Resumen Sociologia

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

Nòau`l = @m slbfl`leîm9 surefnfhotl y bmrmbthrîstfbms Blothxtl y ahcmths Rlbfl`leîm9 bfhobfm slbfm`, brîtfbm, trmtm thnms quh tfhoh vhr blo h` juobflomnfhotl y bmncfl ah `ms slbfhamahs. @ms lplrtuofamahs y hxphrfhobfms ahphoaho ah` `uemr quh lbupmo ho h` hspmbfl slbfm`. @ls foafvfauls tlnmo ahbfsflohs phrl ol mfs`mamnhoth sfol ho uo blothxtl nís mnp`fl, ‐`m slbfhama„.  @ms phrsloms hstío ho uo h hotrmnmal otrmnmal ah rh`mbflohs

slbfm`hs.

@m slbfl`leîm hs h` hstuafl sfsthnítfbl, rfeurlsl y bfhotîjfbl ah `m slbfhama. Rh ahch ahjfofr h` nætlal ah hstuafl, quh hs sfsthnítfbl y rfeurlsl. Cusbm ‐Ahsomturm`fzmr„   h` shotfal blnùo. Foamem y buhstfòo blsms mbhptmams blnl amams. Hs `m fothrrlembfòo mbhrbm ah sf slnls mcsl`utmnhoth `fcrhs ah ouhstrms ahbfsflohs. Xol ah `ls mplrths ah `m slbfl`leîm mom`fzm quæ pmutms y prlbhsls slbfm`hs mjhbtmo ouhstrms príbtfbms y trmyhbtlrfms vftm`hs. M vhbhs `m slbfl`leîm blotrmafbh h` shotfal blnùo.

Buhstflohs hpfsthnl`òefbms císfbms. Rlbfl`leîm y shotfal blnùo. Supturm blo h` shotfal blnùo. ¼[lr quæ `m slbfl`leîm<

=. =.   Jlrnm ah phosmr brîtfbmnhoth, fovftm m buhstflomr `ms jlrnm slbfm`hs ah gmbhr `ms blsms (bmsmrsh, trmcmimr, htb.) 3. 3.   [hrnfth blolbhr nhilr `ms lplrtuofamahs y `ls lcstíbu`ls. Zhr blnl sh nuhvh h` nuoal ah `l slbfm`. 2. 2.   Blovfhrth ho nfhncrls mbtfvls. [lr ahsblolbfnfhotl sh mbhptmo `ms blsms tm` blnl sh `ms prhshotm. @m slbfl`leîm blnl bfhobfm slbfm` tfhoh bfhrtls ahsmjîls9 =. =.   Nuoal ho blostmoth trmosjlrnmbfòo, ol gmy lcihtls ah hstuafls jfils h fonutmc`h 3. 3.   @ls slbfò`lels phrthohbho m uom slbfhama, slo pmrth ah` lcihtl ah hstuafl. 2. 2.   H` blolbfnfhotl slbfl`òefbl hs pmrth ah `m slbfhama. H` `hoeumih slbfl`òefbl hotrm ho h` `hoeumih ah `m vfam bltfafmom y vfbhvhrsm. @m ‐Fnmefombfòo ‐Fnmefombfòo slbfl`òefbm„ slbfl`òefbm„ ah Bgmr`hs Urfegt Nf``s, jlrnm ah shosfcf`fama foafsphosmc`h

pmrm h` moí`fsfs slbfl`òefbl, hstío fovl`ubrmams `m gfstlrfm, motrlpl`leîm y shosfcf`fama brftfbm. ¼Buíoal blnfhozm `m rhj`hxfòo slbfl`òefbm<

Nubgls mutlrhs blfobfaho quh sureh ho `ls blothxtls ah `ls bmncfls quh brhmrlo nuoal nlahrol Shvl`ubfòo Jrmobhsm -=556- (sîncl`l ah `m trmosjlrnmbfòo pl`îtfbm) y Shvl`ubfòo Foaustrfm`  ‒jfohs sfe`l WZFFF y prfobfpfls ah` WFW- ho h` p`mol thbol`òefbl. Rh `m ``mnm Bfhobfm ah `m brfsfs. Efaahos (=661) `m slbfl`leîm juh h` jrutl ah `ms 3 trmosjlrnmbflohs quh afsl`vfhrlo `m jlrnm ah lremofzmbfòo slbfm` quh h` glncrh gmcîm vfvfal aurmoth nf`hofls. Dmr` Nmrx, Nmx Uhchr y Hnf`h Aurdghfn  (sfe`ls WZFFF y WFW) juhrlo `ls juoamalrhs ah `m slbfl`leîm y

thoîmo 2 vfsflohs afjhrhoth ah` ouhvl lraho slbfm` ombfhoth

=

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

Qrhs [rlbhsls rh`hvmoths ah `ms ermoahs trmosjlrnmbflohs9 =. =.   Ouhvm hblolnîm foaustrfm`9  ho `m hama nhafm `m nmylrîm vfvîm ah `ls bu`tfvls l nmoujmbturms m phquhým hsbm`m. @m nhbíofbm gfaríu`fbm y `m nmqufom m vmplr, gfbfhrlo plsfc`h h` afshýl ah níqufoms pmrm `m prlaubbfòo m ermo hsbm`m. Rureho hiærbftls ah trmcmimalrhs, hstl mjhbtl `m hstrubturm jmnf`fmr y trmafbflohs. 3. 3.   Brhbfnfhotl ah `ms bfuamahs9 `ms jícrfbms sh nu`tfp`fbmo y slo pl`ls ah mtrmbbfòo pmrm `ls quh cusbmcmo trmcmil. Bmnphsfols mcmoalomo h` bmnpl y trms`mamo m bhotrl foaustrfm`hs ho cusbm ah trmcmil.   2.  Bmncfls pl`îtfbls9 pmsl ah `m hama nhafm m `m nlahrofama. Moths sh brhîm quh `m slbfhama hrm rhj`hil ah `m vl`uotma ah Afls. H` ahsmrrl``l hbloònfbl y h` brhbfnfhotl ah `ms bfuamahs prlaubh bmncfls ho h` phosmnfhotl pl`îtfbl. Rh ahim h` phosmnfhotl ah p`mo afvfol ah `ms slbfhamahs. Rfol quh hs rhsu`tmal ah `ms mbbflohs gunmoms.  

Lrîehohs ah `m slbfl`leîm Rf cfho ym sh gmbîmo rhj`hxflohs slcrh `ms slbfhamahs ho `ls prfobfpfls ah `m gunmofama. @m slbfl`leîm hs uom afsbfp`fom rhbfhoth. Mueustl Blnth  ho =772 mbuýl h` tærnfol quh ahsbrfcîm uom ouhvm jlrnm ah rhj`hxflomr slcrh h` nuoal. [hrl rhbfæo ho h` sfe`l WFW sh `l mclram blo uom phrsphbtfvm bfhotîjfbm ah `m nmol ah HNF@H AXSDGHFN. @ls jf`òsljls y thò`lels sl`l ahsbrfcîmo l fnmefomcmo blnl ahcîm shr `m slbfhama. [hrl BLNQH  y AXSDGHFN prlploho hothoahr y hxp`fbmr bònl hrm y bònl juobflomcm uom slbfhama m trmvæs ah` nætlal bfhotîjfbl. [mrm BLNQH `m gfstlrfm ah `m gunmofama sh puhah afvfafr ho 2 jmshs ah mbuhral m blnl h` glncrh fothotl hxp`fbmr h` nuoal =.  @m Hama Nhafm9 `m jmsh ‐thl`òefbm„  3.  Shombfnfhotl9 `ms hxp`fbmbflohs thl`òefbms juhrlo rhhnp`mzmams plr phrsphbtfvms nhtmjîsfbms. @ms slbfhama ahimo ah hothoahr plr fothrvhobfòo afvfom   2.  Rh fothotm hxp`fbmr `m omturm`hzm ho sus prlpfls tærnfols fnplsfc`hs ah blotrmstmr

hnpîrfbmnhoth. Blpærofbl (=152-=812) y Em`f`hl Em`f`hf (=8:1-=:13) slo rhjhrhoths ah hsth phrflal. Rh malptm h` nætlal Bfhotîjfbl pmrm hothoahr`m y mp`fbmr`m  H` mplrth ah BLNQH juh rh`hvmoth pmrm blnprhoahr `m slbfhama ho tærnfols fotrmslbfm`hs (ol thl`leîm). Aurmoth ah` ombfnfhotl ah `m slbfl`leîm tmncfæo sureho ltrms bfhobfms quh ahjfoîmo su bmnpl y lcihtl ah fovhstfembfòo9   Bfhobfm pl`îtfbm9 blo Nmqufmvh`l m`bmozl `m `fchrmbfòo ah `ls bloafbflomoths thl`òefbl l jf`lsòjfbls   Hblolnîm [l`îtfbm9 Mamn Rnftg y Amvfa Sfbmral   [sfblmoí`fsfs9 foamem slcrh `ms bmusms ah `ms bloaubtms







H` bmnpl ah `m slbfl`leîm mpmrhbîm `femam m uom sftumbfòo ah brfsfs ho rhspuhstm m emrmotfzmr h` juobflomnfhotl ah` lraho blostftufal. Blo `m Shvl`ubfòo Foaustrfm` sh prlaubh uom prljuoam brfsfs slbfm` y mpmrhbh h` [SL@HQMSfMAL. @l quh ehohrl afvhrsms rhmbbflohs y `m slbfl`leîm prhthoaîm hstmcf`fzmr y rhstmc`hbhr h` lraho slbfm`. DMS@ NMSW9  thoîm afvhrsls lcihtfvls, fothotl quhcrmr h` prl`htmrfmal. Aurmoth

nubgl tfhnpl h` Nmrxfsnl y `m slbfl`leîm gmcîm uo hstrhbgm h fobònlam y pl`ænfbm rh`mbfòo. [lrquh mspfrmcmo m shr uom bfhobfm ehohrm` ah `m slbfhama y blnprhoahr `ls bmncfls slbfm`hs prlaubtl ah` bmpftm`fsnl foaustrfm` y `ms rhvl`ubflohs pl`îtfbms ah` sfe`l WZFFF.

3

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

[lr fobònlal y pl`ænfbm sh am plr h` ghbgl quh mncms sh amo ho hsjhrms mfs`mams y ah bloj`fbtls afrhbtls. H` Nmrxfsnl ahcîm blosfahrmrsh blnl uo phosmnfhotl ùofbl y sfoeu`mr nuoal foth`hbtum` blnp`htl ho sî nfsnl l blnl uom ah vmrfms thlrîm slbfl`òefbms. Blnl nhafl pmrm blnprhoahr h` nuoal slbfm`. @m slbfl`leîm ahcîm blostftufrsh plsftfvmnhoth plr nhafl ah `m nhtlal`leîm ah `ms bfhobfms omturm`hs. Rh blosfahrm h` hstuafl ah `m slbfhama blo `m ah uo lremofsnl (nætlal cfl`leîm) y blnl `ms hojhrnhamahs h` bloj`fbtl ahcîm shr prhvhofal y blncmtfal. b lncmtfal.

Qhlrîm slbfl`òefbm ¼Bònl juobflom `m slbfl`leîm< Qhlrîm hs uo bloiuotl ah houobfmal vfobu`mals `òefbmnhoth quh hxprhsm bònl y plr quæ bfhrtls ghbgls hstío rh`mbflomals. Xo pmrmafenm  hs uom fnmeho císfbm ah `m slbfhama quh euîm `m fovhstfembfòo y `ms rhj`hxflohs thòrfbms. @m thlrîm slbfl`òefbm prlploh cusbmr shotfal m `ls ghbgls y lcshrvmbflohs mfs`mams, hs ahbfr bònl gmbhnls `ms blsms. @m slbfl`leîm thlrfzm ho jlrnm rmbflom` y sfsthnítfbm. [mrm vm`famr uom thlrîm ho su blghrhobfm fothrom sh rhburrh m` moí`fsfs `òefbl ah `ls mreunhotls. V pmrm `m hxthrom sh gmbh blo nætlals ah fovhstfembfòo quh blotrmstmo y blnpruhcmo hnpîrfbmnhoth `ls prhsupuhstls thòrfbls (hstmaîstfbms, hotrhvfstms, htb.) Nmrx, Aurdghfn y Nmx Uhchr (pmarhs juoamalrhs ah `m slbfl`leîm) hothoaîmo `ls

bmncfls ah nmohrm afjhrhoth. M phsmr ah `ls afvhrsls bmncfls gmy 2 pmrmafenms prfobfpm`hs9   H` juobflom`fsnl ah Aurdghfn   @m Rlbfl`leîm ah Nmrx   @m Rlbfl`leîm ah Uhchr

  

[rlpuhstm ah Mutlrhs B`ísfbls ho Rlbfl`leîm Dmr` Nmrx9 prflrfzm ho su fovhstfembfòo `m ahsfeum`ama, h` bloj`fbtl y h` bmncfl slbfm`.

Zhîm uo brhbfnfhotl hbloònfbl ermbfms m `m Shvl`ubfòo Foaustrfm` phrl plbls sh chohjfbfmcmo. Qhoîm blnl lcihtfvl quhcrmr h` ouhvl lraho slbfm` y rhhnp`mzmr plr uol nís feum`ftmrfl sheùo h` H` Nmofjfhstl Blnuofstm (=777)9 blo Jrfharfbg Hoeh`s  blnl blmutlr thoîm blnl lcihtfvl afjuoafr fahms blnuofstms, ym quh mutlrhs mjfrnmo quh tlams `ms slbfhamahs hrm uom `ubgm ah b`mshs. @ubgms quh thrnfomrlo ho rhvl`ubflohs slbfm`hs l h` guoafnfhotl ah b`mshs ch`fehrmoths. Nmrx9  blo h` tfhnpl h` bmpftm`fsnl sfnp`fjfbm `ms blotrmafbbflohs sl`hs y `ms

slbfhamahs sh afvfaho bmam vhz nís ho h o als ermoahs b`mshs `m cureuhsîm y h` prl`htmrfmal. @m fahm bhotrm` hrm h` bloj`fbtl hotrh b`mshs slbfm`hs9 CXSEXHRFM (Bmpftm`fstm)  prlpfhtmrfls ah nhafls ah prlaubbfòo quh hnp`hmcmo trmcmimalrhs msm`mrfmals. H` prl`htmrfmal m` ol thohr nhafls ah prlaubbfòo prlpfm sh vhîm lc`femal m vhoahr su juhrzm ah trmcmil pmrm slcrhvfvfr. @ls bmpftm`fstms emomcmo ah `m vhotm ah prlaubtls m cmil blstl. V h` prl`htmrfmal lcthoîm sm`mrfl m bmncfl ah su trmcmil. BLOJ@FBQL

Rheùo Nmrx  hxfsth hotrh bmpftm`fstms quh qufhrho nmxfnfzmr chohjfbfl plr `m rhaubbfòo ah blstl ah sm`mrfl. V `ls trmcmimalrhs qufhrho nhilrhs sm`mrfls. Hstl ehohrm uo 2

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

bloj`fbtl ah fothrhsm plrquh m nms sm`mrfl nholr chohjfbfl. [mrm suphrmr hsth sh ahch pmsmr ah uo nlah`l bmpftm`fstm m slbfm`fstm. H` nlal ah prlaubbfòo9 ‐hstrubturm ‐hstrubturm„„ y ‐suphrhstrubturm ‐suphrhstrubturm„„ 

Xom fahm b`mvh ah Nmrx hs quh `m hstrubturm hbloònfbm mjhbtm `m vfam slbfm`. Rheùo Nmrx9    Nlal ah prlaubbfòo9  nlal quh `h glncrh prlaubh sus nhafls ah vfam.



Fnp`fbm Hstrubturm Nmthrfm` y Ruphrhstrubturm   Hstrubturm nmthrfm` slo9

  @ms juhrzms prlaubtfvms9 trmcmil gunmol, lcihtls ah trmcmil (nmthrfm prfnms) y nhafls ah trmcmil (nmqufomrfms)   @ms rh`mbflohs slbfm`hs ah prlaubbfòo9 quh sh prlaubho ho uo nhafl bmpftm`fstm, slo prlpfhama, afvfsfòo ah` trmcmil y bllphrmbfòo





Ruphrhstrubturm Ruphrhstrubtu rm fahl`òefbm slo9

  `ms jlrnms slbfm`hs9 rhprhshotmbflohs ho jlrnm ah rh`fefòo, blobfhobfm nlrm` y iurîafbm, mrt. Htb.   H` Hstmal blnl rh`mbflohs iurîafbl pl`îtfbms





H` bmpftm`fsnl blnl sfsthnm hbloònfbl prlvlbm bloj`fbtls hotrh b`mshs slbfm`hs y m`fhombfòo (hxphrfhobfm plr `m bum` `ls glncrhs sh sfhotho elchromals plr juhrzms mihoms m æ`, ol sh vho blnl glncrhs `fcrh y ol elcfhrom su vfam of ahstfol) ah `ls foafvfauls. Ho `m m`fhombfòo h` glncrh sh vh blnl uom nhrbmobîm quh h` bmpftm`fsnl blnprm bumoal `l ohbhsftmo y `l ahshbgm bumoal ol. H` trmcmimalr hstm m`fhomal rhsphbtl ah9   Ru trmcmil9  bumoal sh hs hsb`mvl ah `m níqufom. Bumoal trmcmim pmrm ahsmrrl``mrsh blnl phrslom y su plthobfm` y bum`famahs.    @ls prlaubtls ah su trmcmil9  bumoal phrthohbho m` bmpftm`fstm quh blnprl h` tfhnpl ah` trmcmimalr plr uo sm`mrfl.    Ltrls trmcmimalrhs9 trmcmimalrhs9 plr `ms slbfhamahs bmpftm`fstms ahim ah shr hxphrfhobfm ah bllphrmbfòo pmrm shr blnphtftfvm.    Ah sî nfsnl9  h` bmpftm`fsnl trmosjlrnm uom mbtfvfama pmrm hxprhsmr bum`famahs hshobfm`hs plr uom hxphrfhobfm thaflsm y ahsgunmofzmalrm. ahsgunmofzmalrm. 









