Review of Related Literature

Rhoxette Nazi P. Pedroza

Review of Related Literature

All around the world, there is a worsening problem regarding solutions and actions done for proper waste management. To contribute to the effort of solving this problem, this paper will discuss the following: the arising concerns and issues of garbage and wastes, how it affects human development, the waste management system of developing countries and how they’ve dealt with the issues regarding garbages,to assess the waste management system of Philippines and the laws and ordinances implemented whether continued until in the present and also, to evaluate the waste management system of Cebu city down Mandaue City. Merriam Dictionary defined waste as “[a] damaged, defective by a manufacturing process: such as -- material rejected during a textile manufacturing process; fragments of discarded or leftover food; an unwanted by-product of a manufacturing process, chemical laboratory, or nuclear reactor. It is a refuse from places of human or animal habitation.” Wastes can be classified into two: biodegradable wastes -- wastes that can be decomposed by the natural processes and converted into the elemental form such as kitchen garbage, animal dung, etc; nonbiodegradable wastes -- wastes that cannot be decomposed and remain as such in the environment, which are persistent and cause various problems such as plastics, nuclear wastes, glass, etc.

The amount of solid waste produced globally is high and it is continuing to grow. According to a recent study by Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata (2012), approximately 1.3 billion tonnes of solid waste is generated every year by 3 billion urban residents (1.2 kilogrammes per capita per day). The study also expects that as urban population increases to an estimate of 4.3 billion residents

by 2025, the global solid waste generation rate will also increase to about 2.2 billion tonnes every year (1.42 kilogrammes per capita per day). The issues of waste management of developed and developing worlds are different. Eventhough the developed countries produce larger amount of wastes, they have developed adequate facilities, competent government institutions and establishments to manage their wastes. According to Phillips (1998), across the United States, modern, well-designed landfills and waste-to-energy plants have replaced open dumps and polluting incinerators. He added that recycling has become an integral part of solid waste management in communities and the nation as a whole is committed to safer, more environmentally responsible management of solid waste. On the other hand, developing countries are still in the transition towards better waste management but they currently have insufficient collection and improper disposal of wastes. There are arising trends in waste generation. According to United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), cities are facing an increasing growth in population, and shares in GDP growth, resulting in and among other things -- increasing quantities of waste being generated. In addition to this, UNEP said that due to changing lifestyle and consumption patterns, the quantity of waste being generated with quality and composition of waste becoming more varied and changing. This trend will be continued because as Soubbotina(2004) said that countries’ consumption were seen as ‘overconsumption’ as meeting people’s competitive wants rather than that their real needs. Industrialization and economic growth has produced more amount of waste, including hazardous and toxic wastes. According to Schumacher (1973), the most striking about modern industry is that it requires so much and accomplishes so little (p.78). In industrialization, it requires so much resources and the wastes produced are as many resources it requires and such wastes are non-recyclable which leads to a dead end.Diaz (2011) mentioned key issues of solid waste are lack of legislation and policies for realistic and long-term planning, inadequate storage and limited collection, lack of proper disposal, use of inappropriate technology and equipment and mostly, the insufficient knowledge of basic principles. Diaz also discussed further of these -- a) the lack

of legislation and policies: developing countries lack of trainings and methods in collecting reliable data, and existing plans were inappropriate such that plans written by people unfamiliar with area, plans with unrealistic in terms of infrastructure, equipment, financial and human resources; b) inadequate storage and limited collection: developing countries have inappropriate storage of waste, the urban poor receive minimal, if any, waste collection service; c) lack of proper disposal: such countries are using uncontrolled dump sites and developing countries have only few sanitary landfills such that there are only limited access to properly operated landfills. From Bartone (as cited in Ogawa 1996), there are proposals and projects concerning solid waste management projects that have been carried out in developing countries in the last 20 years with the help of external support agencies. Some projects were successful in producing lasting impacts on the improvement of the waste management system however many projects could not support themselves when the support from the external agencies were cut off. There are a lot of aspects that contribute to the failure to sustain and for the maintenance or different projects such as in technical, financial, institutional, economic and social. Such problems are also present in Philippines. To remedy these urgent issues, in 2000, the Philippine government signed Republic Act 9003 into law. RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act was enacted to provide a framework for managing the growing problem of solid waste in the country. Furthermore, Republic Act 9003 gives prime importance to the roles of LGUS in managing their respective solid wastes. This most recent Republic Act serves as the legal framework for the nation's betterment of ecological aspect specifically for solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of well-being of the public. This RA 9003 empowers local government units to actively pursue their own SWM systems through making a realistic and long term Solid Waste Management Plan (SWMP); creation of a Solid Waste Management Board (SWMB) that will be able to monitor the implementation of the SWMP in cooperation with the private sectors and NGOs; adopts revenue generating measures to promote the viability of SWMP; recommends measures for the preservation of the ecosystem

