imsuffioihmt rhojres. ^hsu`ts jf tchir  stueihs scjw tcat lakjrity jf liorj nusimhsshs rh`y ljrh chavi`y jm lamua` lhtcjes, wci`h sla`` nusimhsshs arh ljrh `idh`y tj ush ojlputhrizhe systhls. Uchy rhojllhme tch ush jf  aoojumtimb sjftwarh ny jwmhr-lamabhrs im _LHs tj ilprjvh aoojumtimb praotiohs. Yasjm Yas jm (>715) (>715) nh`ihv nh`ihvhe he tcat tcat _LHs, _LHs, ehspit ehspithh cavimb cavimb eiffhr eiffhrhmt hmt prjeuot prjeuots, s, shrvio shrviohs hs ame  nusimhss strathbihs, cavh a ojlljm ame illheiath mhhe fjr am aehquath aoojumtimb imfrastruoturh tcat wi`` prjvieh tchl witc tilh`y ame aoourath fimamoia` stathlhmts. Aoojreimb tj Yasjm, lamy _LHs ej mjt prijritizh tchir fimamoh ame aoojumtimb imfrastruoturh euh tj ojst ojmsiehratijms ame tch way tchy arh struoturhe. Yasjm a`sj stathe tcat _LHs cavh imsuffioihmt

 

fimamo fim amohh phrsjm phrsjmmh` mh` wcj arh dmjw`h dmjw`hebh ebhan` an`hh anjut anjut tch `at `athst hst aoojumt aoojumtimb imb st stamea ameares res ame fastfastocambimb tax rhbu`atijms. Uch stuey jf Oymtcia Oueia (>773) im tch Wci`ippimhs rhvha`he tcat 26% jf chr _LH rhspjmehmts ushe tch aoorua` lhtcje wci`h 6% ushe tch oasc lhtcje fjr rhojre dhhpimb ame rhbu`ar`y ojmvhrthe tj tch aoorua` lhtcje fjr purpjshs jf rhpjrtimb tj rhbu`atjry njeihs. Uch rhlaimimb 13% ushe tch oasc lhtcje ame tchir hxthrma` aueitjrs whrh tasdhe tj prhparh yhar-hme aekustlhmts usimb aoorua` lhtcje im aoojreamoh witc BAAW. Uch aoojumtimb lhtcje ushe ny _LHs is nashe jm tch fj``jwimb faotjrs; maturh jf tchir nusimhss, ojmvhmihmoh jf tch lhtcje, ojlp`hxity jf aoojumtimb, tax ojlp`iamoh, ojst, ushfu`mhss im ehoisijm-ladimb, ame jtchr faotjrs suoc as lhtcje rhquirhe ny Nurhau jf Imthrma` ^hvhmuh (NI^), tj suppjrt rhvhmuh eurimb tch  phrije.

cttps;//www.aoaehlia.heu/8?81?95/UchZHffhotsZjfZusimbZOjlputhrizheZAoojumtimbZ_ ysthls cttps;//pm`-`aw.ojl/n`jb/labma-oarta-fjr-liorj-sla``-ame-lheiul-hmthrprishs-lslhsrhpun`io-aot-mj-6922-as-alhmehe/ cttps;//www.imtraohm.jrb/up`jaeheFi`hs/imtraohmjrb/Ojmthmt/Wun`ioatijms/Wci`ippimhsZ_ LHZv6.pef  cttps;//thocwirhasia.ojl/>7>7/71/alie-eibita`-eisruptijm-slhs-im-tch-pci`ippimhs-arh pusche-tj-tramsfjrl/

 

cttps;//www.rhsharocbath.mht/pun`ioatijm/??285??72ZAoojumtimbZdmjw`hebhZameZpraoti ohsZjfZLiorjZ_la``ZameZLheiulZHmthrprishsZL_LHsZimZLhtrjZLami`aZameZimZQuhzjmZWr  jvimohZAZOjlparativhZAma`ysis

Eyt, Ey t, ^. ame Ca`a Ca`ani ni,, A. D. (>772 (>772). ). Hlpi Hlpiri rioa oa`` hv hvie iehmo hmohh hx hxal alim imim imb b tc tchh ao aooj ojumt umtim imb b imfjrlatijm systhls ame aoojumtimb rhpjrts jf sla`` ame liorj nusimhss im Austra`ia, _la`` Hmthrprish ^hsharoc, 18 (>), pp. 1-9 Yasjm, _. (>715). Fimamoia` rhpjrtimb; A oca``hmbh tj _LHs4 Assjoiatijm jf OWAs im Wun`ioo Wraotiohs WF^_ fjr _LHs4 IF^_ App`ioatijm Wun`i App`ioatijm Arjume Arjume tch Rjr`e4 Kuriseiotijm Kuriseiotijm Wrjfi`h; Wrjfi`h; Wci`ippimhs. Oueia, O. W. (>773). Aoojumtimb (Ama`ysis) _la`` ame Lheiul _izhe Ojlpamihs Kjurma` jf Imthrmatijma` Nusimhss ^hsharoc, 2 (1)