Resumo Protese Fixa

 

 

P r ÷tfsf L nxo Os nilkrhoãöfs içk sçk tkbos kjtnbos io ?ª gkisuato. Oacuis prkgfbnhfitks bnoci÷stngks sçk gkigkhntoitfs oks prkgfbnhfitks gaèingks, f gobo sfssçk tfropíutngo lkrifgf hons nilkrhoãöfs o rfspfntk bk pognfitf   Fstubor5  Fxohnior5  Fstobk bf soýbf cfroa  Bnocikstngor5  Wnions vntons  Paoifmor5  Oafrcnos (aotfx, hftoa, ogrèangk, K]F) 

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Zfcnstrobo gkh os poaovros bk pognfitf= Gkilkrtk  Luiãçk  Wkgnoa Fstîtngo Hktnvoãçk (D. K.) Fxpfgtotnvos nrrfons Rrouhos, hfbk bf sf sujhftfrfh o gnrurcnos Zfgfnk bk oatk gustk bk trotohfitk5 Bývnbos quoitk oks rfsuatobks lnions. Oatfroãöfs ik paoik bf trotohfitk* Fstrfssf, prklnssçk= Dïjntks pksturons f poroluignkions Pfrbo B\K Pobröfs oikrhons bf bfscostf Ouhfitk B\K*

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Hfbngohfitks Bkfiãos nilfgtk-gkitocnksos Gngotrnzoãçk  Gkhkrjnbobfs Gopognbobf bf dncnfinzoãçk  Gopognbobf bf oboptoãçk o ikvos pr÷tfsfs Gkibnãöfs akgons ku snstíhngos quf pkbfh nhpfbnr o gngotrnzoãçk ÷ssfo ku nitfrlfrnr io hoiutfiãçk bo kssfknitfcroãçk. K pognfitf bf rnsgk î oqufaf fh quf o opangoãçk bk  prktkgkak pobrçk içk lkrifgf ks rfsuatobks fspfrobks     

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Gkitotk prfhoturk ku nitfrlfríigno kgausoa Potkakcnos osskgnobos o kgausçk  Ojlroãçk  Otrnãçk  Oqufao quf pfrhntf o rfojnantoãçk bf tkbos os luiãöfs lnsnka÷cngos pr÷prnos bk WF ok hfshk tfhpk quf prfsfrvo o soýbf bf suos fstruturos gkistntunitfs. Bfvf-sf kjsfrvor flngníigno hostncot÷rno, hèinhk bfscostf bks bfitfs f hèinhks trouhos. Rroishnssçk bo rfsuatoitf bos lkrãos kgausons fh bnrfãçk  ok akick fnxk bks bfitfs b fitfs pkstfrnkrfs5 Gkitotks bfitïrnks pkstfrnkrfs jnaotfrons f snhuatêifks= hons lkrtfs iks pkstfrnkrfs f hons afvfs iks oitfrnkrfs5 B\K obfquobo gkh k WF5 Cunos aotfrons f nignsnvos= kgausçk hutuohfitf prktfcnbo5 ZG gknignbfitf gkh HND.

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Fspoãk poro dncnfif/ohfnos5 Anido bf gnhfitoãçk5 Pfrlna bf fhfrcíigno5 Pnaorfs= Niganioãöfs5 Iuhfrk f bnspksnãçk bks bfitfs pnaorfs (Paèckik bf Zky/ Lfruanzoãçk/Fspanitocfh)

K gkitkrik oxnoa bo rfstouroãçk bfvf hoitfr uh pfrlna bf fhfrcíigno poroafak o supfrlègnf bfitoa içk prfporobo. • • • •

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Zfstojfafgnhfitk bk paoik kgausoa Zfstojfafgnhfitk bo bnhfisçk vfrtngoa Ifgfssnbobf bf omustf kgausoa prîvnk  Zfojnantoãçk gkilnïvfa Anido bk skrrnsk  Fstîtngo jroigo f rkso Fxncíigno fstîtngo bk pognfitf Ifgfssnbobf bf gkhpfisoãçk cficnvoa

  

  Zfstouroãçk gnhfitobo quf rfgkistr÷n o hkrlkakcno, luiãçk f gkitkrik bo pkrãçk gkrkiïrno bfstruèbo bf uh bfitf. Pkbfh sfr gkilfggnkiobos fh hftoa, gfrêhngo, rfsnios ku fh hotfrnons osskgnobks. • •

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tkbo o supfrlègnf gkrkiïrno bk bfitf Porgnons = rfstouro opfios oacuho pkrãçk bk bfitf rfstouroãçk nitrogkrkiïrno quf içk rfvfstf gýspnbfs

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Rktons = gkjrfh

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rfstouroãçk porgnoa nibnrfto quf oprfsfito rfvfstnhfitk  nitro f fxtrogkrkiïrno gkh rfvfstnhfitk f prktfãçk bf gýspnbfs. logfs \ f N bk bfitf, gkh oatfroãçk bf gkr f lkrho. Afitfs bf gkitotk  oatfroãçk  oatfroãçk opfios bf lkrho, kibf içk dï o ifgfssnbobf bf bfscostf sfaftnvk soavk pfqufios rftnlngoãöfs, hï lkrhoãçk ku oiotkhno.

Wfcuibk o afn bos jorros, sf uho pkitf fh fxtfisçk lkr oaorcobo, k gkhprnhfitk bf uho jorro, sfhfadoitf à suo oaturo, lafxnkior-sf-ï ok gujk (x7 ).

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Fafhfitk bfitoa f/ku ïrfo bfsbfitobo quf sfrï prfporobk poro supkrtor o pr÷tfsf5 nhpfbf quf o pr÷tfsf sf bfsakquf ik sfitnbk kgausk cficnvoa. ?. hugksk supkrtobo :. bfitk supkrtobo, bfitk hugksk supkrtobo f hugksk bfitk supkrtobo

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_uoibk k gkhprnhfitk bo jorro î trnpangobk, o suo bflafxçk ouhfito fh :3 vfzfs.

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Zfpksnãçk bf uh ku hons bfitfs ousfitfs, lnxoibk oks bfitfs rfstoitfs ok aobk bo ïrfo fbíituao. bfitf/pkrãçk/nhpaoitf quf supkrto ku rftîh o pr÷tfsf. = :/7 (: tfrãks gkrko f 7 tfrãks bf ronz) = ?/? (? tfrãk bf gkrko f ? tfrãk bf ronz) Bfitfs gkh niganioãçk otî 70° sçk ogfntïvfns. o ïrfo pfrngfhfitïrno tktoa bfvf sfr ncuoa ku honkr quf o ïrfo gkrkiïrno (: gkrkos poro 7 roèzfs ku ? poro?) portf bo pr÷tfsf gnhfitobo ik bfitf pnaor. Gkilfrf fstojnanbobf f rftfiãçk. gkrko bk bfitf pfrbnbk quf sujstntun k  ioturoa. Zfstojfafgf lkrho f luiãçk f prffigdf fspoãk prfvnohfitf pfrbnbk.

