Resúmenes de Psicología Educacional

 

Tfemnm >< In psehjijkân dmuhnhejfni dmuhnhejfni y in efstuheøf dshjinr

>- In Wsehji Wsehjijkân jkân Dmuhn Dmuhnhejfn hejfni< i< Jaldj y îbaej md efd efdrvdfh rvdfheøf eøf d efvdstkn efvdstknheøf heøf (]drd (]drdsen sen Nrhce Nrhcefn) fn) -

Xdkü Xdküf f ]drdsen ]drdsen Nrhcefn Nrhcefn ds uf hnbpj hnbpj meshepi meshepiefnr efnr qud sd sd jhupn mdi mdi dsumej dsumej psehjiøke psehjiøkehj hj md ijs prjaidb prjaidbns ns hjtmenfjs hjtmenfjs md in dmuhnheøf hjf di `f md hjfreauer ni bdljrnbedfj md in besbn. Wrd Wrdsdf sdfn n mestf mestfns ns hjf hjfhdp hdpun uniez ieznhe nhejfd jfdss sjard sjard di di dbn dbn nprdfmeznld< n. Wnrn in pdrspdhtvn psehjkdfåthn<  Di nprdfmeznld fj ds uf hnbaej jrekefnmj df di bufmj dxdrfj sefj df in prjpen fdhdsemnm mdi suldj md rddsruhurnr sus hjfjhebedfjs y rdsnaidhdr uf dqueiearej. a. Wnrn iinn pdrspdhtvn sjhejkdfåthn<  Di nprdfmeznld ds prjmuhj md ins rdinhejfds dfrd pdrsjfns y, df in dmuhnheøf jrbni, surkd md in efdrnhheøf dfrd mjhdfd-niubfj y niubfj-niubfj.  Ijs hjfjh hjfjhebe ebedf dfjs js sd nmqued nmquedrd rdf f y hnbaen hnbaenf f df di pinfj pinfj ef efdrp drpdrs drsjfn jfnii df di qud her herhui huinf nf efs efsru rubdf bdfjs js meshursevjs kdsnmjs sjhenibdfd, df di qud surkdf bdns, df di qud sd jjrkn sdftmj n ins nrdns n rdnieznr y df di qud sd dldrhd sjard diins ufn hjfhedfhe hjfhedfhenn rddxevn. h. In djrân hiîsehn mdi prjhdsnbedfj md in ef`jrbnheøf< Hjfhead di nprdfmeznld hjbj uf bdhnfesbj md rdprdsdfnheøf mdi hjfjhebedfj, df verum md ijs prjhdsjs md  hjfdxeøf qud sd dsnaidhdf dfrd mestfjs tpjs md bdbjren. m. Wnrn iinn pdrspdhtvn psehjnfniâthn< Ijs prjhdsjs psehjiøkehjs md efrjydhheøf d emdft`hnheøf vnf jrbnfmj di bufmj sualdtvj, di ebnkefnrej.  Df in bdmem bdmemnn qud sd prjmuh prjmuhdd in rupur rupurnn mdi muniesbj muniesbj efe efehen henii bnmrdbnmrd-cel celj j pnrn pnrn nmbetr nmbetrsd sd ni drhdr drhdrj, j, sd  efdrfnieznf ins fjrbns y in huiurn, y pjr nfj sd cnhd pjseaid di nprdfmeznld pjr in nhdpnheøf md in fj hjbpidum y mdi fj snadr (dsnaidhebedfj mdi Xupdryø y mdi emdni mdi yj) d. Xdküf in in øpthn sesåbehn<   Di prjhdsj md nprdfmeznld ebpiehn hnbaej n fevdi hjkfetvj, pdrhdpuni, ndhtvj d efdrnhhejfni.   Mehcjs hnbaejs pudmdf sdr md prebdr y sdkufmj jrmdf.   Df hunfj ni md prebdr jrmdf, [nzinweho ij hjfhdpuniezn hjbj ’ hnbaej md ufn hjfmuhtn n jtrn mdftrj md uf bjmj md hjbpjrtnrsd mnmj ‒.   Bedfrns qud di hnbaej md sdkufmj jrmdf, ebpiehn pnrn di nujr uf ’hnbaej md uf bjmj md hjfmuhtn n jtrj‒.

Tf pjhj pj hj md cesjren - Di fn fnhebe hebedfj dfj md in in Wsehjij Wsehjijkân kân Dmuhnh Dmuhnhejfni ejfni sd seün seün kd kdfdrni fdrnibdf bdfdd dfrd dfrd >577 >577 y >573. >573. - Xd p pudm udmdf df vesu vesunie nieznr znr hunrj hunrj dnpns dnpns df su mds mdsnrr nrrjii jiij< j< >. >337->517< Efdrå Efdråss df jrfj jrfj ni dsum dsumej ej md ins medrdf medrdfhen henss efmeve efmevemun munids ids y in npiehn npiehnheø heøf f n pnrtr pnrtr mdi mdi mdsnr mdsnrrji rjiij ij md in  psehjbdrân (dss), pnrn di menkføsthj md feþjs hjf prjaidbns  Wjr dsj, sd hjfsemdrn qud ijs hjbedfzjs md in Wsehjijkân Dmuhnhejfni dsuvedrjf ieknmjs ni îbaej md in dmuhnheøf dspdheni. 1. >517->544<  Åfnses df ins mebdfsejfds ndhtvns mdi suldj y df in fdhdsemnm md jhupnrsd md sus hjfehjs pdrsjfnids Xd hjbedfzn n ndfmdr, nmdbîs md ijs prjaidbns md nprdfmeznld, ijs nspdhjs sjhej-ndhtvjs md ijs niubfjs  Xd buitpiehnf ijs sdrvehejs psehjiøkehjs nfj mdfrj hjbj udrn md in dshudin  8. >544->5;7< Xd pdr`in uf efdrås hrdhedfd pjr in jrbnheøf mdi prjdsjrnmj, hjfheaeåfmjsd in efdrvdfheøf mdi psehøijkj  dmuhnhejfni hjbj pudfd dfrd in psehjijkân y in prîhthn mjhdfd. Xd rdhjfjhd in fdhdsemnm md prdpnrnr ni mjhdfd yn qud, pjr su prjpej rji, nsubd fnurnibdfd in ufheøf md  jredfnr n sus niubfjs nfj df rdinheøf n ijs prjhdsjs md dfsdþnfzn y nprdfmeznld dshjinr hjbj df ijs nspdhjs sjhejndhtvjs md su mdsnrrjiij. =. Mdsmd >5;7

 

Tfemnm >< In psehjijkân dmuhnhejfni dmuhnhejfni y in efstuheøf dshjinr Di jaldj y ufhejfds md in psehjijkân dmuhnhejfni In u ufh fheø eøf f md in Wseh Wsehji jijk jkân ân Dmuh Dmuhnh nhej ejfn fnii ds md fnu fnurn rnid idzn zn  prjnhvn, ds mdher, mdher, fj søij rdn rdnhv hvn n (pnrn rdbdmenr ins seunhejfds prjaidbîthns j supdrnr me`huinmds md nprdfmeznld), sefj qud dsî merekemn n prdvdfer me`huinmds y n nheienr di mdsnrrjiij. In Wsehj Wsehjijkâ ijkânn Dmuhnhejf Dmuhnhejfni ni sd jhupn jhupn mdi ’dsumej ’dsumej psehji psehjiøkeh økehj j md ijs prjaidbns prjaidbns hjtmen hjtmenfjs fjs md in dmuhnhe dmuhnheøf, øf, md ijs qud qud mdrevnf prefhepejs, bjmdijs, djrâns, prjhdmebedfjs md dfsdþnfzn y båjmjs prîhthjs md dfsdþnfzn y dvniunheøf, nsâ hjbj båjmjs md efvdstknheøf, nfîieses dsnmâsthjs y prjhdmebedfjs md bdmeheøf y vnijrnheøf pnrn di dsumej md ijs prjhdsjs ndhtvjs y md pdfsnbedfj md ijs dsumenfds y ijs hjbpidljs prjhdsjs sjhenids y huiurnids md ins dshudins.‒ In Wsehjijkân Dmuhnhejfni ds ufn meshepiefn qud sd jhupn mdi suldj df seunheøf md nprdfmeznld. Di ef efdr drås ås ds dsu dsumen menrr ij qud qud ins pdrs pdrsjfn jfnss pedfsn pedfsnf, f, sedf sedfdf df y cnhdf cnhdf ’ ni dfsdþnr y nprdfmdr uf hurrâhuij pnrhuinr md 

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uf nbaedftd dspdheni df di qud sd prdtdfmd qud tdfknf iuknr in dmuhnheøf y in hnpnhetnheøf.‒  

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Îbaejs md efdrvdfheøf d efvdstknheøf

>. Wrjhds Wrjhdsjs js md Dfsd Dfsdþnf þnfzns zns y Nprd Nprdfme fmeznl znlds ds In Ws Wseh ehji jijk jkân ân Dm Dmuh uhnh nhej ejfn fnii sd jhupn md<

Dsumenr y dxpiehnr høbj nprdfmdf y mdsnrrjiinf ins pdrsjfns.  Wrjaidbns n ijs qud ins besbns sd dfrdfnf df seunhejfds fudvns md nprdfmeznlds.  Nyumnr n supdrnr nids prjaidbns j me`huinmds.  Mesdþnr d ebpidbdfnr nhhejfds pnrn jptbeznr di nprdfmeznld. Ebpie Ebpiehn hn di hjfjheb hjfjhebedfj edfj md md ijs nhjrds nhjrds efdrfj efdrfjss y dxdrfjs dxdrfjs qud efhemdf efhemdf df ijs ijs prjhdsjs prjhdsjs md dfsdþnr dfsdþnr y nprdfmd nprdfmdr, r, nids hjbj in efdiekdfhen, bjtvnheøf, nujdstbn md quedf nprdfmd y ins hnrnhdrâsthns hjfdxunids d efdrnhheøf y hjbufehnheøf n rnvås md ins hunids di niubfj sd nprjpen md ijs hjfdfemjs hurrehuinrds. Df rrdinh dinheøf eøf ni nprdfmeznl nprdfmeznld, d, In In Wsehji Wsehjijkân jkân Dmuhnhej Dmuhnhejfni fni sd jhupn jhupn md< md< n. º^uå nprdfmdf: < rdsuinmjs md ijs nprdfmeznlds a. ºHøbj nprdfmdf: < prjhdsjs pjr ijs hunids sd iidkn n ijs rdsuinmjs h. ºHuîfmj: ºMøfmd: ºHuîftj: ºHjf quedfds nprdfmdf: < hjfmehejfds md prîhthn qud pjseaeienf di prjhdsj md nprdfmdr y bdmenfd di huni sd nrrean n mddrbefnmjs rdsuinmjs md nprdfmeznld nprdfmeznld.. Tfj m mdd ijs jal jaldtv dtvjs js aîse aîsehjs hjs ds ds in prdv prdvdfh dfheøf eøf mdi mdi rnhn rnhnsj sj dshji dshjinr nr 

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1. Di M Mds dsnr nrrj rjii iij j Cu Cubn bnfj fj

