Resumos de Ciências 7º Ano

 

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Wcsudks ac noæenoms K^ DOECWMO^ Doecrmos - nkestuoecs - nkestuoecs (ueoamacs gísonms) ams rknims Doecrmos6 sugsçenoms quc sîk6  

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Emturmos (cenkerm-sc em emurczm c eîk ï prkauzoak pc`k Ikdcd) Emturmos (cenkerm-sc ^þ`oam (m ^þ`oam  (m sugsçenom cd ac csmr ek csmak sþ`oak â cdpcrmurm mdgocec)  K dcrnörok ï `äquoak â cdpcrmurm mdgocec, pkr ossk eîk ï ud doecrm` Oekrlçeonk (sugsçenom Oekrlçeonk  (sugsçenom quc eîk vcd ac ud scr vovk, quc eîk sc acnkdpóc) Nkd nkdpksoìîk quädonm acheoam

=) Nkr c trmìk  

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Doecrmos nkd nkr nkesmec (cx. poroc) Doecr Doe crmos mos nk nkd d nkr nkrcs cs vmr vmroma omams ms (cx (cx.. qum qumrz rzk) k) -5 vmr vmromì omìócs ócs ems nkd nkdpks pksoìó oìócs cs quädonms QWMÌK ku WO^NM - nkr ak pþ ac ud doecrm` - pcrdoc aohcrcenomr doecrmos nkd nkrcs c gro`iks scdc`imec scdc`imecss  Kgscrvmìîk am rosnm hmz-sc rosnmeak k doecrm` nkerm udm p`mnm ac ncrçdonm ku pkrnc`mem  Rkr vczcs m nkr ak rmìk ï aohcrcec am nkr ak doecrm` (cx.icdmtc)

7) N`ovmlcd c hrmturm  

Hrmurm6 k doecrm` qucgrm-sc ac hkrdm orrclu`mr (qumrzk) N`ovmlcd6 k doecrm` pmrc-sc cd supcrnocs p`mems c p`mems c gro`imecs  Rcrhcom (m hrmldcemìîk rcsu`m cd ‐nugoeiks— - cx. lm`cem  Hrmldcemìî Hrmldcemìîk k cd `çdoems - dksnkvoc

>) Aurczm 

Wcsosæenom ak doecrm` mks rosnks - mvm`omak pc`m csnm`m ac Dkis (=2 eävcos) Wcsosæenom  ^c ud doecrm` rosnmr c hkr rosnmak pc`k rosnmak  pc`k doecrm` ac aurczm 1, ceîk cssc doecrm` ï ac eävc` 1  ^c k doecrm` rosnmr ud accrdoemak doecrm`, quc eîk k rosnm m so dcsdk, dms hkr rosnmak pc`k doecrm` ac aurczm supcrokr, cd aurczm oecrdïaom

 

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Eävcos6          

= - m`nk 7 - lcssk > - nm`noc 1 - ukroc 3 - mpmtc 8 < -- krþn`msc qumrzk 9 - kpízok ? - nkroeak =2 aomdmec - pkr scr cxrcdmdcec aurk, k aomdmec ï usmak cd oesrudceks ac nkrc em oeaösrom c dcaonoem

1) Gro`ik - hkrdm nkdk m `uz emurm` ï rcctam em supcrnoc ac ud doecrm`   

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Dcí`onk (poroc) Wcsoeksk (cshmrc`oc (cshmrc`oc)) Lkraurksk (hc`aspmk) Emnmrmak (goktc) Mamdmetek (aomdmec) ^caksk (m`nk) Xärck (qumrzk)

3) Dmlecsdk  Dmlecsdk  - nmpmnoamac ac ncrks doecrmos pmrm mrmor kgfcks dmlectzmaks (dmlectc) 8) Chcrvcs Chcrvcsnæe næenom nom nkd ínoa ínoaks ks - nmpmnoamac am nm`noc pmrm nromr chcrvcsnæenom cd nkemnk nkd ínoak n`kräaronk

 

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NON@K AM^ WKNIM^ > tpks ac rknims6 dmldítnms, scaodcemrcs c dcmdþrnms No Non` n`k k ams ams rkni rknims ms   - prk prknc ncssk sskss lck`þ lck`þlon lonks ks nke nkeeu euks ks ac hkr hkrdm dmìîk ìîk,, dka dkaon onmìî mìîk, k, acsruoìîk c rcnon`mlcd ams rknims 

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 supcrnoc6 rknims skhrcd mìîk am dcckrozmìîk c crksîk (ílum c vcek)  Kro Kroloe loemm scaod scaodce ceks ks - `cv `cvmak makss pc`m pc`m ílu ílumm c vce vcek, k, acp acpkso ksom md-s d-scc cd gmnoms ac scaodcetmìî scaodcetmìîk k  Nkdpmnmìîk c nodcemìîk nodcemìîk - d am aomlïecsc  Wcsu`md ms WKNIM^ ^CAODCEQMWC^ Wknims scaodcemrcs - skhrcd mhueamdcek em nrusm - mudcek am prcssîk c cdpcrmurm ems zkems dmos prkhueams am crrm cdpcrmurm  Wcnro Wcnrosm sm`oz `ozmìî mìîk k aks doecr doecrmos mos ams rkn rknims ims,, scd imvcr hus husîk îk - WKNIM^ DCQMDÞWHONM^ ^c ms cdpcrmurms mudcemrcd moeam dmos - rknims hueacd kroloemeak k dmldm ^c k dmldm mrrchcnc (â supcrnoc ku cd prkhueaoamac), sk`oaonm - WKNIM^ DMLDÍQONM^   ^c skhrcrcd cdpcrmurms c prcssócs m`ms - WKNIM^ DCQMDÞWHONM^ ^c qum`qucr ud acscs tpks ac rknim mkrmr â supcrnoc (mkrmdc (mkrmdcek) ek) rcoeonom k non`k pmrm m hkrdmìîk ac udm rknim scaodcemr

WKNIM^ DMLDÍQONM^

 

1 Dmldm6 dosurm uoam ac dmïroms doecrmos cd husîk Ms rknims dmldítnms hkrdmd-sc am husîk ak dmldm quc mrrchcnc c sk`oaonm. 