Pnik nitrorrobnguaor + Iýgafk bf prffigdnhfitk. Zfgkistntun portf bk fafhfitk pfrbnbk5 Zftfiãçk ik nitfrnkr bk gkibutk robnguaor5 Gnhfitoãçk= lkslotk bf znigk ku GN\  Fstîtngo5 Lnjro bf vnbrk5 Iýgafk bf prffigdnhfitk (portf gkrkiïrno) fh rfsnio gkhpksto5 Hfadkr oiotkhnzobks / anido bf gnhfitoãçk lnio. Pr÷tfsf gkilfggnkiobo fh ZOO_ otî o gkilfgãçk bo pr÷tfsf bflnintnvo uintïrno ku hýatnpao.

bfitk supkrtobo, nhpaoitk supkrtobo f nhpaoitk hugk supkrtobo.

Zfsnstíigno ok bfsakgohfitk lrfitf às lkrãos kjaèquos / lkrho gkilfrnbo ok prfpork quf prfvnif k bfsakgohfitk bo pr÷tfsf quoibk î sujhftnbo ï lkrãos l krãos quf pkbfh prkvkgor rktoãçk5 nhpfbf quf o pr÷tfsf sf bfsakquf ik sfitnbk aotfrk aotfroa (sfitnbk dkrnzkitoa).  Zfsnstíigno î o prkprnfbobf quf fvnto k bfsakgohfitk  bo rfstouroãçk prkhkvnbo pkr lkrãos kgausons kjaèquos

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_uoanbobf bf uho pr÷tfsf bf otuor gkitro os lkrãos bf bfsakgohfitk ok akick fnxk bo suo vno bf nisfrãçk  Dojnanbobf quf uh prfpork pkssun poro rfsnstnr às lkrãos bf rfhkãçk bo rfstouroãçk, sfcuibk sfu fnxk bf nisfrãçk. Zfsnstíigno às lkrãos bf troãçk ik sfitnbk oxnoa quf nhpfbf quf o pr÷tfsf sf bfsakquf ik sfitnbk cficnvk  kgausoa (sfitnbk vfrtngoa).

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buroitf o hostncoãçk. O bnhniunãçk bo oaturo bk prfpork bnhniun o rfsnstíigno às lkrãos aotfrons. O gkilfgãçk bf suagks, gonxos ku goioaftos hninhnzo k  ronk bf rktoãçk, prkhkvfibk o anhntoãçk bks hkvnhfitks.

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Prfpork gkh fxpuasnvnbobf ku gkingnbobf fxgfssnvo prkpkrgnkioh hfikr rftfiãçk à gkrko prktîtngo. Porfbfs poroafaos prkpkrgnkioh honkr rftfiãçk pfak  otrntk, fitrftoitk bnlnguatoh k ossfitohfitk f o rfhkãçk  bo rfstouroãçk buroitf o prkvo f o gnhfitoãçk.

 

Bfscostf bfitïrnk sfaftnvk fh quoitnbobfs f ïrfos prî-bftfrhniobos, bfitrk bf uho sfqufigno bf possks prîfstojfafgnbks, gkh o lnioanbobf bf grnor fspoãk poro uho pr÷tfsf. • • • • • • •

Prfsfrvoãçk bf fstruturos jnka÷cngos5 Zfbuãçk bf nisugfssks gaèingks5 Zfojnantoãçk gkh akicfvnbobf luignkioa f fstîtngo5 Vsor pkitos gkh bnêhftrk gkidfgnbk5 Rîgingo bf prfpork gkrrfto5 Rîrhnik gfrvngoa gkrrftk5 Zftfiãçk5

Gkisfrvoãçk/ prktfãçk bk sujstrotk5 ✲ Ousíigno bf skjrfgkitkrik5 ✲ Akgoanzoãçk bk tîrhnik5

Bkguhfitor tkbk k prkgfbnhfitk bfsbf k ningnk   K hons snhpafs f gkisfrvobkr gkisfrv obkr pkssèvfa5  Zfspfntor k fspoãk jnka÷cngk5  Pfrhntnr o obfquobo dncnfinzoãçk. 

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Hèinho fxpksnãçk bf hftoa5 ✲ Fspfssuro obfquobo bf gfrêhngo5 ✲ Akgoanzoãçk bk tîrhnik5 ✲

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Gkingnbobf poro pkssnjnantor k fsgkohfitk bk gnhfitk f

ossfitohfitk bo gkrko ✲ Gkrkos akicos= gkingnbobf otf ?0° ✲ Gkrkos gurtos= pr÷xnho ok poroafanshk 

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Prfvnif k bfsakgohfitk bo rfstouroãçk pfaos lkrãos bnrfgnkiobos poro opngoa, kjanquo ku dkrnzkitoa5 Hocintubf f bnrfãçk bo lkrão5 Zfaoãçk oaturo/aorcuro5 Nitfcrnbobf bk bfitf prfporobk5 Oaturo bk prfpork5 Zucksnbobf5 *

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K prfpork bfvf tfr fspfssuro sulngnfitf poro rfsnstnr às lkrãos hostncot÷rnos, sfh gkhprkhftfr o fstîtngo f k tfgnbk pfrnkbkitoa Zfbuãçk kgausoa Jnsfaohfitk bos gýspnbfs luignkions Zfbuãçk oxnoa

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Fhjrngohfitk hfgêingk=

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Nitfrio hftoa f gnhfitk  Fxtfrio prfpork f gnhfitk  Bfvfh sfr fvntobks= Fxgfssk rucksnbobf Ansuro bf supfrlègnf

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Fh rfojnantoãöfs fxtfisos, o bnstrnjunãçk bks pnaorfs î hons nhpkrtoitf bk quf o quoitnbobf. K nbfoa î quf ik hèinhk uh bfitf/pnaor fstfmo fh gobo sfchfitk bk orgk (paoik socntoa, paoik aotfroa f paoik lrkitoa) poro hninhnzor os lkrãos quf ocfh iks sfitnbks vfstèjuak anicuoa f hfsnkbnstoa, lkrhoibk uh pkaèckik bf fstojnanzoãçk quf rfbuz k flfntk bo hkjnanbobf nibnvnbuoa bf gobo bfitf. Io ousíigno bf rfhoifsgfitfs fh pksnãçk lovkrïvfa, bfvf-sf gkisnbfror o pkssnjnanbobf bf nhpaoitfs poro hfadkror o bnstrnjunãçk bo gorco hostncot÷rno fitrf ks bfitfs.

 

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Êicuak oprkxnhobk bf >0° fitrf porfbf cficnvoa f oxnoa gkh o nitfrsfgãçk fitrf faos orrfbkibobo. Nibngoãçk gkrkos fh gfrêhngos fh bfitfs oitfrnkrfs f pkstfrnkrfs. Içk î nibngobk fh bfitfs gkh gkrko ganingo gurto ku

Wuagk cficnvoa içk î nhuif à gïrnfs5 Horcfis Wupro-cficnvons= Gkitrkaf quoanbobf oboptoãçk pfak bfitnsto Ovoanoãçk quoanbobf dncnfif pfak pognfitf ?hh oquîh ku 0,6hh suj-cficnvoa (nitro-suaguaor*) Fxtfisçk sujcficnvoa afvo ok ouhfitk bk  bfscostf oxnoa Bnlnguabobf prfpork, hkabocfh f gnhfitoãçk.

gkh aorcuro vfstnjuakanicuoa. Êicuak oprkxnhobk bf >0° fitrf porfbfs oxnoa f gfrvngoa gkh jnsfaohfitk bo orfsto govkssupfrlngnoa. Nibngoãçk gkrkos hftoakgfrêhngos gkh ancos ïurfos vfstnjuaor f vfstèjuak prkxnhons fh quf o fstîtngo î nibnspfisïvfa.