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Xd cnh cnhdd ufn rdinheø rdinheøf f dfrd dfrd mdsnrrjii mdsnrrjiij j y nprdfmeznl nprdfmeznld, d, y sd id jjrkn jjrkn ni suldj suldj uf pnpdi pnpdi nhtvj nhtvj df su mdsnr mdsnrrjiij rjiij Xdkü Xdküf f in TFDXHJ, TFDXHJ, in dmuhnh dmuhnheøf eøf pnrn pnrn di mdsnrrjii mdsnrrjiij j ds nqudiin nqudiin qud mdadrî mdadrî pdrbetr pdrbetr qud qud hnmn pdrsjfn pdrsjfn sd rdspjf rdspjfsnae snaeiehd iehd md su mdstfj n `f md hjfreauer ni prjkrdsj md in sjhedmnm df in dnpn qud vevd, ufmnfmj di mdsnrrjiij df in pnrthepnheøf rdspjfsnaid md ins pdrsjfns y hjbufemnmds. hjbufemnmds. In dmuh dmuhnhe nheøf øf aîsehn aîsehn pnrn jmjs jmjs cn md ansnrsd ansnrsd df hunrj hunrj peinrds peinrds ufmnb ufmnbdf dfnid nids< s< nprdfmd nprdfmdrr n hjfjh hjfjhdr, dr, nprdfmd nprdfmdrr n cnhdr, nprdfmdr n sdr, y nprdfmdr n vever hjf ijs mdbîs. 8. Jr Jred edf fnh nheø eøf f Dm Dmuh uhnt ntvn vn

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Efv Efvjiu jiuhrn hrn uf prjhdsj prjhdsj md nyumn nyumn n ijs suldj suldjss hjfmuhd hjfmuhdfd fd n dshinrd dshinrdhd hdrr uf prjydh prjydhj j md vemn mdsmd mdsmd di huni pudmnf pudmnf jbnr mdhesejfds, dsnaidhdr bdns y jrlnr pinfds. Xd rn rnnn md uf prjh prjhds dsj j qu qudd ds hjftf hjftfuj uj,, ses sesdb dbît îthj hj d ef efd dfh fhej ejfn fni, i, md bdme bdmenh nheø eøf f y dfm dfmdf dfd d n md mdsn snrr rrji jiin inrr in hnpnhemnm md nujmddrbefnheøf md ins pdrsjfns pnrn qud sdnf hnpnhds md emdft`hnr, didker y rdhjfmuher ins nidrfntvns jrdhemns pjr su dfjrfj cnsn nsuber in bîs nhjrmd n su pjdfheni y rnydhjren veni. =. Fdhd Fdhdsemnm semnmds ds D Dmuhnt muhntvns vns dspdhe dspdhenids nids y Dsh Dshudin udin Efhiusevn Efhiusevn

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Di hjf hjfhdp hdpj j md fdhdse fdhdsemnm mnmds ds dmuhn dmuhntvn tvnss dspdhen dspdhenids ids hnbae hnbaenn di pufj pufj md bern, bern, y sd prdjhu prdjhupn pn bîs pjr nlu nlusn snrr in dfsdþnfzn n ins fdhdsemnmds, qud di suldj n ins dxekdfhens mdi sesdbn. Xd rnmu rnmuhd hd ’in mdsvdf mdsvdfnln, nln, meshnpnh meshnpnhemnm emnm j medrdf medrdfhen‒ hen‒ df ’fdhds ’fdhdsemnm emnmds ds dmuhntvns dmuhntvns‒‒ y pnsn n prdkufnrsd prdkufnrsd quå quå fdhdsen fdhdsen nprdfmdr di niubfj, høbj y df quå bjbdfj? quå sd mdad dvniunr, høbj y df quå bjbdfj, y quå rdhursjs vnf n sdr fdhdsnrejs pnrn su prjhdsj md nprdfmeznld. Dsd hn hnbaej baej md pnrnme pnrnmekbn kbn kdfdrniez kdfdrnieznn di hjfhdpj hjfhdpj md ins ins fdhdsem fdhdsemnmds nmds dmuhntv dmuhntvns ns dspdhenid dspdhenids, s, qud ins dxpdr dxpdrebdf ebdfnf nf nqudiins nqud iins pdrsjfns qud rdquedrdf rdquedrdf nyumn j rdhursjs, rdhursjs, qud fj dsîf cnaeunibdf cnaeunibdfd d mespjfea mespjfeaids ids df su hjfdxj hjfdxj dmuhntvj, pnrn pjseaeienrids su prjhdsj md hjfsruhheøf md ins dxpdredfhens md nprdfmeznld dsnaidhemns df di mesdþj hurrehuinr. 4. Mefîbe Mefîbehn hn md md in Efst Efstuh uheøf eøf Dshjin Dshjinrr

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Tfemnm >< In psehjijkân dmuhnhejfni dmuhnhejfni y in efstuheøf dshjinr -

Ijs hnb hnbaej aejss qud sd prjmuld prjmuldrjf rjf df Wsehjij Wsehjijkân kân Dmuhnh Dmuhnhejf ejfni ni dsnanf dsnanf ansnmj ansnmjss df bdljrn bdljrnrr in hniemnm hniemnm md in dmuhnh dmuhnheøf eøf bdmenfd in bjme`hnheøf md ijs hjfdfemjs hurrehuinrds y md ins hjfmehejfds mdi nprdfmeznld. In Wsehjijkân Dmuhnhejfni< ºMd quå sd jhupn: U ºWnrn quå: Xd jhup jhupnn md ijs suldjs suldjs df hjfdxj hjfdxjss dmuhntvjs, dmuhntvjs, npiehnf npiehnfmj mj sus hjfjheb hjfjhebedfj edfjss pnrn hjbprdfm hjbprdfmdr dr d efdrv efdrvdfer dfer sjard sjard di hjbpjrnbedfj md ijs besbjs. Xu `f `fniemn niemnm m ds hjfre hjfreauer auer ni ni mdsnrrji mdsnrrjiij ij md ins ins pdrsjfn pdrsjfns, s, krupjs krupjs d efstu efstuheøf heøf dmuhnt dmuhntvn. vn. Md su qu qudcnh cnhdr mdrevn revnf f<  Menkføsthjs qud efvjiuhrnf fj sjij di prjhdsj md rdhjidhheøf md mnjs y nfîieses md ijs rdsuinmjs sefj nbaeåf, di sdkuebedfj md ijs besbjs iudkj md cnadr dfemj iuknr ins efdrvdfhejfds pdrtfdfds  Hredrejs dfhnbefnmjs n in rdsjiuheøf md prjaidbns psehjiøkehjs md in vemn menren df ins dshudins  Winfdnbedfjs effjvnmjrds df in dfsdþnfzn y nprdfmeznld. In Wseh Wsehjij jijkân kân Dmuhnh Dmuhnhejf ejfni ni fj ieben ieben su nyumn nyumn n in dmuhnh dmuhnheøf eøf ndfme ndfmedfm dfmj j sjij hnsjs hnsjs efmevemu efmevemunid nidss md ni niubf ubfjs js hjf me`huinmds, sefj qud ni sdr su jaldtvj `ufmnbdfni in prdvdfheøf , fdhdsen hjfhdfrnr di bîxebj dsudrzj pnrn in hjfhrdheøf md uf hjflufj md efdrvdfhejfds psehjpdmnkøkehns md nihnfhd kijani jredfnmns n in prjbjheøf md hnbaejs y bdljrnbedfj md in hniemnm dmuhntvn. Ijs pse psehøij høijkjs kjs dmuhnhe dmuhnhejfnid jfnidss fj pudmdf pudmdf nhunr nhunr mdsmd mdsmd di nesinb nesinbedfj edfj j di di knaefdd knaefdd md pudrns pudrns hdrrnm hdrrnmns ns sefj hjf hjf ijs prjdsjrds y jrjs dspdheniesns. Ijs mds mdstfnn tfnnrejs rejs md in in Wsehjijkân Wsehjijkân Dmuhn Dmuhnhejf hejfni ni sjf ijs niubf niubfjs, js, ijs mjhdf mjhdfds, ds, ins nbeie nbeiens, ns, efstuhe efstuheøf øf dmuhntvn dmuhntvn y in hjbufemnm. Di pse psehøi høijkj jkj dmuhnh dmuhnhejf ejfni ni dfhud dfhudfr frnn di iuknr pnrn pnrn iidvnr iidvnr n hnaj su prîhthn prîhthn prjds prjdsejf ejfni ni df di vnsj vnsj bnrhj md in dmuhnheøf pdrbnfdfd< in jrbni d efjrbni. 

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1- Dmuhn Dmuhnheøf. heøf. Pesejf Pesejfds ds nfrjp nfrjpjiøke jiøkehns hns qud susdf susdfnf nf ins djrân djrânss pdmnkø pdmnkøkehns kehns.. @efds y hnrn hnrnhdrâs hdrâsthns thns md in dmuhnheøf df in Idy md Dmuhnheøf Fnhejfni (IDF 10.170). Wrefhepnids peinrds md in dmuhnheøf pnrn di sekij SSE -

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In dmuhnheøf ds ufn ufheøf dsdfheni n in vemn cubnfn. Dtbjiøkehnbdfd dfhjfrnbjs mjs hjfsemdrnhejfds< hjfsemdrnhejfds<  Dmuhnrd<  Hjfmuher, iidvnr ufn pdrsjfn md uf dsnmj n jrj, md ufn seunheøf n jrn Tfn pdrsjfn dmuhnmn ds nqudiin qud sd mdln iidvnr cnhen hedrn bjme`hnheøf md in hjfmuhn qud ds dspdrnmn,  fj ebpjrn quå ds ij qud in pdrsjfn quedrd  Dmuhdrd< Dxrndr, snhnr nikj md nmdfrj md in pdrsjfn  Xd cnhd bîs åfnses df in efdrnhheøf y df uf rji nhtvj mdi dmuhnfmj  In dmuhnheøf ds uf prjhdsj hjbpidlj md mdsnrrjiij md ins hnpnhemnmds md in pdrsjfn y md efhjrpjrnheøf bdmenfd in huiurn md ins dxpdredfhens, hjfjhebedfjs, cnaeiemnmds, vnijrds y fjrbns qud in sjhedmnm hjbufehn n ins fudvns kdfdrnhejfds y qud id pdrbedf n in pdrsjfn mdsnrrjiinrsd hjbj ni d efsdrnrsd df in sjhedmnm df qud vevd. Di cdhcj dmuhntvj ds dxhiusevnbdfd dxhiusevnbdfd cubnfj (pjr su efdiekdfhen, vjiufnm, ieadrnm). Di cjbard fdhdsen nprdfmdr ij qud fj id ds effnj (su nprdfmeznld fj dsî mddrbefnmj), y pjdfhenr ij qud sd id cn mnmj pjr cdrdfhen kdfåthn. Wjr dsj fdhdsen md jrjs y md in huiurn pnrn knrnftznr su rîfsej pjr di bufmj y nsâ mdsnrrjiinr di prjhdsj dmuhntvj. In nhheøf md dmuhnr ds uf prjhdsj rdinhejfni< Xupjfd in efdrvdfheøf hjfshedfd mdi dmuhnfmj y in nhheøf efdfhejfni y krnmuni md quedf dmuhn.  Di dmuhnr sd hjf`kurn df uf hjfdxj, df uf tdbpj y dspnhej qud hjfmehejfnf in efdrnhheøf y in hjfvevdfhen, y  df dsd hjfvever hjf di jrj sd prjmuhd di prjhdsj md rnfsjrbnheøf. Di cdhcj dmuhntvj ds didjiøkehj< Ds uf prjhdsj pdrdhtvj md ins pjdfhens cubnfns, tdfd hjbj prjpøsej hjbpidnr in hjfmeheøf cubnfn mdi  cjbard cjb ard rdhjfjhe rdhjfjheåfm åfmjij jij df in ef efdkr dkremn emnm m md su sdr, sdr, hjbj hjbj nsâ nbaeåf nbaeåf df di dldrhe dldrhehej hej md su iea ieadr drnm nm y rdspjfsnaeiemnm. Xd aushn qud in pdrsjfn pudmn hnbaenr, supdrnrsd, dfrequdhdrsd cnhen su bnyjr aedf.  Di suldj tdfd in hnpnhemnm efmevemuni md nprdfmdr y dsn ds in hjfmeheøf pjr in huni pudmd sdr dmuhnmj.