]umeak k dmldm nkesk`oam ek oecrokr am Qcrrm - mrrchcnodcek ï `cek c pcrd pcrdo occ m hkrd hkrdmì mìîk îk ac nr nros osm mos os gc gcd d ac acsc scev evk` k`vo voak akss c vosä vosävc vcos os m k` k`ik ik eu (nrosm`ozmìîk (nrosm`ozmì îk acdkrmam - cxurm hmecrätnm) 

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Wknims dmldítnms p`utþeonms, dmldítnms p`utþeonms, oetrusovms oetrusovms ku älec älecms ms (lrmeok,  (lrmeok, lmgrk)

]umeak ]ume ak k dm dmld ldmm nkes nkesk` k`oa oamm â supc supcr rno nocc am Qc Qcrr rrmm ku prþx prþxod odk k ac ac`m `m mrrchcnodcek ï rípoak c eîk sc hkrdmd nrosmos oeaovoaum`ozmaks ecd lrmeacs ku vosävcos (cxurm mhmeätnm)  Wknims dmldítnms vu`nçeonms ku cxtrusovms (gmsm`k cxtrusovms (gmsm`k ku roþ`ok)  ^c k mrrchcnodcek hkr duok rípoak - ms rknims kremd-sc dmssms värcms (kgsoaomem)

Nkdpksoìîk ak lrmeotk (nrosmos gcd vosävcos) ]umrzk Hc`aspmk  Donm Nkdpksoìîk ak gmsm`tk (nrosmos pcquceks)  Hc`aspmk  K`ovoem  Rorkxcem   

 

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Dmldm gmsí`tnk  Kroloem lmgrk lmgrk sc  sc mrrchcnc cd prkhueaoamac 

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Kroloem gmsm`tk gmsm`tk sc  sc mrrchcnc â supcrnoc Dmldm rok`ätnk (dmokr qumetamac ac sä`onm)  Kroloem lrmeotk lrmeotk sc  sc mrrchcnc cd prkhueaoamac  Kroloem roþ`otk roþ`otk sc  sc mrrchcnc â supcrnoc

Lrmeok - duok mgueamec ek Ekrc c Gcorm Oecrokr Gmsm`k - duok mgueamec ems W.M. Dmacorm c Mìkrcs

WKNIM^ ^CAODCEQMWC^  Mlcetcs lck`þlonks cxtcreks cxtcreks66 æ æd d krol krolcd cd ek cx cxc cro rokr kr ak p`mecm 

Ílum

 Mlcetcs lck`þlonks oetcreks oetcreks66 prcscecs ek oecrokr am Qcrrm  

Nm`kr Rrcssîk

 

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Hkrdmìîk ams rknims scaodcetmrcs =. Dctckrozmìîk Dctckrozmìîk - dkaonmìîk ams rknims scd rcdkìîk ac dmcromos pc`ks mlcecs ac crksîk 

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]uädonm - rcmìîk quädonm cerc ks lmscs am mdkshcrm c ks doecrmos ams rknims Dcnçeonm - eîk ií m`crmìîk quädonm am rknim 

Hrmurm ams rknims - mìîk ak lc`k

Mìîk aks scrcs vovks - nkesruìîk ac knms pkr meodmos pcquceks quc dkvodcemd ms pmrnu`ms ak sk`k: rmäzcs ac p`mems quc mgrcd hceams cd lrmeacs rknims

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7. Crksîk Crksîk  - rcdkìîk aks scaodceks am rknim dîc mpþs m dcckrozmìîk, quc cd nkdk hmkrcs ílum, vcek, scrcs vovks c hkrìm am lrmvoamac >. Qrmespkrtc Qrmespkrtc - qumeak ms rknims sîk rmespkrmams pc`k vcek, ílum ku lrmvoamac. M nm nmpm pmno noam amac ac ac r rme mesp spkr krc c ac acs scs cs hmk hmkrc rcss ac acc crd rdoe oemm sc ií du duo omm ku pk pkun unmm scaodcemìîk. 

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Acvoak â mìîk am lrmvoamac, ems zkems dmos prþxodms ak sk`k k rmespkrc ï ac dmcromos dmos acesks Rmrnu`ms dcekrcs c dmos `cvcs sîk `cvmams pmrm zkems dmos mhmsmams 

K acslmsc ams rknims ï dmokr fuek mk sk`k

1. ^caodcetmìîk ^caodcetmìîk - ks scaodceks acpksomd-sc qumeak m nmpmnoamac ac rmespkrc ak mlcec aodoeuo. M scaodcemìîk ï hcom pkr csrmks. 3. Mh Mhue ueam amdc dcet etk k c aom aomlï lïec ecsc sc  - m mnudu`mìîk ac duoms nmdmams ac scaodceks prkvknm nkdpmnmìîk c mhueamdcek. Knkrrc ceîk m aomlïecsc6 ks scaodceks rmeshkrdmd-scc cd rknims scaodcemrcs nkesk`oamams (ms pmrnu`ms nodcemd rmeshkrdmd-s acvoak mk nm`kr c prcssîk) - nkefuek ac rcmìócs sonk-quädonms quc rmeshkrdmd rmeshkrdmd ks scaodceks sk`ks cd rknims

 

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Mìîk am RWC^^ÎK

Mìîk ak NM@KW Dmcrom` krlçeonk ---^ufcok m prcssîk c m cdpcrmurmss ac ?2¶ m =72¶ cdpcrmurm --- pcrþ`ck c lís emurm` -- nmrvîk

  N`mssonmìîk N`mssonmì îk ams rknims - ac mnkrak nkd m krolcd aks scaodceks 

Actränms  - scao Actränms  scaodce dceks ks æd krolc krolcd d em dcckro dcckrozmìî zmìîk k c crksîk ac rknim rknimss prccxoscecs  Hkrdmams pkr lrîks sþ`oaks - scaodceks acrätn acrätnks ks ku n`ístnks  Nkesk`oamams/eîk nkesk`oamams  Rk Rkac acd d cr cr lr lrîk îkss vo vosä sävc vcos os m k` k`ik ik eu ku eî eîk k (nke (nkel` l`kd kdcr crma mak, k, mrceok)  Nicork m gmrrk (mrlo`ok - eîk hmz chcrvcsnæenom nkd ínoak - c dmrlm - hmz chcrvcsnæ chcrvcsnæenom enom nkd ínoak)  Ms rknims acrätnms eîk nkesk`oamams - mdmeik c hkrdm vmrom mk `kelk ak rmespkrc  Ek oeänok ak rmespkrc sîk dmokrcs c ac hkrdm orrclu`mr  Mk niclmr â zkem ac scaodcemì scaodcemìîk, îk, pkr mìîk am crksîk, ks lrîks sîk dmos eks c mrrcakeamaks  Mk `ke `kelk lk ak rm rmesp espkr krc, c, ks doecrmos quc sîk dmos scesävcos â dctckrozmìîk vîk sceak m`tcrmaks, c rcstmd ks dmos rcsostcetcs

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]uodoklïeonms - scaodceks æd krolcd cd rcmìócs sonms c quädonms ]uodoklïeonms  Wcsu`md ak acpþsok ac dmcrom` quädonk - rmeshkrdmìîk quädonm am rknim  Nm`nírok - prcnopomìîk ac nmrgkemk ac ní`nok 

Cvmpkroks - cvmpkrmìîk amsm`-lcdm ílum eksc`mlks ac smos aossk`voaks - rcsu`m lcssklcrmd m prcnopomìîk

 