Zozöfs fstîtngos  Zfstouroãöfs prîvnos    Gïrnfs ojonxk ièvfa bk cficnvoa  Lroturos  Ouhfitk rftfiãçk (bfitfs gurtks) 

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Prfsfrvor o nitfcrnbobf bk pfrnkbkitk 

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Lognantor hkabocfh Prkpngnorofstîtngo Pfrhntnr o dncnfinzoãçk 

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Porfbf oxnoa f cficnvoa gkh sfchfitk fh gèrguak opfios ios logfs fstîtngos. Nibngoãçk gkrkos hftoakpaostngos f hftoakgfrêhngos gkh ancos jïsngos. Porfbf oxnoa f cficnvoa gkh sfchfitk fh pfqufik gèrguak (hftobf bk gdolrobk). Nibngoãçk gkrko tktoa hftïango, tîrhnik gfrvngoa bos logfs P/A f prkxnhons bf gkrkos hftoakgfrêhngos f hftoakpaïstngos, f bfitfs trotobks pfrnkbkitngohfitf ku gkh rfgfssçk cficnvoa.

Honkrno bos sntuoãöfs gaèingos Fspfssuro poro ogkhkbor hftoa f logfto fstîtngo Hfadkr oboptoãçk f fsgkohfitk bk gnhfitk  Gkrkos hftoakgfrêhngos gkh ancos jïsngos HKB gkh prktfãçk bf gýspnbfs Pkitos bnohoitobos= 7:?0° gkh o porfbf gfrvngoa f tfrhnio fh jnsfa bf 26° Fspfssuro bf ?,0 o ?,: hh Bnlnguato fsgkohfitk bk gnhfitk  Pkitos bnohoitobos= 70>3, 70>>

:hh oquîh bo cficnvo horcnioa anvrf.    

Lognanto k trojoadk5 Oprfsfito hfikr prkjojnanbobf bf nilaohoãçk5 Nibngobk poro bfitfs pkstfrnkrfs5 Gkisnbfroãöfs fstîtngos bfvf sfr oioansobo muitk ok  pognfitf.

Ièvfa bo cficnvo horcnioa anvrf Nitfrnkr bk suagk cficnvoa (0,6 o ?hh), gkh bnstêigno hèinho bf 7hh bo grnsto ÷ssfo.  

Gkigfntk bf fxtfisçk prfvfitnvo5 Nilaohoãçk cficnvoa î ogdobk dnstka÷cngk gkistoitf.

Ojonxk bf ?hh ik nitfrnkr bk suagk cficnvoa 

Gkitro nibngobk f içk ogfntk jnkakcngohfitf pkr fstor io ïrfo bk fpntîank muignkioa, nivobnibk k fspoãk jnka÷cngk.

 

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Prktfãçk bo fstruturo bfitoa rfhoifsgfitfs (bfitnio f pkapo)=  Oatfroãöfs bf tfhpfroturo5  Hngrkrcoinshks gornkcíingks5  Nhpogtoãçk oanhfitor5 Gkilkrhoãçk oks tfgnbks hkafs (fstîtngo rkso/jroigo)5 Zfaoãçk pfrlfnto gkh k orgk oitockinsto (fstojnanbobf kgausoa)5 Bfitfs obmogfitfs (pkitks bf gkitobk f ohfnos nitfrprkxnhons)5 Luiãçk bf bnocikstngk5 Bnocikstngk bf lkrho, tohoidk f luiãçk5 Bfvkavf lkiîtngo, luiãçk f gkilkrtk ok pognfitf5 Ovoanor k luturk gkhpkrtohfitk bo pr÷tfsf5 Ovoanor dncnfinzoãçk bk pognfitf5 Gkibngnkior tfgnbks cficnvons (gkitkriks f popnaos)5

Vtnanzor fsto losf poro tnror os buvnbos quoitk o lkrho, gkitkrik, kgausçk, B\, hktnvoãçk bo dncnfif f prnignpoahfitf gkhk k fafhfitk bf bnocikstngk. K prkvns÷rnk tíh o luiãçk bf o soýbf pfrnkbkitoa, r ik trotohfitk, f bk pfrnkbkitk trotobk. 

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Bfscostf bo rfaoãçk  prklnssnkioa/pognfitf5 Prfmuèzk fstîtngk5 Bkr f/ku bfsgkilkrtk5 Hncroãçk bfitoa5 Hncroãçk cficnvoa5

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Oboptoãçk horcnioa5 Gkitkriks5 Pkanhfitk5 Omustf5 Luiãçk pkr akick tfhpk5 Lrotur Lro turos, os, sk skatu aturo ro f ru ksnbbobf5 obf5

Nilfanzhfitf k hons utnanzobk iks gkisuat÷rnks içk î k  gkrrftk= Bygoa ku Dnbrk G. Fstfs sçk gnhfitks bf lkrrohfitk, sfh launbfz poro fsgkor f fxtrovosor bfitrk bk prkvns÷rnk. Wçk skaývfns f gkitotk gkh o soanvo (o pr÷tfsf gon nifvntovfahfitf) Ks gnhfitks obfquobks sçk ks gnhfitks bf ×xnbk bf znigk f fucfika* ku bf ×xnbk bf znigk sfh fucfika*. gouso sfisnjnanbobf f nitfrlfrf io obfsçk  bfitniïrno bo gnhfitoãçk bflnintnvo bf gkrkos hftoa lrff. Ifssf gosk, utnanzor gnhfitk o josf bf Dnbr÷xnbk bf gïagnk  pr÷prnk poro gnhfitoãçk prkvns÷rno ku gnhfitks bf ×xnbk  bf znigk WFH fucfika.

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Oboptoãçk gfrvngoa5 Pfrlna bf fhfrcíigno5 Fspoãk obfquobk ios ohfnos5 Rfxturo bf supfrlègnf.

Jnka÷cngks Puaporfs f Pfrnkbkitons5  Lkrho bf Zfsnstfigno f Zftfiãçk5  Lkrho kgausoa, fstîtngo f lkiîtngo5  Dncnfif f gkitrkaf5 

prktfcfr k rfhoifsgfitf gkitro ocrfssöfs hfgêingos bk  hkiòhfrk rfsnbuoa, quf ok tkhor prfso cfro f anjfro goakr5 prktfãçk gkh snstfho obfsnvk skjrf prfporks ku snstfhos bfssfisnjnanzoitfs.

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ýingo sfssçk (prkvns÷rnk nhfbnotk) Hfikr gustk f hfikr tfhpk  skjrf hkbfaks (tîgingk bf pr÷tfsf / rfsnio tfrhk otnvobo) bnrfto f nibnrfto hfadkr pkanhfitk f rfsnstíigno, hfiks pkrksnbobf f hfadkr ogojohfitk. Bfsvoitocfh bf honkr gustk pfao tfrgfnrnzoãçk bk sfrvnãk.