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Tfemnm >< In psehjijkân dmuhnhejfni dmuhnhejfni y in efstuheøf dshjinr -

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In dmuhnaeiemnm sd md`fd df in seunheøf dmuhntvn besbn, ds rdsuinfd md uf prjhdsj md sjhenieznheøf, ds mdher, qud in rdspjfsnaeiemnm md sus åxejs j rnhnsjs df di nprdfmeznld fj rdhndf df di suldj sefj df ins seunhejfds df ins qud dsîf ebpiehnmjs. Di md mdrd rdhc hcj j n in dm dmuh uhnh nheø eøf f ebpi ebpieh ehnn in `jr `jrbnh bnheøf eøf efdkrn efdkrnii md in pdrsjf pdrsjfn n df in jnie jniemnm mnm md sus mebdfs mebdfsejf ejfds ds hjfstutvns. Dsj ebpiehn di mdrdhcj n ekunimnm md jpjrufemnmds y pjseaeiemnmds y md hniemnm md ijs nprdfmeznlds pnrn jmjs/ns. In dmuhnheøf dmuhnheøf ds ufn nrdn cubnfeznmjrn yn qud rnn md nvjrdhdr, mdsnrrjiinr y pjdfhenr jmns ins pjseaeiemnmds mdi dmuhnfmj, pnrn qud pudmn hjfsruer uf prjydhj pdrsjfni md vemn iidfn md sdftmj. Bernmns Nfrjpjiøkehns Nfrjpjiø kehns Md nhudrmj n høbj bernbjs ni niubfj<  Ds hjbj fjs pjsehejfnbjs rdfd n di  Huîi ds di hjfhdpj md dmuhnheøf qud vnbjs n dfdr  Huîi ds in bdjmjijkân qud vnbjs n ebpidbdfnr 

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>) Xjheniesn sn<  

Xd hjfsemdrn ni rdheåf fnhemj hjbj ufn pîkefn df ainfhj (nauin rnsn), df in huni in dmuhnheøf dshread cnsn iidfnrin hjf nfn efjrbnheøf hjbj sdn pjseaid Di efsrubdfj qud utiezn sdren in efsruhheøf (ebpinfnr, mdpjsenr).

1) Fnurn urnie ies sn< n<   

Xd hjfsemdrn ni dbareøf hjbj ufn sdbeiin qud hjftdfd yn jmn in uurn pinfn Xd hjfsemdrn qud yn jmj dsî mddrbefnmj prdvenbdfd, cny qud dxdrejreznr di hjfjhebedfj. Di båjmj md dfsdþnfzn mdad prdpnrnr di drrdfj, huemnr y prjdkdr, di rji mdi mjhdfd ds pnsevj.

8) Wd Wdrs rsj jfni nies esn n) Md Mdrd rdhc hcj j pdrs pdrsjf jfni ni) Bj Bjmd mdij ij @nbe @nbeie ienr nr            

Qdinhejfds efstuhejfnids efstuhejfnids pnrdhemns n in mdi sesdbn md pnrdfdshj, ij hdfrni ds ij vefhuinr y ij dbjhejfni. Emdnieznheøf md ijs nspdhjs pjsetvjs md ijs bedbarjs, prejreznheøf md ij efjrbni pjr dfhebn md ij jrbni, ij ndhtvj mdspinzn in nrdn Dfrd ijs bedbarjs mdi pdrsjfni, prdvnidhdf ins hjfmuhns prjpens md ins rdinhejfds dfrd ijs cdrbnfjs< in hjbpddfhen, hjbpddfhe n, ijs hdijs y in revniemnm. Fj sd dxpiehen huni ds di hjfrnj qud sd dsnaidhd dfrd ijs bedbarjs md in efstuheøf Xd jjrkn ufn bnyjr ebpjrnfhen j prejremnm n ijs jaldtvjs pdrsjfnids pjr sjard ijs jaldtvjs efstuhejfnids. Di hurrâh hurrâhuij uij prdshr prdshrep epj j ds ekfjrn ekfjrnmj, mj, ds mdher mdher,, ij qud mdadb mdadbjs js dfsdþ dfsdþnr, nr, hjfdf hjfdfemj emj,, aeaiej aeaiejkrn krnn, n, y jaldtv jaldtvjs js pdmnkøkehjs, FJ sjf ij hdfrni. Ijs hjfehjs sjf md ufn bjmniemnm efdrpdrsjfnids? sudidf fj rdsjivdrsd fe dinajrnrsd. Xd prjvjhnf herhuejs rnkbdfnmjs md in hjbufehnheøf y ni fj dxestr hnfnids jrbnids md dsn, di hjfrji md in besbn dsî mjbefnmj pjr di qudrdr mdi iâmdr. Ijs rjids y vâfhuijs sjf efmedrdfhenmjs y mdpdfmedfds. Fj sd dxekd fe sd dvniün in hnpnhemnm mdi dquepj md hjfmuhheøf pnrn knrnftznr in dfsdþnfzn y di nprdfmeznld. Fj cny ufn hinrn nsekfnheøf md rdspjfsnaeiemnmds. Mjs redskjs df dsd tpj md efstuhejfds<  Ins nrdns sd hdfrnf df di bnfdfebedfj mdi sesdbn< in nrdn susnftvn md dfsdþnr, se aedf fj dsî nusdfd, pnsn n uf sdkufmj pinfj. mjhdfdd y niubfj ds mdshjfjhemn j mdshuemnmn.  In fdhdsnren y dspdhâ`hn rdinheøf vefhuinr dfrd hjfjhebedfj, mjhdf 1) Bjmd Bjmdij ij Aur Aurjhrît jhrîthj hj (ufn hudst hudstøf øf md pnpdi pnpdids ds y dxpd dxpdmedf medfds)< ds)<

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Ins jrknfeznhejfds sjf pdrheaemns y rdprdsdfnmns hjbj bîquefns, ufhejfnf md jrbn rutfnren y d`hnz Dfntzn ijs prjhdsjs rnhejfnids, df pnrthuinr in mdshjbpjseheøf rnhejfni md ins nrdns. Di ulj md efjrbnhejfds søij tdfd df hudfn ins fdhdsemnmds md ijs mestfjs dsrnjs ldrîrquehjs, uyd df sdftmj mdshdfmdfd. Xd "mdshjfjhd" in rnbn md ins rdinhejfds efjrbnids qud sd dldf dfrd ijs suldjs, pjr nfj, mdln udrn md su hjfsemdrnheøf in efjrbnheøf qud sd rnfsen pjr ijs hnfnids cjrezjfnids. Di bjmdij md kdstøf ds dhfjhrîthj, in jrbnieznheøf ds di nspdhj prejreznmj, ds efhnpnz md kjadrfnr huniquedr seunheøf ebprdvesn fj hjfdbpinmn df in rdkinbdfnheøf y md efhjrpjrnr ijs hnbaejs d effjvnhejfds. effjvnhejfds. Aushnf rdhjbpjfdr di ufhejfnbedfj ufhejfnbedfj sjard in ansd md rdkins y fjrbns jrbnids, huyj jaldtvj ds fdurnieznr jmn pjseaeiemnm md hjfehj. Hjfhead ni hurrâhuij hjbj uf pinf md efsruhheøf, di nhdfj dsî pudsj df in sdhudfhen y jrknfeznheøf md ijs hjfdfemjs y df in md`feheøf md ins dxpdredfhens pnrn su nprdfmeznld j df di dsqudbn rnhejfni df di huni ins ufemnmds md hjfdfemj sd dsruhurnf hjbj rdsuinmjs mdsdnaids md in efsruhheøf, prejreznfmj hjf uf hredrej d`hedftsn di "høbj dfsdþnr". Xd rutfeznf prîhthns, sd rdedrnf ijs prjhdmebedfjs, ins pinfe`hnhejfds sd rdprjmuhdf hnse emåfthns nþj rns nþj Qedskjs<

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Tfemnm >< In psehjijkân dmuhnhejfni dmuhnhejfni y in efstuheøf dshjinr  

Tf "hedrrd" md ins efstuhejfds, hjbj hjrjinrej md me`huinmds md nmnpnheøf rdsuinfds md ijs bdhnfesbjs râkemjs In mdsvenheøf cnhen uf sesdbn aurjhrîthj iebenfd, qud cnhd pdrmdr md vesn in dspdhe`hemnm md in efstuheøf dshudin? in jasnhuieznheøf md jmn effjvnheøf? in sdkbdfnheøf md in jrknfeznheøf pjr in meveseøf md nrdns y in hre hresn sniez ieznhe nheøf øf df rnhu rnhurns rns y, pjr üitbj, üitbj, in mei meiuh uheøf eøf md rdspjf rdspjfsna snaeie eiemnm mnmds, ds, hjf hjf di mdsme mdsmeaul aulnbe nbedf dfj j md ijs hjbprjbesjs hjfrnhunids qud in efstuheøf dshudin tdfd cnhen in sjhedmnm.

8) Bj Bjmd mdij ij m md d Hjfh Hjfhdr drn nhe heøf øf7

 

Tfemnm >< In psehjijkân dmuhnhejfni dmuhnhejfni y in efstuheøf dshjinr -

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In ufemnm md nfîieses sjf ijs sesdbns (j suasesdbns) fj ijs efmevemujs j ijs krupjs, ij huni ebpiehn uf hnbaej mdi fevdi efrnpsâquehj efmevemuni ni fevdi efdrpdrsjfni. In ufemnm md nfîieses ds in efdrnhheøf sjheni df huyj sdfj sd prjmuhd, rnfsbed y rdhrdn di hjfjhebedfj. Tf sesdbn dmuhntvj dsî hjfstuemj pjr ufn renmn< niubfj, mjhdfd y seunheøf, y pudmdf md`fersd df åi jmns ins prjpedmnmds sesåbehns< jniemnm, dque`fniemnm y rdrjniebdfnheøf. rdrjniebdfnheøf. ]jmn rdinheøf dmuhntvn sd ufmnbdfn df di efdrhnbaej md efjrbnheøf sdn dfrd didbdfjs (mjhdfd- niubfjhjfdxj) j dfrd sesdbns bîs hjbpidljs (sjhedmnm- dmuhnheøf). Df di dfjrfj cny bjme`hnhejfds qud pudmdf sdr verujsns j pdrlumehenids, in efjrbnheøf qud vn mdi dxdrejr ni efdrejr mdi sesdbn y vehdvdrsn pdrbed dfdfmdr in dmuhnheøf hjbj sesdbn naedrj y hjbprjanr hjbj dsn efjrbnheøf rdkuin ijs prjhdsjs qud pdrbedf di dqueiearej mefîbehj. In dmuhnheøf ds<   Tf sesdbn naedrj, efdrhnbaen efjrbnheøf hjf di bdmej, ds efuemj d efuyd df di bdmej sjhejhuiurni hjbpidlj y buitjrbd qud ij rjmdn y utiezn dsn efjrbnheøf qud rdhead mdi dxdrejr pnrn rdkuinr su ufhejfnbedfj md nhudrmj hjf ijs jaldtvjs qud sd prjpjfd. supjf pjfdd hjfsem hjfsemdrn drnrr nspdh nspdhjs js hjbj hjbj in jrknfe jrknfeznh znheøf eøf,, in dsnae dsnaeiem iemnm, nm, di mdsjr mdsjrmdf mdf y in  Tf sesdb sesdbn n hjbpidlj hjbpidlj  su efdsnaeiemnm.  Tf sesdbn sjheni df pdrbnfdfd dqueiearej mefîbehj hjf su dfjrfj, surd pdruranhejfds, mdsvenhejfds, qud ij iidvnf n ufn hjfsnfd rdjrknfeznheøf y n nmnpnhejfds fjvdmjsns. Dsn pdrspdhtvn hjefhemd df vnrejs nspdhjs, hjf in iinbnmn ’pdmnkjkân headrfåthn‒ qud mdshread in dmuhnheøf dfntznfmj ijs dføbdfjs md efdrhnbaej md efjrbnheøf. Efjrbnheøf qud ds utieznmn pnrn di prjpej hjfrji mdi sesdbn, ds uf sdftmj jptbeznfd md nmnpnheøf n ufn seunheøf (ddm-anho), n ufn `fniemnm (ddm-jrwnrm) y ni bdmej (rdkuinheøf). Npjrds hdfrnids md Bjmdijs Xesåbehjs y su npiehnheøf n in dshudin y ni nuin In nbeien ds di nuin prebjrmeni, prjpjrhejfn di prebdr bjmdij md rdinhejfds sjhenids. In dshudin ds di sdkufmj sesdbn, huyn ufheøf nbaeåf ds sjhenieznmjrn, rnfsbed vnijrds, sesdbns md hrddfhens, fjrbns y cîaejs md hjfvevdfhen. Di hjfdxj dshjinr nvjrdhd j mdaeien in hjf`nfzn df sâ besbj, jbdfn ijs dstijs hjbpdttvjs j sjiemnrejs, hrdn nbaedfds prjdhjrds j prdhepen seunhejfds md redskj, hrdn j fj hjf`nfzn df di uurj y nbpiân j rdsrefkd ijs krnmjs md ieadrnm y rdspjfsnaeiemnm pdrsjfni. 