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Goklïeonms Goklïeonms  - scaodceks æd krolcd eks scrcs vovks ku sum mtvoamac  Qurhm - nmrvîk vclcm` - nkeïd rcsks ac vclcmos  Rcrþ`ck c lís emurm` - rcsu`m ac scaodceks ac prktsms  Nm`nírok nkequähcrk - nkeïd csruurms ac nkenims  Nm`nírok nkrm`älcek - nkeïd csruurms ac nkrmos

Oacetnmìîk ac rknims scaodcemrcs6     

Rrcsceìm ku musæenom ac n`msks c sums aodcesócs Nicork m gmrrk qumeak m rknim ï gmhcfmam Chcrvcsnæenom nkd ínoaks Rrcsceìm ku musæenom ac scrcs vovks Rm`mamr

WKNIM^ DCQMDÞWHONM^  

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Hkrdmd-sc cd prkhueaoamac m pmrtr ac rknims prccxoscecs Wknims dmldítnms, scaodcemrcs c dcmdþrnms - sufcoms m cdpcrmurms c prcssîk c`cvmams  M sum csruurm c nkdpksoìîk m`crmd-sc  Eîk ií husîk ak dmcrom` (pcrdmec (pcrdmecncd ncd ek csmak sþ`oak) k M ekv ekvmm rkn rknim im dc dcmdþ mdþrn rnmm cd nkd nkdpks pksoìî oìîk k doe doecrm crm`þl `þlonm onm c cxurm aohcrcec DCQMDKWHO^DK - nkefuek ac hceþdceks quc knkrrcd cd prkhueaoamac c quc kroloemd rknims dcmdþrnms

Qopks ac dcmdkrsd dcmdkrsdk6 k6 

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Dctmdkrhsdk Dctmdkrh sdk rclok rclokem`  em`   - Ms rk rkni nims ms ac achk hkrd rdmd md-s -scc c mnmg mnmgmd md pk pkrr m`oe m`oeim imrr pmrm`c`mdcec ks scus doecrmos, hkrdmeak p`meks nimdmaks hk`omìîk - mraþsom, `ok, xosk c lemossc  ms rknims sîk sufcoms m c`cvmams prcssócs rcsu`mecs ac dkvodceks cnþeonks. Dctmdkrh Dctm dkrhsdk sdk ac nket nketmntk mntk - cxurm lrmekg`ístnm (scd hk`omìîk, nrosmos ac aodcesócs scdc`imecs scdc`imecs scd m`oeimdcek prchcrcenom prchcrcenom`) `) - dírdkrc

 

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Hkrdmams Hkrdm ams m m` m`ms ms cd cdpc pcrm rmurm urmss acv acvoak oak â prk prkxod xodoam oamac ac ac oe oerus rusócs ócs dmldítnms

RMO^MLCE^ LCK@ÞLONM^ Rmosmlcd lck`þlonm6 ï k rcsu`mak ak tpk ac rknims quc cxoscd em pmosmlcd c ams m`crmìócs m quc csîk sufcoms. Rrkncssks lck`þlonks quc oeucenomd m pmosmlcd6    

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Xu`nmeosdk Dcckrozmìîk Crksîk Qrmespkrc ac scaodceks

RMO^MLCE^ DMLDÍQONM^ Rmosmlces lrmeänms lrmeänms - mgueam k lrmeok  Hrmurms cerc ms rknims (crksîk) - aoín`mscs - kroloemd lrmeacs g`knks quc sc vîk scpmrmeak c aospcrsmeak - nmks ac g`knks g`knks - Gcorms c Ekrc ac Rkrulm` Rmosmlces gmsí`nms gmsí`nms - rcsu`md ac hceþdceks vu`nçeonks  Rmosmlcd ponm aks mrquopï`mlks am Dmacorm c Mìkrcs 

Nmrmncrästnms ams rcloócs vu`nçeonms6 Nmrmncrästnms  ^k`ks hïrcos

 

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Nm`acorms nkecs vu`nçeonks hkrdmìócs gmsí`tnms cd nk`uems icxmlkemos Lckacs - nmvoamacs rcnkgcrms ac nrosmos rcsu`mecs am `mvm Nkr csnurm, ponm ak gmsm`k

St`oamac ams rknims dmldítnms6  Nkesruìîk ac caonoks, csnu`urms, pmvodcemìîk (lrmeok)  Ncrçdonm c voark

RMO^MLCE^ DCQMDÞWHONM^ 

Rrcakdoemd ms rknims dcmdþrnms - M`cecfk c Qrís-ks-Dkecs  ]umrzok  Yosk 

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Dírdkrc

Qæd krolcd m lrmeac prkhueaoamac - sufcoms m lrmeacs prcssócs  Osk `cvm pkr vczcs mk scu akgrmdcetk akgrmdcetk,, duok nkdues cd nmacoms dkemeiksms  ^knm`nks xosksks (Akurk), acs`macorks c rmvoems (Akurk), c nrosms qumrzätnms (M`cecfk) - duok rcsoscecs â dcckrozmìîk c crksîk St`oamac ams rknims dcmdþrnm dcmdþrnms6 s6  Dírdkrc - nkesruìîk ac caonoks, pmvodceks c csíums (M`cecfk)  Yosk - nkesruìîk ac nmsms 

Mraþsoms RMO^MLCE^ ^CAODCEQMWC^

 

Rmosmlces scaodcetmrcs actränms   Mrrogms c prmoms - krolcd scaodcemr - vîk sceak dkac`mams pc`k dmr (M`dmam, M`cecfk, M`lmrvc)   Wm Wmvo voem emdc dce eks ks - su`n su`nks ks prkv prkvkn knma maks ks pc`m pc`m ílum ílum am niuv niuvm, m, cd c crr rrce ceks ks oen`oemaks c nkd pkunm vclcmìîk (mrceoks)   Auems - mnudu`mìîk ac mrcom mrrmsmam pc`k vcek - rcloócs acsïrtnms c `okrmos   Nimdoeïs ac hmam - rcsu`m m crksîk nmusmam pc`m niuvm skgrc ms rknims scaodcemrcs, scaodcemr cs, quc rcdkvc ks dmcromos dmos eks

 

=2

 

Rmosmlces scaodcetmrcs nírsonms  @mpoís - k aoþxoak ac nmrgkek am ílum am niuvm aossk`vc k nm`nírok ams rknims, prkvknmeak hrmurms ems rknims ac nm`nírok c acoxmeak ud mspck rceao`imak  Ak`oems - acprcssócs cd hkrdm ac hueo` nmusmams pkr hrmurms dmos `mrlms c   



prkhueams M`lmrcs - pkìks ek hueak ams ak`oems quc nkdueonmd nkd ms lrums Lrums c nmemos - rcsu`mecs am oe`rmìîk am ílum quc aossk`vc k nm`nírok ak sk`k Csm`m Cs m`mnt ntcs cs c csm` csm`mld mldoc ocss - hkr hkrdmì dmìócs ócs rcs rcsu` u`me mecs cs am prc prcnop nopom omìîk ìîk ak nmrgkemk ac ní`nok aossk`voak em ílum (^crrms ac Morc c Nmeaccorks)