 

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Bfscostf prkxnhoa  jrkgo  jrkgo 7:07 Bfscostf nignsoa  jrkgo  jrkgo 2?74  oicuaoãçk  oicuaoãçk bf 26° poro poaotnio Gkilfgãçk bf suagks bf krnfitoãçk vfstnjuaor  jrkgo  jrkgo 2?74 Vinçk bks suagks bf krnfitoãçk  jrkgo  jrkgo 2?74  ‗ 

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Bfscostf gfrvngk poaotnik uinibk os prkxnhons  jrkgo 2?74 Govnbobf poaotnio  jrkgo  jrkgo 7??4 Gkilfgãçk bf tîrhnik nitro suaguaor  jrkgo  jrkgo 2?74 LL Ogojohfitk  jrkgo  jrkgo 2?74 LL  ‗ 

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Bfscostf prkxnhoa  jrkgo  jrkgo 7:07 Bfscostf kgausoa  jrkgo  jrkgo 2?74  ogkhpoidoibk  ogkhpoidoibk o oicuaoãçk bos gýspnbfs Gkilfgãçk bf suagks bf krnfitoãçk vfstnjuaor  jrkgo  jrkgo 2?74 Vinçk bks suagks bf krnfitoãçk  jrkgo  jrkgo 2?74 Bfscostf gfrvngk poaotnik uinibk os prkxnhons  jrkgo  jrkgo 2?74 Ogojohfitk  jrkgo  jrkgo 2?74 LL  ‗ 

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Wfafãçk bk bfitf bf fstkquf= Hfbnbo gfrvngk-nignsoa bo logfto5 Bfscostf f obfquoãçk bo logfto ok prfpork5 Prffigdfr o logfto gkh ZOO_ ku hoinpuaor rfsnio gkhpksto f lozfr uho jkanido gkh o hçk io losf païstngo oboptor ik prfpork f kgaunr5 \osfanior rfhoifsgfitf, bfitfs vnznidks f oitockinstos5 Ocuorbor o losf païstngo f afvor k gkimuitk fh jkgo, pksngnkioibk skjrf k prfpork f opfrtoibk  otî nsqufhnor o cficnvo poro quf o rfsnio pfiftrf iks suagks f gkpnf k tîrhnik. Zfhkãçk bks fxgfssks crkssfnrks f bfanhntoãçk ningnoa bk tîrhnik gkh pkito bf aïpns bf gfro5 Zffhjosohfitk gkh rfsnio skjrf k tîrhnik bk prfpork5 Zfcuaornzoãçk f omustfs bos horcfis gkh hninguts5 Omustf kgausoa gkh k oitockinsto5 Ogojohfitk f pkanhfitk5 Gnhfitoãçk prkvns÷rno.

  Zfoanzobo hkabocfh prfvnohfitf ok prfpork bk bfitf.

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Fh snangkif, pkbf sfr rfoanzobo skhfitf gkh k hotfrnoa pfsobk, ku gkh k pfsobk f k afvf io tîgingo snhuatêifo. Fssf hotfrnoa oprfsfito honkr fstojnanbobf bnhfisnkioa. Fh oacniotk, sklrf sniîrfsf f nistojnanbobf bnhfisnkioa. Prfpork fh bfitfs sfh oatfroãçk bf oiotkhno  bfitfs  bfitfs dècnbks5 Gkrkos prkvns÷rnos opfios gkh k tîrhnik bfsoboptobk5 Jkgo ‑bfstruèbo= vïrnks fafhfitks poro figfrohfitk f hkabocfh skjrf k figfrohfitk5 figfrohfitk5 Hons utnanzobks fh bfitfs pkstfrnkrfs, pkrîh tohjîh pkbfh sfr usobks fh oitfrnkrfs.  ‗ 

Wfquíigno gaèingo

Hkabocfh prî-prfpork Prfpork bk bfitf \osfanior k prfpork fh jkgo Gkilfgãçk bk prkvns÷rnk=  tîgingo bk pnigfa (aèqunbk f p÷) ku hoinpuaor k p÷ f k aèqunbk bo ZOO_ fh uh pktf boppfi f nisfrnr ik hkabf quoibk o hnsturo fstnvfr io losf païstngo gkh fspïtuao5  rfpksngnkior k hkabf fh jkgo skjrf k prfpork fh jkgo f ocuorbor o prfso pro o rfhkã rfhkãçk5 çk5  rftnror k prkvns÷rnk bk hkabf f bfhorgor k tîrhnik5  bfscostor ks fxgfssks gkh jrkgo hningut tktoahfitf fh poroafak, opfios ios jkrbos, sfh bfscostor o oiotkhno bo gkrko5  prkvor fh jkgo, f lozfr rffhjosohf rffhjosohfitk= itk= - vosfanior k prfpork fh jkgo rfpksngnkiorr k prkvns÷rnk fh jkgo - gkh pnigfa, obngnkior rfsnio ik tîrhnik bk prfpork f rfpksngnkio ifgfssïrnks rnks ik tîrhnik bk prkvns÷rnk  - ocuorbor prfso, rfhkvfr f lozfr ks bfscostfs ifgfssï - gkilfrnr pkitk bf gkitotk gkh gorjkik  Ogojohfitk f pkanhfitk= pkito bf gohurão f pkitos gkakrnbos (vfrbf f ohorfao), f pkitos bf lfatrk gkh posto pkanbkro. Gnhfitoãçk prkvns÷rno

   

  kabocfis f

kbfaks bf Rrojoadk

Gkimuitk bf prkgfbnhfitks gaèingks usobks poro o rfprkbuãçk ifcotnvo bks prfporks bfitïrnks f bos rfcnöfs obmogfitfs pkr hfnk bf hotfrnons f tîgingos obfquobos.

Fxtfisçk bk prfpork bfitrk bk suagk cficnvoa5 Intnbfz bk tîrhnik gfrvngoa5 Woýbf bk tfgnbk cficnvoa=  O fxtfisçk sujcficnvoa bk prfpork bfvf prfsfrvor o soýbf pfrnkbkitoa, pkns o prfsfião bf nilaohoãçk cficnvoa gkh soicrohfitk f fxsubotk nilaohot÷rnk nhpfbf o kjtfiãçk bf hkabfs prfgnsks. O honkrno bks hotfrnons bf hkabocfh oprfsfitoh oatfroãöfs io prfsfião bf uhnbobf, k quf bnlnguato o kjtfiãçk tîgingo bf uh jkh hkabf.  K tîrhnik gfrvngoa bfvf sfr ansk, pkanbk f jfh bflninbk poro sfr jfh gkpnobk buroitf o hkabocfh. Os gkrkos prkvns÷rnos bfvfh sfr jfh oboptobos f tfr gkitkriks gkrrftks, f lngorfh fstïvfns f rfsnstfitfs iuh prfpork jnkhfgoingohfitf ogfntk (tîrhnik gdoilrk, fspfssuro f oicuaoãçk).

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(bfsusk) Oiîns gkurk fgousoibk bf gkjrf, crohpks porookbnquf jkrrogdo f gkrkos prkvns÷rnos gnhfitobos sfh rfhkãçk bks fxgfssks lkroh bf utnanzobks croibfs boiks tfgnbkbfpfrnkbkitoa.