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  Di dhj-sestdbn 

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Dsn hjfhdpheøf ebpiehn hjbprdfmdr di hjbpjrnbedfj md ins pdrsjfns n pnrtr md sus hnrnhdrâsthns efmevemunids, efmevemunids, hjbj pnrd md uf hjfdxj sjhejhuiurni y ufmnbdfnibdfd, md ins efdrnhhejfds qud sd mnf dfrd diins y dsjs hjfdxjs. Xd najrmn di nfîieses sesåbehj di nuin n pnrtr md ijs hjfhdpjs md dsruhurn, hjbufehnheøf, hehij dvjiutvj mdi sesdbn y hjfdxj hjf sus sesdbns md hrddfhens. Hjfhdpuniezn in dshudin j di nuin hjbj uf sesdbn naedrj y df efdrnhheøf mefîbehn y hjbpidln hjf jrjs sesdbns, pdrbetdfmj nsâ, jasdrvnr ins efudfhens qud sjard åi nhünf mdsmd di dxdrejr y di efdrejr, y høbj tdfmd j fj n in bjme`hnheøf hunfmj hunfmj åsn ds fdhdsnren.   In dstruhturn

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Ds di bjmj hjbj sd prdsdfn ufn jrknfeznheøf, df fudsrj hnsj di nuin, rdfd n hnmn herhufsnfhen md su mdvdfer, sedbprd hjfmehejfnmj pjr ijs rnskjs md efvnrenfhen. Ni nfnieznr in dsruhurn, jasdrvnbjs rdkins md pnrthepnheøf, ins hunids md`fdf ins rjfdrns y rdkins md pjmdr qud md`fdf ins ldrnrquâns. Ins rjfdrns md hnmn suakrupj, md`fdf quedf dsî efhiuemj j dxhiuemj md ins ufhejfds md hnmn krupj, quedf/ds sjf bîs rdidvnfds nfd uf prjaidbn pinfdnmj, hjbj sd pjsehejfnf ins pdrsjfns rdfd n in me`huinm. Df di sesdbn îuiehj hedrjs bedbarjs pjsddf bîs pjmdr y ldrnrquân qud jrjs, sd md`fdf nsâ vnrens ldrnrquâns efdrmdpdfmedfds efdrmdpdfme dfds ufns md jrns. Mdpdfmedfmj md in rdspudsn qud di sesdbn mn n ijs dsbuijs md hnbaej, dfhjfrnbjs efstuhejfds dshjinrds (df su efdrejr nuins dshjinrds) hjf dsruhurns y rdkins md ufhejfnbedfj medrdf medrdfhenmns, henmns, bîs râkemns j bîs dxeaids.   In hjbufehnheøf df di hjftdxtj dshjinr 

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Xd md`fd hjbufehnheøf hjbj di efdrhnbaej md efjrbnheøf mdfrj mdi nuin y sd dftdfmd qud jmn hjfmuhn ds hjbufehnheøf. >>

 

Tfemnm >< In psehjijkân dmuhnhejfni dmuhnhejfni y in efstuheøf dshjinr   

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Mdsmd in pdrspdhtvn sesåbehn sd mdad hjbprdfmdr in hjbufehnheøf hjbj ufn rdinheøf efdrnhtvn y ufn jniemnm mefîbehn. Ds uf dføbdfj sjheni nfhinmj df uf bnrhj dspnhej dbpjrni y huiurni hnrnhdreznmj pjr hømekjs y reunids sjhenids. Mdsmd dsn pdrspdhtvn, ni emdft`hnr in hjbufehnheøf y hjfmuhn hjbj seføfebjs, huniquedr hjfmuhn ds dfjfhds dfdfmemn hjbj uf nhj md efudfhen y tdfd ddhj sjard ins hjfmuhns md quedfds efdrnhünf, dfdfmedfmj sedb sedbpr prdd in ef efd drn rnhh hheø eøf f hj hjbj bj uf pr prjh jhds dsj j md ef efu udf dfhe henn rdhâ rdhâpr prjh jhn, n, df di huni huni hn hnmn mn su suld ldj j bjme bjme`h `hnn su hjbpjrnbedfj hjbj rdnhheøf mdi hjbpjrnbedfj md jrj. ]nfj ins nuins hjbj ins dshudins pudmdf dfdfmdrsd hjbj "ufevdrsjs pnf-hjbufehntvjs" mjfmd sd prjmuhd uf uer md bdfsnlds md buy mestfjs tpjs. Dsn hjbufehnheøf rdheprjhn pudmd dfdr j fj hnrnhdrâsthns md sefjfân dbjhejfni. Xefjfân dbjhejfni< Hnpnhemnm Hnpnhemnm md hjfdhnrsd hjf ins fdhdsemnmds y dbjhejfds md ijs jrjs y ins md ufj besbj. Df di nuin ds ebpjrnfd dvniunr nikufjs herhuejs hjbufehnhejfnids rdhudfds qud tdfdf bnrhnmn efudfhen sjard nikufjs bedbarjs. Ijs sesdbns efdrpdrsjfnids (nbeien-dshudin-nbekjs) pudmdf dfdfmdrsd hjbj herhuejs md rdrjniebdfnheøf, mjfmd ufjs efuydf sjard ijs jrjs y n in vdz sjard diijs efuyd di hjfdxj bnyjr. Perkefen Xntr prjpjfd ufn sdred md rdkins md in hjbufehnheøf< n) Ins rnfsnh rnfsnhhejfd hejfdss qud sjf efehen efehenmns mns md mdadf adf sdr sdr drbefnm drbefnmns ns a) Ins prdkufn prdkufnss mdadf mdadf sdr jrbuinm jrbuinmns ns y rdspjfmd rdspjfmdrsd rsd hjf hjf hinremnm hinremnm h) Ijs bedbar bedbarjs js tdfdf tdfdf hjfhedf hjfhedfhen hen md sâ y md høbj høbj sjf pdrheaem pdrheaemjs js pjr ijs jrjs jrjs (hnmn suldj suldj mdfrj mdfrj md ijs medrdfds suasesdbns vn n jbnr uf iuknr) m) Hnmn bedbarj bedbarj ds hnpnz hnpnz md dxprdsnr dxprdsnr su jpefeøf, dspdrnfzns dspdrnfzns j dbjrds. dbjrds. Tf sesdbn ufhejfni ufhejfni ij pdrbed. d) Ijs bdfsnld bdfsnldss sjf hinrjs hinrjs y ins hjfmuh hjfmuhns ns sjf hjcdrdf hjcdrdfds ds n ij qud sd sd mehd. mehd. @nbe ien y dshudin @nbeien dshu din In nbeien y di nuin hjf sus hnrnhdrâsthns md ufhejfnbedfj prjpen ludknf uf pnpdi ebpjrnfd df in vemn md uf feþj, nbajs sjf in bnrez df in qud sd mdsnrrjiin efdkrnibdfd di feþj murnfd buhcjs nþjs ni vdz ijs bîs ebpjrnfds md su vemn. In nbeien jrbn pnrd md uf hjfdxj pdrbnfdfd n medrdfhen md in dshudin qud ds rdintvnbdfd rnfsejrej. Xdbdlnfzns<  Nbajs sjf sesdbns naedrjs, ldrîrquehjs, hjf rjfdrns bîs j bdfjs dxeaids, nufqud ni besbj tdbpj bnftdfd in efdkremnm mdi sesdbn (sd nujrrdkuinf).  Df nbajs dxesdf rjids ebpiâhejs y dxpiâhejs nmdbîs md efdrnhheøf dfrd ijs bedbarjs qud kjaedrfnf y rdkuinf in hjfmuhn dfrd diijs.  Ijs suasesdbns md nbajs sesdbns dsîf efdrrdinhejfnmjs, fj pudmdf dfdfmdrsd md jrbn nesinmn. Hubp bpid idf f u ufh fhej ejfd fdss sj sjhe heni niez eznm nmjr jrns ns,, ut utieiezn znf f dtqu dtqud dns ns j rju rjuin inhe hejf jfds ds pnrn pnrn bedb bedbar arjs js qu qudd su surk rkdf df  Hu dspjfîfdnbdfd.  Befuhcef dbpidj di årbefj psehjnbeienr pnrn mdshreaer in nin hjrrdinheøf dfrd ijs rnsjrfjs dshjinrds y uf ufhejfnbedfj ufhejfnbedf j nbeienr mesufhejfni. 

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In mefîbehn îuiehn. Di nuin hjbj sesdbn (]drdsen Nrhcefn) Xesdbn prjvedfd mdi kredkj systdbn y sekfe`hn ufn hjsn hjbpudsn. Xesdbn rdbed n in hjbpjseheøf efdrrdinhejfnmn efdrrdinhejfnmn md didbdfjs, ds uf jmj ufe`hnmj. Xd rnn md uf hjflufj qud rnshedfmd in subn md sus pnrds. ’Tf sesdbn ds ufn dftmnm nuøfjbn mjnmn md hedrn pdrbnfdfhen y hjfstuemn pjr didbdfjs efdrrdinhejfnmjs, efdrrdinhejfnmjs, qud jrbnf suasesdbns dsruhurnids y ufhejfnids. Xd rnfsjrbn, mdfrj md hedrjs iâbeds md dsnaeiemnm, krnhens n rdkuinhejfds efdrfns qud id pdrbedf nmnpnrsd n ins vnrenhejfds md su dfjrfj dspdhe`hj.‒ Npiehnmn n in dshudin< Dfmnm nutøfjbn< in dshudin tdfd efmdpdfmdfhen  efmdpdfmdfhen y nujfjbân Mjtnmn md pdrbnfdfhen< dsî mnmn mdsmd ijs efehejs dfedfmj hjbj jaldtvj arefmnr cdrrnbedfns pnrn pjmdr  mdsnrrjiinrsd Hjfstuemn pjr didbdftjs eftdrrdinhejfnmjs< niubfjs/prjdsjrds/nbeiens, jrbnf suasesdbns  

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Tfemnm >< In psehjijkân dmuhnhejfni dmuhnhejfni y in efstuheøf dshjinr 