St`oamac ams rknims scaodcemrc scaodcemrcs6 s6  Mrcoms c mrlo`ms - nkesruìîk novo`, prkauìîk ac csíums, ncrçdonm, k`mrom, voark  Nm`nírok - prkauìîk ac nodcek c dmcromos ac nkesruìîk ac dkeudceks 

Cvmpkroks - cxp`krmìîk pmrm cxrmìîk ac sm`

Goktc Lïecsc6 Dmldítnm: dcmdþrnm: scaodcemr acrätnm (lcrm`dcec, dmos ku dceks m`crmam). Nkr6 Csnurm. Eclrm ku nmsmeim duok csnurm. Wosnm6Grmenm Gro`ik6Xärck m emnmrmak N`ovmlcd6 = p`mek ac n`ovmlcd Hrmurm6 Eîk mprcscem Aurczm6 7,3 m >. Nm`notc Lïecsc6Rkac knkrrcr eks ræs tpks ac rknims: knkrrc proenopm`dcec ems rknims scaodcemrcs. Rrkprocamacs ]uädonms6 Chcrvcsnæenom, Nkr6 grmenk, rksm, nmsmeik, mdmrc`mak,acvoak mzu` â prcsceìm ac nmrgkemk ac ní`nok Wosnm6 Grmenm Gro`ik6 Xärck N`ovmlcd6 N`ovmlcd nögonm pcrhcom Hrmurm6 nkenkoam` hrmnm Aurczm6 >. Hc`aspmtk Lïecsc6 dmldítnm. Nkr6 grmenk, mdmrc`k ku rksm Wosnm6 Grmenm (m dmos nkdud) Gro`ik6 lkraurksk N`ovmlcd6 7 p`meks ac n`ovmlcd Hrmurm6 Aurczm6 8nkenkoam`

 

== Dksnkvotc Lïecsc6 dmldítnm. Nkr6 grmenk, noezcek, prmcmak c nmsmeik-mdmrc`mak Wosnm6 Grmenm Gro`ik6 värck N`ovmlcd6 = p`mek ac n`ovmlcd Hrmurm6 orrclu`mr Aurczm6 7 m 7.73 K`ovoem Lïecsc6 dmldítnm. Nkr6 Xcrac-mdmrc`mak, vcrac, vcrac-csnurk c nmsmeik-mvcrdc`imak Wosnm6 Grmenm Gro`ik6 värck N`ovmlcd6 pkac cr 7 p`meks ac n`ovmlcd Hrmurm6 nkenkoam` Aurczm6 8.3 m < ]umrtzk Lïecsc6 dcmdþrnms, scaodcemrcs c älecms. Nkr6 nmsmeik, oenk`kr, vok`cm, rksm c mdmrc`k Wosnm6 Grmenm Gro`ik6 värck N`ovmlcd6 Muscec Hrmurm6 nkenkoam` Aurczm6 <

K vu`nmeosdk Ms nmdmams dmos prkhueams am crrm csîk m cdpcrmurms c`cvmaässodms, c ks dmcromos rkniksks dceks acesks æd ceaæenom m cdcrlor 

Dkvodcemìîk ams nmdmams dmos cxcrems (cx.mscekshcrm) quc mdgïd cd ceaæenom m msnceacr

Xu`nîk - mgcrurm em supcrnoc am Qcrrm pkr keac smo k dmcrom` prkvceocec ak oecrokr am Qcrrm Rkac csmr6  

 Mvk - csí cd crupìîk  Mvk Oemvk Oemvk  - eîk csí cd crupìîk Cxetk - euenm dmos vmo vk`mr m cermr cd crupìîk k

Csruurm ponm ak vu`nîk6 

Nçdmrm dmldítnm- csruurm sugcrrçecm quc mnudu`m k dmldm quc ï cxpu`sk pc`k vu`nîk (dmldm m cdpcrmurms c`cvmams c lmscs skg lrmeac prcssîk, quc pkacd prkvknmr hceams em nrusm crrcsrc)

 

=7 

 

Nimdoeï vu`nçeonm- csruurm cd hkrdm ac ugk, quc `olm m nçdmrm dmldítnm â supcrnoc Nrmcrm- mgcrurm â supcrnoc pkr keac smo k dmldm Nkec proenopm`- c`cvmìîk hkrdmam pkr dmcromos cxpc`oaks pc`k vu`nîk

Âs vczcs, pkacd-sc hkrdmr nimdoeïs scnueaíroms ameak krolcd mks nkecs scnueaíroks.

Rkrquc knkrrc udm crupìîk vu`nçeonm6 k dmldm csí m udm cdpcrmurm duok c`cvmam pc`k quc sc krem dmos uoak c dceks acesk ak quc ms rknims mk rcakr. Csm dcekr acesoamac c c`cvmams prcssócs `cvmd â sum sugoam c mnudu`mìîk em nçdmrm dmldítnm. ]umeak csí nm nicom, k dmldm skgc pc`m nimdoeï c ks dmcromos sîk `ogcrmaks â supcrnoc6 crupìîk vu`nçeonm ]umeak k dmldm ï cxpu`sk pcrac ks lmscs l mscs - `mvm Rorkn`mstks Rorkn`mstks  - dmcromos sþ`oaks cxpu`sks Qopks ac crupìócs 





Chusovm,, qumeak `ogcrm `mvm cd csnkmams `kelms, pkunks lmscs Chusovm k Qcdpcrmurm ak dmldm cerc ==22 c =722 lrmus, c ï pkunk vosnksk k M `mvm uo hmno`dcec, hkrdmeak csnkmams `ívonms k Acn`ovcs sumvcs, crupìócs nm`dms c nkecs pkunk äelrcdcs Cxp`ksovm,, qumeak cxpc`c grusnmdcec duoks porkn`msks c lmscs Cxp`ksovm Ks porkn`msks mnudu`md-sc em nrmcrm k Ï cxpc`oam pkunm `mvm k k acn`ovcs oen`oemaks k Dmldm duok vosnksk, nkd cdpcrmurms cerc 922 c =222 lrmus k Rkac hkrdmr udm euvcd mracec, rcsu`mec am dosurm ac porkn`msks c lmscs, pkaceak niclmr m 32 jd ac m`urm k Rkr vczcs k dmldm mnudu`m-sc em supcrnoc - kroloem ud akdk ku nöpu`m Dostm,, nkd pcräkaks cxp`ksovks c chusovks Dostm

 

=> k

Ms csnkmams ac `mvm m`cremd nkd m cxpu`sîk ac duoks porkn`msks

Dmcromos `ogcrmaks pc`ks vu`nócs- `äquoaks, sþ`oaks c lmsksks @mvm-`äquoak- pkac scr n`mssonmak cd víroms nmtclkroms  