and safeguards against pollution and also those that will suggest ways, such as franchises for the collection,transfer,storage, processing,recycling or disposal of solid wastes; setting up a Material Recovery Facilities in Barangay and City Levels; promoting the establishment of multipurpose environmental cooperatives and associations responsible for undertaking SWM activities or projects; encouragement of LGUs to impose fees to be used for the realizations of the proposed SWM plans. Cebu City is classified as a highly urbanized city and independent of the Cebu province. The city has the power and authority to establish an organization that shall be responsible for the efficient and effective implementation of its development plans, programs, and priorities. An ordinance in Cebu city was approved, the Ordinance 2255 signed in 2010 – “An ordinance amending sections 6, 7 and 10 of city ordinance no. 2012, otherwise known as “an ordinance creating Cebu city solid waste management board (SWMB) and appropriating funds therefore.” Like other cities, Cebu city is one of those with problems managing its wastes. The major solid waste management problems of the city can be classified – a) weak institutional and organizational system for SWM; b) problems in the upper waste stream such that the inefficiency in garbage collection due to lack of garbage vehicles and no waste segregation done at the source , no waste recycling done at the point of generation, and too little revenue from waste collection fees; 3) problems at the downstream where the major problem is the insufficiency of the sanitary landfill operation. These problems are also addressed. Solutions are presented to lessen the magnitude of these dilemmas. First, the capacity building since the sustainability of a project proposal depends on its foundation whether how strong and improved the executing body and institutional system are. Second, the public information, education and communication. There are different ways to reach out the public and be informed of the issues about the waste management and environmental protection, one is that the city tapped the assistance of some non-governmental groups such as the Lihok Filipina. This Lihok Filipina organization are having

community-based project of solid waste management in 7 city barangays. Third, the improvement of waste separation and recycling at disposal area. The city government officials has taken actions as little steps to the improve the waste separation and materials recovery area at the landfill such as redesigning the Materials Recovery. This modification of the materials recovery area will be an advantage for the betterment of the progress of such proposals and for the health status of the waste collectors. Lastly, addressing the issue by having medical waste treatment. Knowing that hospital and clinic wastes produced everyday can be classified into infectious and non-infectious wastes during storage. The city is currently collecting datas and reliable information from all hospitals in the city, needed in establishing system of collection for infectious waste. This has a special case where there is a designated separate area in the landfill as for the medical wastes will be thrown. And the city have also financial budget for SWM where the Solid Waste Management earns an income and have expenditures. From the seminar regarding the Cebu City waste management system, the total actual revenue from garbage fees in 2000 is P7.97 million. P6.69 M is from the garbage collection fees, P1M from the market garbage fees and P 0.28M from the penalties. On the other hands, Cebu City also have expenses sum up of P1,207 M in 2000, P75.7 of which was appropriated for solid waste management. This amount is about 6.3% of the total expenditure. In relation to Mandaue City, it is an issue as well that is the government tries to establish solutions. In addressing these, according to Sallano (2014), Mandaue City's Solid Waste and Management Office is intensifying its information campaign on proper garbage disposal among barangays and public elementary high schools. Added to his report, “in order to completely address garbage disposal problems, especially the rainy season, the campaign needs sustainability, “ said by SWMO head Engineer Ricardo Mendoza. According to Mendoza from Sallano's report, the city government, through the barangay captains and offcials, imposed the practice of garbage segregation up to the sitio level. And the residents of the different barangays are also practicing the proper disposal of garbage. Lastly, in Sallano's report in year

2014, Mayor Jonas Cortes acknowledged that the residents in Mandaue City should also do their part to make it possible for the success of the city's clean and green program at the barangay level. Thus, to simplify such dilemma presented. The LGUs in Mandaue City are looking for ways and techniques to improve their implementation of laws concerning waste. Such issue is very common yet was not addressed for years already. But the government are continually seeking for possible and feasible waste management plans that the public will agree with and not hassle. Sooner or later such problem will be gradually and fully be addressed as people will cooperate with the LGUs. Still, there is much to understand from the current environmental situation in Mandaue City in relation with other factors The researcher expects that the assessment of the issues arising due to the weak implementation are answered in this study.

References: J.A Phillips (1998). Managing america’s solid waste. J.A. Phillips & Associates

Greenpeace Southeast Asia. (2007, October). The state of water resources in the Philippines.

Retrieved

October

2016,

from

Greenpeace

web

site:http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/ph/Global/seasia/report/2007/10/the-state- of water-inthe- phil.pdf Hoornweg, D., & Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). What a waste : A global review of solid waste management. Washington, DC: World Bank. Retrieved October 2016, from World Bank: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/ Ogawa (1996). Sustainable solid waste management in developing countries. Retrieved from https://www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/swm-fogawa1.htm Seik. F. (1997). Recycling of domestic wastes: Early experiences in Singapore. Habitat International, 21(3), 277-289

Soubbotina, Tatyana P.. 2004. Beyond economic growth : an introduction to sustainable development. WBI learning resources series. Washington DC; World Bank. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/4540414687806 15049/Beyond-economic growthan-introduction-to-sustainable development

http://www.fukuoka.unhabitat.org/kcap/activities/egm/2009/pdf/torres_en.pdf kitakyushu.iges.or.jp/docs/mtgs/seminars/theme/swm/.../3%20Cebu%20(Paper).pdf http://www.academia.edu/9620593/Solid_waste_management http://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/128200/cebu-city-garbage-ordinances