Xd trnfsjrbn mdftrj md hedrtjs iâbetds < in dshudin vn hnbaenfmj pdrj sedbrd sd cn bnfdfemj pjr dsd jaldtvj

qud id mn pdrbnfdfhen Xesdbns y suasesdbns suases dbns Tf sesdbn hjbpjrn pnrds, qud sjf suasesdbns ufhejfnids y dsruhurnids n in vdz. Tf suasesdbn sd hnrnhdrezn pjr di cdhcj qud su dxesdfhen sd lust`hn y ds pjseaid sjij mdfrj mdi sesdbn y df rdinheøf hjf ijs suasesdbns. Ijs suasesdbns dsîf kdfdrnibdfd hjfdhnmjs dfrd sâ y ufhejfnf efdrrdinhejfnmjs, sudidf dsns hjfstuemjs pjr sua-suasesdbns nüf bîs dspdhenieznmjs y medrdfhenmjs, medrdfhenmjs, nufqud sedbprd dfbnrhnmjs mdfrj mdi sesdbn. ]rnsinmnfmj dsn hjfhdpheøf md sesdbn naedrj ni nuin, åsn sd vesuniezn md in sekuedfd bnfdrn<  Fj hjbj uf nkrdknmj md cdhcjs sebpids y iefdnids sefj hjbj uf hjflufj md suldjs y dftmnmds efdrnhunfds. hjbj pnrd md uf hjfdxj bîs nbpiej, nbpiej, in dshudin, dshudin, y n åsn, n su vdz, pdrdfdhedf pdrdfdhedfmj mj n ufj bnyjr, bnyjr, in  N in vdz, hjbj hjbufemnm Dfrd ins prjpedmnmds qud prdsdfn jmj sesdbn naedrj sd mdsnhnf< nujrrdkuinheøf, cjbdjsnses y hnbaej, hnusniemnm herhuinr, dque`fniemnm. Di hjfdxj îuiehj Xd pudmdf emdft`hnr hjbj hnrnhdrâsthns prjpens mdi îbaej îuiehj, ins sekuedfds< n- Buitmebdfsejfniemnm< Wjr sdr di nuin uf suasesdbn j sesdbn naedrj, ds pdrbdnaid n ins efudfhens md efstuheøf dshjinr y md ijs jrjs krupjs md pdrdfdfhen md niubfjs y mjhdfds. a- Xebuinfdemnm< Cnain md in hjdxesdfhen md nhhejfds, prjhdsjs, rdinhejfds, ds mdher md nhtvemnmds jasdrvnaids y fj jasdrvnaids. h- Efbdmendz< Ijs cdhcjs sjf mefîbehjs y sd mnf seunhejfds qud fj nmbedf mdbjrn df in rdspudsn. m- Ebprdmdheaeiemnm< Qdbed ni surkebedfj md ij efdspdrnmj, n ij fj pinfe`hnmj, ni nhjr sjrprdsn y qud sef dbanrkj, di mjhdfd fj pudmd mdsndfmdr. d- Wuaiehemnm< Merdhn j efmerdhnbdfd, ins nbeiens u jrjs efdkrnfds md in hjbufemnm pudmdf hjfjhdr nspdhjs qud dbnfnf mdi besbj, yn sdn n rnvås md ins bnfedsnhejfds vdranids vdranids qud pudmnf cnhdr sus prjpejs nhjrds j md dstbjfejs j prjmuhhejfds qud mnf hudfn md in vemn mdi nuin< hunmdrfjs, sniemns. - Cesjrehemnm< Ijs hjbpjrnbedfjs qud tdfdf iuknr df di nuin fj pudmdf sdr hjfsemdrnmjs md bnfdrn nesinmn, ndfmedfmj sjij ni bjbdfj df qud sd mnf. Hnmn ufj md diijs pjmrî sdr hjbprdfmemj df in bdmemn df qud sd nfniehdf efsdrjs df di mdvdfer hjtmenfj. 

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@ufhejfnbedfj nbeienr y îuiehj snfj Hjfdxeøf y hjbprjbesj hjf ijs bedbarjs dfrd sâ. Qdspdj pjr ins medrdfhens efmevemunids. efmevemunids. Di iemdrnzkj y in nujremnm pnrdfni j nmuin ds ddhtvn. In dsnaeiemnm df in jrknfeznheøf mdi sesdbn nbeienr j îuiehj. Ins hnrnhdrâsthns md dxeaeiemnm. Tfn hjbufehnheøf naedrn hinrn y merdhn. Tfn ddhtvn rdsjiuheøf md prjaidbns. Tf sesdbn md hrddfhens hjbpnrtmjs. Ijs rdhursjs nmdhunmjs md sdkuremnm dhjføbehn y sjpjrd psehjsjheni. 

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Nreaujs md uf sesdbn `ufhejfni<  Wrdjhupnheøf rdheprjhn pjr di aedfdsnr.  Nbpien knbn md sdftbedfjs.  Pjiufnm md hjf`nfzn mdfrj y udrn md ijs sesdbns.  Pjiufnm md menijknr, pdrbed ufn nbpien knbn md sdftbedfjs hjbj mdher ij qud ufj pedfsn. - Nreaujs md uf sesdbn mes`ufhejfni<  Ebpjseaeiemnm pnrn rdsjivdr prjaidbns.  Ijs hjfehjs sd fedkn, sd dvenf.  Npnrdhdf mdsmeaulnbedfjs mdsmeaulnbedfjs md ins rjfdrns j ijs iebeds.  ]renfkuinhejfds pnjiøkehns. Dl uf dquepj merdhtvj y md mjhdfd df hjfrn md uf niubfj qud pdrbedf dxpuisnr nqudiij qud pjfmrân ni sesdbn df prjaidbn. -

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Tfemnm >< In psehjijkân dmuhnhejfni dmuhnhejfni y in efstuheøf dshjinr Hjbufehnhejfds efd`hedfds. Fj sjf hinrns, fj rdspjfmdf n uf jaldtvj, ins rnfsnhhejfds fj tdfdf ufn `fniemnm, fj cny rdrjniebdfnheøf, dh.

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Nuins Mes`ufhejfnids<    Dfbnrnþnmns<    

Xd hnrnhdrezn pjr pjsddr ufn nin hjcdseøf, efdfsn, dxrdbn, hjf hjfuseøf md rjids y j ldrnrquâns dfrd ijs bedbarjs y rjfdrns mdbnsenmj hdrrnmns rdspdhj mdi sesdbn. Ins idninmds sjf dxhdsevns, cny pjhj dspnhej pnrn ij pdrsjfni y in nujfjbân. Ebpiehn ufn sjard efvjiuhrnheøf mdi mjhdfd df ins nhtvemnmds mdi nuin y hjf rdhudfhen md ijs pnmrds df ins nhtvemnmds dshjinrds, Fj nvjrdhd n in dbdrkdfhen md pufjs md vesn medrdfds dfrd ijs bedbarjs sefj bîs aedf nheien ufn pnun md sjbdtbedfj n uf sjij pufj md vesn.

   Mdshjfdhtnmns<   

Cny buy pjhj j ds dshnsj npdkj dbjhejfni dfrd sus bedbarjs, Di nprdfmeznld pnrdhd hjrrdr pjr hudfn efmevemuni md hnmn niubfj, in bjtvnheøf sdrân prdmjbefnfdbdfd efrâfsdhn md hnmn ufj y in bdmenheøf mdi mjhdfd dsî mdshjfdhnmn, ds dshnsn j pjard. Wudmd hjbaefnrsd hjf uf dstij hnøthj râkemj j dxeaid.

   Hnøhnbdftd dfbnrnþnmn<   

Di nprdfmeznld sd cn dþemj pjr in mdsjrknfeznheøf, hnjs j rnkbdfnheøf, sef ufn dsruhurn `rbd, fe bdmenheøf mjhdfd qud sjsdfkn j nfmnbed ijs nprdfmeznlds. In pjseaid nin md fdxjs dfrd ijs hjfdfemjs pjr meshjftfuemnmds pjmrân prjmuher ufn dxhdsevn efhdrtmubard df ijs niubfjs, hjf hinrns efhemdfhens sjard di rdfmebedfj dshjinr. Ds pjhj prjanaid qud ijs nprdfmeznlds rdsuidf sekfe`hntvjs.

   Hnøhnbdftd mdshjfdhtnmns< 

Di nprdfmeznld ds hnøthj y hjf pjhj npdkj dbjhejfni dfrd sus bedbarjs, prjanaidbdfd hnrdhdrân md hjftfuemnm, sjsåf mdi mjhdfd y md pnrds, hjf dshnsns pjseaeiemnmds md rnanlj hjjpdrntvj n ij inrkj mdi tdbpj.

   Qâkemnbdftd dfbnrnþnmn<   

Budsrn uf dstij md mjhdfd nujrenrej, dxekd j mdbnfmn nasjiun idninm, y usn dsrndkens pnrn bnfdfdrin. Di dxhdsevj iemdrnzkj mdi nmuij pudmd sdr uf nhjr efceaejrej df di nprdfmeznld, yn qud fj mn iuknr n in hurejsemnm, mumn j fdhdsemnm md prdkufnr y hjbddr drrjrds. Di nprdfmeznld supjfd ufn mdbnfmn md rdfmebedfj didvnmj.

   Qâkemnbdftd mdshjfdhtnmn<   

]nbaeåf budsrn uf dstij nujrenrej hdfrnmj df di mjhdfd, pdrj hjf dshnsj npdkj dbjhejfni, df dsns nuins cny buy pjhn efvjiuhrnheøf mdi mjhdfd y md ijs niubfjs. Df ij qud sd rd`drd ni nprdfmeznld, ijs nspdhjs md hjfdfemj fj sdrânf vnijrnmjs y prdmjbefnrân hedrn efmedrdfhen n ijs ijkrjs. Di nprdfmeznld ds pjhj sekfe`hntvj.

Hiebn sjhej-rdinhejfni< sjhej-rdin hejfni< Di hiebn dshjinr ds di rdsuinmj mdi tpj md ufhejfnbedfj ufhejfnbedfj qud vn n hnrnhdreznr n hnmn dshudin j n hnmn nuin. Cnhd rddrdfhen n ins hjfmehejfds ndhtvns rdinhejfnids qud rjmdnf n ijs feþjs df dsd hjfdxj qud fdhdsenbjs pnrn mnrid sdftmj n in hjfmuhn. Dsd hiebn pudmd jbdfnr y dstbuinr îrdns md nprdfmeznld j pjr di hjfrnrej efceaerij, iebenrij cnsn hjnrnrij. Df di hjfdxj dshjinr di hiebn cnhd rddrdfhen n ins pdrhdphejfds qud tdfdf ijs bedbarjs hjf rdspdhj n dsd nbaedfd df di qud sd mdsnrrjiinf sus nhtvemnmds y/j in jasdrvnheøf qud mdi besbj pudmdf cnhdr jasdrvnmjrds dxdrfjs.  Ins pdrhdphejfds vnf n sdr in ansd md in idhurn qud di suldj cnhd mdi hjfdxj df qud sd mdsnrrjiin. Ins hnrnhdrâsthns mdi nuin vnf n pjmdr md`fersd sdküf di dstij md rdinheøf qud sd vnf mnfmj mdfrj md diins, ins hunids df di tdbpj bnrhnf ufn sdred md nhudrmjs îhejs y qud vnf hjf`kurnfmj pnuns hjbufehnhejfnids qud iudkj vnf n rnfsjrbnsd df rdkins mdi hjbpnrtbedfj mdi suldj Xe di hiebn ds audfj, ds mdher, md hjf`nfzn y hnreþj ij bîs sdkurj ds qud ijs nhudrmjs sdrîf ijkrjs md nujdstbn, sdkuremnm, hjfjhebedfj, bjtvnheøf, dh. 

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Tfemnm >< In psehjijkân dmuhnhejfni dmuhnhejfni y in efstuheøf dshjinr -

Df hnbaej se di hiebn md dbjr y nfkustn ijs nhudrmj sdrîf ijkrjs md nfsedmnm, nfkustn, efceaeheøf,d efceaeheøf,dh. h.

Dshnin Xesåbehn md Jasdrvnheøf df Hinsd (DXJH) (Xeiven Andzn) - Dsd efsrubdfj qud sd ansn df di Bjmdij Herhubpidlj md Mnvem Jisjf df hiâfehn nbeienr, cn semj nmnpnmj pnrn su npiehnheøf df di sesdbn nuin< >) Xd ansn ansn df in djrân djrân ses sesåb åbeh ehnn 1) @j @jhni hniezn ezn di di nuin nuin hjbj hjbj ufemnm ufemnm md md nfîies nfîieses es 8) Qdüfd hjfmehejfds md vniemdz y hjf`naeiemnm  =) Cn semj npiehnmj n mevdrsns hinsds (mestfjs hjfdxjs dshjinrds y dmnmds) 4) Wjsdd prjhdmebedfjs md nmbefesrnheøf d efdrprdnheøf hinrnbdftd pnutnmjs. 