 

 

@mvms csnkroíncm - dmos vosnksoamac ak dmldm ems crupìócs cxp`ksovms hmz cxp`ksovms hmz nkd quc m `mvm ceim dmos aonu`amac cd dkvodcemr-sc, hkrdmeak-sc udm nmdmam â supcrnoc sþ`oam c orrclu`mr @mvms cenkrakmams - ucd - ucd nkd duom hmno`oamac, hmzceak nkd quc imfm hkrdmìîk ac `mvm nkd udm cxurm scdc`imec m nkrams cerk`mams. Csm mrrchcnc â supcrnoc, dms nketeum m imvcr ud uxk sugcrrçeck quc prkvknm k cerk`mdcek. Osk ï dmos nkdud ems crupìócs chusovms Ro``kw `mvms- `mvms sugdmroems quc pkacd mprcscemr udm hkrdm ugu`mr ku m`kelmam, cd quc m `mvm mrrchcnc duok rmpoamdcec, c csms csruurms hmzcd `cdgrmr m`dkhmams

Rorkn`msks- rcsu`md am6  

 

 

^k`oaonmìîk ak dmldm cd prkhueaoamac Rrkfcìîk ac hrmldceks rkniksks ak vu`nîk aurmec m crupìîk @mvm oenmeacsncec quc mk scr prkfcmam ek mr sk`oaonm, nmoeak cd rcakr ak vu`nîk

Qopks ac porkn`msks  

 

 

Noezms- oehcrokrcs m 7dd. Rkacd scr rmespkrmams m lrmeacs aosçenoms, Noezms- oehcrokrcs pcrdmecnceak duok cdpk em mdkshcrm mhcmeak k n`odm @mpo``o - ac 7dd m 81dd- acvoak mk scu mdmeik, csîk sufcoks m ud rmespkrc dcekr quc ms noezms g`knks c gkdgms vu`nçeonks- dmokrcs quc 81dd- ks g`knks sîk dmos melu`ksks c ms gkdgms sîk dmos mrrcakeamams. Rkacd cr víroks dcrks ac aoçdcrk pkaceak scr prkfcmaks m`lues jd ak vu`nîk

Lmscs- aurmec m msncesîk ak dmldm c m crupìîk vu`nçeonm, mdgïd ií `ogcrmìîk ac lmscs 

vmpkr ac ílum c aoþxoak ac cexkhrc (csc lís ï rcspkesívc` pc`k kakr nmrmncrästnk ams zkems vu`nçeonms)

Hkrdmìîk ac nm`acorms vu`nçeonms Mpþs m crupìîk vu`nçeonm m nçdmrm dmldítnm csvmzom c nm oesívc` c scd supkrc - k nkec vu`nçeonk pkr vczcs mgmc (nmo) 

Mä hkrdm-sc udm nm`acorm nm`acorm-- mgmtdcek aks dmcromos vu`nçeonks, pkaceak hkrdmrsc `mlks nkd m ílum am niuvm

 

=1 

Qæd pc`k dceks =jd ac aoçdcrk c csruurm nornu`mr

Dmeohcstmìócs scnueaíroms ac vu`nmeosdk- mssknomam âs crupìócs vu`nçeonms Rkacd scr mecs, aurmec ku mpþs am crupìîk, pkaceak aurmr duoks meks  

  

Lcoscrcs- fmks ac ílum qucec `ogcrmaks pc`m gk`sm Hudmrk`ms- lmscs `ogcrmaks pc`ms ssurms (vmpkr ac ílum, aoþxoak ac nmrgkek, aoþxoak ac cexkhrc) Dkhcms- ílum nkd aoþxoak ac nmrgkek `ogcrmam pc`m gk`sm ^u`hmms- vmpkr ac ílum nkd cexkhrc `ogcrmam pc`m gk`sm Emsncecs crdmos- `ogcrmìócs ac ílum mqucnoam quc rckrem â supcrnoc mrmvïs ac hrmurms

Keac sc `knm`ozmd ks vu`nócs Ií dmos vu`nócs cd ncrms pmrcs ak dueak ak dueak ak quc cd kurms 3 R`mnms cnþeonms     

R`mnm Curkmsoítnm R`mnm Ekrc-Mdcronmem R`mnm ^u`-Mdcronmem R`mnm Mhronmem R`mnm Oeak-Musrm`omem

Ks vu`nócs `knm`ozmd-sc qumsc kaks eks `odotcs ams p`mnms tcntþeonms, tcntþeonms, mdgïd cxosteak vu`nócs acerk ams p`mnms, m oecrp`mnm. Rkacdks nken`uor quc m mtvoamac vu`nçeonm rcsu`m am aoeçdonm oetcrem am tcrrm Ií ræs rcloócs keac ií dmokr nkencermìîk ac vu`nócs6 



 

Akrsmos dïaok-kncçeonks- duom dïaok-kncçeonks- duom mtvoamac vu`nçeonm mk `kelk aks rocs kncçeonks, pkrmek mntvoamac sugdmroem Noeturm dcaotcrrçeonm- o`ims dcaotcrrçeonm- o`ims vu`nçeonms c vu`nócs ek Dmr Dcaocrrçeck Mec` ac hklk ak pmnänk- cd krek ak kncmek Rmnänk `knm`ozm-sc m dmokrom aks vu`nócs mtvks ak dueak



Wosnks c gcecnoks am mvoamac vu`nçeonm Sdm lrmeac crupìîk6 pkac scr duok pcrolksm pmrm6   

Rcsskms Gces dmcromos Kurks scrcs vovks

Ï pcrolksm acvoam6

 

=3   

 `mvm Âs euvces mracecs  dmokr qumetamac ac noezms

 M mtvoamac vu`nçeonm mdgïd pkac prkvknmr6          

Qsuemdos Nicoms rcpcetems- aclc`ks rípoaks ac ecvc c l`mnomrcs- `mimrs ^osdks Acs`ozmdceks am Qcrrm N`odm- euvces mracecs pkacd cspm`imr-sc pc`k l`kgk

Gcecnoks ak vu`nmeosdk      

Mudcemr m írcm am Qcrrm Kroloemd sk`ks hïrcos Nm`kr ak dmldm mprkvcomak pmrm prkauzor cecrlom lckïrdonm Rrkauks vu`nçeonks ut`ozmaks nkdk dmcromos ac nkesruìîk Qurosdk (`knmos nkd vu`nmeosdk mtvk c dmeohcsmìócs scnueaíroms) Cxrmìîk ac cexkhrc

Rrcvceìîk aks rosnks vu`nçeonks Acscevk`vodceks nocenks c cnek`þlonks  

 

 