Ho hsth sfsthnm, ¼]uæ sh ahch gmbhr< @m `heftfnfama ah `m rhvl`ubfòo

Xom mbbfòo rhvl`ubflomrfm mbmcmrîm blo h` bmpftm`fsnl, sheùo Nmrx, ahspuæs vhoarîm h` slbfm`fsnl, sfsthnm nís gunmol h feum`ftmrfl. Feum`ftmrfl ol qufhrh ahbfr quh tlals rhbfcmo `l nfsnl sfol quh h` mplrth m `l bl`hbtfvl sh ahjfom ho juobfòo ah sus plsfcf`famahs nfhotrms quh bmam uol rhbfcm ho juobfòo ah sus ohbhsfamahs. Bumoal h` trmcmil ahih ah shr nhafl ah vfam sfol uom prfnhrm ohbhsfama vftm` y blo h` ahsmrrl``l ah `ls foafvfauls brhzbmo `ms juhrzms prlaubtfvms mgî sh vm m suphrmr `m crhbgm hotrh cureuæs y `m slbfhama. ¼Bònl hxp`fbmr `ms ahsfeum`amahs, `m jrmenhotmbfòo y `ls bloj`fbtls slbfm`hs< 1

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

[rfobfpm` brîtfbm, `m ahsfeum`ama ol hs sl`l hbloònfbm sfol tmncfæo ah eæohrl l htofm. Nmrx mjfrnm quh hsls bloj`fbtls sureho ho `m ucfbmbfòo ho `m hstrubturm hbloònfbm. ¼Bònl sh hotfhoaho `ms hstrubturms slbfm`hs ahsah hsth pmrmafenm<

@ls quh sh m`fohmo mjfrnmo quh `ms hstrubturms slbfm`hs ol jmvlrhbho h` juobflomnfhotl lreíofbl mrnloflsl sfol quh phrphtùmo uom afstrfcubfòo ahsfeum` ah rhbursls hbloònfbls y pl`îtfbls. M`euoms brîtfbms m` Nmrxfsnl

M` ahstmbmr `ms ahsfeum`amahs y bloj`fbtls slbfm`hs ahim ah `mal h` hquf`fcrfl y pmz slbfm`. Bumoal gmy fothrhshs pl`îtfbls sh ahim ah `mal `m fovhstfembfòo bfhotîjfbm. H` nmrxfsnl mjfrnm quh ol sh puhah slsthohr `m bfhobfm `fcrh ah vm`lrhs. M` feum` quh h` juobflom`fsnl, h` nmrxfsnl tfhoh uom lrfhotmbfòo nmbrl.sh cusbm uom blnprhosfòo e`lcm`

NMW UHCHS [mrm hothoahr h` blothxtl slbfm` sh ahch blnprhoahr m `ls foafvfauls ho æ`. Rh fothrhsò ho h` foafvfaul blnl mbtlr, `ls nltfvls h fothobflohs quh `l ``hvmo m mbtumr y h` shotfal ah su mbbfòo. V ol tmotl mom`fzmr `m rhm`fama l blnl `m slbfhama bloafbflom m` foafvfaul. Ol blnpmrtîm h` hojlquh nmthrfm`fstm ah Nmrx, pmrm Uhchr `ms brhhobfms plaîmo p laîmo bmncfmr `m slbfhama. H` bmpftm`fsnl ol hs rhsu`tmal ah `ls bmncfls thbol`òefbls sfol ah uo nlal ah phosmr.

Rlcrh `m slbfhama

Ol `ms b`msfjfbmcms sheùo h` ahsmrrl``l ah thbol`leîms, sfol m pmrtfr ah `ms vfsflohs ah` nuoal quh thoîmo `ls foafvfauls. @m Shvl`ubfòo foaustrfm` y h` fofbfl ah` Bmpftm`fsnl juhrlo h` trfuojl ah` Smbflom`fsnl. @m rmbflom`fzmbfòo ahsbrfcîm h` bmncfl gfstòrfbl ah `m trmafbfòo blnl nlah`l alnfomoth ah` phosmnfhotl. Hstm lrfhotmbfòo m` phosmnfhotl bfhotîjfbl ahcf`ftmcm `ls vîobu`ls blo `m trmafbfòo y h` pmsmal l hxp`fbmbflohs níefbms ah` nuoal. B`msfjfbmbfòo ah tfpls ah mbbfòo slbfm` (=633)

  Mbtl rmbflom` rhsphbtl ah uo jfo9 h` mbtlr phrsfeuh uo jfo y blncfom nhafls pmrm m`bmozmr`l.    Mbtl rmbflom` rhsphbtl ah uo vm`lr9 mbhptmbfòo ah uo auh`l, mbhptm `ls rfhels ah `m mbbfòo pmrm shr jfh` m su glolr    Mbtl mjhbtfvl l hnlbflom`9 afbtmal plr h` hstmal ah blobfhobfm l gunlr, `m mbbfòo ol tfhoh uo jfo l sfsthnm ah vm`lrhs, sfol plr rhmbbfòo hnlbflom`.     Mbtl trmafbflom`9 h` mbtlr mbtùm plr gícftls, blstuncrh y brhhobfms. V ol plr uo jfo, vm`lr l plr uom hnlbfòo. 









¼H` bmpftm`fsnl hs uo sfsthnm hbloònfbl rmbflom`<

[mrm Uhchr h` bmpftm`fsnl hxprhsm rmbflom`fama, plrquh sh tlnmo ahbfsflohs plr h` bí`bu`l ah blstls-chohjfbfls. Nmrx mjfrnm quh hs `l blotrmrfl m `m rmbflom`fama. ¼Hs rmbflom` uo sfsthnm quh ``hvm m `m plcrhzm m `m nmylrîm< 8

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

UHCHS, surefnfhotl ah` Bmpftm`fsnl.

Rureh ho h` Bm`vfofsnl, `ls bm`vfofstm mbtumcmo blo uom afsbfp`fom rfeurlsm y ah nlal rmbflom`. Brhîmo ho h` alenm ah `m prhahstfombfòo h` bum` h` Afls gmcîm hsblefal m uols glncrhs pmrm shr sm`vmals y ltrms m bmstfel hthrol. Hrm fnplsfc`h smchr `m vl`uotma ah Afls. Omam of omafh, of `m rh`fefòo puhaho m`thrmr hsh ahstfol. [mrm hvftmr `m fobhrtfauncrh `ls bm`vfofstms ahsmrrl``mrlo sfeols quh foafbmcmo qufhohs sh sm`vmcmo. Hstms shým`hs sh hobuhotrmo ho h` æxftl hbloònfbl. @m ætfbm ah` bm`vfofsnl rhquhrîm ah mutlblotrl` y hstf`l ah vfam sfsthnmtfzmal blo uo bloiuotl fothermal ah mbtfvfamahs slcrh tlal ah ohelbfl ho blotrmsth blo h` fahm` brfstfmol ah `m Hama Nhafm (blnprlnhthrsh bumoal `m lbmsfòo `l hxfeh y ho mbtls mfs`mals hxpfmr `ls phbmals) Blo `m nuhrth ah Bm`vfol, `ls pmstlrhs foafbmrlo9   Lc`fembfòo ah brhyhoths ah brhhrsh prhahstfomals, bloahomals m` bmstfel plr `m thotmbfòo   Ahcîmo emomrsh `m sm`vmbfòo trmcmimoal ho su ljfbfl pmrm emomr `m blojfmozm ah Afls, ah nlal rmbflom`, nhtfbu`lsl y ol ahsphrafbfmr rhbursls pmrm ol ljhoahr m` brhmalr. @ls jrutls ol ahcîmo emstmrsh ho `uils l p`mbhrhs plrquh hrmo phbmal.





@m hpfsthnl`leîm ho UHCHS hs nu`tfbmusm`, hstm ætfbm prlthstmoth juh uo jmbtlr fnplrtmoth phrl ol h` ùofbl pmrm h` fofbfl ah` bmpftm`fsnl. Smsels ah `m ouhvm slbfhama ho juobfòo j uobfòo ah `m rmbflom`fzmbfòo9   Rureho fostftubflohs slbfm`hs hsphbîjfbms9 ho slbfhamahs prfnftfvms `m j`fm hrm h` bhotrl ah tlams `ms mbtfvfamahs. Ermaum`nhoth sureho fostftubflohs quh mtfhoaho nís hjfbfhothnhoth `ms ohbhsfamahs gunmoms.   Rh brhmo lremofzmbflohs9 hsbuh`ms, glspftm`hs, uofvhrsfamahs, htb. Uhchr phosmcm quh hrmo fostrunhotls blo prlpòsftls pmrm blosheufr jfohs nís hjfbfhoths. @m curlbrmbfm trmosjlrnl trmosjlrnl `m slbfhama blnl `l gfzl `m Shvl`ubfòo Foaustrfm` blo `m hblolnîm.   Mpmrhbho prljhsflohs nís hsphbfm`fzmams   Mutlafsbfp`fom, sh prhnfm h` hsjuhrzl y nhrftl phrslom`   Blnl bloshbuhobfm ah `m rmbflom`fzmbfòo gucl nmylr blobfhobfm ah` tfhnpl sh p`mofjfbm `ms mbtfvfamahs ho glrms y nfoutls.





 





shpmrm `m vfam prfvmam (hnlbflohs) y ltrms hsjhrms ah `m   Fnphrslom`fama9 sh shpmrm vfam aloah prhalnfom `m fnphrslom`fama.

Smbflom`fama Smbflom`fa ma y ahshobmotmnf ahshobmotmnfhotl hotl ah` nuoal Uhchr shým`m m`el pmrhbfal m `m ‐m`fhombfòo„ ah Nmrx. @m slbfhama nlahrom ohutrm`fzmcm `m afnhosfòo brhmtfvm ah `ms phrsloms, sus vfams hrmo rutfomrfms y alnhstfbmams plr `m curlbrmbfm. @m lremofzmbfòo nlahrom hrm uo sfsthnm ah rhe`mnhotls, prlbhafnfhotl y lrahomozms quftmo h` hspîrftu gunmol. @m curlbrmbfm ol tfhoh blooltmbfòo ohemtfvm sheùo Uhchr y hs uo sfsthnm fahm` ah lremofzmbfòo rmbflom` ah alnfombfòo `hem`. Uhchr prlploh 2 tfpls ah alnfombfòo `heîtfnm. =. =.   Ah bmríbthr trmafbflom`9 `m smotfama ah `m trmafbfòo, `ls quh `m trmafbfòo ahsfeom blnl ihjhs slo mutlrfama `heîtfnm. 3.  Ah bmríbthr bmrfsnítfbl9 sh `m am m uo ihjh l smotl plr mbtl ghrlfbls juhrm ah `ls blnuohs. :

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

2. 2.   Ah Bmríbthr rmbflom`9 brhhobfm y `hem`fama ah `ms lrahomozms y ahrhbgls ah nmoal ah qufhohs hihrbho mutlrfama. H` nís purl sh hihrbh plr manfofstrmbfòo curlbrítfbm blnpuhstm plr juobflomrfls foafvfaum`hs blo hstms pmutms9   Rh ahcho m sus lc`fembflohs m bmrel   Rh rhsphtm `m ihrmrquîm manfofstrmtfvm   Bmam bmrel blo blnphthobfms plr ahshnphýmr

   

@m bm`fjfbmbfòo prljhsflom` juoamnhotm` h` olncrmnfhotl    Ruh`al ermaum` sheùo rmoel y rhsplosmcf`famahs.   Blnuofbmbfòo jlrnm`





@m curlbrmbfm fahm` hs hihrbfam plr `ls nís mptls pmrm h` bmrel. Brftfbm m` pmrmafenm ah `m mbbfòo

H` pmrmafenm ah `m mbbfòo cusbm `m blnprhosfòo ah `m rhm`fama phrl m` hojlbmrsh ho hstl pfhrah ah vfstm `ms hstrubturms y bloafbflomnfhotls quh hstms hihrbho slcrh `m mbbfòo slbfm`.

HNF@H AXSDGHFN y h` Juobflom`fsnl H` phosmnfhotl ah Aurdghfn hrm juobflom`fstm blnl Mueustl Blnth  (su prhlbupmbfòo hrm hoblotrmr nhbmofsnl ah fothermbfòo slbfm`) y Ghrchrt Rphobhr (hstuaflsl ah` buhrpl gunmol y `m slbfhama). Hsth slsthoîm h` pmrm`h`fsnl hotrh lremofsnl gunmol y slbfhama (buhrpl slbfm` mom`fzmal blo blobhptls cfl`òefbls blo pmrths y juobflohs) Aurdghfn `m slbfhama hrm uo sfsthnm blnp`hil ah pmrths fothrrh`mbflomams hotrh sf

aloah sh prlaubîm hquf`fcrfl y hstmcf`fama slbfm`. Hsth pmrmafenm juh prhalnfomoth ho `ls :;s bumoal sh brftfbmcm m Nmrx. Aurdghfn juh ahbfsfvl ho h` ahsmrrl``l ah `m slbfl`leîm blnl afsbfp`fom mbmaænfbm. Qhoîm als lcihtfvls hotrh`mzmals9   Fostmurmr `m slbfl`leîm blnl afsbfp`fom bfhotîjfbm rfeurlsm, puc`fbl 2 `fcrls



‐Ah `m afvfsfòo ah` trmcmil Rlbfm`„, ‐@ms She`ms ah` nætlal slbfl`òefbl„ y ‐H` Rufbfafl„  

` ms bfhobfms blo   Rhotmr cmshs pmrm `m uofjfbmbfòo ah `ms bfhobfms slbfm`hs. Xofr `ms cmshs plsftfvfstms, h`fnfomoal `ms afjhrhobfms nhtlal`òefbms hotrh bfhobfms slbfm`hs y omturm`hs. Blnprhoahr h` nuoal slbfm` blnl uom hstrubturm jmbtfc`h ah blnprhosfòo rmbflom`. V msî fovhstfemr bfhotîjfbmnhoth `m hblolnîm, gfstlrfm, ahrhbgl, rh`fefòo, htb.

Rheùo Qfrymdfmo thoarîm uo 2hr lcihtfvl quh hs hstmc`hbhr `ms cmshs hnpîrfbms, rmbflom`hs y sfsthnítfbms, pmrm rhstmurmr h` bloshosl slbfm` y prlnlvhr `m fothermbfòo m afjhrhobfm ah` nmrxfsnl. Aurdghfn hs pmarh ah` pmrmafenm juobflom`fstm. @ls merhemals slbfm`hs slo uofamahs afjhrhobfmams foahphoafhoths (foafvfaul, j`fms, bmthelrîms ah hama, shxl, htb.). [mrm Aurdghfn `m slbfhama hs sunm ah `ls foafvfauls quh `m blnploho. @m slbfhama tfhoh vfam y hxfsth moths quh h` foafvfaul. Hihrbh foj`uhobfm slcrh `m vfam. Aurdghfn prlpusl h` ‐GHBGL ‐ GHBGL RLBFM@„ slo `ls ghbgls bl`hbtfvls quh slo suprmfoafvfaum`hs (hstío hobfnm ah` foafvfaul).

@m Rlbfl`leîm ahch hstuafmr ghbgls slbfm`hs blnl blsms y hxp`fbmr hxp`f bmr `ms bmusms m pmrtfr ah ltrl ghbgl slbfm`. 5

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm` H` `fcrl ‐H` Rufbfafl„ (=765), ho h` fothotm hxp`fbmr h` sufbfafl plr vmrfmc`hs slbfm`hs y

ol foafvfaum`hs. H` nætlal slbfl`òefbl hxp`fbm h` ghbgl slbfm` m pmrtfr ah ltrl. Blnl `l slo `m fothermbfòo y `m rheu`mbfòo. Malptl M alptl tmncfæo ho hsth `fcrl h` usl ah nætlals hstmaîstfbls quh `h phrnftîm nhafr nhafr `ms vmrfmc`hs quh fothrvhoîmo ho h` sufbfafl. Fothermbfòo, hs pmrm Aurdghfn, `ls `mzls quh uoho `ls foafvfauls y `m slbfhama, aholnfomam Blghsfòo Rlbfm`. Blo Sheu`mbfòo sh rhjhrîm m `m hxfsthobfm y juhrzm ah olrnms quh rheu`mo h` blnplrtmnfhotl ahotrl ah `m slbfhama. @ms olrnms hstmc`hbho `înfths m `ls foafvfauls. [mrm AXSDGHFN `ls `mzls quh `l nmotfhoho uofal m `m slbfhama juobflomo blnl blothobfòo quh `h ljrhbh h` rl` quh lbupm, sus lc`fembflohs y `h amcm shotfal m `m vfam. Bumoal sh ahcf`ftmcm `m fothermbfòo l `m rheu`mbfòo phrturcmcm h` lraho slbfm` y hrm uom bmusm ah sufbfafl. H` hxbhsl hrm pmtl`òefbl, mtîpfbl. Blob`usflohs ah AXSDGHFN9   M ofvh` fothermbfòo9 erupls slbfm`hs blo m`tm fothermbfòo, lburrh sufbfafl m`trufstm, `m juhrth phrthohobfm m` erupl hrm iustfjfbmbfòo pmrm h` sufbfafl. Hi. Mbtfvfstms fs`ínfbls. @m ohembfòo hs h` mpmrtmnfhotl ah` erupl sfo blothobfòo. Bumoal `m fothermbfòo hs cmim ol gmy blghsfòo y ahcf`ftm `m slbfhama. Blnuohs ho slbfhamahs nlahroms aloah `m j`fm y `m rh`fefòo sh gmo ahcf`ftmal.   M ofvh` ah rheu`mbfòo9   ahphoah jh `l juhrth quh shmo `ms olrnms quh rheu`mo `m slbfhama. @ms olrnms m`himo ah `ls fnpu`sls foafvfaum`hs. Ermoahs hstrh``ms quh sh sufbfamo quh pmrhbho thohr tlal. H` Rufbfafl Jmtm`fstm  lburrh blo h` hxbhsl ah rheu`mbfòo plrquh blmrtm `m `fchrtma foafvfaum`. Hi. Sheînhohs hsb`mvfstms. 





Ho vhz ah nfrmr `ls sufbfafls blnl mfs`mals y pmrtfbu`mrhs sh `l blosfahrm uo bloiuotl h` tltm` ah `ls nfsnl hs uo ghbgl ouhvl y ah omturm`hzm prlpfm quh hs hnfohothnhoth slbfm`. [hrslom`fama9 `m slbfhama ho `ls foafvfauls

@m slbfhama tfhoh vfam mpmrth ah `ls foafvfauls hstm juhrm ah hstls, y m su vhz ahotrl, plrquh `ls nfhncrls gmbho suyl `ls vm`lrhs y olrnms quh hstm afbtm. Msî lremofzmo su vfam. Rheùo AXSDGHFN `m slbfhama rheu`m blnplrtmnfhotls plr nhafl ah `m afsbfp`fom nlrm` fnplofhoal `fnfths nlrm`hs m `ls ahshls. Nlahrofama y molnfm

Ho `ms slbfhamahs nlahroms gmy nhols rhstrfbbflohs slcrh `ls foafvfauls `l quh puhah mbmrrhmr blo molnfm. Hstís sh amo plr h` nmylr ermal ah tl`hrmobfm y `fchrtma, msî `ls nfhncrls bmrhbho ah nlah`ls pmrm sus bloaubtms. Hi. Qrmcmil hstmcm m hstmr ahshnp`hmal ehohrm uo hstmal ah fobhrtfauncrh. Afvfsfòo ah` trmcmil

Ho slbfhama prhfoaustrfm`hs `m trmafbfòo amcm hstmcf`fama m `m slbfhama y `m uoîm. @ls `mzls slbfm`hs cmsmals uom vfsfòo blnùo ah` nuoal (slbfhama nhbíofbm) y nlrm` blnùo quh uoîm m `ls nfhncrls. @m hvl`ubfòo ehohrò nhols ermal ah sl`famrfama nhbíofbm, ol afsl`vfò `m slbfhama phrl mpmrhbho ouhvls nhbmofsnls, `ls bum`hs `ls `mzls y `ls vîobu`ls hstmcmo cmsmals ho hsphbfm`fzmbfòo y afvfsfòo ah` trmcmil quh `ls uoîm m uom slbfhama foaustrfm`.