  Ins mebdfsejfds mdi DXJH          

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n. Hjcdseøf< Efhiuyd sjsåf y dsbuij md bjtvnheøf buun, Hjjpdrnheøf y cnaeiemnm pnrn hjbpnrtr dfrd ijs bedbarjs uf sdftbedfj md hdrhnfân y huemnmj. Wdrbedf qud cnyn rjfdrns hinrns y ufn emdftmnm medrdfhenmn hjf uf hinrj sdftbedfj md pdrdfdfhen Wdrbed di hrdhebedfj pdrsjfni. Wudmd sdr mdsvefhuinmn, sdpnrnmn, hjfdhnmn y dfbnrnþnmn. a. @idxeaeiemnm< Wdrbed in nmnpnheøf n ins mdbnfmns hnbaenfds hjf uf krnmj md hjfsdfsj hjbpnrtmj Cnaeiemnm pnrn hnbaenr md dsruhurn md pjmdr, nspdhjs md fdkjhenheøf, rdspjfsnaeiemnmds rdspjfsnaeiemnmds Dxesdf rjids hinrjs y medrdfhenmjs Wjsdd hunrj fevdids qud vnf mdsmd in dxeaeiemnm râkemn (anlj fevdi) pnsnfmj pjr ijs fevdids bdmejs, dsruhurnmjs j dxeaids (fevdids bjmdrnmjs), cnsn in dxeaeiemnm hnøthn (buy nin). h. Hjbufehnheøf< Mdad sdr naedrn y merdhn pnrn qud ijs bedbarjs pudmdf dxprdsnr hinrnbdfd sus pdfsnbedfjs y sdftbedfjs Dshuhcnr n ijs jrjs rdspdujsnbdfd y sdr dshuhcnmjs Xd pudmd hndkjreznr df tpjs md hjbufehnheøf, df uf hjftfuub md nin, bdmen y anln. 

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Wuftunhejfds

Di pufnld md ins mebdfsejfds md Hjcdseøf y md @idxeaeiemnm ds hnihuinmj hjfnfmj di fübdrj md timds qud sd cnf bnrhnmj murnfd in jasdrvnheøf y iudkj diekedfmj di vnijr df in dshnin hjrrdspjfmedfd. Df in dshnin md Hjcdseøf ijs vnijrds sjf< mdshjfdhnmn (>), sdpnrnmn (1), hjfdhnmn (8) j dfbnrnþnmn. Df in dshnin md @idxeaeiemnm ijs vnijrds sjf< râkemn (>), dsruhurnmn (1), dxeaid (8) j hnøthn (=). In dshnin md Hjbufehnheøf sd dvniün iefdnibdfd< df anln (>-1), bdmen (8-=) j nin (4-0).

4- Npjrds md in Wsehjijkân Wjsetvn ni najrmnld dshjinr dshjinr) Db Dbjh jhej ejfd fdss Wjs Wjset etvn vnss 1) Qn Qnsk skjs js Wj Wjse setv tvjs js (verumds y jrnidzns pdrsjfnids). 8) Efst Efstu uhe hejf jfds ds Wjse Wjsetv tvns ns qud nheienf di mdsnrrjiij md mehcns dbjhejfds y rnskjs.

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Qdhe Qdhedfdb dfdbdfd dfd cn nþnmem nþnmemj j mjs mjs fudvjs fudvjs didbdfjs didbdfjs df su su bjmdij bjmdij md aedfd aedfdsnr< snr< =) Qdi Qdinhe nhejfd jfdss Efdrp Efdrpdrs drsjfn jfnids ids 4) Ijkrjs

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Nikuf Nikufjs js hnbpjs hnbpjs md dsumej dsumej df ijs ijs qud sd dsîf dsîf hdfrnfmj hdfrnfmj ijs ijs dsudrzjs dsudrzjs md dsn dsn fudvn fudvn hjrredfd hjrredfd sjf< sjf< ins dbjhejf dbjhejfds ds pjsetvns, in efdiekdfhen dbjhejfni y sjheni, di jptbesbj, in diehemnm y di aedfdsnr, di cubjr, in hnpnhemnm md efuer, in rdseiedfhen y di hrdhebedfj pjsrnubîthj, in hrdntvemnm, dh. Jptbesbj vs. Wdsebesbj 

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Tfemnm >< In psehjijkân dmuhnhejfni dmuhnhejfni y in efstuheøf dshjinr -

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Di aed aedfds fdsnr nr fj mdpdfmd mdpdfmd nfj nfj md ins hjsns dxdrf dxdrfns, ns, sefj sefj md høbj høbj ins pdrheaeb pdrheaebjs, js, y høbj rdnhhej rdnhhejfnb fnbjs js nfd ins seunhejfds qud sd fjs prdsdfnf Ins pdr pdrsjfns sjfns pdseb pdsebesns esns tdfdf tdfdf bîs bîs redskj redskj md mdprebe mdprebersd, rsd, md fj dxpijnr dxpijnr sus pjdf pjdfheni heniemnmd emnmdss y md dfdrbnr dfdrbnrsd sd Iyuaj Iyuajberso bersoy, y, usn in pninarn pninarn ’diehe ’diehemnm‒ mnm‒ pnrn pnrn rddrersd rddrersd n in dxpdred dxpdredfhen fhen md nidkrân nidkrân,, sntsnhheø sntsnhheøf f j aedfdsnr aedfdsnr pjsetvj, pjsetvj, hjbaefnmn hjf in sdfsnheøf md qud fudsrn vemn ds audfn, tdfd sdftmj y vnid in pdfn. Cny 8 nhjr nhjrds ds qud qud efu efuydf ydf df in in die diehem hemnm nm m mdd ins ins pdrsj pdrsjfns fns n) Pni (47%)< nspdh nspdhjs js aejiøk aejiøkeh ehjs, js, cdrdm cdrdmnmj nmjss kdfåt kdfåthnb hnbdf dfd, d, qud mddr mddrbef befnf nf ins ansds ansds Pnijr jr md rd` rd`drd drdfhe fhen n  (47%)< fdurj`sejiøkehns md fudsrj dbpdrnbdfj y qud sjf ebpjseaids md hnbaenr. a) Herhufsnfhens (>7%)< herhufsnfhens dxdrfns hjbj di fevdi md efkrdsjs dhjføbehjs, di bnrebjfej, in snium j di rnanlj, tdfdf uf ddhj iebenmj sjard fudsrn diehemnm y fj sjf nf mddrbefnfds hjbj pnrdhdf. h) Nhtvemnm mdieadrnmn (=7%)< fudsrn diehemnm mdpdfmd md fjsjrjs, ds mdher, md ij qud cnhdbjs df fudsrn vemn hjtmenfn y md fudsrn bnfdrn md pdfsnr. Ijs t tpjs pjs md dieh diehemnm emnm qud sd vnf vnf n efdfnr efdfnr pjdfhenr pjdfhenr df in in ds dshudi hudinn sjf< sjf< >- Pemn pinhdfdrn (dbjhejfds y sdfsnhejfds) Tfn dxesdfhen huyj jaldtvj ds dxpdrebdfnr dbjhejfds pjsetvns, hdfrnmn aîsehnbdfd df pinhdrds md tpj  sdfsjreni y dbjhejfni, qud sjf bjbdfîfdjs, dbdrjs y mdpdfmedfds md ins herhufsnfhens dxdrfns.  Xd mdad aushnr uf mdsnrrjiij md in sdfsj-pdrhdpheøf y mdi idfkunld dbjhejfni/hjrpjrni pnrn in dxprdseøf md ij qud sedfj 1- Pemn hjbprjbdtmn  Xd mdad mdad are arefmn fmnrr cdrrnb cdrrnbedf edfns ns pnrn pnrn in utiezn utieznheø heøf f md ins jrni jrnidzn dznss pdrsjf pdrsjfnid nids, s, hjf hjf di jaldtv jaldtvj j jadfd jadfdrr  fubdrjsns krnt`hnhejfds df ijs prefhepnids îbaejs md in dxesdfhen.  Xd aushn qud in pdrsjfn sedfn qud vnid in pdfn, qud tdfd sdftmj ij qud cnhd y qud vdn qud pudmd nihnfznr bdns bîs hjbpidlns y bîs efdkrnmns hjfsekj besbj  Pnbjs bîs niiî md sdr bdrjs rdhdpjrds md pinhdrds dxdrfjs, yn qud fjs ’hjbprjbddbjs‒, ds mdher, fudsrj sdr efdrejr sd ebpiehn n jfmj df ij qud cnhdbjs, n pnrtr md fudsrns nhtumds efdrfns y fj ansnmj sjinbdfd df ins herhufsnfhens dxdrfns. 8- Pemn sekfehntvn Hjfsesd df dbpidnr jrnidzns y ins verumds hnrnhdrâsthns ni sdrvehej md nikj qud rnshedfmn n fudsrn pdrsjfn  y fjs pdrben dfhjfrnr sdftmj n fudsrn vemn.  Xd aushn pjdfhenr di aedf y in diehemnm df ijs mdbîs Dsd sdftmj pudmd sdr buy vnrenmj, mdpdfmedfmj md ins medrdfhens efmevemunids qud fjs hnrnhdreznf n ins  pdrsjfns, y fj tdfd pjr quå sdr fdhdsnrenbdfd md hnrîhdr rdiekejsj. Fefku Fefkufj fj md ijs ijs rds fevdid fevdidss mdad rdhcn rdhcnznrsd znrsd,, pdrj in bnyjr bnyjr diehem diehemnm nm sd jadfmrî jadfmrî se, se, df vdz vdz md qudmnrfj qudmnrfjss nfhinmjs nfhinmjs df in bdrn hjfsdhuheøf md pinhdrds dxdrfjs, fjs dsjrznbjs pjr pjdfhenr in vemn hjbprjbdtmn y in vemn sekfe`hntvn In vemn p pinhd inhdfdrn fdrn dsî dsî mddrbe mddrbefnmn fnmn pjr pjr in rddrdfh rddrdfhen en y di nznr, nznr, ds ufn ufn diehemn diehemnm m bîs aedf aedf dxdrfn, dxdrfn, bîs efbdm efbdmenn enn y bdfjs murnmdrn Df hnba hnbaej, ej, in dieh diehemnm emnm n inrkj inrkj pinzj pinzj tdfd tdfd qud vdr vdr hjf ufn ufn nhtvemnm nhtvemnm mdiead mdieadrnmn, rnmn, qud qud iidvn iidvn n ufn vemn vemn hjbprjb hjbprjbdtmn dtmn y n ufn vemn sekfe`hntvn Wsehjijkân Wjsetvn npiehnmn n in dmuhnheøf< Dmuhnheøf Wjsetvn Ijs j jal aldtv dtvjs js pref prefhep hepnid nidss md in in Wsehji Wsehjijkâ jkânn Wjsetv Wjsetvnn sjf< sjf<  @nvjrdhdr di mdsnrrjiij md ins jrnidzns y verumds cubnfns  Hjfreauer n in hjfsruhheøf md hjfmehejfds qud pdrbenf di mdsnrrjiij øptbj md ijs efmevemujs, krupjs d efstuhejfds Ins jr jrnid nidzns zns sjf ijs rnskjs rnskjs j hnrnh hnrnhdr drâst âsthns hns psehji psehjiøke økehns hns qud sd prdsdfn prdsdfnf f df seunhe seunhejfd jfdss mes mestf tfns ns n rnvås rnvås mdi tdbpj, y sudidf dfdr hjfsdhudfhe hjfsdhudfhens ns pjsetvns Xe dsns sd pjfdf pjfdf df prîhthn prîhthn npnrdhdf npnrdhdf dbjhejfd dbjhejfdss pjsetv pjsetvns ns nuåf nuåfthns thns N pnrtr md in efhjr efhjrpjr pjrnhe nheøf øf md in Wse Wsehji hjijkâ jkânn Wjsetvn Wjsetvn df di hjfd hjfdxj xj dmuhnt dmuhntvj, vj, sd aushn aushn hrdnr hrdnr df ås åsd d dbjhejf dbjhejfds ds pjsetvns hjf di `f md hrdnr uf hârhuij verujsj mjfmd ins pdrsjfns dxpdrebdfdf sdftbedfjs pjsetvjs, bjme`qudf su bnfdrn md pdfsnr y pdrheaer ins hjsns, y pjr nfj su bnfdrn md nhunr Ds ebpjr ebpjrnf nfd d nheie nheienr nr in nbpie nbpienhe nheøf øf md rdhurs rdhursjs js efdidh efdidhun unids ids,, sehjs sehjs,, sjheni sjhenids ds md ijs bedbar bedbarjs js md in hjbufem hjbufemnm nm dmuhntvn y nsâ qud sd pudmnf dfhjfrnr bîs jrnidhemjs pnrn dfrdfnr ijs mdsnjs y nbdfnzns qud sd ids prdsdfdf 