Dkeokrozmìîk dmos cnmz aks vu`nócs Rrcvoecd c doeodozmd ks rosnks vu`nçeonks, acsvceameak nmam vcz dmos oehkrdmìócs skgrc ks vu`nócs Cscs prcvccd nkd dmos rolkr ms crupìócs K usk ac mvoócs c smï`ocs ï hcekdcem`, pkos pcrdoc m kgscrvmìîk aorcm ak vu`nîk, pkaceak oesm`mr oesrudceks eks vu`nócs pcrolksks cd rcloócs imgomams, pcrdoteak6 k Wclosmr ks sosdks, quc ceacd mudcemr ac eödcrk c m oecesoamac mecs am crupìîk k Dcaor ms duameìms em hkrdm ak mpmrc`ik vu`nçeonk, pkos m msncesîk ak dmldm ceac m udm c`cvmìîk ak nkec k Accmr ks lmscs `ogcrmaks, pkos m nkdpksoìîk aks lmscs pkac oeaonmr m knkrræenom ac udm crupìîk c k tpk ac dmldm quc ií-ac scr cxpc`oak k Amak quc m sugoam mecs am crupìîk ceac m mudcemr m cdpcrmurm aks doecrmos, ï csscenom` dcaor m cdpcrmurm Dc`ikr hkrdm ac prkclcrdk-eks aks vu`nócs- csmr `kelc ac`cs Wcloócs vu`nçeonms imgomams- p`meks ac cvmnumìîk nkd jots prkeks nkd nkdoam, po`ims, `uz, dísnmrms ac prkcìîk… ^cluor ms oeaonmìócs am prkcìîk novo`, dmecr ms imgomìócs hcnimams c eîk cxpkr m rosnks acsecncssíroks, nkdk ms noezms

 

=8

Mvoamac säsdonm ^osdk-- dkvodcek grusnks c grcvcs am supcrnoc crrcsrc, quc rcsu`ku ac cecrlom `ogcrmam ^osdk pc`ms rknims M dmokrom aks sosdks knkrrc eks `odotcs ams p`mnms tcntþeonms, tcntþeonms, m` nkdk ks vu`nócs 

Ï ecsms zkems quc knkrrcd dmos dkvodcemìócs aks g`knks k Mec` ac hklk ak Rmnänk (noeurm nornudpmnänm) - 92% aks sosdks k Akrsm` dïaok-m`çetnm (keac sc `knm`ozmd ks Mìkrcs) k Cerc k Dcaocrrçeck c Ísom (noeurm dcaocrrçeonk-msoítnm) - =3%

Krolcd aks sosdks6 Ms rknims quc nkestucd m `okshcrm (nmdmam cxcrem c sþ`oam ak ekssk p`mecm) sîk nketeumdcec sufcoms m lrmeacs cesócs acvoak â mìîk ams hkrìms cnþeonms (hkrìms nkeríroms). Osk nmusm m achkrdmìîk ams rknims mï m ï quc niclm mk dkdcek ak `odoc am sum rcsosæenom c ií m ruurm ams rknims - `ogcrmìîk cekrdc am cecrlom mnudu`mam  

Kroloem-sc ud sosdk tcntþeonk - rcsu`mec ak dkvodcek ams p`mnms `okshïronms  ^c ruurm ams rknims ï mnkdpmeimam ac acs`knmìîk aks g`knks rkniksks -- m`im  m`im

Rkacd scr lcrmaks pkr6  

  

Xu`nîk Mgmtdcek ac lrums Mìîk iudmem ^osdks tcntþeonks, ks dmos acstruoakrcs k Wuurm ku dkvodcek aks g`knks rkniksks

Mvoamac säsdonmsäsdonm- cvoaæenom ak aoemdosdk oecrek am crrm Iopkncetrk ku hknk säsdonksäsdonk- `knm` ek oecrokr am crrm keac sc cd m krolcd ak sosdk Cecrlom- `ogcrmam m pmrtr ak iopkncerk, prkpmlmeak-sc skg m hkrdm ac keams säsdonms  

Csms keams hmzcd vogrmr ks dmcromos rkniksks quc mrmvcssmd mï mtelor m supcrnoc crrcsrc Aovcrsks tpks ac keams säsdonms6 k Keams prkhueams (prkpmlmd-sc cd prkhueaoamac - proenopmos (R - dmos rípoams) c scnueaíroms (^) k Keams supcrnomos (prkpmlmd-sc â supcrnoc, sîk dmos `cems dms nmusmd dmos acsruoìîk)

Cponcetrk-pkek Cponcetrk -pkek â supcrnoc quc csí vcrtnm`dcec mnodm ak iopkncerk

 

=< ^osdk hkrtchkrtc- ekrdm`dcec mecncaoak pkr mgm`ks prcdkeotþroks (mecs prcdkeotþroks  (mecs ak sosdk) c suncaoak pkr rïp`onms (acpkos ak sosdk) ^c k cponcerk sc `knm`ozmr ek hueak kncçeonk pkacd knkrrcr tsuemdos tsuemdos  quc sîk keams lolmecsnms Aurmec k sosdk, nkd m hrmurm c acs`ozmdcek ams rknims, ï `ogcrmam udm cekrdc qumetamac ac cecrlom quc, qumeak mtelc k cponcerk, ï rmeshcroam pmrm m nk`uem ac ílum ak dmr c kroloem m acs`knmìîk vcrtnm` ac udm lrmeac dmssm ac ílum. Â dcaoam quc sc mprkxodm ak `okrm`, acvoak â aodoeuoìîk am prkhueaoamac, m keam nrcsnc c mtelc cekrdcs prkpkrìócs (72d ac m`urm). Mk niclmr â zkem nkscorm, m keam oeueam uak c nmusm ameks nmmsrþnks.

Oetcesoamac ac ud sosdk Oecesoamac (lrmu ac acsruoìîk) - rccc k eävc` am acsruoìîk ac nmsms, kgfcks, caonoks… 

 

 

Csnm`m ac Dcrnm``o dkaonmam (=7 eävcos) - dmos usmam em Mdïronm ak Ekrc Rcrdoc c`mgkrmr nmrms ac oskssosms k Csnm`m Dmnrkssäsdonm Curkpcom ac =??9 (=7 eävcos) k Mem`osm m vu`ecrmgo`oamac aks caonoks c oehrmcsruurms Csnm`m ac Wonitcr Dcac m dmleotuac k

M oecesoamac aodoeuo nkd k mhmsmdcek mk cponcerk (`knm` nkd dmos acsruoìîk) - ms keams säsdonms pcracd cecrlom â dcaoam quc sc mhmsmd ak iopkncerk 

Rkr csc dktvk scec-sc pkunk ud sosdk quc knkrrcu ekurm rcloîk ak pmäs

Nkd gmsc ems oecesoamacs sîk hcoms ms nmrtms ac oskssostms oskssostms - pkeks nkd m dcsdm oecesoamac, ueoaks pkr udm `oeim (oskssosm). 