7

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

Rf cfho sh maqufhrh foahphoahobfm, `m foaustrfm ohbhsftmcm ah` merfbu`tlr y h` merfbu`tlr ah` blnhrbfmoth ym quh ol gmcîm mutlsujfbfhoth. @l juoamnhotm` ah hstl hrm `m afvfsfòo ah` trmcmil l hsphbfm`fzmbfòo ah `m ` m prlaubbfòo l mbtfvfama hbloònfbm. @ms slbfhamahs trmafbflom`hs `m blghsfòo ahphoaîm ah` bloshosl nlrm` hotrh nfhncrls, `ms nlahroms tfhoho juobfòo ah fothrahphoahobfm juobflom`, aholnfomam plr h` juobflom`fsnl blnl ‐juobflom`fsnl hstrubturm`„. 

Nætlals y tæbofbms ah `m fovhstfembfòo slbfm`. @m slbfl`leîm hs uo buhrpl ah phosmnfhotl hsphbîjfbl slcrh h` nuoal rhm` y uom jlrnm ah fovhstfembfòo bfhotîjfbm quh cusbm amtls hnpîrfbls pmrm sus mjfrnmbflohs. @ms afstfotms thlrîms tfhoho uom nhtlal`leîm ah fovhstfembfòo, m`euols mjfrnmo quh gmy rheu`mrfamahs quh puhaho hstuafmrsh plr afshýls ah fovhstfembfòo y nhtlal`leîms4 ltrls quh h` nuoal slbfm` hs ahnmsfmal blnp`hil. V ol hs plsfc`h hstuafmr plr bmusm-hjhbtl, hstms ahcho jlbm`fzmrsh ho rhblostrufr fothobflohs y sfeofjfbmals ah `m mbbfòo slbfm` y ol cusbmr bmusms. Nhtlal`leîm bumotftmtfvm

[mrth ah quh `ls jhoònhols slbfm`hs puhaho hxp`fbmrsh y sh usm `m fojlrnmbfòo bumotfjfbmc`h y nhafc`h. Gmy als tfpls ah rhm`famahs9   @m fothrom9 slo `ms brhhobfms, prhsuplsfbflohs y hxphrfhobfms sucihtfvms quh



puhah shr vmems u lremofzmams `òefbmnhoth plr thlrîms jlrnm`hs.   @m lcihtfvm9 hxthrom m` suihtl h foahphoafhoth ah `ms brhhobfms. Hi.9 `hy, nhosmihs th`hvfsfvls, hs ahbfr `ls quh jlrnm uom rhm`fama.



@m nhtlal`leîm bumotftmtfvm fothotm bmpturmr y hstuafmr `m quh pmsm ho `m rhm`fama hxthrom plrquh `m rhm`fama lcihtfvm sh puhah blolbhr y sh puhah fovhstfemr. [rfobfpm`hs bmrmbthrîstfbms slo9 `m hstrubturm ah `m fovhstfembfòo (p`mothl ah` prlc`hnm gfpòthsfs  ‒ hxmnfomr sf hs bfhrtl l ol-  sf sh blrrlclrm `m gfpòthsfs gmy hvfahobfm hnpîrfbm4 sf sh rhjutm sh ahsbmrtm y cusbm nhilrhs hxp`fbmbflohs. Ah hsth nlal sh cusbm nhafr `ls jhoònhols hstuafmals sh puhaho lcshrvmr y sh rhjfhrho m` nuoal ‐rhm` ‐rhm`„„ y ‐lcihtfvl lcihtfvl„. „. @ls amtls slo nhafbflohs hxprhsmams ho oùnhrls (bmotfamahs) y sh mom`fzmo plr hstmaîstfbms. Rh cusbm `lemr h` níxfnl ah blotrl` pmrm ahsbmrtmr ltrms plsfc`hs hxp`fbmbflohs nfofnfzmoal h` hrrlr. @ls moí`fsfs bumotftmtfvls sh mom`fzmo plr `m gfpòthsfs y ah hstuafls prhvfls (thlrîms) y `m fothrprhtmbfòo hs uom hxp`fbmbfòo ah bònl `ls rhsu`tmals hobmimo ho h` blolbfnfhotl. Rh cusbm sh `l nms lcihtfvm plsfc`h, `ls jhoònhols ol puhaho shr mjhbtmals plr h` fovhstfemalr y quh ol gmym sucihtfvfama bfhotîjfbm. @ls hstuafls bumotfjfbmtfvls sfeuho uo pmtròo prhahbfc`h y hstrubturmal, `ms ahbfsflohs brîtfbms sh hjhbtùmo moths ah rhbl`hbtmr amtls. Blo hsth tfpl tf pl sh cusbm ehohrm`fzmr `ls rhsu`tmals ho uo erupl (nuhstrm) pmrm mp`fbmr`ls m uom bl`hbtfvfama nmylr (plc`mbfòo), tmncfæo quh hstls hstuafls puhamo rhp`fbmrsh4 blo h` lcihtfvl ah hxp`fbmr y prhahbfr h` jhoònhol plr `m cùsquham ah rheu`mrfam rheu`mrfamahs ahs y rh`mbflohs bmusm`hs. [lr nhafl ah prlbhsls rfeurlsls y amtls blo hstíoamrhs hstíoamrhs ah vm`fahz `ms blob`usflohs blotrfcufrío m `m brhmbfòo ah blolbfnfhotl. 

Rh usm uo rmzlomnfhotl `òefbl-ahaubtfvl. Qhlrîm fahotfjfbmo rheu`mrfama y bmusm`hs.

6



gfpòthsfs

sh ploho m pruhcm sh

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

Nhtlal`leîm bum`ftmtfvm

H` hojlquh ah `m rhm`fama sh blostruyh m pmrtfr ah `m fothrmbbfòo ah `ls foafvfauls qufhohs amo shotfals m sus mbbflohs, hstm nhtlal`leîm cusbm blnprhoahr h fothrprhtmr hsls shotfals. H` fovhstfemalr cusbm bmptmr sfeofjfbmals ho h` bfrbuftl ah `m ` m mbbfòo, sfo prhahjfofr`l moth ah fovhstfemr. Ol prlploh nhafbfòo ah vmrfmc`hs prhahjfofams sfol `m ehohrmbfòo ah ouhvls blobhptls, tfpl`leîm y thlrîms quh phrnftmo blnprhoahr y bmrmbthrfzmr h` jhoònhol hstuafmal. Hxfstho nù`tfp`hs prlbhafnfhotls. Hsth nætlal sh juoam ho uom plsfbfòo jf`lsòjfbm fothrprhtmtfvm quh sh rh`mbflom blo h` pmrmafenm ah `m mbbfòo. ‐h` nuoal slbfm` hs fothrprhtmal, blnprhoafal, hxphrfnhotmal y prlaubfal„. Xtf`fzm nætlals pmrm blnprhoahr `m blnp`hifama, h` ahtm``h y h` blothxtl ah bfhrtl jhoònhol. Qmncfæo phrnfth rh`mbfòo bhrbmom hotrh h` fovhstfemalr y h` suihtl. Ol cusbm uom fnmeho ah `m rhm`fama hstítfbm y hxthrom blo rhsphbtl m` mbtlr sfol quh cusbm `m fnmeho quh æ` gm blostrufal plr hsl sh ahch usmr nætlals pròxfnls m `m sucihtfvfama y blnprhoahr sfeofjfbmals ah `m mbbfòo ah` suihtl. Hstm tæbofbm phrnfth mbhrbmrsh m `m sfoeu`mrfama ah` jhoònhol, sucihtfvfama ah `ls mbtlrhs y `ls prlbhsls ah ah fothrmbbfòo quh sh lcshrvmo. @m jfom jfom`fama `fama hs rh`hvmr `ms pm`m pm`mcrms crms ah `ls mbtlrhs y `m fothrprhtmbfòo ah hstms. Blo nhtlal`leîm ols rhjhrfnls m quh gmy tæbofbms pmrm h` rh`hvl ah afsbursl quh slo hotrhvfstms ho prljuoafama y lcshrvmbfòo. Mahnís `m rhbl`hbbfòo, moí`fsfs h fothrprhtmbfòo ah `l rh`hvmal (amtls cfleríjfbls, moí`fsfs ah afsbursl y thlrîm juoamam ho amtls). @m nhtlal`leîm bum`ftmtfvm hs nís usmam y tfhoh lcihtfvls afjhrhoth blo `m bumotftmtfvm y mahnís slo blnp`hnhotmrfms hotrh sf

Ouhvms phrsphbtfvms

@m slbfl`leîm juh hstrubturmam plr glncrhs sh ahch blothnp`mr ho `ls fothræs y uom òptfbm pmrtfbu`mr. @ls thnms ah `ls juoamalrhs juhrlo mrcftrmrfls y plr hstl ltrls erupls quhamo rh`hemals. Hstls m` trmtmrsh puhaho gmchr sfal afstlrsflomals. @m slbfl`leîm hstí vfobu`mam blo `m nlahrofama (lcihtl ah hstuafl prfobfpm`). Ho `m blostftubfòo ah `ms bfhobfms slbfm`hs sh rhj`hiò `m afvfsfòo foth`hbtum`, m hstms hsjhrms (nhrbmal, hstmal y slbfhama bfvf`) sh `h afl uo bmnpl mbmaænfbl hsphbîjfbl4 pl`îtfbm, hblolnîm, slbfl`leîm, motrlpl`leîm. Hstms hstuafmcmo hstuafmcmo m` ltrl y plrquh hrmo l ol nlahrols. Hstm afvfsfòo ehlpl`îtfbm sh hnpfhzm m buhstflomr y hotrm ho brfsfs. H` blothxtl `mtfolmnhrfbmol sh prhshotm blnl nhols prlc`hnítfbl m` rhbfcfr, prlbhsmr y rhfothrprhtmr blostrubbflohs thòrfbms ah ltrls blothxtls slbfl gfstòrfbms.

Nòau`l 3 Fothermbfòo y bu`turm ¼[lr quæ prlc`hnmtfzmr `m bu`turm ahsah `m slbfl`leîm<

Ol puhah gmchr slbfhama sfo bu`turm, hstm plsfcf`ftm m `m fothermbfòo. @ls nfhncrls sh fahotfjfbmo blo uom bu`turm ahthrnfomam. Rf cfho gmy slbfhamahs nu`tfbu`turm`hs, `m bu`turm `m ahjfoh. @m ahjfofbfòo ah` nmothofnfhotl slbfm` sh am plr `m bu`turm. @ls pmarhs ah `m slbfl`leîm sh rhjfhrho m m`euols blnplohoths pmrm hxp`fbmr buhstflohs bhotrm`hs

=;

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

(sl`famrfama slbfm`, blghsfòo, molnfm, mbbfòo slbfm` y `ms ahsfeum`amahs). @m bu`turm juh lcihtl ah rhj`hxfòo y hstuafl plr `ls ‐b`ísfbls„   Nmrx9  prlploh `m rh`mbfòo hotrh hstrubturm y suphrhstrubturm (`m blnploho

h`hnhotls fahl`òefbls ah `m slbfhama), slbfhama), bloafbflomam plr `ms rh`mbflohs ho uo nlal ah prlaubbfòo aloah `m plsfbfòo slbfm` ahjfoh `m blobfhobfm. [lr h``l `ms fostftubflohs fahl`òefbms (rh`feflsms, pl`îtfbms, `hem`hs, haubmtfvm) plsfcf`ftmo `m hxp`ltmbfòo ah uo b`msh slcrh ltrm. `ls h`hnhotls bu`turm`hs sh amo m ofvh` ah fothermbfòo y rheu`mbfòo slbfm` quh nmotfhoh `m blghsfòo, `l p`mothm ho ‐H` Rufbfafl„. H` juobflom`fsnl vh `m bu`turm ho juobfòo ah blosl`famr bloaubtms ohbhsmrfms pmrm h` nmothofnfhotl ah `m slbfhama. Aurdghfn9

Uhchr9 `m ætfbm prlthstmoth, slcrh h` hspîrftu ah` bmpftm`fsnl y `m rh`mbfòo bu`turm`-

rh`feflsm. Rh `h rhsm`tm blnl nltlr ah bmncfl plr `ms fahms, `ls vm`lrhs y brhhobfms. [lr h``l sus hxp`fbmbflohs sh rhjfhrho m uom ouhvm jlrnm ah vhr h` nuoal ol cmsmam ho vm`lrhs trmafbflom`hs sfol plr rmbflom`fama, tmncfæo m` hxp`fbmr h` plahr y alnfombfòo. @ms @ ms brhhobfms `heftfnmo h` hihrbfbfl ah` plahr. Bu`turm. @m bu`turm ho h` afsbursl blnùo.

H` blobhptl bu`turm hs mnp`fl y afjusl, sh fob`uyh `m fahl`leîm, nhotm`fama, rhprhshotmbflohs slbfm`hs, fnmefomrfl slbfm`, alxm y ghehnloîm. @m pm`mcrm hstí mslbfmam m uom mbbfòo ‐bu`tfvmr„ y uo hstmal ‐bu`tfvmal„  Ho h` sfe`l WZFFF `m bu`turm sh blobhcîm tltm`fzmoth (nís m``í ah `l phrslom`) mslbfmam m `l fahm` ah `m vfam bl`hbtfvm. [lr h``l hstmcm blostftufam blo rmsels gfstòrfbls-slbfm`hs quh bmrmbthrfzmcmo uom ombfòo y emrmotfzmcmo `m fahotfama bl`hbtfvm ah `ls puhc`ls. Hstm hs su juobfòo. Qmncfæo sh prlnlvîmo vm`lrhs utf`ftmrfls blo h` olncrh ah bfvf`fzmbfòo y bfvf`fama blo `m juobfòo ah prlnlvhr h` fahm` ah prlerhsl nmthrfm` ah `m cureuhsîm. Hstl fnp`fbmcm bfhrtls tfpls ah blotrl` ah bloaubtm y rh`mbflohs hotrh glncrhs. Aurmoth h` sfe`l WZFFF sh ‐mutlnmtfzm„ `m bu`turm . Ho `ms slbfhamahs prhfoaustrfm`hs

`ms mbtfvfamahs bu`turm`hs hrm uom blotfoumbfòo ah `m vfam bltfafmom (rh`fefòo, príbtfbm, bhrhnlofm`, htb.). Ho `ms ` ms slbfhamahs nlahroms hstm ahs`femam ah sus juobflohs. H` afstmobfmnfhotl hotrh `m bu`turm y sus juobflohs fofbfm`hs sh jlrnm uo bmnpl bu`turm` ah íncftl hsphbfm`fzmal y mutòolnl. Rh gmbh afstfobfòo hotrh lbfl y tfhnpl ah trmcmil ‐shrfl„. Rh fnploh quh sl`l puhaho gmbhr bu`turm `ls quh afsploho ah tfhnpl y

tfhoh eustl pmrtfbu`mr quh sh afstfoeuho ah` rhtl.

Ho h` `fcrl ‐H` shotfal slbfm` ah` eustl„ [fhrrh Clurafhu, fothotm ahsnftfjfbmr hsm fahm

mjfrnmoal quh h` eustl hs uo mbtl foafvfaum`. [rlploh `m rh`mbfòo hotrh `l hbloònfbl y `l sfncò`fbl ahsah `ms b`mshs slbfm`hs mahnís ah ltrms jlrnms ah plahr quh gmbho `m afjhrhobfmbfòo slbfm`. (@m hsbuh`m, aloah vmbmbflom, `l quh blosunh). Ahsah hsth puotl ah vfstm ofoeùo eustl hs uo mbtl foafvfaum` of hxfsth `m brhmbfòo foth`hbtum` `fcrh. Ol hxfsth `m ‐ehofm`fama„ ah`  mrtfstm sfol quh hs uo prlaubtl sfncò`fbl ah uom æplbm gfstòrfbm. @l brfthrfls ah quh uom lcrm shm cuhom l ch``m slo slbfm`hs y ahphoaho ah` nlnhotl gfstòrfbl y hspmbfm`. H` eustl blostftufal slbfm`nhoth h foblrplrmal blnl sheuoam bu`turm prhafsploh h` eustl l ol slcrh m`el. Qmncfæo gmc`m ah `m ‐purfjfbmbfòo„ ah `m bu`turm y blnl sh m`him ah` nuoal bltfafmol blnl rhsu`tmal ah `ms rh`mbflohs slbfm`hs. @ls hxb`ufals sloy `ls sh hxb`uyho amal quhbu`turm`hs. `ls nushls slo mbbhsfc`hs y ol gmy lcstíbu`ls hbloònfbls hstlquh iustfjfbm `ms ohbhsfamahs

==

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

@m mutlolnfzmbfòo ah `m bu`turm

@m bu`turm sh m`him ah sus juobflohs fofbfm`hs. Hstm sh shpmrm ah `ms hsjhrms pl`îtfbms, hbloònfbms y bfhotîjfbms quh amo vîobu`l ah bfvf`fzmbfòo. Rh fnploh quh `m bu`turm hs pmrm `m h`fth. @m blafjfbmbfòo ah `m bu`turm.

@m bu`turm glnl`lem m `ms ch``ms mrths (mrqufthbturm, hsbu`turm, nùsfbm, htb.) y rhprhshotm `l vm`lrmal plr shr ‐ah cuho eustl„, `heftfnl, mrtîstfbl. @uhel ucfbm `m bu`turm ‐tl`hrmam„ (nmofjhstmbflohs mrtîstfbms quh sh afstfoeuho y hstío foblrplrmam ho `m

slbfhama, hi. H` imzz ol blosfahrmam nùsfbm hruaftm phrl mbhptmam). Ahspuæs vfhoh `m bu`turm ‐nmrefom`„ hi. @m buncfm vf``hrm. @m fostftubflom`fzmbfòo ah `m bu`turm.

Hstm jmsh sh am m pmrtfr ah =6;;, æplbm quh h` Hstmal cusbm `lemr h` blotrl` y ehstfòo e`lcm` ah `m bu`turm, brhmoal fostftubflohs pl`îtfbl manfofstrmtfvms pmrm uofjfbmr y bhotrm`fzmr `m bu`turm. Rh blosl`fama blo `m hsbuh`m `fchrm` (ombflom`, lc`femtlrfm y ermtuftm) Nhrbmotf`fzmbfòo ah `m bu`turm

Rh lcshrvm uom suclrafombfòo nmsfvm ah cfhohs bu`turm`hs m vm`lrhs ah bmncfl y `m bu`turm sh vm`lrm blnl jmbtlr ah ‐brhbfnfhotl hbloònfbl„ y hs blovhrtfam ho nhrbmobîm.

Rlnhtfam m `m `hy ah nmxfnfzmbfòo ah chohjfbfls. @m nhrbmotf`fzmbfòo prlvlbm `m ahsnlrm`fzmbfòo ah `ls brhmalrhs quh sh blovfhrtho ho lphrmrfls ah lcihtls bu`turm`hs y jmvlrhbh `m hstmoamrfzmbfòo ah `ms bu`turms m ofvh` fothrombflom`.