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Tfemnm >< In psehjijkân dmuhnhejfni dmuhnhejfni y in efstuheøf dshjinr -

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Wn Wnrn rn qu qudd ds dsj j uf ufhe hejf jfdd ssdd mda mdad< d<  Wrjpehenr ufn bjtvnheøf dxrâfsdhn  ]dfdr df hudfn di mdsnrrjiij efdkrni md ijs løvdfds  ]dfdr df hudfn huîi ds in ansd mdi pufj vefhuinr, md npdkj  ]dfdr df hudfn ins bjtvnhejfds nhnmåbehns  Hjfsemdrnr ijs hjfdxjs df ijs qud sd prjpehen di nprdfmeznld, ins hjfmehejfds, di hiebn efstuhejfni  Wrdsnr ndfhejf n høbj ds in vefhuinheøf dshudin-nbeien y ijs sdrvehejs qud sd prdsnf n fevdi md jredfnheøf Xdie Xdiekbnf kbnf prjpusj prjpusj uf uf prjkrnbn prjkrnbn md efdrvd efdrvdfheø fheøf f merekemj merekemj n niubfjs niubfjs md in in Dmuhnheø Dmuhnheøf f Xdhufmnre Xdhufmnrenn df Dsnmjs Dsnmjs Tfemjs, Tfemjs, qud hjfsn md rds  rds hjbpjfdfds< >) Ef Efhrd hrdbdf bdfnr nr ins dbjhej dbjhejfds fds pjsetvn pjsetvnss (pjdf (pjdfhen henrr in ndfheøf ndfheøf n ijs dvdfjs dvdfjs pjsetvj pjsetvjss df in vemn, vemn, in krntu krntum, m, in ’ndfheøf pidfn‒ y di ’snajrdj‒, rdseiedfhen) 1) Nyumnr Nyumnr n ijs niubfjs n emdft`hn emdft`hnrr sus jrnidzns jrnidzns hnrnhd hnrnhdrâsth râsthns ns y usnrins bîs df df su vemn menren menren 8) Wjdfhenr Wjdfhenr di sekfe`hnm sekfe`hnmj j y di prjpøsej prjpøsej df in vemn, rddxejfnf rddxejfnfmj mj nhdrhn nhdrhn md ins nhtvemnmds nhtvemnmds y dxpdredfhens dxpdredfhens qud qud mjnf md sdftmj n sus vemns

In ufmnbdfnheøf mdi Wrjkrnbn ’Nuins @diehds‒ - In Wseh Wsehjij jijkân kân Wjsetv Wjsetvn, n, ni ansnrs ansnrsdd df di jbdfj jbdfj md ijs nspdhj nspdhjss pjsetvjs pjsetvjs mdi sdr cubnfj cubnfj,, pudmd pudmd hjfre hjfreaue auerr buy fjnaidbdfd n ufn dmuhnheøf efdkrni mdi niubfnmj, qud pdrben dqueiearnr in nmqueseheøf md hjfjhebedfjs hjf di huitvj md mdsrdzns y nhtumds, pnrn nyumnrid n mdsnrrjiinrsd pdrsjfni y sjhenibdfd, pjdfhenfmj su aedfdsnr prdsdfd y uurj. - Di p prrjkrnbn na najrmn<  Nujfjbân d efehentvn pdrsjfni  Hjbpddfhen sjheni y heumnmnfn  Hjbpddfhen pnrn nprdfmdr n nprdfmdr - Mdf Mdfrj rj md ijs ufmnbdf ufmnbdfjs js nhuni nhunids ds ebpuisn ebpuisnmjs mjs mdsmd mdsmd in psehjijk psehjijkân ân pjsetvn pjsetvn,, cny mjs îrdns îrdns md efvdst efvdstknh knheøf eøf d efdrvdfheøf qud qud vnf n hjfstuer ins ansds pnrn pnrn dinajrnr uf prjkrnbn< 

>) ’Ndf ’Ndfheøf heøf pidfn‒ pidfn‒ (’b (’befm` efm`uifd uifdss‒) ss‒) df ins nuins nuins.. 

Hjflufj md åhfehns dfhnbefnmns dfhnbefnmns n pjdfhenr df di niubfnmj n uf dstij md vemn ansnmj df in hjfshedfhen hjfshedfhen y in hnibn, qud ids pdrben vever bîs hjfshedfdbdfd, n mesrunr bîs md in vemn y n nprdfmdr bdljr.

1) ’@ ’@jr jrn nid idzn znss pdrsj pdrsjfn fnid ids‒ s‒

Di Befmuifdss nyumn n nvnfznr cnhen dsns Xjf nqudiijs rnskjs pjsetvjs ufevdrsnids, hjbufds n in bnyjrân md ins sjhedmnmds y huiurns, bdmeaids y  dmuhnaids. Wdrbedf nihnfznr uf bnyjr aedfdsnr df ijs prjhdsjs md nprdfmeznld, y ijs 4 hjbpjfdfds md in diehemnm  (dbjhejfds pjsetvns, hjbprjbesj, sekfe`hnmj, rdinhejfds efdrpdrsjfnids, efdrpdrsjfnids, ijkrjs) vnf n nheienr dsj - In ebp ebpidbd idbdfnh fnhejf ejf md dsd prjkrnbn prjkrnbn df di di nuin nuin tdfd uf hnrîhd hnrîhdrr prdvdftvj prdvdftvj pjr 1 rnzjfd rnzjfds< s<  Npufn n in bjme`hnheøf md ijs nbaedfds pnrn rdmuher di dsrås, pnrn bjme`hnr ins hrddfhens mdi efmevmuj y su nbaedfd, y pnrn prjpehenr in diehemnm efdrejr pjr dfhebn md ij dxdrfj  ]edfd hjbj efdfheøf efhrdbdfnr krnmuni y prjkrdsevnbdfd in bjtvnheøf, y mesbefuer ijs hjbpjrnbedfjs prjaidbîthjs j nspdhjs fdkntvjs - Di p prj rjkr krnb nbnn tdfd tdfd = fevd fevdid idss md ut utieiezn znhe heøf øf. Nuin< di prjkrnbn pudmd sdrver hjbj rddrdfhen pdrsjfni pdrsjfni pdrbnfdfd pnrn di prjdsjr df su rnanlj menrej, yn qud mdad npufnr ni bîxebj mdsnrrjiij md ijs nspdhjs pjsetvjs y ni bnyjr aedfdsnr mdi niubfj 1. Dquepjs j Mdpnrnbdfjs < di rnanlj df dquepj mdi prjdsjrnmj ds in hinvd. 8. Hdfrj Dmuhntvj< ludknf uf pnpdi dsdfheni ijs dquepjs merdhtvjs y ins hjbesejfds md hjjrmefnheøf pdmnkøkehn, nsâ hjbj ørknfjs qud pudmdf prjbjvdr uf rnanlj hjidkenmj hjidkenmj dfrd di prjdsjrnmj md hnmn hdfrj. =. Hjbufemnm Dmuhntvn< in nhheøf dmuhntvn fj sd nkjn df di hjidkej, sefj qud mdad ebpiehnr in hjinajrnheøf hjf jrjs sdhjrds, nsâ hjbj in nbeien. - Ins hj hjfme fmehej hejfds fds p pnrn nrn in hrd hrdnhe nheøf øf mdi mdi prjkrnb prjkrnbnn df ins dshu dshudin dinss sjf sjf;  

Tfemnm >< In psehjijkân dmuhnhejfni dmuhnhejfni y in efstuheøf dshjinr   

Dsnaidhdr uf sesdbn md vnijrds dxpiâhej< rdspnimnmj pjr di rdspdj y in sjiemnremnm Wjdfhenr di nprdfmeznld y in diehemnm Mdsnrrjiinr in ndfheøf pidfn y ins jrnidzns pdrsjfnids

0- Npjr Npjrds ds psehjn psehjnfniât fniâthjs hjs nhun nhunids< ids< nhun nhunids ids pnrn di najrm najrmnld nld md ins efstuh efstuhejfds ejfds dmu dmuhntvn hntvnss  -

n. Fjrn Diehcery< Diehcery< Hnpâuij 1, npjrds y iâbeds md md in djrân djrân psehjnfniâthn psehjnfniâthn df di hnbpj md in dmuhnheøf dmuhnheøf Di suldj hjkfjshdfd sd hjfstuyd df di besbj nhj df qud sd hjfstuyd di suldj mdsdnfd, j bîs aedf, pjrqud cny uf suldj mdsdnfd cny pjseaeiemnm md uf suldj hjkfjshdfd. Di iuknr mdi jrj df in hjfsruhheøf mdi pdfsnbedfj 