(bfsusk) Gakrftk bf znigk bf : o 20%, oaýhfi f otî ïgnbk sualýrngk bnauèbk gousovoh sîrnks trouhotnshks ok tfgnbk cficnvoa gkhk dnpfrfhno, ifgrksf bk fpntîank suaguaor f rfgfssçk cficnvoa, sfibk tçk ku hons trouhïtngks bk quf ks hfnks hfgêingks. Gkidfgnbo gkhk o tîgingo bf rftroãçk cficnvoa gkh lnk rftrotkr, lkroh bfsfivkavnbks lnks bf oackbçk nhprfciobks gkh sujstêignos quèhngos voskgkistrntkros f obstrnicfitfs poro prkhkvfr k olostohfitk cficnvoa f gkitrkaor o uhnbobf f k soicrohfitk ik suagk cficnvoa. Os sujstêignos utnanzobos iks lnks sçk o fpniflrnio, sualotk bf oauhèink, gakrftk bf oauhèink f sualotk lîrrngk.  Fpniflrnio= ? pkafcobo (:,62 gh) bfssf lnk gkitîh hons bk quf o bksf b ksf hïxnho rfgkhfibobo poro uh pognfitf soubïv soubïvfa fa f, ?:x hons bk quf o bksf poro uh pognfitf gorbnkpoto. K tfhpk bf pfrhoiíigno bfitrk bk suagk içk bfvf uatropossor 4 hniutks, poro fvntor boiks ok tfgnbk cficnvoa. 

Obstrnicfitfs pkbfh sfr usobks fh tfgnbks uagfrobks5 sçk hons dfhkstïtngks f içk gousoh bnstýrjnks fh pognfitfs gkh prkjafhos snstíhngks. Gkitubk pkbfh bfnxor rfsèbuks buroitf o suo rfhkãçk f içk olostoh ks tfgnbks tçk jfh quoitk ks nhprfciobks gkh fpniflrnio. K tfhpk bf pfrhoiíigno ik suagk cficnvoa poro k lnk gkh sualotk bf oauhèink  î bf ?0 hniutks5 gkh gakrftk bf oauhèink, bf 6 o ?0 hniutks5 f k gkh sualotk lîrrngk, bf ? o 7 hniutks. _uoibk dï soicrohfitk, pkbfh sfr fhprfcobks lnks gkh obstrnicfitf, hos o quoanbobf bk olostohfitk cficnvoa fstorï hons rfaognkiobo gkh o tîgingo bf nisfrãçk bk quf gkh o sujstêigno utnanzobo.

Fivkavfh faftrkgnrurcnos ku gurftocfh cficnvoa gkh pkito bnohoitobo, hos pkbfh gousor sfqufaos gkhk ifgrksf ÷ssfo f rfgfssçk cficnvoa ogfituobo.

 

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Wfr ot÷xngk5 Rfr gkr quf lognantf o nbfitnlngoãçk bks bftoadfs bk hkabf gkh prfgnsçk op÷s o pkanhfrnzoãçk lnioa5 Pfrhntnr uh tfhpk bf trojoadk sotnslot÷rnk, fspfgnoahfitf fh gosks gkh hýatnpaks prfporks5 Gkisnstíigno obfquobo f sfr sulngnfitfhfitf prfgnsk poro rfprkbuznr bftoadfs5 Wfr dnbrklèangk= ks dnbrkgkaknbfs rfvfrsèvfns, sçk tktoahfitf dnbrklèangks f pkbfh sfr fhprfcobks fh ohjnfitfs ýhnbks5 ks bfhons sçk dnbrkl÷jngks f bfvfh sfr opangobks fh suagk cficnvoa sfgk. Içk sf bflkrhor ok sfr rfhkvnbk bo jkgo5 quoitk honkr o rftfiãçk fxnstfitf io ïrfo hkabobo, honkr sfrï o bnstkrãçk bk 

 

hkabf. Zfgkhfibobk usor gfro utnanbobf ifssos rfcnöfs. Oprfsfitor fstojnanbobf bnhfisnkioa bnoitf huboiãos bf uhnbobf f tfhpfroturo5 Içk tfr ckstk f ifh gdfnrk fxocfrobks5 Rfr jko obfsçk à hkabfnro5 Wfr gkhpotèvfa gkh ks hotfrnons gkhk cfssks f rfsnios5 Içk oprfsfitor bnstkrãçk buroitf k vozohfitk bk hkabf. Oacuis hotfrnons bfvfh sfr vozobks k hons ropnbohfitf pkssèvfa poro fvntor o lkrhoãçk bf sujprkbutks (ïagkka ku ïcuo) buroitf o rfoãçk bf prfso, rfsuatoibk fh bnstkrãöfs. Pkanîtfr f snangkif bf obnãçk bfvfh sfr vosobks ik hèinhk ? dkro fh vnrtubf bo anjfroãçk bf dnbrkcíink quf kgosnkio jkados ik hkbfak. Wfr possèvfa bf bfsnilfgãçk oitfs bk vozohfitk sfh oatfroãçk bos prkprnfbobfs.  

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Oprfsfitobks fh jnsioco poro usk fh hkabfnros f fh sfrnicos Pkbfh pfrbfr ïcuo (sniîrfsf) quf oatfro o fstojnanbobf bnhfisnkioa

Hfrgoptoios= posto josf f posto gotoansobkro Gkisnstíignos pfsobos, rfcuaor f afvf5 Nibngobos poro bnlfrfitfs tîgingos, tfh jkh tfhpk bf trojoadk (> hniutks poro o pkanhfrnzoãçk lnioa)

Oprfsfitobks fh jnsiocos, tfh fxgfafitf fstojnanbobf bnhfisnkioa Hons prfgnsks quf os snangkios bf gkibfisoãçk f tfh jkh obfsnvk  Dnbrklèangk, içk pkbf sfr trojoadobk fh ohjnfitf bf oato uhnbobf Zoscoh-sf lognahfitf5 tfhpk bf trojoadk rfbuznbk f ckstk bfsocrobïvfa. Bfvf sfr vozobk nhfbnotohfitf

Posto josf f posto gotoansobkro bf jonxo vnsgksnbobf Wujprkbutk î k ïagkka ftèangk quf ok fvopkror gkilfrf oatfroãçk bnhfisnkioa Jonxo rfsnstíigno ok roscohfitk 

Posto josf f posto gotoansobkro5 fxgfafitf fstojnanbobf bnhfisnkioa Pkbf sfr vozobk fh otî 24 dkros op÷s o suo kjtfiãçk  Içk pkbf sfr hoinpuaobk hoinpuao bk usoibk auvos, pkns sklrf oatfroãçk io pprfsfião rfsfião bf fixklrf.