@m bu`turm ho `m trmafbfòo nmrxfstm @m trmafbfòo nmrxfstm glnl`lem `m bu`turm m `m fahl`leîm m ofvh` suphrhstrubturm`, sh `m mclram ho su blotrfcubfòo m `m afoínfbm ah `m `ubgm ah b`mshs (vfsfòo pl`îtfbmnhoth vm`lrmam) @ls mplrths ah @hofo m `m blnprhosfòo ah `m bu`turm

@hofo afrfehoth ah` pmrtfal cl`bghvfquh ahsah h` fofbfl ho =6;2, bloauil m `ls slvfætfbls m` plahr ho =6=5. Juh puhstl jrhoth ah` elcfhrol slvfætfbl gmstm =633 aloah sh rhtfrò plr prlc`hnms ah sm`ua. @uhel ah `fahrmr `m ‐ Shvl`ubfòo ah Lbtucrh„ sfrvfò blnl prfnhr y ùofbl prhsfahoth ah `m Shpuc`fbm Rlbfm`fstm Jhahrmtfvm Rlvfætfbm ah Susfm (SRJRS). Juoal ho =6=6 `m Fothrombflom` Blnuofstm `m bum` elchromcm `ls pmrtfals blnuofstms ah afstfotls pmîshs blo h` lcihtfvl ah `m `ubgm pmrm `m suprhsfòo ah` bmpftm`fsnl, `m afbtmaurm ah` prl`htmrfmal ah `m rhpuc`fbm fothrombflom` ah `ls slvfhts, mcl`fbfòo ah `ms b`mshs y h` slbfm`fsnl blnl prfnhr pmsl m `m slbfhama blnuofstm. Rus hsbrftls hrmo slcrh `m ahthrnfombfòo ah `m bu`turm plr jmbtlrhs hxtrmbu`turm`hs (bloafbfòo nmthrfm` ah hxfsthobfm) y `m rh`mbfòo alnfombfòo-suclrafombfòo ho `m bu`turm. Afstfoeuh `m bu`turm ombflom` ho bu`turm alnfomoth (cureuhsîm), bu`turm alnfomam (bmnphsfol) y bu`turm ahnlbrítfbm slbfm`fstm (h` prl`htmrfmal). Ru thsfs sh juoam ho blotrm ah` plpu`fsnl ah jfohs ah` Rfe`l WFW. @m tmrhm bu`turm` ahcîm suclrafomrsh blo fostmobfm pl`îtfbm ho `m htmpm prhrrhvl`ubflomrfm y aurmoth `m plstrhvl`ubflomrfm `m bu`turm pmsmcm m prfnhr p`mol.

=3

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

Ru blobhpbfòo ah bu`turm blotrmstm blo h` plsftfvfsnl y h` rh`mtfvfsnl bu`turm` ah `ls motrlpò`lels. @m bu`turm hrm suphrflr bumoal phrnftîm nmylr `fchrmbfòo ah `m shrvfauncrh. Fahl`leîm, hstrubturm y nmthrfm` fahl`òefbl ho Motlofl Ermnsbf

Motlofl Ermnsbf uol ah `ls plbls foth`hbtum`hs quh sureh ho `ms b`mshs sucm`throms m `m bmthelrîm (prlpuhstm plr æ` nfsnl) ah Foth`hbtum` Lreíofbl ah `ms b`mshs sucm`throms. Juh brhmalr ah `m fahl`leîm. Shprhshotl ho Nlsbù m` [mrtfal blnuofstm ftm`fmol (ahspuæs [RF). [hosmalr b`mvh ah `m thlrîm nmrxfstm ym quh juh h` prfnhrl quh mbhotuò `ls jhoònhols fahm`hs sfo ahimr ah `mal h` nmthrfm`fsnl. Rh hojlbò ho `m suphrhstrubturm lcshrvmoal `ls nhbmofsnls plr `ls bum`hs h` bmpftm`fsnl hrm `heftfnmal. Ru prheuotm juh ¼Bònl lphrm `m suphrhstrubturm pmrm slsthohr h` lraho bmpftm`fstm< [mrm h``l ahsmrrl``l als blobhptls `ms  juobflohs ah `m suphrhstrubturm suphrhstrubturm9   Rlbfhama pl`îtfbm9 blostftufam plr h` Hstmal blnl juhrzm ùofbm m utf`fzmr vfl`hobfm `heîtfnm ‒hiærbftl, pl`fbîm, htb.- (ol rhjfhrh m elchromoths). Rf `m `hy ho uom slbfhama bmpftm`fstm hrm rhj`hil ah `m hstrubturm (prfvf`hefmals y ol prfvf`hefmals) h` Hstmal hihrbîm vfl`hobfm pmrm nmothohr h` lraho bmpftm`fstm ( Juobfòo ah Blhrbfòo). Hstl ahnuhstrm `m foiustfbfm ah` bmpftm`fsnl.    Rlbfhama Bfvf`9  fob`uyh `ls jhoònhols fahl`òefbls quh sh amo ho fostftubflohs (hsbuh`m, cfc`flthbms, fe`hsfm, htb.) y hihrbho `m juobfòo ah bloshosl. [mrm Ermnsbf `m `ubgm blotrm h` bmpftm`fsnl hs blo `m slbfhama bfvf` y ol pl`îtfbm. H` `lerl ah` bloshosl ah `m slbfhama bfvf` plsfcf`ftm `m ghehnloîm blnl vfobu`l ah alnfombfòo mbhptmam, blnl blobhpbfòo ah` nuoal blnpmrtfam, nlam`fama ah plahr, `m bmpmbfama ah afrhbbfòo cmsmam ho bloshosl bu`turm`. Bu`turm h fahl`leîm blojfeurmo fostrunhotl prfvf`hefmal ah ghehnloîm pmrm h` rhblolbfnfhotl ho h` nuoal. @m bu`turm msî hothoafam tfhoh hjfbmbfm fothermalrm y uofjfbmalrm, `m bum` ahthrnfom `m fahotfama bl`hbtfvm ah mbtlrhs gfstòrfbls slbfm`hs.  





Qlnm h` blobhptl ah ghehnloîm ah @hofo phrl `l hxp`fbm blnl uom mtrmbbfòo hotrh foth`hbtum`hs ah afstfotms b`mshs aloah sh ehohrm uo C@L]XH FAHL@LEFBL. @ls foth`hbtum`hs ah `ms b`mshs juoamnhotm`hs bmptmo plr uo prlbhsl ah trmosjlrnfsnl m `ls foth`hbtum`hs ah b`mshs sucm`throms. H` c`lquh hstí blotrl`mal plr `m b`mshs juoamnhotm`hs quh afsploho ah nmthrfm`hs y nhafls pmrm h` nmohil ah `m hstrubturm fahl`òefbm (fostftubflohs ah afjusfòo) y ah` nmthrfm` fahl`òefbl (fostrunhotls blnl cfc`flthbms l nhafls ah blnuofbmbfòo) @m plsfbfòo ah `m b`msh sucm`throm l alnfomoth ahthrnfom uom ermambfòo ah ofvh`hs  ihrmrqufzmals ho `m bu`turm. Hstío ho jlrnms h`mclrmams, sfsthnítfbms y pl`îtfbmnhoth lremofzmam ah bu`turm (jf`lsljîm l rh`fefòo) y nhols h`mclrmams (shotfal blnùo l jl`d`lrh). Ermnsbf hstí m jmvlr ah `m h`mclrmbfòo ah bu`turm, ah trmosjlrnmbfòo bum`ftmtfvm ah sucbu`turm jl`d`òrfbm plr nhafl ah uom rhjlrnm foth`hbtum` y nlrm`. Xom ermo bu`turm OMBFLOM@-[L[X@MS ah blothofal brîtfbl y sfsthnítfbl. [mrm uo moí`fsfs brîtfbl ah `m bu`turm

@l prlpuhstl plr Ermnsbf tfhoh vfehobfm mbtum`nhoth ahsah uo hobumarh thòrfbl vm`flsl ah `m bu`turm y ah `m fahl`leîm. H` hsquhnm thòrfbl phrnfth mom`fzmr `m blostrubbfòo ah` bloshosl nhafmoth `ls foth`hbtum`hs y h` usl ah nmthrfm` fahl`òefbl (nhafls nmsfvls ah blnuofbmbfòo).

=2

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm` Ghehnloîm9 `m b`msh afrfehoth tfhoh h` nlolpl`fl foth`hbtum` plr nhafl ah `m

mtrmbbfòo ah `ls rhprhshotmoths hotrh `ms bmpms foth`hbtum`hs (C@L]XH FAHL@LEFBL)   Smynloa Uf``fmns y `ls hstuafls bu`turm`hs

[rfobfpm` rhjhrhoth ah `m hsbuh`m ah Cfrnfoegmn. Juh nfhncrl ah` pmrtfal blnuofstm plr afjhrhobfms blo `ls lrtlalxls sh m`him. V hstuafm `m bu`turm y h` ahsmrrl``l ah uom gfstlrfm bu`turm`. Xol ah sus nmylrhs mplrths juh `m phrsphbtfvm ‐Nmrxfstm bu`turfstm„ aloah nuhstrm `ms fnp`fbmbflohs ah `m bu`turm ho `ls prlbhsls gfstòrfbls y h` bmncfl slbfm`. [mrm Uf``fmns h` bmncfl slbfm` hstí rh`mbflomal m `m mbbfòo lrfhotmam plr vm`lrhs ho `m bum` `m bu`turm hs h` hih ah` moí`fsfs. Hotfhoah `m bu`turm blnl fahm ah bloshosl (Ermnsbf) y ahjfoh Ghehnloîm blnl uom bu`turm ho h` nís hstrfbtl shotfal y hothoafam blnl vfvfam alnfombfòo y suclrafombfòo ah b`mshs pmrtfbu`mrhs. H` mxflnm ah Uf``fmns hs `m bu`turm plpu`mr hs ahbfr `ls nlals ah vfam ah `ms b`mshs sucm`throms `l bum`hs slo ahbfsfvms pmrm hothoahr `ms rh`mbflohs slbfm`hs. [mrm blnprhoahr bum`qufhr rh`mbfòo slbfm` gmy quh blnprhoahr `m bu`turm aloah sh am. Hs `m slbfl`leîm ah `m bu`turm. Uf``fmns mclram h` mrth, plr nhafl ah hojlquh brîtfbl y hotfhoah m `m ` m slbfhama blnl afjhrhoth jlrnms ah afstrfcubfòo ah` plahr. Lcshrvm m `m hblolnîm, `m afjhrhobfm ah eæohrl, htofms h fahotfamahs shxum`hs. @m bu`turm hs aloah sh phrbfcho rh`mbflohs ah ahsfeum`ama ah plahr y h` lcihtl ah `m brîtfbm bu`turm` hs ahnlstrmr`ms. @uhel sh hojlbm ho rhprlaubbfòo bu`turm` pmrm nmothohr l amr hstmcf`fama ah pmutms bu`turm`hs. Rh hojlbm ho `m mutlolnîm rh`mtfvm ah `ms nmofjhstmbflohs bu`turm`hs quh ahphoaho ah `m bhrbmoîm blo `ms rh`mbflohs ah plahr. @m mutlolnîm ah `m prlaubbfòo bu`turm` bloafbflom `m rhprlaubbfòo. Hi. Nhafls nmsfvls ah blnuofbmbfòo tfhoho nhols mutlolnîm ho írhms nfolrftmrfms mjhbtmals plr `ms rh`mbflohs ah plahr. @ls hstuafls bu`turm`hs `mtfolmnhrfbmols.

Bumoal `ls hstuafls bu`turm`hs ``hemo m Mnærfbm @mtfom maqufhrh afjhrhoths lrfhotmbflohs. Bmtghrfoh Umm`s, rhjhrhoth, p`mothm plr quæ hs ohbhsmrfl gmc`mr ah blostrubbfòo ah uo bmnpl y hstuafl foth`hbtum` ‐Hstuafls Bu`turm`hs„. @m rhspuhstm hs quh `ls hihs ah hsth bmnpl sh vfobu`mo vf obu`mo m `m ohbhsfama ah phosmr `m prlaubbfòo sfncò`fbm pmrm `m rhprlaubbfòo ah `ms ahsfeum`amahs. @ls hstuafls bu`turm`hs slo nmrbl thòrfbl, brîtfbl y pl`îtfbl. @m bu`turm ol sh hotfhoah blnl bloiuotl ah blstuncrhs l vm`lrhs of h` alnfofl ah uom sl`m afsbfp`fom of quhamr mfs`mam ho thlrîm ah `m hblolnîm, msuotls slbfm`hs y pl`îtfbls. @ls hstuafls slbfm`hs sh slstfhoho ho `m lcshrvmbfòo ah `m rh`mbfòo hotrh tltm`fama slbfm` y jhoònhols bu`turm`hs y nuhstrm quh h` blolbfnfhotl vm blo h` plahr. [mrm Umm`s `ls hstuafls bu`turm`hs `mtfolmnhrfbmol slo uom jlrnm ah phosmnfhotl brîtfbl rholvmal m pmrtfr ah `m thlrîm ah `m ahphoahobfm, `ms thl`leîms ah `m `fchrmbfòo, fovhstfembfòo-mbbfòo pmrtfbfpmtfvm y phameleîm ah` lprfnfal. @ls hstuaflsls bu`turm`hs ah `mtfol Mnærfbm blosfahrmo fnplrtmoth `ms rh`mbflohs îotfnms hotrh bu`turm, pl`îtfbm y hblolnîm, mahnís ah ltrms jlrnms ah blolbfnfhotls (nlvfnfhotls foaîehoms y mjrfbmols) Ahsah hstm nfrmam `ls hstuafls bu`turm`hs slo ohbhsmrfls pmrm prlc`hnmtfzmr `ms rh`mbflohs ah plahr, rhprlaubbfòo ah `ms ahsfeum`amahs y bloafbflohs nmthrfm`hs aloah `m

=1

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

bu`turm sh hotrhthih. [rlc`hnítfbms `lbm`hs y m su vhz e`lcm`hs rhj`hil ah `m `òefbm ah` bmpftm`fsnl.

Blobhpbfòo sfncò`fbm ah `m bu`turm Ol sl`l hs prlc`hnm `m hxb`usfòo ah mjrlahsbhoafhoth ahotrl ah `m blostrubbfòo ah `l ‐moafol„ sfol h` fnpmbtl quh tfhoh blo rh`mbfòo m `m sucihtfvfama, fahotfama y h`

phosmnfhotl plr hoah m `m bl`lofm`fama ah` plahr, ah` smchr y ah` shr quh sh nmotfhoh vfehoth. @m bu`turm sh hxtfhoah m tlam `m slbfhama sh puhah lcshrvmr y mom`fzmr `m bu`turm bumoal sh gmc`m ah slbfhama y m `m vhz bumoal sh gmc`m ah bu`turm hs m`el afjhrhoth m `m slbfhama. Bu`turm9 lremofzmbfòo slbfm` fothrflrfzmal plr suihtls y lcihtfvmal ho jlrnms sfncò`fbms ho blothxtls gfstòrfbls hsphbîjfbls y slbfm`nhoth hstrubturmals. hstrubturmals. @m bu`turm blnl prlbhsl sfncò`fbl.

Bu`turm9 `l sfncò`fbl hs h` nuoal ah `m rhprhshotmbflohs slbfm`hs nmthrfm`fzmams ho jlrnms shosfc`hs `ms ‐Jlrnms sfncò`fbms„. Hstms puhaho shr hxprhsflohs, mrthjmbtls, mbbflohs, m`euom bum`fama, htb. Qlal puhah shrvfr blnl sfncò`fbl hi. Nlals ah blnplrtmnfhotl, prmbtfbm slbfm`hs, blstuncrhs, vhstfal htb. @m bu`turm hs hothoafam blnl prlbhsls sfncò`fbls ah `m slbfhama ahotrl ah `ms bum`hs sh puhaho nhobflomr 2 prlc`hnítfbms9   Bòafels slbfm`hs   Ah `m prlaubbfòo ah` shotfal   Ah `m fothrprhtmbfòo ah afbgl shotfal.

  

Gmc`mr ah bu`turm sh prlaubh m pmrtfr ah` usl ah bòafel y mamptm su jlrnm sheùo `m fothrprhtmbfòo quh sh `h gmem. H` blothxtl slbfm` tfhoh sus prlpfms rhe`ms ah prlaubbfòo y rhbhpbfòo. H` bmríbthr tltm`fzmalr ah `m bu`turm sh hobuhotrmo tlams `ms nmofjhstmbflohs ah `m vfam foafvfaum` y bl`hbtfvm. @m bu`turm hs blhxthosfvm m `m slbfhama. Hstm fothrprhtmbfòo ah bu`turm hvfahobfm `m fnplrtmobfm quh tfhoh blnl fostrunhotl ah fothrvhobfòo y plahr4 su bmríbthr tltm`fzmalr plsfcf`ftm h` lraho ah `m bloaubtm bl`hbtfvm. @m bu`turm hs mutòolnm y m` nfsnl tfhnpl blghrhoth blo h` hotlrol. @ms príbtfbms bu`turm`hs sh blobhotrmo ho fostftubflohs (Fe`hsfm, Hstmals, Nhafls ah blnuofbmbfòo, htb.) quh lremofzmo y manfofstrmo `ls shotfals blnpmrtfals blnpmrtfals plr `ls foafvfauls. Hstls ol c cusbmo usbmo `m uofj uofjlrnfama lrnfama sfol ``mm manfofstrmbfòo y lremofzmbfòo ah `ms afjhrhobfms plr nhafl ah ghehnlofzmbfòo, `m  ihrmrqufzmbfòo y `m nmrefombfòo. Hstl ehohrm hxb`usfòo ah nmofjhstmbflohs y blghrhobfm ahotrl ah `m p`urm`fama, `ms sucbu`turms nfolrftmrfms, ætofbms y nmrefom`hs quhamo mjuhrm. [mrtfbu`mrfamahs ah `m bu`turm ho su hshobfm sfeofbm

Hshobfm sîeofbm ah `m bu`turm9   Hs mrtfjfbfm`, ol foomtm   Hs blovhobflom`, ol omturm` of mcsl`utm.   Qfhoh `m bmpmbfama ah bloahosmr `m hxphrfhobfm gunmom phrl ol hs lrfefomrfl ah `m omturm`hzm gunmom.

  

Motrlpl`òefbmnhoth `m bu`turm slo `ms blstuncrhs, trmafbflohs y vm`lrhs quh slo h` nlal ah vfam. H` nmrxfsnl `m blobfch blnl fahl`leîm. @m blobhpbfòo sfncò`fbm ah `m bu`turm bu` turm `m hotfhoah blnl uo prlbhsl ho blotfoum prlaubbfòo, mbtum`fzmbfòo, trmosjlrnmbfòo ah =8

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

nlah`ls sfncò`fbls quh plr nhafl ah príbtfbms foafvfaum`hs y bl`hbtfvms ho blothxtls gfstòrfbls hsphbîjfbls y slbfm`nhoth hstrubturmals hstrubturmals.. @ls mclramihs mbtum`hs ah `m bu`turm slo nù`tfp`hs (hstuafls shbtlrfm`hs, ah bu`turms alnfoms y sucm`throms, hstuafls afoínfbls, htb.) Jlrnms fothrflrfzmams y lcihtfvmams ah `m bu`turm.