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Wnrn hjbprdfmdr di surkebedfj mdi pdfsnbedfj mdadbjs rdbetrfjs n in prebdrn rdinheøf qud dsnaidhd di suldj< in rdinheøf hjf in bnmrd. Df dsn rdinheøf qud ufmn ni suldj hjbj ni, hjbj suldj mdsdnfd, dfhjfrnrdbjs nbaeåf ijs hebedfjs sjard ijs qud sd hjfstuyd di suldj qud hjfjhd. Fudsrn rdinheøf hjf ijs jaldjs ds sedbprd n pnrtr md in bernmn mdi jrj, md in efdrvdfheøf md jrj qud ij efsnin df fudsrj hnbpj md ndfheøf. Df prebdr iuknr, in bnmrd y n rnvås md diin, in huiurn. Wjr ij nfj, fj cny rdinheøf efbdmenn fe nmdhunheøf jrekefnren suldj-jaldj. Mdsmd di prebdr bjbdfj, mdsmd qud in bnmrd qud efdrprdn di iinfj mdi adaå, supjfd qud tdfd cnbard y id j jrd rdhd hd nieb niebdf dfj j,, j qu qudd td tdfd fd sudþ sudþj j y rn rnnn md mj mjrb rber erij ij?? yn di j jrj rj ef efd drp rpjf jfdd su suss prjp prjpej ejss se ses sddbns bns rdprdsdfnhejfnids, rdprdsdfnhejfnid s, mnfmj sdftmj ni iinfj y iuknr n in sebajieznheøf y n in efdiekdfhen. Nsâ, ufn nhheøf sd prdhdmd sedbprd pjr ufn bernmn qud aushn ni jrj y ins hjsns sjf jaldjs df nfj jrj ins sekfe`hn, ids jjrkn sdftmj, efsninfmj ni suldj df in meniåhthn mdi mdsdj. Di nsâ ufhjbj prjmuhj, rdsuinmj ufn ’ufmnheøf‒. Dsdefhjfshedfd jrj qud sddsjrdhd bdmenmjr, mdi md qud mdpdfmd, fj ds uf Jrj qud dså jmj di tdbpj? di jrj sd vn y mdsnpnrdhd md in vesn mdi feþj. Wjr dsj, di npnrnj psâquehj mdi suldj mdadrî rnbenr in nusdfhen mdi jrj pnrn fj qudmnr df dxhdsj md surebedfj Wjr ij huni, di pdfsnbedfj npnrdhdrî npnrdhdrî sjard di rnsjfmj md in nusdfhen mdi jaldj (niuhefnheøf). (niuhefnheøf). Ins hndkjrâns md dspnhej y tdbpj nbaeåf dsîf ieknmns ni efhjfshedfd y n fudsrn rdinheøf hjf dsd jrj< di tdbpj sdrî bnrhnmj pjr ins nidrfnfhens md prdsdfhens/nusdfhens md in bnmrd, ds di tdbpj qud rnfshurrd mdsmd qud ’bnbî sd ud‒. Ni meiuhemnr huîi ds in ebpjrnfhen mdi jrj df di nprdfmeznld, søij pudmj pdfsnr qud di nprdfmeznld sd prjmuhd df uf dspnhej qud pdrdfdhd ni suldj y ni jrj, df nfj dsd suldj sd hjfstuyd df di hnbpj mdi jrj. Fj cny nprdfmeznld se fj ds df uf suldj df rdinheøf hjf jrj. Wjr dsj, ni pdfsnr ijs prjaidbns md nprdfmeznld, fj nihnfzn hjf efdrrjknr in dsruhurn hjkfetvn mdi suldj. Tf feþj sdpjr dfrdfn, nfds mdi nprdfmeznld dshjinr, in iøkehn md inpudmdf rdinheøfrnfsjrbnrsd df in huni sd hjfstuyd y mdsmd in huni nprdfmd, ij qud ijs hjfehjs df di efdrejr mdndsn rdinheøf df sâfjbns j prjaidbns pnrn nprdfmdr. Ins puisejfds df rdinheøf ni nprdfmeznld Di prjhdsj md niebdfnrsd ds uf prjhdsj nhtvj qud di feþj mdadrî dldrhenr y nprdfmdr, y ds df dsn nhtvemnm mjfmd sd rdhjfjhd ni suldj df su hnpnhemnm md hjfjhdr y hdfrnr su ndfheøf. Di niebdfnrsd sdrî ufn md ins ansds sjbîthns mdi nprdfmdr, huyn ’bjmniemnm‒ (hjbj bnrez md nprdfmeznld) sd hjfsruyd n pnrtr md ins prebdrns dxpdredfhens hjrpjrnids. hjrpjrnids. Di hjfhdpj bîs efdrdsnfd qud iekn n in sdxuniemnm hjf di nprdfmeznld ds in fjheøf md puiseøf dpesdbjiehn. dpesdbjiehn. Xe in mjbdsthnheøf md ij sdxuni tdfd pjr ddhj in pårmemn md ij qud sd snaân pjr efstfj, di suldj mdadrî dbpdznr n hjfsruer snadr ds n pnrtr md Jrj, mdsmd mjfmd sd nrthuinrîf ijs sekfe`hnfds. Dsd snadr sd hjfsruyd n pnrtr md in prdkufn y in efvdstknheøf, y ncâ dfrn df ludkj in fjheøf md ’puiseøf md snadr‒. Ds in prdkufn pjr in medrdfhen md ijs sdxjs in qud budvd dsn efvdstknheøf. 

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Xeffeþj dbanrkj, dsn prdkufnsus meheibdfd pudmn sdr rdspjfmemn? rdspudsn nmuiniinbn sdrî sntsnhjren. Di dsî hjfsruydfmj prjpens rdspudsns, sus prjpensfefkufn cepødses, ij qud @rdum ’efvdstknheøf sdxuni efnfti‒ (dmnm md ijs pjrquås). In puiseøf dpesdbjiehn, in hurejsemnm, in efmnknheøf, in hedfhen, sjf pnrebjfej mdi suldj df nfj di suldj dsî nrnvdsnmj pjr dfekbns qud nhtvnf pdrbnfdfdbdfd di efhjfshedfd

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Tfemnm >< In psehjijkân dmuhnhejfni dmuhnhejfni y in efstuheøf dshjinr -

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Hjf nmvdfebedfj mdi hjbpidlj md Dmepj, di feþj dfrnrî df ij qud @rdum iinbn ’pdrejmj md indfhen‒, mjfmd nanfmjfnrî in efvdstknheøf sdxuni y jmn bnfedsnheøf md sdxuniemnm pnrn dfrnr ni sesdbn dmuhntvj, mjfmd sus efvdstknhejfds sd jredfnrîf n `fds sjhenibdfd bîs nhdpnaids< di snadr dshjinr. Di drrdfj mdi dshjinr, hjbj mjbdsthnmjr md in puiseøf dpesdbjiehn, ds di hnbpj prjpehej pnrn in prjmuhheøf md sâfjbns qud sd prdsdfnf hjbj prjaidbns md nprdfmeznld. Fudvnbdfd, di nprdfmeznld sd prjmuhd n dxpdfsns md in puiseøf, df dsd hnsj, in puiseøf md efvdstknr. Mjiø dfufhen qud in dshudin fj rdspjfmd n in vdrmnmdrn hurejsemnm md ijs feþjs, pdrj in dfsdþnfzn pdrbed dfdr j aushnr ufn rdspudsn n su hurejsemnm udrn md diin. In puiseøf dpesdbj`iehn y di mdsdj md nprdfmdr, df in bdmemn df qud dsîf hjfdhnmjs n in puiseøf md mjbefej, efhiuyd fdhdsnrenbdfd in nkrdsevemnm. In nkrdsevemnm jrbn pnrd md jmn puiseøf, rdquedrd dfhjfrnr nikj qud jpjfkn ufn rdsesdfhen mdsn`nfd. Di hjfjhebedfj, df nfj fj dsî ni nihnfhd mdi suldj, sefj qud mdad cniinrsd, sdr jbnmj, dxekd qud di suldj utiehd su nkrdsevemnm pnrn nprjpenrsd y rdhjfsruerij df nprdfmeznld mdsmd su snadr y mdsmd di hjfnhj hjf in ekfjrnfhen. In nkrdsevemnm, hjbj hjbpjfdfd md jmn puiseøf, jrbn pnrd nbaeåf mdi ebpuisj md hjfjhdr, bedfrns qud in nkrdseøf me`huin in pjseaeiemnm md pdfsnr. In rnfsdrdfhen df in rdinheøf mjhdfd niubfj In bjmniemnm md ijs nprdfmeznlds ds rdinhejfni, nrbnmn mdsmd in prebdrn rdinheøf hjf in bnmrd y hjftfün hjfsruyåfmjsd df ins rdinhejfds pjsdrejrds. Wnrn qud sd hjfstuyn ufn seunheøf md nprdfmeznld, fdhdsenbjs qud in rdinheøf dfrd dfsdþnfd y nprdfmedfd sd dsnaidzhn df ufheøf md jrn rdinheøf md nbajs hjf uf drhdr hjbpjfdfd< di hjfjhebedfj. Dfhjfrnbjs nsâ n uf nprdfmedfd qud ’bern‒ ij qud id dfsdþnfd id budsrn. In `kurn mdi bndsrj ludkn uf pnpdi prdpjfmdrnfd df in rnfsbeseøf? fj ds pjseaid uf pdfsnbedfj prjpej qud fj pjfkn df hudstjfnbedfj ij mehcj pjr jrjs. Di prjdsjr ds uf suldj md supudsj snadr, qud sd id supjfd ds ebnkefnrej. Ij ebpjrnfd fj ds ij qud di prjdsjr snad se fj ij qud pudmd cnhdr hjf ij qud snad. Di prjdsjr ds uf suldj sjbdtmj n prdsejfds efstuhejfnids, efstuhejfnids, n hjfmehejfnfds mdi hjfrnj memîhthj, y nbaeåf n su efhjfshedfd, y df in hinsd cny uf krupj md niubfjs, sjbdtmjs n su efhjfshedfd, qud nbaeåf tdfdf uf bufmj nfnsbîthj. Di mjhdfd mdad nhjbpnþnr n ijs niubfjs n rdinhejfnrsd hjf di snadr, ij qud rdvdinrî su prjpen rdinheøf hjf di snadr qud dfsdþn. Xe md rnfsdrdfhen nbjrjsn sd rnn, di nbjr ni mjhdfd ds uf vdrmnmdrj nheienmjr md ijs nprdfmeznlds< sd nprdfmd søij pjr nbjr u jmej, pdrj fufhn pjr efmedrdfhen. In rdinheøf qud supjfd ni mjhdfd hjf di snadr nbaeåf sd efsnin hjbj ufn rdinheøf nbjrjsn. Xøij se di mjhdfd pudmd hjrrdrsd md dsd iuknr df qud sd ij supjfd ’snaedfmj‒, y npnrdhd hjbj ’hnsrnmj‒ df rdinheøf ni snadr, hjbj fj snaedfmj jmj, pudmd sdr pjseaid cnaeienr niküf nprdfmeznld df di sdftmj md in rnfsbeseøf. N ijs niubfjs ids jhnrî aushnr in rdspudsn n sus prjpens prdkufns, y nquâ di mjhdfd jpdrn prjmuhedfmj uf hjrd pjr di huni di niubfj pudmd mdvdfer suldj. Di mjhdfd mdad snadr qud ijs niubfjs pudmdf nprdfmdr md åi, pdrj sef emdnieznrij fe hjfsemdrnr qud ij snad jmj. Xe di prdhej md in huiurn ds in rdprdseøf, y pjr dsn rdprdseøf di suldj sd hjfvedrd df ni, dfjfhds sd rnn md ufn rdprdseøf qud pjseaeied, qud fj iâbed. Xøij in hnrdfhen mn iuknr ni mdsdj, n hjfmeheøf md mdlnr dspnhejs naedrjs. Fj cny mdsdj md hjfjhdr sef hjfnhj hjf di mdshjfjhebedfj y hjf uf ’bndsrj ekfjrnfd‒ qud fj tdfd jmns ins rdspudsns. Ijs iâbeds iâb eds md in i n pdrspdhtvn pdrsp dhtvn Di iâbed bîs ebpjrnfd dsî mnmj pjr di hnbpj df di qud nhjfdhdf fudsrjs nprdfmeznlds< di hnbpj dshjinr. Di hnrîhdr ’dxrnfldrj‒ (df nfj udrn mdi ufevdrsj md ij prevnmj, hjbj bdmenmjr dfrd ij prevnmj y ij püaiehj) md efstuheøf dshjinr ds dsruhurni y dsruhurnfd. Ij qud sd cn pdfsnmj mdsmd ins djrâns hjfdxuniesns mjfmd di hjfdxj dshjinr ds dsruhurnfd df jrbn ef efdrn drnhtv htvn, n, ser servd vd nquâ nquâ pnrn pnrn pdfsn pdfsnrr md quå bjmj hjf in ds dshud hudin in sd ef efrjm rjmuhd uhd ufn sualdt sualdtvem vemnm nm ds dspd pdhâ` hâ`hn< hn< in sualdtvemnm dshjinr, in huni efdrpdin ni suldj mîfmjid uf iuknr y mnfmj n hnmn ufj su iuknr rdspdhj md in efstuheøf. 

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Tfemnm >< In psehjijkân dmuhnhejfni dmuhnhejfni y in efstuheøf dshjinr -

In dshudin efrjmuhd ufn idy qud jrmdfn ins rdinhejfds, knrnftznfmj in efdrfnieznheøf md ins jrns efstuhejfds sjhenids d efrjmuhedfmj ni suldj n ijs snadrds sjhenibdfd vnijrnmjs.