 

Fstojnanbobf Bnhfisnkioa Bflkrhoãçk p÷s o prfso Rfhpk bf \ozohfitk Zfprkbuãçk Bf bftoadfs Zfsnstíigno ok Zoscohfitk Rfhpk bf Rrojoadk Lognanbobf bf Vsk Lognanbobf bf Zfhkãçk Kbkr Fstfrnanzoãçk Gustk

Dnbrkgkaknbf Zfvfrsèvfa

Pkanssualftk

Pkanîtfr

Wnangkio bf Gkibfisoãçk

Wnangkif bf bnãçk

Zfcuaor

Zfcuaor

Huntk jko

Zfcuaor

Fxgfafitf

Oato

Oato

Jonxo

Oato Oato

Jonxo

Nhfbnotk

? dkro

3 bnos hoitnbk

Nhfbnotk

Op÷s ? dkro f

Zfcuaor

Jko

Wfgk Fxgfafitf

Jko

Otî 3 bnos Fxgfafitf

Huntk jonxo

Oato

Hîbno

Jonxo

Jonxo

Gurtk

Akick

Rîgingo bnlègna

Zfcuaor

Bf gurtk o Hîbnk Jko

Bf hîbnk o Akick Jko

Bf hîbnk o Akick Jko

Huntk lïgna

Lïgna

Zfcuaor

Zfcuaor

Fxgfafitf Zfcuaor

Pkjrf Zfcuaor

Hkbfro o Bnlègna Zfcuaor Zfcuaor

Fxgfafitf Fxgfafitf

Fxgfafitf Fxgfafitf

Jonxk

Jonxk

Huntk oatk

Zfcuaor

Huntk oatk

 

Bupao hnsturo ku ýingk tfhpk/snhuatêifo (gkh usk bf lnk rftrotkr) Zffhjosohfitk ku bupao nhprfssçk (gkh usk bf lnk rftrotkr) Gosquftfs nibnvnbuons (sfh lnk rftrotkr)  Op÷s o rfhkãçk bos gkrkos prkvns÷rnos f anhpfzo bks bfitfs prfporobks, loz-sf o sfafãçk bk lnk rftrotkr, quf bfvf oprfsfitor uh bnêhftrk gkhpotèvfa gkh os gorogtfrèstngos bk suagk cficnvoa.  Î ifgfssïrnk uh olostohfitk hèinhk bk suagk bf 0,: hh poro quf k hotfrnoa bf hkabocfh içk sf roscuf io rfhkãçk.  Fh sfcunbo, loz-sf k nskaohfitk bk gohpk gkh rkaks bf oackbçk.  O gkakgoãçk bk lnk bfvf sfr ningnobo pfao logf poaotnio/anicuoa ku prkxnhoa, f gkitkrior tkbk k bfitf.  O rfhkãçk bfvf sfr lfnto gkh gunbobk op÷s uhfbfgí-ak gkh ïcuo poro fvntor obfsçk ok fpntîank suaguaor.  Rkbo o ïrfo bfvf sfr aovobo f sfgo, f k hotfrnoa bf hkabocfh nimftobk ik suagk cficnvoa gkh uho sfrnico. = Vh lnk hons lnik (0,6hh) î nisfrnbk io josf bk suagk poro olostohfitk vfrtngoa5 o sfcunr uh lnk gkh bnêhftrk honkr (0, 00 f 000) î nisfrnbk poro prkhkvfr k olostohfitk aotfroa bo cficnvo, hoitfibk k prnhfnrk lnk ik suagk buroitf o hkabocfh.  Wf k tîrhnik fstnvfr jfh akgoanzobk bfitrk bk suagk f k tfgnbk fstnvfr soubïvfa, opfios uh lnk sfrï k sulngnfitf poro o kjtfiãçk bf olostohfitk vfrtngoa f aotfroa bo cficnvo horcnioa.

 

 

Prfvnohfitf ok vozohfitk bk cfssk ku bk fivnk bo hkabocfh ok aojkrot÷rnk. Bfitrf ks bfsnilftoitfs, fstçk k cautoroabfèbk o :% f k dnpkgakrntk bf s÷bnk o 0,6 ku o ?%. hkabfs bf pkanssualftk f snangkif5   hkabfs gkh oacniotk, pkanssualftk, snangkif, pkanîtfr, dnbrkgkaknbfs rfvfrsèvfa f ckbnvo.  Poro k oacniotk f pkanîtfr, k dnpkgakrntk bfvf sfr ospfrcnbk skjrf k hkabf.  Fh sfcunbo k hkabf î gkjfrtk gkh popfa-tkoado uhfbfgnbk gkh k dnpkgakrntk f nisfrnbk fh sogk païstngk pkr ?0 •

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hniutks. O sfcunr k hkabf î aovobk fh ïcuo gkrrfitf, sfgk f vozobk. Poro ks kutrks hotfrnons, toitk k cautoroabfèbk quoitk k dnpkgakrntk, ks hkabfs bfvfh sfr aovobks fh ïcuo gkrrfitf f rfhkvfr k fxgfssk bf ïcuo5 Gkakgor k bfsnilftoitf fh uho gujo gkh tohpo5 bfnxor k hkabf nhfrsk io skauãçk pkr ?0 hniutks5 aovor k hkabf fh ïcuo gkrrfitf5 f sfgor oitfs bf vozor.

Ks hotfrnons pfsobk f afvf sçk hoinpuaobks f usobks snhuatoifohfitf. K tfhpk bf hnsturo î fh hîbno bf 70 o 20sfc, f o hoinpuaoãçk bfvf sfr rfoanzobo o uho tfhpfroturo oprkxnhobo bf :6°G. Içk sf bfvf usor auvos ok trojoador gkh snangkio bf obnãçk. k Os postos josf f gotoansobkro bk hotfrnoa afvf sçk bksobos fh gkhprnhfitks ncuons f hnsturobos otî o kjtfiãçk  bf uho hnsturo dkhkcíifo5 k Gorrfco-sf o sfrnico f opango-sf uho lnio gohobo bk hotfrnoa skjrf o supfrlègnf bk hotfrnoa pfsobk mï gkakgobk io hkabfnro5 k K lnk bf olostohfitk î rfhkvnbk, o rfcnçk î aovobo gkh ïcuo f bfpkns sfgo. k O pkito bo sfrnico î pksngnkiobo ik suagk cficnvoa f nimfto-sf k hotfrnoa gkh hkvnhfitks gnrguaorfs fivkavfibk  tkbk k bfitf prfporobk5 k Afvo-sf o hkabfnro à jkgo sfh prfssnkiï-ao, prkguroibk gfitroanzï-ao poro gkisfcunr uho nhprfssçk gkh fspfssuro uinlkrhf bk hotfrnoa fh vkato bks bfitfs f bos rfcnöfs obmogfitfs5

Gkisnstf fh rfoanzor uho hkabocfh prfanhnior gkh k hotfrnoa pfsobk, poro fh sfcunbo, lozfr o sfcuibo hkabocfh gkh k hotfrnoa bf gkisnstíigno hons launbo. k Os postos josf f gotoansobkro pfsobos sçk hoinpuaobos f nisfrnbos io hkabfnro bf fstkquf f nitrkbuznbos io jkgo. k Op÷s k tfhpk bf pkanhfrnzoãçk, rfhkvnbos fh hkvnhfitk ýingk. k Vh pfqufik oaèvnk î rfoanzobk gkh pkitos bnohoitobos ios rfcnöfs bks bfitfs, poro grnor fspoãk poro o gkakgoãçk  bk sfcuibk hotfrnoa bf hkabocfh. k Os postos josf f gotoansobkro afvfs sçk hnsturos f gorrfcobos io sfrnico, f o ïrfo oanvnobo bk hkabf î gkjfrto gkh uho lnio gohobo bk hotfrnoa afvf. k K lnk bf olostohfitk î rfhkvnbk, o rfcnçk î aovobo gkh ïcuo f bfpkns sfgo. O pkito bo sfrnico î pksngnkiobo ik  suagk cficnvoa f nimfto-sf k hotfrnoa gkh hkvnhfitks gnrguaorfs fivkavfibk tkbk k bfitf prfporobk5 f fh sfcunbo afvo-sf o hkabfnro à jkgo sfh prfssnkiï-ao. k Ocuorbo-sf k tfhpk bf pkanhfrnzoãçk f rfhkvf-sf o hkabfnro bo jkgo fh uh hkvnhfitk ýingk.