@l sustmobfm` ah `m bu`turm slo `ms rhprhshotmbflohs blnpmrtfams plr uo ahthrnfomal erupl, fahl`leîm, mbtftuahs, brhhobfms, htb. @m blobhpbfòo sfncò`fbm lc`fem m vfobu`mr`m blo mbtlrhs quh `m fothrom`fzmo blo lcihtls ho sî nfsnl. @m bu`turm lcihtfvmam (vhstfnhotm, rftls, htb.)Hs mbbhsfc`h phrl `ms jlrnms sfncò`fbms fothrflrfzmams (rhprhshotmbflohs, brhhobfms, htb.) slo ah m`tm blnp`hifama. H` gmcftus9 [fhrrh Clurafhu

Hstm thlrîm fothotm amr rhspuhstm m` plrquæ ah `ls blnplrtmnfhotls slbfm`hs suphrmoal `m shpmrmbfòo hotrh lcihtfvfama y sucihtfvfama. Shblolbh quh `ms hstrubturms lcihtfvms slo ahbfsfvms pmrm pmrm hxp`fbmr `ms mbbflohs y m `m vhz mbhptm quh `m prlpfm hstrubt hstrubturm urm hstí blostrufam plr `ms príbtfbms slbfm`hs. @m slbfhama hs uo bloiuotl ah lcrms prlaubtl ah mbbfòo ah` glncrh ‐`l slbfm` ghbgl blsm„ y `l slbfm` hstí ho `ls buhrpls blnl omturm`hzm mýmafam m `m cfl`òefbm. @m bloafbflohs lcihtfvms ah` foafvfaul fobfaho ho `m blostrubbfòo ah rhprhshotmbflohs m pmrtfr hsth mbtùm. Hs ahbfr mahnís ah `ms bloafbflohs slbflhbloònfbms tmncfæo hstío `ms fahms ah su hotlrol, blstuncrhs quh lcshrvm h fothrom`fzm, hs ahbfr su bu`turm. Hstm bu`turm fothrom`fzmam sh am ho afsplsfbflohs pmrm mbtumr, phrbfcfr, shotfr, vm`lrmr. Clurafhu `m aholnfom ‐GMCFQXR„, hsth juobflom blnl prfobfpfls ehohrmalrhs y lremofzmalrhs ah rhprhshotmbflohs l príbtfbms slbfm`hs. [rhbfsflohs slcrh h` Gmcftus9   Afsplsfbflohs, thoahobfms m phrbfcfr, shotfr, mbtumr ah uom nmohrm. Ol sh hs blosbfhoth ah hstl.   Rh maqufhrh sheùo h` `uemr slbfm` quh sh lbupm   Bloafbflom `ms príbtfbms phrl ol hs bmusm ah mbbflohs.   Rlo afsplsfbflohs aurmc`hs, sh `l ``hvm aloah vmnls.   Ol hs fonutmc`h puhah nlafjfbmrsh plr ouhvms sftumbflohs vfvfams. vf vfams.







 

@m thlrîm ah `ms rhprhshotmbflohs slbfm`hs9 Rhreh Nlsblvfbf

@ms rhprhshotmbflohs slbfm`hs slo uo blolbfnfhotl fostm`mal ho h` shotfal blnùo, blolbfnfhotl príbtfbl prhshoth ho ahbfsflohs y mbtftuahs ah phrsloms gmbfm `m rhm`fama. Nlsblvfbf slstfhoh quh `ms blsms nmthrfm`hs ``hemo m shr fnplrtmoths pmrm `ms phrsloms y bloafbflomo su mbbfòo, bumoal sh blovfhrtho ho fahms l brhhobfms. @ms rhprhshotmbflohs slbfm`hs slo tfpls ah brhhobfms pmrmafenítfbms, lremofzmbflohs ah brhhobfms, ah blolbfnfhotl y `hoeumih. rhprhshotmbflohs slbfm`hs bunp`ho `m juobfòo ah h`mclrmr blnplrtmnfhotls y blnuofbmbfòo hotrh foafvfauls. [lr h``ms sh plarîm mprhghoahr `m rhm`fama h fothermrsh. Hstms slo uo blrpus lremofzmal ah blolbfnfhotl y mbtfvfamahs psîqufbms plr `ms bum`hs h` glncrh gmbh foth`fefc`h `m rhm`fama jîsfbm y slbfm`, sh fothermo m erupls l rh`mbflohs ah fothrbmncfl. @m fothrprhtmbfòo ah lcihtls y ghbgls hstí Nlsblvfbf9

bloafbflomam plr rhprhshotmbflohs prhvfms quh sh tfhoh slcrh hstls y h` blothxtl fonhrsl.

=:

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

Rheùo hstm thlrîm `ms rhprhshotmbflohs slo afoínfbms. [lr uo `mal ghehnòofbms (blmbbflomo m `ls foafvfauls) plr ltrl sl slo o prlaubtlrms ah ouhvms sfe sfeofjfbmbflohs. ofjfbmbflohs. Hsth puotl sh pmrhbh m `m thlrîm ah Clurafhu hstrubturm hstrubturmam y hstrubturmoth. @m plsfbfòo slbflhstrubturm` y nmthrfm` quh lbupmo `ls suihtls ahjfoho su `hbturm ah `m rhm`fama slbfm` y bloafbflom su vfsfòo. @l slbfm` hstí prhshoth ho h` blothxtl ah` erupl l foafvfauls blnl `m blnuofbmbfòo hotrh h``ls y `ls bòafels, vm`lrhs, fahl`leîms prlpfms ah `m plsfbfòo slbfm`. H` blolbfnfhotl ah `ms rhprhshotmbflohs slbfm`hs sh blostftuyh plr hxphrfhobfms mahnís ah fojlrnmbflohs y nlah`ls ah phosmnfhotls quh sh rhbfch y trmosnfth plr nhafl ah `m trmafbfòo, `m haubmbfòo y blnuofbmbfòo slbfm`. Nlsblvfbf p`mothm `m ohbhsfama ah rhblolbhr `m foj`uhobfm ah` hotlrol ho `ms rhprhshotmbflohs plr hsl su bmríbthr slbfm`. Xom vhz jlrnmams hstms tfhoho bmríbthr bloafbflomoth ah ouhvms rhprhshotmbflohs.

Rlbfm`fzmbfòo,, ahsvfmbfòo y blotrl` slbfm` Rlbfm`fzmbfòo Rlbfm`fzmbfòo9 prlbhsl ah foblrplrmbfòo ah `m bu`turm plr pmrth ah suihtls m pmrtfr ah

`m hxphrfhobfm. Hnpfhzm ho `ls prfnhrls aîms ah vfam y ahsmrrl``m tlam `m vfam. @ls prfnhrls mýls slo juoamnhotm`hs. Hstl hs `m ‐Rlbfm`fzmbfòo [rfnmrfm„. Hs juoamnhotm` pmrm `m blostftubfòo ah `m phrslom`fama. Ho `m nlahrofama `m hsbuh`m, `m j`fm y `m Fe`hsfm slo fos fostftubflohs tftubflohs juoamnhotm` juoamnhotm`hs hs (hstrubturmcmo `m slbfhama) ahsah uo prlbhsl ah slbfm`fzmbfòo, nmrbmcmo `ms sucihtfvfamahs plr h``l fothermcmo m` foafvfaul m `m vfam vf am bfvf`fzmam. H` ouhvl nlah`l ah slbfhama mbtum` tfhoh bmncfls ho hstms fostftubflohs. Ho `m slbfhama foaustrfm` h` foafvfaul thoîm uo nmrbl rheu`mtlrfl plr phrthohbhr m bfhrtm j`fm, b`msh, shxl y ahjfoîm nlal ah vfam y bloafbflohs. Ho `m slbfhama plstfoaustrfm` hstm sh vh ahsrheu`mam. Xo suihtl mutlrrhjhrhobfm` bmrhbh ah sfsthnm ah rhjhrhobfms, olrnmtfvl. @ms fostftubflohs juhrlo phrafhoal bmpmbfama ah nmrbmr sucihtfvfamahs y sh hstí vfhoal quh h` prlbhsl ah suphrslbfm`fzmbfòo (j`fm, hsbuh`m, fe`hsfm) pmsm m foafvfauls sucslbfm`fzmals y moònfbls. @m jmnf`fm blnl mehoth ah slbfm`fzmbfòo

@m jmnf`fm blnl fostftubfòo tfhoh bmrmbthrîstfbms afjhrhoths gly ho aîm. Rh am plr phrafam ah` lraho pmtrfmrbm`. Mutlrhs mjfrnmo quh `m j`fm tfhoh fnplsfcf`fama ah bunp`fr blo su juobfòo ah slbfm`fzmbfòo prfnmrfm. ]uh `m j`fm rhmsunm su rl` ah mutlrfama y rheu`mr blnplrtmnfhotl ah `ls gfils. @m jmnf`fm mbtum` hs mncfeum y m vhbhs prhbmrfm. @m hsbuh`m blnl mehoth ah slbfm`fzmbfòo

@ls lrîehohs ah `m ` m haubmbfòo pùc`fbm Mrehotfom sh lcshrvmcm quh h` Hstmal cusbmcm glnlehohfzmr `m slbfhama. V m su vhz manfofstrmcm, ehstflomcm y jfomobfmcm `m haubmbfòo amcm uo prhthoafal shotfal uofvhrsm`fstm, prlpfl ah `m bu`turm bfvf`fzmam lpuhstm m `m cmrcmrfh. @m hsbuh`m sh lbupmcm ah fnplohr hstm bu`turm blnl bloiuotl ah vm`lrhs, prfobfpfls y brhhobfms ho quh sh juoamnhotmcm `m slbfhama. Rh puhah hothoahr m `m hsbuh`m blnl fostftubfòo slbfm`fzmalrm plrquh sh lbupm ah jlrnmr sucihtfvfamahs ho uo ahthrnfomal pmtròo bu`turm` y olrnmtfvl quh rheu`m `ms rh`mbflohs ah `ls foafvfauls. Xo blnplrtmnfhotl mprlcmal h foblrplrmal m bloiuotls ah olrnms hstmc`hbfams, b`msfjfbmams blnl h` nlah`l m sheufr sh blovfhrth ho bfuamamol. @m hsbuh`m sh fovhotò blo =5

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

vmrfls prlpòsftls pmrm blosl`famr uo slbfhama nlahrom, cureuhsm, ahnlbrítfbm y bmpftm`fstm ahsah uo afsbursl ah ihrmrquîm, alnfombfòo. Ahsvfmbfòo y blotrl` slbfm` Blotrl` slbfm`9  jlrnm ah prhsfòo slbfm` fojlrnm` y afjusm pmrm hvftmr `m bloaubtm

ahsvfmam. Rlo `m brîtfbm l m`mcmozm m erupl slcrh h` blnplrtmnfhotl ah `ls nfhncrls y `m bloahom slbfm`. Nhafmoth h` blotrl` slbfm` sh cusbm lchafhobfm m bfhrtms olrnms y rheu`mbflohs hxp`fbftms l ol quh slo mbhptmams plr `m slbfhama quh nmotfhoho h` lraho ah `ls bfuamamols y uom vfam lremofzmam. Bumoal sh trmoserhah hs uom ahsvfmbfòo (`m nís hxtrhnm hs h` ah`ftl y `m olrnm hs `hy). Lraho slbfm`9 trmtmnfhotl mom`îtfbl quh sh puhah hojlbmr ahsah afstfotms plsturms

thòrfbms pmrm rlnphr `ms fahms quh jlrnms h` shotfal blnùo. [mrmafenm juobflom`fstm ah ahsvfmbfòo9  plr `m bloahom ah` ghbgl `m olrnm

trmoserhafam sh rhjuhrzm y h` sfsthnm ah blghsfòo slbfm` sl`fafjfbm. [mrmafenm ah` Bloj`fbtl ah ahsvfmbfòo9  bum`qufhr ghbgl quh trmoserhah h` lraho

slbfm` quh qufhrm thrnfomr `m lprhsfòo ah b`mshs shrí bloahomal ahsvfmal plrquh mthotm blo `ls fothrhshs ah b`mshs alnfomoths. [mrmafenm ah `m mbbfòo ah ahsvfmbfòo9 vhr `ms pmrtfbu`mrfamahs ah bmam bu`turm y `ls

shotfals ah `m mbbfòo y ahstmbmr `l rh`mtfvl ah `m ahvfmbfòo ho h` erupl slbfm` quh tfhoh `uemr. @m hsbuh`m blnl mehoth ah blotrl` slbfm`

Lraho, afsbfp`fom, bfuamamoîm y bfvf`fzmbfòo slo blobhptls quh ahjfoho h` shotfal quh `m hsbuh`m thoîm ho uo prfobfpfl. @m foblrplrmbfòo ah hstm bu`turm ho `ls foafvfauls y `m jlrnmbfòo ah phrslom`fama plr vm`lrhs, prfobfpfls y brhhobfms blojlrnmcmo `ms fahotfamahs f ahotfamahs mptms pmrm `m vfam bfvf`fzmam. @m hsbuh`m hs uom fostftubfòo bfvf`fzmtlrfm ym quh tlnm sucihtfvfamahs ah uo pmtròo bu`turm` y olrnmtfvl pmrm rheu`mr `ms rh`mbflohs y tmncfæo jlrnm uom prlpuhstm uofvhrsm`fstm y blnl afsplsftfvl ah rheu`mbfòo slbfm` h fostrunhotl ah elchromcf`fama. Rh `h msfeom m `m hsbuh`m h` rl` slbfm`fzmalr y bfvf`fzmalr ahsah h` lrfeho sh `h fnploh uo vfsfòo ah` nuoal glnleæohm, ho hihrbfbfl ah `m ahnlbrmbfm y pmrtfbfpmbfòo ah `m ombfòo. @l pmrtfbu`mr ah bmam j`fm l sucerupl hrm phrthohbfhoth m `l prfvmal y ol sh blothnp`mcm ho `m hsbuh`m. H` bmríbthr slbfm`fzmalr ah `m hsbuh`m sh jfiò ho h` fnmefomrfl bl`hbtfvl y sh `h hxfeh quh msunm h` pmph` ah jlrnmbfòo ah bfuamamol blo rh`mbfòo m` blnplrtmnfhotl slbfm`. Rh hxbhaîm h` bmríbthr phameòefbl y sh trms`mam m` íncftl pl`îtfbl. @m hsbuh`m thoîm uom `heftfnfama ah maqufsfbfòo ah blnplrtmnfhotl mslbfmal m `l ‐cuhol„ y  ‐blrrhbtl„. H` ahshnp`hl hstrubturm`, plc`mbfòo nmrefom` y rhtfrl ah` Hstmal hrlsflomrlo h` nmrbl olrnmtfvl blnùo. V `m hsbuh`m pfhrah h` `uemr ah rhjhrhoth uofvhrsm` y ahch blostrufr su shotfal ho phrnmohoth afm`lel. @m fahm ah lraho slbfm` ho Olrchrt H`îms

Ru lcrm rhblrrh h` prlbhsl bfvf`fzmalr. M` mom`fzmr `m slbfhama blrthsmom ah Jrmobfm hobuhotrm sfoeu`mrfamahs hxp`fbmr bònl y m pmrtfr ah quh jlrnms ah fothrmbbfòo sh am. Hoblotrò 2 tfpls ah blotrl` quh tfhoho vm`lr ah foafbmalrhs ah ahsmrrl``l (bfvf`fzmbfòo). =7

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

  Blotrl` ah `m omturm`hzm ah pmrth ah `ls glncrhs m pmrtfr ah `m thbol`leîm.   Blotrl` ah `ms rh`mbflohs hotrh phrslom, plr `m lremofzmbfòo jlrnm`   H` mutlblotrl` ah` foafvfaul (hi. Nlal ah hxprhsmr hnlbflohs y rhstrfoefhoal `m vfl`hobfm)



 

@m fahm ah bfvf`fzmbfòo bfvf`f zmbfòo hs mslbfmc`h m `m ah afsbfp`fom (vm`lrhs y olrnms quh m`bmozmo m tlals, prhsfòo y rhprhsfòo slcrh `m hnltfvfama y `ls fnpu`sls. @m blobfhobfm nlrm` quh rheu`m `m mbbfòo plsfcf`ftm `m lremofzmbfòo sslbfm`. lbfm`. H` lraho slbfm` plr H`îms tfhoh uo bmríbthr ol fothobflom` h foahphoafhoth ah `ms vl`uotmahs, fothobflohs y blobfhobfm ah `ls foafvfauls. V sh fnploh plr hstrubturms, rhbursls, olnís y trmafbflohs ol blostrufams m ofvh` foafvfaum` y m blrtl p`mzl. H` sfsthnm ah blotrl` slbfm`

Rlo `ms fostftubflohs quh amo rhspuhstm jlrnm` m` ah`ftl (pl`fbîm, trfcuom`hs, blrrhbbflom`hs y bírbh`hs). L `ms hobmremams ah prhvhofr`l l hvftmr`l (rhahs trmcmil slbfm` y psfqufítrfbl) tmncfæo puhaho shr eumrafms, bbtv y nhafls quh thoemo hsh jfo. Rheùo Nfbgmh` Jlubmu`t h` sfsthnm bmrbh`mrfl ol sl`ubflom h` prlc`hnm ah `m ah`fobuhobfm sfol quh `l mermvm. V gmbh pmrm`h`fsnl hotrh hsbuh`m y prfsfòo plr `ls nhbmofsnls ah afsbfp`fom.

=6

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

Nòau`l 2 Ahsfeum`amahs y hstrmtfjfbmbfòo slbfm` [mrm mom`fzmr `m ahsfeum`ama slbfm` gmy 2 phrsphbtfvms9   Moí`fsfs plr h` juobflom`fsnl   Moí`fsfs ah b`mshs ah Dmr` Nmrx

  

  Moí`fsfs ah b`mshs ah Nmx Uhchr [mrm Mom`fzmr `m ahsfeum`ama e`lcm` slo 3 phrsphbtfvms9   Qhlrîm ah `m nlahrofzmbfòo   Qhlrîm ah `m ahphoahobfm

 

Qlams `ms slbfhamahs tfhoho m`eùo tfpl ah ahsfeum`ama, sfsthnm ah hstrmtfjfbmbfòo slbfm`, `l quh gmbh quh bmthelrîms ah phrsloms sh ucfquho ho afjhrhoths plsfbflohs ho `m hstrubturm slbfm`, msî lctfhoho afohrl, plahr l prhstfefl. Hstm hstrubturm tfhoh su vhz uo sfsthnm sfncò`fbl quh hxp`fbm `m afstrfcubfòo af strfcubfòo msfnætrfbm ah `ls rhbursls slbfm`hs. Nmbflohs y [`unhr9 hstrmtfjfbmbfòo slbfm` hs `m b`msfjfbmbfòo l ihrmrqufzmbfòo ah

foafvfauls sheùo bmthelrîm quh phrthohbh l msfeomo. Brlnptlo9 blobhptl ehohrm` quh ahsbrfch `ms hstrubturms ah ahsfeum`amahs.