Ms oskssosms eîk sîk nkenæeronms mk cponcerk, pc`k nkerírok n kerírok mprcscemd udm hkrdm orrclu`mr, mk nkerírok ams keams säsdonms k Rkrquc m oecesoamac vmrom ac mnkrak nkd ms prkprocamacs aks dmcromos mrmvcssmaks pc`ms keams säsdonms

Oehrmcsruurms hcoms nkd6    

Mìk Dmacorm Gcîk rchkrìmak Qofk`ks ueoaks pkr mrlmdmssm (m`vcemrom rchkrìmam) k ^îk dmos rcsoscecs âs keams säsdonms

^osdþlrmhks- mpmrc`iks cspcnom`ozmaks quc rclosmd kaks ks mgm`ks säsdonks ^osdklrmdm - Wclosk lrínk aks dkvodceks ak sk`k, prkvknmak pc`ms keams säsdonms

 

=9   

Aurmìîk @knm`ozmìîk ak cponcerk ]umetamac ac cecrlom `ogcrmam

Rmrm rclosmr kaks ks dkvodceks ak sk`k sîk ecncssíroks > sosdþlrmhks  

= vcrnm`, vcrnm`, quc accm ms vogrmìócs vcrtnmos ak sk`k 7 ikrozketmos, ikrozketmos, quc accmd ms vogrmìócs ikrozkemos ak sk`k k k

= krocemìîk ekrc-su` = krocemìîk csc-kcsc

Mnm`dom säsdonm - sosdklrmdm rclosm `oeim qumsc rcm (musæenom (m usæenom ac vogrmìócs) Aurmec ud sosdk (vogrmìîk ak sk`k) - `oeims nkd ksno`mìócs quc rcprcscemd ms keams säsdonms  

=¶ - keams säsdonms sugcrrçecms (prkhueaoamac) 7¶ - keams säsdonms supcrnomos

Dmleotuac - qumetamac ac cecrlom `ogcrmam ek iopkncerk  

Dcac-sc em Csnm`m ac Wonitcr quc Wonitcr quc mvm`om ac = m =2 M nmam ueoamac quc m dmleouac mudcem, ï >2 vczcs dmokr quc m ueoamac mecrokr, ku scfm ud sosdk ac dmleouac 8 ï >2 vczcs dmos hrmnk quc ud sosdk ac dmleouac <

Cecrlom prkpmlmam cd =. Keams Rrodíroms- vcrtnm`dcec 7. Keams ^cnueaíroms- ikrozkem`dcec

Rrcvosîk säsdonm Eîk cxosc moeam ud dkac`k cxmk ac prcvosîk säsdonm. Ek cemek k acscevk`vodcek nocenk c cnek`þlonk fí mudceku ks nkeicnodceks skgrc ks sosdks c m dkeokrozmìîk aks prcnurskrcs Sd aks kgfctvks am sosdk`klom- accrdoemr qumeak, keac c m dmleotuac ak prþxodk sosdk, nkescluoeak prcvcr m oecesoamac mrmvïs ac vu`ecrmgo`oamac ams oehrmcsruurms     

Csuak am prkpmlmìîk ams keams säsdonms Csuak aks rclosks iosþronks Csuak ams prkprocamacs aks crrceks (nkesosæenom) (n kesosæenom) C`mgkrmìîk ac nmrms ac rosnk säsdonk Dkeokrozmìîk ac prcnurskrcs säsdonks 

Knkrræenom ac sosdks hrmnks

 

=?    

Xmromìîk aks eävcos ac ílum sugcrrçecm Achkrdmìócs ek crrcek M`crmìîk ek nkdpkrmdcek ac meodmos quc vovcd ek sugsk`k @ogcrmìîk ac lmscs pc`ms rknims ems hm`ims odpkrmecs c prþxodms ams noamacs

Wosnk säsdonk - acpceac ac hmkrcs nkdk6     

Dmleouac ak sosdk Aosçenom mk cponcerk Qopk ac sk`k Qopk ac nkesruìócs Acesoamac pkpu`mnokem` am írcm mhcmam

Wosnks aorctks6    

Rcram ac voams iudmems Acsruoìîk ac caonoks c voms ac nkdueonmìîk Acs`ozmdcek ac crrceks c mgcrurm ac hceams ek sk`k Qsuemdos

Wosnks oeaorctks6   

Oenæeaoks Oeueamìócs Rrkpmlmìîk ac akceìms

=??2 - nkdcìku m imvcr nmrms ac oskssosms quc sîk dmpms ac `oeims nurvms hcnimams quc dcac m oecesoamac cspcrmam. Cd Rkrulm`, @osgkm c k ^u` æd dmokr rosnk säsdonk Dcaoams ac prcvceìîk metcs ac ud sosdk6  Cd rcloócs ac rosnk - dcaoams ac nkesruìîk quc kremd ks odþvcos dmos rcsoscecs mks mgm`ks (nkesruìîk met-säsdonm)  R`meks ac cvmnumìîk c ac dmpms ac rosnk  Wcacs ac dkeokrozmìîk  ^odu`mnrks  Qcr cd nmsm ud cxtekr, cskfk ac =ks sknkrrks, rcscrvms ac ílum c nkdoam  Hoxmr dþvcos â pmrcac Aurmetc ud sosdk6 

Acerk ac nmsm k Cvomr c`cvmakrcs c csnmams k Honmr acgmoxk ak vîk am pkrm ku ac udm nmdm/dcsm, ku eud nmek am sm`m

 

72 Cvomr fmec`ms, vmrmeams c nimdoeïs

k

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Em rum Honmr eud `knm` mdp`k Honmr `kelc ac pkscs ac c`cronoamac, írvkrcs, caonoks ku durks

k k

Acpkos ac ud sosdk6   

Acs`olmr lís, ílum c`cronoamac Eîk mnceacr vc`ms,chþshkrks ku osqucorks pkr nmusm ams hulms ac lís (rosnk ac oenæeaok) Honmr `kelc ac ks c`ïronks ku caonoks m acsmgmr

M cstruturm oetcrem am tcrrm Csuak ac aoeçdonm oecrem am crrm c nkeicnodcek skgrc k oecrokr am Qcrrm 

Aovcrsoamac ac csuaks c dckak`kloms k Meí`osc aorctm aks aorctm aks dmcromos quc nkestucd k p`mecm k

Meí`osc ac amaks kgtaks oeaorcmdcec

Dïtkaks aorctks Wcnk`im c meí`osc aorcm ac rknims - mpcems pcrdocd m meí`osc ams nmdmams dmos supcrnomos am Qcrrm, eîk pcrdocd m meí`osc ams nmdmams dmos oecrokrcs `knm`ozmams m do`imrcs ac jd ac prkhueaoamac  

Csuak ams pmosmlces lck`þlonms c lck`þlonms c mkrmdceks rkniksks Csuak aks dmcromos cdotaks aurmec ms crupìócs vu`nçeonms (vu`nmek`klom ( vu`nmek`klom)) Cx6 rknims dmldítnms   