 

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Hîtkbk hfgêingk bf olostohfitk cficnvoa quf içk gouso trouho ok pfrnkbkitk bf prktfãçk. Ks gosquftfs sçk gkilfggnkiobks bnrftohfitf skjrf hkbfaks bf cfssk kjtnbks prfvnohfitf gkh hkabocfh prfanhnior bf oacniotk, ku sf dkuvfr tfhpk, gkh o bupangoãçk bup angoãçk bf gkrkos prkvns÷rnos. Ifssf gosk, ks gosquftfs sfrçk uho rîpango bks prkvns÷rnks, gkh horcfis omustobos às horcfis bks prfporks, k quf lognanto k rffhjosohfitk gfrvngoa.

 

Op÷s o rfhkãçk bo gkrko prkvns÷rno, î lfnto o anhpfzo bo supfrlègnf sup frlègnf nitfrio rfhkvfibk tkbk k gnhfitk prkvns÷rnk5

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Oacniotk fh pktf boppfi, os gkrkos sçk prffigdnbos gkh oacniotk f nitrkbuznbos ik rfgnpnfitf, bfnxoibk os logfs nignsons/kgausons vnsèvfns5 Op÷s o cfafnlngoãçk, os gkrkos sçk rfhkvnbos f k hkabf î prffigdnbk gkh ZOO_ otî otnicnr o logf nignsoa/kgausçk, bfnxoibk uh ancfnrk fxgfssk fh oaturo poro lognantor k hoiusfnk5 Kgkrrnbo o pkanhfrnzoãçk bo rfsnio, os rîpangos sçk rfhkvnbos f bfscostobks ks fxgfssks f lfntk ogojohfitk. K oaèvnk nitfrik bk gosquftf î rfoanzobk gkh jrkgo fslîrngo croibf, sfh bfscostor os horcfis. K olostohfitk hfgêingk bk tfgnbk cficnvoa î gkisfcunbk pfak rffhjosohfitk bk gosquftf gkh rfsnio ios horcfis bk prfpork. Î utnanzobo o Buroaoy bf gkr vfrhfado poro lognantor o vnsuoanzoãçk bks bftoadfs bk tîrhnik gfrvngo gfrvngoa.a.

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Ks bfitfs prfporobks bfvfh sfr nskaobks gkh vosfanio s÷anbo, f o rfsnio afvobo skjrf tkbk k tîrhnik gfrvngoa gkh uh pnigfa lnik ku uho fspïtuao bf nisfrãçk5 Op÷s o pfrbo porgnoa bk jrnadk bo rfsnio, k gosquftf î pksngnkiobk afitohfitf ik bfitf otî figkitror rfsnstíigno. O prfssçk bk gosquftf gkitro o rfsnio launbo bfpksntobo ik tîrhnik bk prfpork, von prkhkvfr k olostohfitk  hfgêingk aotfroa nhfbnotk, rozçk pfao quoa î gkhuh ogkitfgfr nsqufhno bo rfcnçk. Buroitf o pkanhfrnzoãçk, î ogkisfadïvfa hkvnhfitor ancfnrohfitf k gosquftf, poro fvntor rftfiãöfs hfgêingos5 Op÷s o rfhkãçk bk gosquftf, oioanso-sf tkbk k tîrhnik gfrvngoa rffhjosobk, vfrnlngoibk o intnbfz bf tkbo o horcfh f o fxnstíigno bf uh pfqufik fxgfssk oaîh bk tîrhnik horcnioa, bf ik hèinhk 0,:hh, gdohobk bf ‑sono‘. Op÷s o pkanhfrnzoãçk bo rfsnio, os horcfis fxtfrios bk gosquftf f os nitfrios, sçk bfanhntobos gkh crolntf f ks fxgfssks bfvfh sfr rfhkvnbks.

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Fsso tîgingo tfh gkhk voitocfh o coroitno bf uho jko hkabocfh, f o fgkikhno, vnstk quf o quoitnbobf bf hotfrnoa ifgfssïrno poro prffigdfr k gosquftf î huntk pfqufio f, gkisfqufitf oatfroãçk bnhfisnkioa rfbuznbo. Î nibnspfisïvfa o opangoãçk bf obfsnvk io supfrlègnf nitfrio bk gosquftf, pkns faf fstojfafgf uho s÷anbo uinçk fitrf k

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gosquftf f hotfrnoa bf hkabocfh, fvntoibk quf fstf sf bfsakquf ku roscuf. Gkh hngrkjrusd, opangor k obfsnvk fh tkbo supfrlègnf nitfrio bk gosquftf f fxtfriohfitf fh :hh5 bfnxor sfgor, lkrhoibk uho lnio gohobo Bksor f hoinpuaor os postos josf afvf f gotoansobkro5 gkh fspïtuao bf nisfrãçk, prffigdfr k gosquftf fvntoibk nigausçk  bf jkados bf or Pksngnkior afitohfitf k gosquftf skjrf k bfitf, gfrtnlngoibk-sf bf quf dkuvf k fxtrovosohfitk bk hotfrnoa ok rfbkr bf tkbk k gosquftf. Hoitfr fh pksnãçk skj afvf prfssçk otî quf kgkrro o pkanhfrnzoãçk tktoa bk hotfrnoa bf hkabocfh Hkabfnro bf fstkquf gkh oacniotk, snangkif bf gkibfisoãçk ku gkh hkabfnro nibnvnbuoa. Oacniotk î nibngobk poro fafhfitks nskaobks, PPLs pfqufios uin ku jnaotfrons, oitfrnkrfs ku pkstfrnkrfs, f quf içk  fivkavoh tkbk k orgk. Wnangkio bf gkibfisoãçk î nibngobk poro gosks bf pr÷tfsfs fxtfisos gkh vïrnks bfitfs prfporobks. Fhprfco-sf o tîgingo bo bupao hnsturo, io quoa o hkabfnro î gorrfcobo gkh k hotfrnoa pfsobk f ks gosquftfs go squftfs f ks bfitfs vnznidks gkh k hotfrnoa afvf hons launbk. Afvo-sf o hkabfnro fh pksnãçk otî pkanhfrnzoãçk tktoa, rfhkvfibk fh hkvnhfitk ýingk. Hkabfnro nibnvnbuoa î nibngobo quoibk dï hýatnpaks bfitfs prfporobks.  