Ho slbfhamahs prhfoaustrfm`hs m hstrmtfjfbmbfòo slbfm` sh blosfahrl uo jhoònhol omturm`. Ah hstm jlrnm ol hrm ohbhsmrfl quh sh fovhstfeuho ho tærnfols slbfm`hs. Fnp`fbmcm uom hstrubturm ah lraho afvfol. Brlnptlo `ls bmncfls plr `m rhvl`ubflohs foaustrfm`hs y `m nlahrofama fnp`fbmrlo uom brîtfbm m `ls sfsthnms trmafbflom`hs ah brhhobfms quh gmcîm hxp`fbmal y `heftfnmal `ms ahsfeum`amahs. Jrhoth m `m fahm ah gunmols ahsfeum`hs plr omturm`hzm l bmusm afvfom, sh ahsmrrl``ò h` mreunhotl ah gunmols feum`hs. Hs h` puotl ah rhj`hxfòo slbfl`òefbm slcrh `m ahsfeum`ama. H` blotrmtl slbfm`. Qglnms Glcchs `m vfam ah `ms phrsloms ho h` supuhstl hstmal ah omturm`hzm hs ph`ferlsl, crutm` y blrtl. @m euhrrm ah` glncrh blotrm h` glncrh. @m sl`ubfòo prlpuhstm juh quh `ms phrsloms sh slnhtfhrmo m` hstmal, plrquh æsth emrmotfzmcm h` blotrl` ah `m slbfhama. Ilgo @lbdh `m mutlrfama ah` Hstmal emrmotfzmcm `l ahrhbgls omturm`hs m `m vfam, `m `fchrtma y prlpfhama. Ihmo Imbquhs Slusshmu  ‐h` glncrh ombfò `fcrh y ho tlams pmrths sh `h hobuhotrm hobmahomal„ . @m `fchrtma mcsl`utm hs

fom`bmozmc`h phrl `m ahnlbrmbfm afrhbtm hxprhsmam plr vl`uotma Erm`. Amcm nmylr prlthbbfòo foafvfaum`. H` ho sfe`l WZFFF sh hstmc`hbho `ls juoamnhotls ah `ls ahrhbgls pl`îtfbls ah tlals ho h` ZLQL XOFZHSRM@ y `ms fostftubflohs ahnlbrítfbms. @m Shvl`ubfòo Foaustrfm` y jrmobhsm prlvlbmrlo h` rmbflom`fsnl ah` lraho slbfm` nlahrol plr nhafl ah` jfo ah slbfhamahs trmafbflom`hs y h` ahsmrrl``l ah` bmpftm`fsnl. H` Bí`bu`l rmbflom` y `m rmbflom`fama juhrlo h` prfobfpfl plr h` bum` `m bloaubtm hbloònfbm ahcîm eufmr m slbfhama bmpftm`fstms ho ahsmrrl``l. @m hxpmosfòo ah `ls nhrbmals y `m trmosjlrnmbfòo ah `ls prlbhsls ah prlaubbfòo hrlsflomrlo `ls ahrhbgls blosuhtuafomrfls ho h` blnhrbfl y nmoujmbturm. @ls bmncfls pl`îtfbls brhmrlo m` foafvfaul jlrnm`nhoth `fcrh y afhrlo m` trmcmimalr sfo tfhrrm h` ahrhbgl ah vhoahr su juhrzm ah trmcmil. @m fnplrtmobfm ah `ms rhvl`ubflohs juh bhotrm` plrquh 3;

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

prlvlbmrlo `m trmosfbfòo m` bmpftm`fsnl foaustrfm`. Hstm ouhvm slbfhama hnhreîm blo sus ahsfeum`amahs y `ls slbfò`lels fothotmrlo hxp`fbmr. Nmrx9 h` ahsmrrl``l ah `m gfstlrfm hs bloshbuhobfm ah `ls bloj`fbtls hbloònfbls y

pl`îtfbls. @m ahsfeum`ama hrm rhsu`tmal ah mbbhsl afjhrhobfm` m nhafls ah prlaubbfòo y m `l prlaubfal. H` hstmal hs foshpmrmc`h ah` plahr hbloònfbl y h` FOAFZFAXL RLCHSMOL hrm bloafbfòo ohbhsmrfm ah` nlal ah prlaubbfòo bmpftm`fstm pmrm phraurmr, blhxfstfhoal `m feum`ama pl`îtfbm (tlals plr olrnm hrmo feum`hs) blo `ms ahsfeum`amahs nmthrfm`hs. Hsth blothxtl am afjhrhoths rhtrfcubflohs rhsu`tmal ah` sfsthnm alnfomoth ah prlaubbfòo hs uo ghbgl hbloònfbl. Brlnptlo9 h` ahsmrrl``l ah` bmpftm`fsnl foaustrfm` juh h`hnhotl prfobfpm` pmrm `m

trmosfbfòo m `m nlahrofama. Nlahrofama ol hs sl`l h` ahsmrrl``l ah` foaustrfm`fsnl sfol tmncfæo `ls nlals ah vfef`mobfm y rheu`mbfòo ah `m plc`mbfòo ah `ls Hstmals Ombflom`hs. Nlahrofama hstí bmrmbthrfzmam plr h` ahsmrrl``l ah lremofzmbflohs (sfsthnms blotrl`mals blo bmpmbfama ah mbtumr slcrh h` nuoal slbfm`) Ho h` nuoal nlahrol, `m b`msh slbfm` hstrubturm uo sfsthnm ah ahsfeum`amahs afstfotl m `ms slbfhamahs trmafbflom`hs (masbrfptms l omturm`hs, hi. Hstmal jhuam`, ahsfeum`amahs rh`feflsms, eæohrl y rmzm). @m b`msh hs hxbh`hoth pmrm mom`fzmr sfsthnms blothnplríohls. @m b`msh (nhbmofsnl ah hstrubturmbfòo ah ahsfeum`amahs) ol gmbh ahsmpmrhbhr sfo ahimr rmstrls m `ms jlrnms prhvfms ah afstfobfòo slbfm`. Mùo hxfstho ahsfeum`amahs ah hama, eæohrl y rmzm. Nmbflofs y [`unhr9 1 bmrmbthrîstfbms ah `m hstrmtfjfbmbfòo.

  Hstrmtfjfbmbfòo slbfm` bmrmbthrîstfbm ah `m slbfhama ho bloiuotl ol foafvfaum`nhoth.   H` sfsthnm ah hstrmtfjfbmbfòo sh phrphtùm ah ehohrmbfòo ho ehohrmbfòo, muoquh ho ehohrmbflohs nlahroms gmy nlvf`fama slbfm`   Hs hstuafl ah `m nlvf`fama slbfm` hs nuy hstuafmal plr `m slbfl`leîm. Hstm hs h` bmncfl ho `m plsfbfòo slbfm` quh h` foafvfaul lbupm ho `m hstrubturm slbfm`, sh blosfahrm h` moí`fsfs ah `ls pmtrlohs fothrehohrmbflom`hs ah `m trmosnfsfòo ah `m plsfbfòo slbfm`. @m nlvf`fama puhah shr msbhoahoth (cmils ofvh`hs ah haubmbfòo h foerhsls `lerm hstuafls uofvhrsftmrfls, nmylr foerhsls y lbupmbflohs), ahsbhoahoth u glrfzlotm`.   @m hstrmtfjfbmbfòo hs uom blostmoth gfstòrfbm, phrl vmrîm sheùo `m slbfhama.









Rfhnprh gucl afjhrhobfmbfòo phrl tlams slo afjhrhoths.   @m hstrmtfjfbmbfòo slbfm` ol hs sl`l `ms ahsfeum`amahs sfol tmncfæo ah `m bu`turm slbfm` y hstí rh`mbflomam blo h` sfsthnm ah brhhobfm foafvfaum`. Ol sl`l gmy afstrfcubfòo afjhrhobfm` sfol quh tmncfæo gmy hxp`fbmbfòo bu`turm` y slbfm` quh ahjfoh y iustfjfbm `m ahsfeum`ama.



Nmbflofs y [`unhr shým`mo 2 nfbrlsfsthnms ah hstrmtfjfbmbfòo9   Hsb`mvftua   Rfsthnm ah bmstm   B`mshs Rlbfm`hs

  

Hsb`mvftua Rh cmsm ho h` ahrhbgl ah prlpfhama ah uo erupl slcrh ltrl, `ms phrsloms slo blsms quh puhaho shr vhoafams l blnprmams. Ho Mnærfbm @mtfom `m hxp`ltmbfòo ah juhrzm ah

3=

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

trmcmil hsb`mvm ah lrfeho mjrfbmol juh uom príbtfbm blnùo ho tlam `m rhefòo (ahsah fs`ms ah` Bmrfch, Crmsf`, Gloaurms, [hrù). Ho nholr nhafam ho h` Sfl ah `m [`mtm y Næxfbl. Efaahos9 `m hsb`mvftua juh `m jlrnm nís hxtrhnm ah ahsfeum`ama, uols foafvfauls slo

prlpfhtmrfls ah ltrls. Hrm uom bloafbfòo `hem` ah plshsfòo mahnís juh vmrfmoal blo h` tfhnpl. Ho Hstmals Xofals ol thoîmo ahrhbgls y ho ltrls bmsls hrm blnl uom sfrvfhotm. @m hsb`mvftua juh uom hstrubturmbfòo ah ahsfeum`amahs blo bmrmbthrîstfbms pmrtfbu`mrhs. Ho `ls sfe`ls WZFFF y WFW `ls hsb`mvls juhrlo usmals ho su nmylrîm blnl trmcmimalrhs ah p`motmbfòo y sfrvfhoths alnæstfbls ho HH.XX. Ruamnærfbm y Motf``ms. Ho `m Mthoms b`ísfbm hstmcmo ho afvhrsls `uemrhs y m vhbhs thoîmo plsfbflohs ah rhsplosmcf`fama (hxb`ufals ah puhstls pl`îtfbls y nf`ftmrhs) m`euols smcîmo `hhr y hsbrfcfr y hrmo manfofstrmalrhs ah` elcfhrols y mrthsmols. Hstms ahsfeum`amahs prlaubîmo rhch`flohs ah `ls hsb`mvls (`m Shvuh`tm ah Gmftî y @hvmotmnfhotls ho Crmsf`). @m Shvl`ubfòo Gmftfmom sh lrfefoò ho uom suc`hvmbfòo ah hsb`mvls `m olbgh ah` 33 ah melstl ah =56= (Nmofemt ). Rh plarîm mom`fzmr blnl uo hpfslafl nís ah `ls bloj`fbtls plr h` sfsthnm hsb`mvfstm (juems, sufbfafls y ltrls ghbgls blostmoths ah` sfsthnm hsb`mvfstm ho Mnærfbm). Nmofemt mjfrnm quh `m rhvl`ubfòo rhprhshotm `m `ubgm hotrh erupls slbfm`hs pmrm nmothohr h` stmtu qul. Blo hstm rhvl`ubfòo sh am h` fofbfl m `ms foahphoahobfms ho @mtfolmnærfbm y h` Bmrfch. Hstl ``hvl m 2 blooltmbflohs9   [rlc`hnítfbm `m fahm ah @fchrtma rh`mbflomam blo `m ah` Rfe`l ah `ms @ubhs   [rlnuhvh uo Hstmal Oherl motfbl`lofm` y motfhsb`mvfstm ho blothxtl blo uo elcfhrol bl`lofm` jrmobæs.   Hojrhotmnfhotl blotrm uom plthobfm bl`lofm` plsftfvm pmrm `ls hsb`mvls

 



Eruohr9 ahstmbl `m bhotrm`fama ah `m hsb`mvftua blnl juoamnhotm` pmrm `m

lremofzmbfòo ah` sfsthnm bmpftm`fstm y quh hs fnplsfc`h quh sh afhrm juhrm ah Hurlpm ho h` sfe`l WFW sfo hsb`mvls. @m rha ah blnprm-vhotm ah glncrhs hotrh Hurlpm, Mnærfbm y Íjrfbm juh ahbfsfvl ah `m gfstlrfm blothnplríohm, `m hxp`ltmbfòo jmvlrhbfò h` brhbfnfhotl ah `m foaustrfm thxtf`, `m omvfhrm y ah` blnhrbfl fothrombflom`. Eruohr9 @m Shvl`ubfòo Gmftfmom tfhoh fnplrtmobfm plr shr `m prfnhrm rhvl`ubfòo ho Mnærfbm @mtfom ho p`hol mplehl ah` sfsthnm bmpftm`fstm. Gmftî hstmcm m` nmreho ah `m rhvl`ubfòo jrmobhsm (`fchrtma, jrmthrofama y sl`famrfama) ol sh mp`fbmcm ho `ls gmcftmoths ah `m fs`m.

Rfsthnm ah Bmstm Jlrnm ah hstrmtfjfbmbfòo plr bmrmbthrîstfbms masbrfptms ah `ms phrsloms. Hsth sfsthnm hs bmrmbthrîstfbl ah `m Foafm aloah h` `uemr slbfm` quh lbupmo sh lremofzm sheùo h` `uemr quh ombho y `m lbupmbfòo. H` hsbm`òo nís cmil hs h` am`fts (`ls fotlbmc`hs) y h` nís m`tl cmgmnæs (`ls smbhralths). Brlnptlo9 `ms ahsfeum`amahs slbfm`hs ahrfvmo ah `m hstrubturm ah slbfhama ah ‐afvfofama„. Rh mreunhotm quh `ms bmstms fojhrflrhs blotmnfomo `ms suphrflrhs. V sh mp`fbmo

rhstrfbbflohs m `ms bmstms cmims y sus j`fms. Hsth sfsthnm sh suphrploh pmrbfm`nhoth blo `m hstrubturm ah ahsfeum`ama. Brlnptlo mreunhotm quh sf sh blosfahrm quh gmy sfsthnms fahl`òefbls quh iustfjfquho ahsfeum`amahs sh gmbh rhjhrhobfm m9   H` Dgmrnm9 `ms phrsloms ombho blo bfhrtm bmstm y hs `l quh nhrhbho plr `ms mbbflohs ho uom vfam mothrflr



33

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

  H` Agmrnm9 Rfeofjfbm ‐vfvfr ah mbuhral m `l quh hs nlrm`„. Hoshým vfvfr `m vfam prhshoth sheùo `ms olrnms pmrm rhombhr ho uom bmstm suphrflr.



@ms ahsfeum`amahs ah bmstm y `m plsfcf`fama ah bmncfl slbfm` m juturl tfhoho rh`mbfòo hstrhbgm blo `ms vhramahs rh`feflsms plr hobfnm ah` moí`fsfs slbfl`òefbl. Hxp`fbmbflohs ah` lraho afvfol pmrm fothrprhtmr h` lraho ah `ms blsms. Hs uo sfsthnm slbfm` bhrrmal. Ho su jlrnm nís purm ol gmy plsfcf`famahs ah shr nlafjfbmal. 1 bmrmbthrîstfbms prfobfpm`hs. =.  @ms bmstms hstío mslbfmams m uom lbupmbfòo hsphbîjfbm. @ls gfils nfsnm lbupmbfòo pmarhs. 3. 3.   Bmsf fnphosmc`hs nmtrfnlofls afstfotms bmstm (nmtrfnlofls hoaleínfbls) 2. 2.   @m phrthohobfm m uom bmstm ahthrnfom `m vfam bltfafmom y sl`l sh rh`mbflomo nfsnm bmstm. Rh mnpmrm ho brhhobfm rh`feflsm quh `m bmstm fojhrflr blotmnfom `m suphrflr 1. 1.   Hs nmoamtl nlrm` mbhptmr `m plsfbfòo quh `hs tlbm juhrth brhhobfm rh`feflsm. H` sfsthnm ah bmstm hs hxtrhnmamnhoth h`mclrmal y blnp`hil. V vmrîm sheùo `m zlom ah `m Foafm ol hs sfsthnm glnleæohl. Afstfotms brhhobfms afjusmnhoth blohbtmams.

Rlbfhama ah B`mshs H` sfsthnm bmpftm`fstm hrlsflol h` sfsthnm Jhuam` y ah hsb`mvftua y prlvlbl `m trmosjlrnmbfòo ah uo sfsthnm ah b`mshs, cmsmal ho `ms bmpmbfamahs y `lerls phrslom`hs. Rh suploh uo sfsthnm mcfhrtl, msî `ls foafvfauls plr nhafl ah `m haubmbfòo u ltrls nhbmofsnls puhaho hxphrfnhotmr nlvf`fama slbfm` afstfotm m `m ah `ls pmarhs. Efaahos h`hnhotls bhotrm`hs ah` sfsthnm ah b`mshs quh `l afstfoeuh slcrh ltrls9   Ol hstmc`hbfal plr afsplsfbflohs iurîafbms l rh`feflsms. V ol cmsmam ho `m ghrhobfm. Hs nís j`ufal y `l `fnfths ol slo b`mrls. Ol gmy rhstrfbbflohs jlrnm`hs m` nmtrfnlofl hotrh phrsloms ah afstfotms b`mshs. Gmy ermoahs crhbgms ho h` p`mol iurîafbl y `m feum`ama slbfm`. b` msh hs ho pmrths maqufrfams, ol ahthrnfomam plr h` ombfnfhotl.   Ho thlrîm `m b`msh cmsmo o ho afjhrhobfms hbloònfbms y `ms ahsfeum` ahsfeum`amahs amahs ho   @ms b`mshs sh cmsm plshsfòo y blotrl` ah rhbursls nmthrfm`hs. Ho `ls ltrls sfsthnms `ls jmbtlrhs ol hbloònfbls slo nís fnplrtmoths (rh`fefòo ho Foafm)   Ho `ls ltrls sfsthnms `ms ahsfeum`amahs sh amo ho `ms rh`mbflohs phrslom`hs



 



ah` ahchr u lc`fembfòo (sfhrvl-shýlr, hsb`mvl-mnl). Ho `ms b`mshs plr blohxflohs fothrphrslom`hs (ahsfeum`amahs ah sm`mrfls, bloafbflohs ah trmcmil). Qfhoho `ls ahrhbgls uofvhrsm`hs (ol fnplrtm plsfbfòo slbfm`). Hs `m feum`ama moth `m `hy. ¼]uæ hs `m feum`ama ah lplrtuofamahs< H` rhsu`tmal ah `m vfam ah uom phrslom ahch rhj`himr `ls hsjuhrzls y tm`hotls, y ol su ombfnfhotl plr bfrbuostmobfms ahthrnfomams (rmzm, ehohrl, `uemr, lrfeho ah `m j`fm) hstl ol ahch ahthrnfomr sf thoarí æxftl hbloònfbl slbfm` l pl`îtfbl. H` prfobfpfl ah feum`ama ah lplrtuofamahs sfeofjfbm quh `ms bfrbuostmobfms ah ombfnfhotl ol tfhoho quh thohr phsl ho `ms lplrtuofamahs quh thoem. @ms ahsfeum`amahs ol thoarîmo fnplrtmobfm sf `ms rmzlohs slo ah` hsjuhrzl foafvfaum`.