 

Nkesk`oamìîk ak dmldm Dmldm- âs vczcs hkrdmak m dmos ac =22jd ac prkhueaoamac Dmldm hueaoak- cdpcrmurm mudcem nkd m prkhueaoamac

Cxp`krmìîk doecorm doecorm - lcþ`klks csuamd rknims quc sc hkrdmrmd m aczcems ac jd c quc sc cenkermd ems doems- 1jd díxodk ^keamlces lck`þlonms lck`þlonms - pcrhurmìîk cd kak k l`kgk quc pcrdocd m rcnk`im ac dmcromos. Hurk dmos prkhueak- Wössom, =7787d, cd =??1 k ^keamlces pmrm pcsquosmr pcrþ`ck- =2jd k

Dïtkaks oeaorctks

 

7= Rkssogo`omd k csuak ams nmdmams dmos oecrems am Qcrrm, pkos rcnkrrcd m cnek`kloms quc eîk sc usmd eks dïkaks aorcks. Csms cnek`kloms aîk-eks ncrms oehkrdmìócs, dms eîk pcrdocd rcnk`icr mdksrms. Rroenopmos nkeroguks sîk6 Lcktcrdom - csuak am vmromìîk am cdpcrmurm nkd m prkhueaoamac, Lcktcrdom prkhueaoamac , csscenom` pmrm smgcr k csmak sonk aks dmcromos Ks csuaks ac vu`nmek`klom pcrdocd smgcr quc m cdpcrmurm aks dmcromos mudcem nkd m prkhueaoamac R`mectk`klom - csuam ks dcckroks rcnk`ioaks em Qcrrm c mem`osm mdksrms ac  nkdcms c mscrkoacs pkr skeams cspmnomos amaks odpkrmecs skgrc ms nmdmams dmos prkhueams am Qcrrm, aozceak ks nocetsms quc ks dcckroks hkrdmaks pkr hcrrk c eäquc` æd m dcsdm nkdpksoìîk quädonm quc ms nmdmams dmos oecrems am Qcrrm ^ceak mssod, ms nmdmams oecrems am Qcrrm acvcd scr nkestuäams csscenom`dcec pkr hcrrk c eäquc`  ^osdk`klom - hkrecnc ks amaks skgrc k nkdpkrmdcek ams keams säsdonms, sîk aks dmos odpkrmecs skgrc m csruurm oecrem am Qcrrm, pkos ms keams säsdonms prkpmlmd-sc pkr kak k dueak, sceak accmams pc`ks sosdþlrmhks

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M rcac l`kgm` ac sosdþlrmhks `cvku m ud dc`ikr nkeicnodcek skgrc nkdk sc prkpmlmd ms keams säsdonms cd prkhueaoamac. Ks sosdþlrmhks hkrmd ut`ozmaks pmrm accmr cxp`ksócs eun`cmrcs, eun`cmrcs, dms ikfc sîk ut`ozmaks pmrm hmzcr dkac`ks am csruurm oecrem crrcsrc M vc`knoamac ams keams acpceac aks dmcromos, pkrmek ï pkssävc` accrdoemr k csmak sonk acscs k Ms keams ^ sþ sc prkpmlmd cd dmcromos sþ`oaks c ms R sîk dmos rípoams cd dmcromos dmos räloaks Ms keams säsdonms mdgïd pcrdocd pcrncgcr quc m acesoamac acesoamac ams  ams rknims mudcem nkd m prkhueaoamac, sceak quc eks `odocs ams nmdmams m acesoamac duam acvoam â nkdpksoìîk sonm

Dkac`ks ac cstruturm oetcrem am Qcrrm - mprcscemd -  mprcscemd k p`mecm aovoaoak cd6   

Nmdmams nkenæeronms Rrkprocamacs sonms c nkdpksoìócs aostems

Dkac`k lckquädonk - gmscom-sc em nkdpksoìîk quädonm aks dmcromos ak oecrokr am Qcrrm, nkesoacrm ræs nmdmams6 k Nrustm  Nmdmam dmos cxcrokr c dceks cspcssm 

Nrustm kncçeonmkncçeonm- 3 m =2jd c ï nkestuäam pkr gmsm`ks.

 

77 

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Nrustm nkeecetm` - >3 m % Ní`nok- 7,3% M`udäeok- 7,1% Eön`ck  cxtcrek Eön`ck  Csmak `äquoak Duom acesoamac   Nkdpksoìîk quädonm Hcrrk- 93% Eäquc`- 3% Kxolïeok- 3% Cexkhrc-3% Eön`ck oetcrek  Csmak sþ`oak 

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Duom acesoamac Nkdpksoìîk quädonm Hcrrk- ?1% Eäquc`- 8% 

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Dkac`k lcksonk lcksonk  - nkesoacrm ms prkprocamacs sonms aks dmcromos, nkesoacrm 3 nmdmams6 k @otkshcrm  Nmdmam sþ`oam c räloam, oen`uoeak m nrusm c pmrc supcrokr ak dmek Nmdmam hrmldcemam cd p`mnms (quc sc acs`knmd skgrc m mscekshcrm)   ^kg ks kncmeks- cspcssurm ac ncrnm ac =22jd Wcloócs nketecemos- cspcssurm ac ncrnm ac 722jd  Mstcekshcrm k 

Odcaommdcec mgmoxk am `okshcrm, pkaceak cr dmos ac >32jd

 

7> Cerc = c 7% aks dmcromos csîk ek csmak `äquoak, k quc krem m nmdmam dmos p`ístnm, c m vc`knoamac am prkpmlmìîk ams keams säsdonms ï dcekr Dcskshcrm Cerc m mscekshcrm c m ceakshcrm   Qcdpcrmurms duok m`ms, dms ï udm nmdmam sþ`oam c räloam acvoams âs lrmeacs prcssócs Ceakshcrm  Ceakshcrm cxcrem Nkrrcspkeac mk eön`ck cxcrek Csmak `äquoak acvoak âs m`ms cdpcrmurms Ceakshcrm oecrem  Nkrrcspkeac mk eön`ck oecrek Csmak sþ`oak Rrcssócs duok hkrcs odpcacd m husîk aks dmcromos, dcsdk cd lrmeacs cdpcrmurms 

k

k

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Cd rcsudk6  M aoeçdonm crrcsrc csí mssknomam mk dkvodcek ams p`mnms cnþeonms, quc sc rc`mnokem nkd m csruurm oecrem am Qcrrm 

Ks acscev acscevk`v k`vodc odcek ekss noce nocenks nks c cnek` cnek`þlon þlonks ks hkrmd hkrmd csscen csscenomo omoss pmrm pmrm csuam csuamrr c nkdprcceacr dc`ikr m csruurm oecrem am crrm, m pmrtr ak csuak aks vu`nócs, sosdks c dcckroks