 

IÝGAFKW NIRZ ZZ BNGVA ZFW Zftfitkrfs nitrorrobnguaorfs ku bf prffigdnhfitk sçk nibngobks poro bfitfs gkh gkrkos tktoa ku porgnoahfitf bfstruèbos, quf ifgfssntfh bf trotohfitk gkh pr÷tfsf. Rfh o luiãçk bf rfgkistrunr porgnoahfitf o oiotkhno pfrbnbo, gkilfrnibk gkibnãöfs jnkhfgêingos ok rfhoifsgfitf poro sustfitor uho rfstouroãçk bflnintnvo fh luiãçk, pkr uh akick pfrèkbk bf tfhpk. Pnik fibkbòitngk î uh kjmftk gnaèibrngk ku gòingk quf sf obopto bfitrk bk gkibutk robnguaor.   ýgafk bf prffigdnhfitk prffigdnhfitk î k hotfrnoa opangobk bnrftohfitf skjrf k pnik, pkr hfnk bf ortnlègnks rftfitnvks, poro rfpkr o  fstruturo gkrkiïrno pfrbnbo. Vsuoahfitf lfntk gkh rfsnio gkhpksto.

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Bfitfs gkh fibkbòitngkgkh tfhpfrbo suo rfsnstíigno bnhniuèbo, fxgftk bfitïrno, bfitfs gkh grnstos horcnions _uoibk bfitfs gkh ttt ttt fibkbòitngk, porgnoa ku tktoa bf fstruturo fstçk nibngobks gkhknitogtos. pnaorfs bf PPL, o fsgkado bk tnpk bf pnik, osskgnobk ok gnhfitk, bfvf prkpkrgnkior ok gkimuitk ronz/gnhfitk/pnik uho fstruturo sfhfadoitf o uh hkikjakgk ku o uho ýingo uinbobf.     

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Prkluibnbobf bf skibocfh5 ièvfa ÷ssfk5 Prkpkrãçk gkrko/ronz5 Pnaor bf PPL/fxtfisçk5 Oiotkhno bk gkibutk5 Zfhoifsgfitfs (?,6 o :,6hh bf oaturo)5

hfadkro o lkrho bf rftfiãçk f rfsnstíigno bk prfpork f bnhniun os tfisöfs io nitfrlogf bfitf/gnhfitk/pnik otuoibk gkhk ojskrvfbkr bf tfisöfs.

Nibngobks poro bfitfs quf hoitnvfroh portf gkisnbfrïvfa bo gkrko gaèingo op÷s k prfpork, gkh k kjmftnvk bf ouhfitor o rfsnstíigno bk hotfrnoa bf prffigdnhfitk, quf von sfrvnr bf oigkrocfh o luturo rfstouroãçk. Oprfsfitoh faostngnbobf pr÷xnho o bo bfitnio, k quf pfrhntf o kjtfiãçk bf uho uinbobf hfgoingohfitf dkhkcíifo quf hninhnzo k fstrfssf io nitfrlogf bfitnio/gnhfitk/pnik. Içk nitfrlfrfh io gkr bk hotfrnoa bf prffigdnhfitk bk iýgafk f bf gkrkos gkilfggnkiobos fh gfrêhngo, fspfgnoahfitf os bf oato troisaugnbfz. Oprfsfitoh gkhk voitocfh o snhpanlngoãçk bks prkgfbnhfitks gaèingks, uho vfz quf pkbfh sfr gkilfggnkiobks iuho ýingo sfssçk. O fsgkado bfvf sfr bftfrhniobo bf ogkrbk gkh o rfaoãçk bnêhftrk bk gkibutk/gkhprnhfitk bk pnik. O sfafãçk bk pnik î lfnto gkhporoibk sfu bnêhftrk à auz bk gkibutk pkr hfnk bf robnkcrolno. O prfsfião bf uho fspfssuro bf : hh io pkrãçk rfhoifsgfitf bo ronz ouhfito o rfsnstíigno o lroturos (flfntk lîruao). K gkibutk î prfporobk usoibk o sfquíigno bos jrkgos bf Aorck f Cotfs, f bfvfh sf fstfibfr oprkxnhobohfitf bkns tfrãks bk gkhprnhfitk bk bfitf, bf suo pkrãçk gkrkioa prfporobo otî k ïpngf, prfsfrvoibk ik gkibutk, uh hèinhk bf 7 o 2 hh bf hotfrnoa kjturobkr poro coroitno bk sfaohfitk opngoa. _uoibk k bfitf oprfsfitor pfrbo ÷ssfo, k  gkhprnhfitk bk pnik bfvf sfr fqunvoafitf à hftobf bk supkrtf ÷ssfk bo ronz fivkavnbo. Poro o gnhfitoãçk bfssfs pniks, ks gnhfitks rfsniksks sçk usobks pkr oprfsfitorfh jonxo skaujnanbobf f pkr suos prkprnfbobfs hfgêingos bf obfsçk o bfitnio f oks pniks bf lnjro bf vnbrk, quf ouhfitoh o rfsnstíigno bo nitfrlogf f rfbuzfh o gkigfitroãçk bf fstrfssf.      

Gkitrkaf bo uhnbobf bfitrk bk gkibutk f bo quoitnbobf bf obfsnvk opangobk fh sfu nitfrnkr5 Bnstêigno bo pkrãçk hons opngoa bk pnik ok pkitk bf nignbíigno bo auz lktkpkanhfrnzobkro5 Vsk bf ocfitfs kxnboitfs bf anhpfzo nitrorrobnguaor5 Nigkhpotnjnanbobf bks snstfhos obfsnvks snhpanlngobks gkh ks gnhfitks bf pkanhfrnzoãçk quèhngo f buoa5 \ornoãöfs bk sujstrotk bfitniïrnk ok akick bo ronz5 Lotkr G (i½ bf porfbfs fh gkitotk gkh k hotfrnoa rfstourobkr vfrsus i½ bf porfbfs anvrfs 8 lotkr bf gkitroãçk) buroitf o lktkpkanhfrnzoãçk 

 

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Op÷s o rfhkãçk bk hotfrnoa kjturobkr (jrkgos bf Aorck), loz-sf o rfcuaornzoãçk bos porfbfs bk gkibutk gkh uho jrkgo (Cotfs) gkhpotèvfa gkh k bnêhftrk bk gkibutk, sfh oaorcï-ak. K bnêhftrk bk pnik î sfafgnkiobk bf ogkrbk gkh o jrkgo fhprfcobo ik prfpork bk gkibutk. Nbfoa quf o auz bk gkibutk  prfporobk fqunvoado o ?/7 bk bnêhftrk bo ronz. Î nhpkrtoitf quf k pnik lnquf jfh oboptobk às porfbfs bk gkibutk, poro quf o fspfssuro bk gnhfitk sfmo rfbuznbo. Zobnkcrolno poro gkilfríigno bf oboptoãçk. Anhpfzo bk pnik gkh ïagkka 30 f opangoãçk bf snaoik fh suo supfrlègnf f ocuorbor ? hniutk poro sfgocfh5

 

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Gkibngnkiohfitk ïgnbk bk gkibutk, aovocfh f sfgocfh5 Opangoãçk bf obfsnvk ik gkibutk f io supfrlègnf bf tkbk k pnik5 Opangoãçk bf uho lnio gohobo bf gnhfitk ik pnik, f nisfrãçk bk gnhfitk ik gkibutk gkh ouxèank bf sfrnico Gfitrnx.

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K pnik bfvf sfr nitrkbuznbk afitohfitf ik nitfrnkr bk gkibutk poro fvntor lkrhoãçk l krhoãçk bf jkado jkados.s.

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Loz-sf o rfhkãçk bks fxgfssks f prkgfbf o lktkotnvoãçk pkr