@m fahl`leîm blnl iustfjfb iustfjfbmbfòo mbfòo ah `ls sfsthnms hstrmtfjfbmals.

32

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

@m rhprlaubbfòo y nmothofnfhotl ah `ms ahsfeum`amahs hs `m fahl`leîm. @m fahl`leîm hs uo bloiuotl ah brhhobfms slbfm`hs pmrm iustfjfbmr `m hstrmtfjfbmbfòo slbfm`. @ms brhhobfms quh rhjuhrzmo `m alnfombfòo ah uom nfolrîm prfvf`hefmam slcrm ltrm nmylrîm. Urfegt 2 phrsphbtfvms ah moí`fsfs ah `m ahsfeum`ama ho slbfhamahs bmpftm`fstm9

M.  M.  [hrsphbtfvm ah` foafvfaul9 `m plsfbfòo hbloònfbm sh mom`fzm plr h` ofvh` ah` æxftl phrslom`. ]uh sh ahthrnfom plr9 haubmbfòo, trmsjloal jmnf`fmr, nltfvmbflohs, blohxflohs phrslom`hs (bmpftm` slbfm`). @l quh ahthrnfom h` æxftl ah uom phrslom plcrh l rfbm rfb m slo `ls mtrfcutls rh`hvmoths (nís l nhols h`hvmals. C.  C.  y B. Moí`fsfs ah b`mshs pl plrr trmafbflohs ahchrîmn ahchrîmnls ls y nmrxfstm. Ol sh mom`fzm h` prlbhsl foafvfaum` plr h` quh hstm lrahomal, sfol quh sh mom`fzm `ms rh`mbflohs hotrh `ms plsfbflohs. [mrm mncms `ls pmtrlohs ah ahsfeum`ama slo rhsu`tmal ah blohxflohs bmusm`hs hotrh plsfbflohs. l  Moí`fsfs Nmrxfstm9 `m rh`mbfòo ah fothrahphoahobfm sh am ho tærnfols ah hxp`ltmbfòo quh ehohrm ahsfeum`ama. Moí`fsfs foafvfaum`fstm tfhoh hojlquh ermambflom`hs  (vu`ohrmcf`fama l hojlquh ah b`msh slbfm`) Moí`fsfs nmrxfstm y whchrfmol phrsphbtfvm rh`mbflom`hs 

Hojlquhs B`ísfbls pmrm hstuafl ah `m hstrmtfjfbmbfòo slbfm` y ah `ms b`mshs slbfm`hs. Moí`fsfs ah` Juobflom`fsnl Amvfs y Nllrh9 `m hstrmtfjfbmbfòo slbfm` tfhoh rhsu`tmals plsftfvls pmrm `m slbfhama

ho blo iuotl. Ho tlam slbfhama blnp`him l nlahrom hxfsth `m afvfsfòo ah trmcmil `l quh sfeofjfbm quh gmy ermo vmrfhama ah lbupmbflohs afjhrhoths quh ohbhsftmo ah gmcf`famahs y ofvh`hs ah prhpmrmbfòo afstfotls. @m afvfsfòo ah trmcmil hs uom ohbhsfama juobflom` pmrm h` blrrhbtl juobflomnfhotl ah `m slbfhama. @murfo-Jrhohtth9 `m hstrmtfjfbmbfòo hs uo sfsthnm ah ahsfeum`amahs l afjhrhobfms ah

prhstfefls y ah hstfnmbfòo hotrh `ls foafvfauls. Hsms afjhrhobfms prhstfefl slo rh`mtfvms m `ms plsfbflohs quh lbupmo `ls foafvfauls. @ms slbfhamahs ahcho msheurmr `ms tmrhms y juobflohs pmrm suphrvfvhobfm y `ms juobflohs slbfm`hs shmo m) hihrbfams, hih rbfams, c) hihrbfams plr qufhohs sh hstæo ho bloafbflohs b) quh sh bunp`mo `l nhilr plsfc`h. [mrm h``l sh usm uo nætlal hjfbmz pmrm `m afstrfcubfòo ah tmrhms y juobflohs hotrh `ls foafvfauls y hstls hstæo nltfvmals pmrm bunp`fr. H` bunp`fnfhotl sh `lerm plr `m fostftubflom`fzmbfòo ah` sfsthnm ah hstrmtfjfbmbfòo. [lr nhafl ah uo sfsthnm ah ‐rhblnphosms„ pmrm fobhotfvl ah  `m rhm`fzmbfòo ah `ms juobflohs y afstrfcubfòo msheurmam `ms nfsnms m `ls tftu`mrhs. H` sfsthnm ah rhblnphosms jlrnm pmrth ah` sfsthnm slbfm`. Hstms rhblnphosms hstío vfobu`mams blo `m plsfbfòo quh lbupmo ho rh`mbfòo m tîtu`ls, rhqufsftls y prfvf`hefls pmrm bunp`fr bfhrtms tmrhms tmrhms ah `m plsfbfòo. [mrm sm smtfsjmbhr tfsjmbhr y nltfvmr m` foafvfaul. Gmy 2 tfpls ah rhblnphosms9 =. =.   Amo blojlrt y cfhohstmr m` foafvfaul 3. 3.   Amo p`mbhr y hotrhthofnfhotl 2.  Mbrhbfhotmo rhsphtl y hstfnm ah sf nfsnl

31

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

Qlams hstms rhblnphosms slo blobhcfams plr `m bl`hbtfvfama ho rhblolbfnfhotl plr sus mplrths plr nhafl ah `m plsfbfòo, m `m suphrvfvhobfm y juobflomnfhotl ah` sfsthnm slbfm`. Amvfs y Nllrh9 h` sm`mrfl ol hs `m juhoth ah` hstmtus ah ``m m plsfbfòo sfol h` hstmtus

ahthrnfom `ls foerhsls. Bmam plsfbfòo tfhoh su sm`mrfl. @m plsfbfòo ho imrmrqufm y hstfnm am uom nmofsjhstmflo slbfm` ah` vm`lr y sh `h rhblnphosm plr sus mptftuahs pmrm unp`fr y `m hjfbmbfm. H` vm`lr phrslom` ahch blfobfafr blo su vm`lr ho h` sfsthnm slbfm`. (ihrmrquîm ah bum`famahs phrslom`hs ahch blfobfahr blo ihrmrquîm ah juobfòo y h` prhstfefl). prhstfefl). H` jfo ah `m hstrmtfjfbmbfòo hs gmbhr blfobfafr, hs `m ahsfeum`ama slbfm` Fostftubflom`fzma quh shrfm uo nhbmofsnl pmrm emrmotfzmr `ms plsfbflohs fnplrtmoth pls foafvfauls foafvfauls blnphthoths. @m blob`usfòo ah hsth mreunhotl shrfm lbupmbfòo ah uom nmylr bm`fjfbmbfòo bm`fjfbmbfò o slo `ms nms ohbhsmrfms pmrm nmothohr vfmc`h uom slbfhama y ahch rhblnphosmr m `ls quh fovfrtfrhrlo tfhnpl y afohrl pmrm thohr `ls blolbfnfhotls ohbhsmrfls pmrm hihrbhr hsms prljhsflohs. Gmbhr rhblnphsms ah mbuhral m `ls nhrftls foafvfaum`hs. Amvfs y Nllrh9 thsfs cmsmam ho `m nhrftlbrmbfm, ahsfeum`ama ho juobfòo ah

hsjuhrzls nhrftls afspmrhs ah `ms phrsloms. Rh prhnfm tm`hotl foafvfaum` y slbfhama emrmotfzm `m feum`ama ah lplrtuofamahs y quh `ms rhblnphosms ol sh afstrfcuymo uofjlrnhnhoth. Amo h` hihnp`l ah` nhafbl `mrem jlrnmbfòo, blstlsm y afjîbf`, hstmtus h`hvmal y foerhsls m`tls.

Moí`fsfs ah B`msh Cmsmal ho blobhpbfòo rh`mbflom` y hstm fospfrmal ho Nmrx y Uhchr. Hnfrcmyhr9 `l slbfò`lels sh hojrhotmo m uo af`hnm, blobhcfr h` nuoal slbfm` blojlrnmal plr sustmobfms l plr prlbhsls, blsms hstítfbms l plr rh`mbflohs rh` mbflohs afoínfbms. H` hojlquh nmrxfstm y whchrfmol ah `ms b`mshs slbfm`hs slo phrsphbtfvms rh`mbflom`hs tlnmo m` nuoal slbfm` blnl blojlrnmal plr prlbhsls y rh`mbflohs hotrh b`mshs. @m b`msh slbfm` hs uom nmofsjhstmbflo ah `m nlahrofama, ah `ls sfsthnms nlahrols ah hstrmtfjfbmbfòo ah slbfhamahs foaustrfm`hs lpuhstms m `ms trmafbflom`hs plr masbrfpbfòo l omturm`. [mrm Nmrx gmy als b`mshs sheùo `m juobfòo hbloònfbm prlpfhtmrfls ah `ls nhafls ah prlaubbfòo y h` prl`htmrfl (trmcmimalrhs)

Moí`fsfs Fospfrmal ho Nmrx @ls blobhptls ah b`mshs slbfm`hs, rh`mbflohs l `ubgm ah b`mshs slo bhotrm`hs y b`mvhs ho h` phosmnfhotl nmrxfstm. [hrl Nmrx nurfò moths ah rhambtmr h` bmpftu`l ah `ms B` B`mshs mshs slbfm`hs ho ‐H` Bmpftm`„. Auhd h Foam `ls blobhptls ah b`msh slbfm` y `ubgm slbfm` slo bhotrm`hs ho `m thlrfl ah Nmrx muoquh ol `ls jlrnu`l blo `m nfsnm sfsthnmtfbfama quh ltrls thnms. Hotlobhs h` blobhptl ah b`msh b `msh slbfm` ahch rhblostrufrsh plr h` bloiuotl ah su lcrm. Auhd h Foam9 ahsah `m motfeðhama gmstm h` sfe`l WFW sh gmc`mcm ah `m hxfsthobfms ah

b`mshs y ahsbrfcîmo. @m slbfhama hstmcm sfhnprh afvfafam hotrh rîbls y plcrhs, olc`hs y p`hchyls, `fcrhs y hsb`mvls phrl ol sh plaîm hxp`fbmr `ms bmusms ah `ms ahsfeum`amahs. H` mplrth ahbfsfvl ah Nmrx juh prlplrbflomr uom hxp`fbmbfòo bfhotîjfbm ah `m hstrubturm y afoínfbm ah `ms b`mshs slbfm`hs. Efaahos9 h` mreunhotl ah Nmrx hs quh `m b`msh hs uo erupl ah phrsloms quh tfhoh

uom rh`mbfòo blnùo blo `ls nhafls ah prlaubbfòo. Moths ah `m foaustrfm nlahrom `ls 38

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

nhafls ah prlaubbfòo hrmo `m tfhrrm y ghrrmnfhotms pmrm bu`tfvmr`m l bufamr h` emomal. [lr `l tmotl gmcîm als b`mshs `ls auhýls ah `ms tfhrrms (olc`hzm, auhýls hsb`mvls) y `ls quh `m gmbîmo prlaubfr (sfhrvls, hsb`mvls htb). Ho `ms slbfhamahs nlahroms `ms jmcrfbms, ljfbfoms y nmqufomrfms, `m rfquhzm l bmpftm` pmrm thohr`ls juhrlo nms fnplrtmoths. Hstms als b`mshs slo `ls auhýls ah `ls ouhvls nhafls ah prlaubbfòo (foaustrfm`hs l bmpftm`fstms) y `ls quh vhoafms su juhrzm ah trmcmil (prl`htmrfmal) Nmrx9 `ms b`mshs hstío ahthrnfomams plr `ls prlbhsls ah prlaubbfòo. @ms als b`mshs

tfhoho sus rh`mbflohs `ls cureuhshs y prl`htmrfls. Hstm ahsfeum`ama hxp`fbm `m afoínfbm slbfm` ho ermo nhafam. M` shr uom phrsphbtfvm rh`mbflom` gmy rh`mbflohs hotrh b`mshs y slo ah hxp`ltmbfòo. Efaahos9 sfhnprh gucl rh`mbflohs ah b`msh y hxp`ltmbfòo. Ho `ms slbfhamahs

jlrnm`hs sh afl plr trmosjhrhobfm afrhbtm y sfnp`h ah `l quh prlaubfm h` bmnphsflo gmbfm `m mrfstlbrmbfm. Rh `h lc`femcm m `ls sfhrvls m amr pmrth ah `m prlaubbfòo m` jhuam` l trmcmimcmo x bmotfama ah aîms m` nhs ho `ms tfhrrms ah hsth. Ho `ms slbfhamahs bmpftm`fstms nlahroms hs nms sutf` `m hxp`ltmbfòo. Rheùo h` mreunhotl ah Nmrx ho uo afm ah trmcmil ah `ls trmcmimalrhs sh prlaubho nms ah `l quh h` hnprhsmrfl hnp rhsmrfl ohbhsftm pmrm rhpuhrmr h` sm`mrfl ah` nfsnl. Hsh hxbhahoth hs h` lrfeho ah `ms emomobfms pmrm h` munhotl ah su chohjfbfl. Nmrx9 h` ahsmrrl``l ah `m foaustrfm nlahrom prlvlbl quh `m rfquhzm rf quhzm y mbunu`mbfòo

quh sh prlaubîmo juhrmo nmylrhs. H` trmcmimalr hstm slnhtfal m `m nhbmofzmbfòo y lprhsfòo. Hi. Lphrmrfl nfsnm tmrhm aurmoth glrms. Cureuhsfm y prl`htmrfmal

@m gfstlrfm ah `m gunmofama juh uom `ubgm ah b`mshs (`fcrhs y hsb`mvls, pmtrfbfls y p`hchyls, jhuam` y sfhrvls ah`m p`hcm, htb) lprfnfals y lprhslrhs ho blotfoul hojrhotmnfhotl (hobucfhrtl l afrhbtm) `m bum` bloaubh m `m trmosjlrnmbfòo rhvl`ubflomrfm l m` hxthrnfofl hxthrnfofl ah `ms b`m b`mshs shs ch`fehrmoths. M `l `mrel ` mrel ah `m gfstlrfm slbfhamahs afvfafams ho hstmnhotls quh ahotrl ah bmam uom m su vhz gmy uom ouhvm ihrmrquîm slbfm` blo ermals y plsfbflohs. Slnm Motfeum (pmtrfbfls, hqufths, p`hchyls y hsb`mvls) Ho `m hama Nhafm `ls Jhuam`hs, `ls vmsm``l, `ls nmhstrls, `ls ljfbfm`hs, `ls erhnfls y `ls sfhrvls ah `m p`hcm y ho bmam uol blo nmtfbhs fothrols. @m slbfhama cureuhsm nlahrom sureh `ms rufoms ah` jhuam`. Rfo mcl`fry`ls motmelofsnls ah `ms b`mshs sfol quh brhl ouhvmsahb`mshs, bloafbflohs ah lprhsfòo nlam`famahs ah `ubgm. @m cureuhsîm sfnp`fjfbm `ls motmelofsnl ah b`mshs aloah hstms nms mcfhrtl y `m slbfhama tfhoah m afvfafrsh ho Cureuhsfm y prl`htmrfmal. Erupls hohnfels. Ah `ls sfhrvls sureho `ls vf``mols ah `ms prfnhrms bfuamahs y ah hstls sureho `ls crlths ah `m ah `m cureuhsîm. H` ahsbucrfnfhotl ah Mnhrfbm l `m bfrbuoomvhembfòo ah Mjrfbm mcrfhrlo ouhvls glrfzloths h fnpu`smrlo m `m msbhoahth cureuhsîm. H` nhrbmal ah `m Bgfom y ah `m Foafm, `m bl`lofzmbfòo ah Mnhrfbm, h` fothrbmncfl blnhrbfm` blo `ms bl`lofms, h` fobrhnhotl ah `ls nhafls ah bmncfl y ah `m nhrbmobîm. @h afhrlo m` blnhrbfl, omvhembfòo , foaustrfm uo hnpuih rhvl`ubflomrfl. @m fahm ah Nmrx ah `m ahsfeum`ama sureh plrquh `m H`fth Bmpftm`fstm hxtrmh rfquhzm y `ls rhbuhrls hbloònfbls, fostftubflohs pl`îtfbms y `hem`hs quh emrmotfzmo `ms ahsfeum`amahs ah ehohrmbfòo ho ehohrmbfòo. ehohrmbfòo. [lr nhafl ah `hyhs ghrhaftm ghrhaftmrfms rfms phrnftfmm `m afomstîms afomstîms 3:

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

jfomobfhrms y hnprhsmrfm`hs. H` sfsthnm haubmtfvl phrnfth quh `ls quh tfhoho hstuafho ho uofvhrsfamahs ah prhstfefl y hstmc`hzbmo vîobu`ls prfvf`hefmals. [lrquh ol sh ahrruncm h` bmpftm`fsnl<   Jrmenhotmbfòo ah `m b`msh bmpftm`fstm9 brhbfnfhotl ah `ms b`mshs ehrhobfms y jmnf`fms blo prlpfhama.   Qrmcmimalrhs ah buh``l c`mobl, mzu` y rlsm9 `m nmylrîm hrm trmcmimalrhs ah bmnpl bumoal Nmrx hsbrfcfò. Hrmo trmcmils ah cmil prhstfefl sl`l rhquhrîmo rh quhrîmo





trmcmil nmoum`. Gly gmy hnp`hls quh rhqufhrho ahshnphýl ah gmcf`famahs nhotm`hs. Ho XRM tmcmil ah buh``l c`mobl slo prljhsflom`hs, ehrhobfm`hs ho ljfbfoms. Buh``l Mzu` trmcmimalrhs nmoum`hs (nfohrîm, blostrubbfòo nhbíofbm htb) Buh``l Slsm fothrmbbflo blo h` b`fhoth, vhotm, hotrhomnfhotl. Htb.   Nhilrm ho `ms rh`mbflohs `mclrm`hs9 `ls trmcmimalrhs tfhoho nms rhbursls lremofzmtfvl. @m b`msh lcrhrm tfhoh `m bmpmbfama ah mbbfòo pmrm prlvlbmr bmncfls ho h` sfsthnm bmpftm`fstm. (sfoafbmtls)   Nmylr prlthbbfòo `hem`9 ahsah Nmrx nhilrm ho `m `hefs`mbfòo pmrm prlthehr m `ls trmcmimalrhs.





Mreunhotls ah Nmrx

  Sfquhzm blobhotrmam 

 

Lbupmbflohs buh``l c`mobl mphoms amo nhilrms     H` prlerhsl sfoafbm` rhqufhrh `ubgm slbfm`     H` sfsthnm `hem` jmvlrhbh m `ls m`tls foerhsls. 

 

Moí`fsfs ah b`msh ah Uhchr Uhchr `m afvfsfòo ah b`mshs ol lchahbho sl`l `m prlaubbfòo hbloònfbm, afstfotl ah

Nmrx. Gmy jmbtlrhs ahotrl y juhrm ah `m hblolnîm blnl `ls vm`lrhs quh puhaho shr rh`hvmoths pmrm hxp`fbmr `m ahsfeum`ama slbfm`. @m afnhosfòo ah `m rh`fefòo rh`f efòo l `ls vm`lrhs quh fobu`bl `m ætfbm prlthstmoth hxp`fbmrîm h` ombfnfhotl ah` bmpftm`fsnl, mahnís ah `m hblolnîm. Ol sl`l `m hblolnîm hs rh`hvmoth sf quh hs nu`tfbmusm`. Efaahos9 Uhchr blfobfah blo Nmrx quh sh cmsm ho bloafbflohs hbloònfbms

lcihtfvms. Qfhoh 3 afjhrhobfms mpmrth ah jmbtlrhs hbloònfbls `m afvfsfòo ah b`msh sh am plr afjhrhobfmbfòo ah blolbfnfhotls tæbofbls y ah brhahobfms l bm`fjfbmbflohs quh foj`uyho ho h` trmcmil ah `ms phrsloms. @ls prljhsflom`hs emomo nms quh `ls ‐buh``ls mzu`hs„

(trmcmimalrhs) plrquh sus brhahobfm`hs `h amo nmylr bmpftm` ho h` nhrbmal. Ho `m b`msh trmcmimalrm, `ls mrthsmols bm`fjfbmals emomo nms quh `ls nhols bm`fjfbmals. 3 msphbtls ah `m hstrmtfjfbmbfòo ah Uhchr   Hstmtus   [mrtfal

 

Uhchr9 `m ahsfeum`ama slbfm` hs ah 2 afnhosflohs9

=. =.   Hblolnfbm (plsfbfòo ah b`mshs, hblolnîm) 35

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

3. 3.   Ah [rhstfefl Rlbfm` (slbfm`) 2. 2.   Ho rh`mbfòo blo h` [lahr (pl`îtfbm) @m ahsfeum`ama hs nu`tfbmusm`. Hstmtus9 afjhrhobfms hotrh 3 erupls plr `m rhputmbfòo l prhstfefl quh `hs blobhaho.

Erupls rhblobfals plr prhstfefls Hi. Nhafbls Auhd h Foam9 h` hstmtus rhprhshotm `m afstrfcubfòo ah` plahr slbfm`. H` plahr slbfm`

hs h` h`hnhotl ah jlrnmbfòo ah hstmnhotls l erupls ah hstmtus ihrmrqufzmals msf blnl hh` plahr hbloònfbl ho `m jlrnmbfòo ah b`mshs. @ms afvfsflohs hstmnhotm`hs ol hs plr afjhrhobfms hbloònfbms, ah plsfbfòo plsfbf òo ho nhrbmals ah cfhohs of ah trmcmil sfol quh hs plr h` prhstfefl, hstmtus u glolr. H` plahr slbfm` hs uo lraho hstmnhotm`. Efaahos9 `m b`msh hs amam ah jlrnm lcihtfvm, `m plsfbfòo hs sucihtfvm plr `ms

phrsloms sheùo afjhrhobfms slbfm`hs. [mrtfal Efaahos9 pmrm Uhchr ho `m slbfhama nlahrom `m jlrnmbfòo ah` [mrtfal hs fnplrtmo

pmrm h` plahr h foj`uyh ho `m hstrmtfjfbmbfòo, foahphoafhothnhoth ah `m b`msh l plsfbfòo. H` pmrtfal ahjfoh erupls quh trmcmimo blo lrîehohs, mspfrmbflohs l fothrhshs blnuohs. Nmrx9 `ms b`mshs slbfm`hs hxp`fbmo `ms afjhrhobfms ah hstmtus y `m lremofzmbfòo ah `ls

pmrtfals pl`îtfbls. [mrm Uhchr hstl ol plaîm rhaubfrsh m afvfsfòo ah b`mshs (sh vho foj`ufams y `ls pmrtfals foj`uyho ho `m hblolnîm foafvfaum`) @ls pmrtfals plaîmo hstmcm cmsmals ho prhlbupmbflohs ah lrfeho rh`feflsls l fahm`hs ombflom`fstms. Hi9 h` nmrxfnl hxp`fbm `ls bloj`fbtls hotrh bmtò`fbls y prlthstmoths ho Fr`moam ah` Olrth plrquh gmy nms trmcmimalrhs bmtò`fbls. [mrm uo whchrfmol hstm hxp`fbmbfòo hs fohjfbmz plrquh gmy nubgls trmcmimalrhs prlthstm prlthstmoths oths quh slo ah `m b`msh trmcmimalrm. @ls pmrtfals slo hxprhsflohs ah `ms afjhrhobfms rh`feflsms y ah b`msh. Efaahos9 `ls trmcmils ah Uhchr slcrh hstrmtfjfbmbfòo slo fnplrtmoths f nplrtmoths plrquh

nuhstrmo `ms b`mshs y ltrms afnhosflohs quh foj`uyho ho `m vfam. [mrm m`euols slbfò`lels h` hsquhnm hs nms j`hxfc`h y ah blnp`hil moí`fsfs quh h` ah` Nmrx, plrquh hs nu`tfafnhosflom` y ol sl`l ah 3 b`mshs slbfm`hs. @ls slbfò`lels blothnplríohls sljfstfbmrlo h` nmrbl thlrfbl y nhtlal`leîm ah `ms ahsfeum`amahs, blo hstl mpmrhbfhrlo `ls Ohljuobflom`fstms, Ohlwhchrfmol y OhlNmrxfsnl. Bumoal sh fothotm hxp`fbmr `ms bmthelrîms ehohrm`hs y `m sftumbfòo ah Mnærfbm @mtfom gmy vmrfls nmtfbhs. @m rh`mbfòo hotrh foth`fehobfm y ahsfeum`ama Clurafhu9 gmy vmrfls rmbfsnls plrquh `ls erupls ohbhsftmo iustfjfbmr su hxfsthobfm.

H` rmbfsnl nms sutf`, frrhblolbfc`h f rrhblolbfc`h y nhols ahouobfmal hs h` ah `m foth`fehobfm plrquh `ls quh `ls ahouobfmo tfhoho hstms prlpfhamahs. H` rmbfsnl phquhýl cureuhshs h` lcihtfvl bhotrm` ah `ms brftfbms b`ísfbms, `m nís vfelrlsm hs `ms ah Rmrtrh. Hsth rmbfsnl ah `m b`msh alnfomoth sh rhprlaubh plr `m trmosnfsfòo ah` bmpftm` bu`turm`, bmpftm` ghrhamal quh tfhoh prlpfhama plr shr bmpftm` foblrplrmal, hs foomtl, omturm`. H` rmbfsnl ah `m foth`fehobfm `l usmo `ls alnfomoths pmrm prlaubfr prlaubfr ‐thlafbhm ah s u prlpfl prhstfefl„ hs uom iustfjfbmbfòo ah` lraho slbfm` quh alnfomo. Msf `ls alnfomoth sh 37

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

sfhoth iustfjfbmals ah su hxfsthobfm, sfhotmo uom hshobfm suphrflr. Qlal rmbfsnl hs hshobfm`fsnl y h` rmbfsnl ah `m foth`fehobfm hs uom slbflafbhm quh bmrmbthrfzm `m b`msh alnfotmoth y su plahr slo `ls tîtu`ls hsbl`mrhs quh blosfahrmo b losfahrmo blnl emrmotîm ah foth`fehobfm y quh gmo sup`motmal `ls tîtu`ls ah prlpfhama l olcf`fmrfls (hbloònfbls)

Rfsthnms nuoafm`hs9 Mnhrfbm @mtfom Ho pmîshs y ho hsbm`m p`mohtmrfm gmy ahsfeum`amahs, h` mbbhsl ah `ms lplrtuofamahs slo nuy prlouobfmams ho h` fothrflr ah `ls pmîshs. M`jrha Rmuvhy9 ahsfeol h` thrnfol ‐thrbhr nuoal„ m `ls pmîshs quh ol phrthobfmo m

`ls c`lquhs ah `m Euhrrm Jrfm. H` H ` c`lquh lbbfahotm` (XRM, Hurlpm Lbbfahotm`, Implo, B Bmomam, momam, Mustrm`fm, Blrhm ah` Rur y m`fmals) ‐h` prfnhr nuoal„. H` c`lquh Blnuofstm (Xoflo slvfætfbm, Hurlpm Lrfhotm`, Bgfom) ‐sheuoal nuoal„. Hsth thofm uo rmsel hshobfm` quh hstmcm

blojlrnmal plr slbfhamahs blo hblolnîms bhotrm`fzmams quh amcm plbl pmph` m `m prlpfhama prfvmam l `m blnphthobfms hotrh hnprhsms. @m Xoflo Rlvfætfbm thofm uom lremofzmbfòo slbfm`, pl`îtfbm, y hbloònfbm quh sh jlrnmcm plr blnuofamahs ah ombflohs y bu`turms. Susfm hrm `m nmylr y h` falnm rusl hrm ljfbfm` phrl sh gmc`mcmo m`hnío. @htlo, írmch, htb. Mnærfbm @mtfom phrthohbîm h` ‐thrbhr nuoal„, thrnfol ho ahsusl. H` c`lquh slbfm`fstm ahsmrtfbu`l pl`îtfbms quh mquh` hotlobhs. Ltrm jlrnm ah bmthelrfzmr hs ‐ho vîms ah ahsmrrl``l„ y ‐pmîshs ahsmrrl``mals„. @ls prfnhrls hstío h` trmosfbfòo ah` sucahsmrrl``l. H` Cmobl Nuoafm` usm uom b`msfjfbmbfòo sheùo sus foerhsls cmsmal ho h` Foerhsl Ombflom` (FOC) phr bmpftm. [uhah shr Foerhsl Cmil, Nhafmol (Nhafmol cmil y Nhafmol M`tl) l Foerhsl M`tl. V sh mom`fzm plr rheflohs ehleríjfbms. Foerhsl Ombflom` Crutl y [rlaubtl Fothrol Crutl ah uo pmîs

H` [rlaubtl Fothrol Crutl ([CF) hs `m vmrfmc`h nms usmam pmrm mom`fzmr ahshnphýl ah `ms hblolnîms. [hrl ol hs nhilr pmrm rhj`himr `m bmotfama ah rhbursls quh tfhoho `l gmcftmoths pmrm mglrrmr l emstmr. [msm plrquh ol tlals `ls rhbursls sh ehohrmo ho h` pmîs, sfol quh slo trmosjhrfals m` hxthrflr ho blobhptl ah rhnuohrmbfòo ah `ls jmbtlrhs ah prlaubbfòo ah prlpfhama ah` rhstl ah` nuo nuoal. al. Hi. [mel ah ahuams, rhnhsms ah hnprhsms hxtrmoihrms rmafbmams ho h` pmîs. V rhbfcho rhnuohrmbfòo ah rmafbmals ho h` rhstl ah` nuoal. Ahsah `m phrsphbtfvm ah `ms buhotms ombflom`hs sh gmbh `m afjhrhobfmbfòo hotrh Foerhsl Fothrol h Foerhsl Ombflom`. Nhafal m prhbfls blrrfhoths h` Foerhsl Fothrol hs feum` m` [rlaubtl Fothrol crutl, quh hs `m sunmtlrfm ah foerhsls plr `m mbtfvfama prlaubtfvm rhsfahoth nms `ls pmels ohtl amo h` Foerhsl Ombflom` Crutl. [lr `m hblolnîm ho Mnhrfbm @mtfom y `ls blobhptl blobhptl ah `ls pme pmel, l, ` m afjhrhobfm ho hotrh trh Foerhsl Fothrol Crutl y Foerhs Foerhsl l Ombflom` Crutl juh mprhbfmc`h. Ho `ls ù`tfnls mýls Mnhrfbm @mtfom gm rhbfcfal rhnhsms plr trmcmimalrhs hnfermoths m sus j`fms. Hstl ol sh bm`bu`mo ho h` [CF phrl slo afsplofcf`amahs afsplofcf`amahs ah `ls rhsfahoth pmrm emstl l mglrrl. M` sunmr`l m` Foerhsl ombflom` am h` Foerhsl Ombflom` Crutl afsplofc`h. [lr `m nmeoftua ah `ms trmosjhrhobfms blrrfhths ohtms rhbfcfams, `m afjhrhobfm hotrh Foerhsl Fothrol Crutl, Crutl, Foerhsl Ombflom` Cru Crutl tl h Foerhsl Ombflom Ombflom`` crutl afspl afsplofc`h ofc`h tfhoh ermo rh`hvmobfm. =3;; nf``lohs vfvho blo nhols ah X$R = plr afm (Bhrbm ah` 8;% vfvho Msfm Lrfhot` y Mjrfbm m` sur ah` Rmgmrm). V 3;;; nf``lohs hstío uo plbl nhilr. 36

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

[mfshs ah foerhsls m`tls, `ls merfbu`tlrhs slo nhols ah` :% ah juhrzm `mclrm`. V ho pmîshs ah foerhsls cmils y nhafmols nhafmols h` :;%. Ho `ls pmîshs ho ahsmrrl``l `h blrrhsploah X$R = ah bmam X$R 1 quh emomo pmîshs foaustrfm`fzmals ah `ms hxplrtmbflohs. @ms afjhrhoths bmthelrfzmbfòo ah `ls pmîshs sh rhj`him ho uom prljuoam ahsfeum`ama. V hstms ahsfeum`amahs sh trmaubho ho msfnhtrîms ah lplrtuofamahs ahotrl ah `ms jrlothrms y hotrh pmîshs.

Nlahrofzmbfòo y Ahphoahobfm Qhlrîms ah `m Nlahrofzmbfòo

Ho `m aæbmam ah` 8; sh prlaubh uo bmncfl ho `m slbfl`leîm `mtfolmnhrfbmom y afl lrfeho m `m slbfl`leîm ‐bfhotîjfbm„. Hstm juh uo nlvfnfhotl ah rholvmbf òo blotrm uom sftumbfòo ohemtfvm pmrm h` ahsmrrl``l ah `m bfhobfm slbfm` ho `m rhefòo. @m brftfbm hrm gmbfm uo supuhstl mtrmsl thlrfbl y nhtlal`òefbl quh gmcîm ho `m slbfò`lem ah `m aæbmam ah` 1; y `m hsbmsm fovhstfembfòo hnpîrfbm. Rh mtmbmcm m `l quh sh b losfahrmcm quh hrm ‐prhbfhotfjfbl„, ‐prhnlahrol„ y ‐slbfl`òefbl„. Hstm htmpm ah `m slbfl`leîm `mtfolmnhrfbm sh bmrmbthrfzmam ‐`ls phosmalrhs„ sheùo Rl`mrf, Jrmobl y Iutdlwftz., hstl usmcmo h` hosmyl blnl nhafl ah

blnuofbmbfòo. @ls phosmalrhs sh bhotrmrlo ho `l slbfm` y pl`îtfbl pmrm fothrprhtmr `m rhm`fama pmrm trmosjlrnmr`m. @ls mplrths ah `m slbfl`leîm bfhotîjfbm juhrlo rholvmbfòo ah `m afsbfp`fom, sus blobhpbflohs, nhtlal`leîm y blobhpbfòo hotrh rhm`fama y trmosjlrnmbfòo. Ho hsm æplbm `m slbfl`leîm ho Mnærfbm @mtfom thofm `mrem trmafbfòo y hrm uo lcstíbu`l y uo mplyl pmrm plahr `lermr uom bfhobfm hnpîrfbm. Efol Ehrnmof (uol fofbfmalrhs slbfl`leîm bfhotîjfbm) `m slbfl`leîm `mtfolmnhrfbmom hrm uo mplyl plr shr uom trmafbfòo ah rhm`fsnl slbfm` pmrm blnprhoahr `m rhm`fama `mtfolmnhrfbmom. V uo lcstíbu`l plrquh hs uom slbfl`leîm mbmaænfbm hstærf` quh ol amcm vm`lr m m fovhstfembfòo hnpîrfbm. @m slbfl`leîm bfhotîjfbm tuvl uol nmylrhs hxplohoths ho `m thlrîm ah `m nlahrofzmbfòo. Rl`mrf9 uol ah `ls plstu`mal ah hstm thlrîm hs quh `m slbfhama hstm ho trmosfbfòo. H` ahsmrrl``l hbloònfbl hs hstmal fofbfm` y jfom`. Hstl hs h` pmsl pmsl ah `m slbfhama trmafbflom` m ahsmrrl``mam. @m thlrîm ah `m nlahrofzmbfòo vh m` ahsmrrl``l blnl `m malpbfòo ah pmutms ah blnplrtmnfhotls, mbtftuahs y vm`lrhs quh sh fahotfjfbm blo `m rmbflom`fama hbloònfbm nlahrom pmrm `m cùsquham ah `m níxfnm prlaubtfvfama y emomobfm. Faotfjfbmoal `l lcstíbu`ls ho `m fnp`hnhotmbfòo ah `m nlahrofama y ahjfoh fostrunhotls pmrm rhsl`vhr y m`bmozmr rhsu`tmals pmrm mprlxfnmr m `m slbfhama y ombfòo ho hsth nlah`l thlrfbl. Juhoths9 h` supuhstl juoamnhotm` ah `m thlrîm ah `m nlahrofzmbfòo hs quh hxfstho

tfpls fahm`hs (whchr) ho h` prlbhsl hvl`utfvl9 trmosfbfòo slbfhama trmafbflom` gmbfm nlahrom. Rh prhsuploh quh `ms slbfhamahs mvmozmo mvmozmo ah uo hxtrhnl m ltrl. @ms slbfhamahs `mtfolmnhrfbmoms tfhoh bmrmbthrîstfbms trmafflom`hs quh `h fnpfaho shr nlahroms p`homnhoth. Rl`mrf9 bumoal ol sh hxprhsm uo nlah`l blostufal, of tfpl`leîm, h` rhjhrhoth

hnpfrfbl slo `ms slbfhamahs nms ahsmrrl``mams. Hstm hs uom afbltlnîm y sh usm ho jfohs mom`îtfbls, hotrh `ls hxtrhnls (trmosfbfòo) gmy nu`tfp`hs jlrnms y sfhnprh sh bloaubh m hsh hstmal jfom`. H` hstmal jfom` y h` fofbfm` slo nuy vmrfmals. H` rmsel juoamnhotm` ah `m slbfhama foaustrfm` nlahrom hs `m Rhbu`mrfzmbflo, am 2 tfpls ah bmncfls blotfouls. 2;

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

  Bmncfls ah `m hstrubturm olrnmtfvm alnfomoth (foafvfuls nhols lc`femals m mbtumr ah jlrnms hstmc`hbfams hstrfbtms. [msl ah mbbfòo prhsbrfptfvm m h`hbtfvm)   [msl fostftubflom`fzmbfòo trmafbflom` m fostftubflom`fzmbfòo ah` bmncfl (foolvmbfòo)   Hsphbfm`fzmbfòo blostmoth ah `ms fostftubflohs, sueho sfsthnms vm`lrmtfvls hsphbîjfbls y mutòolnls ho `ms fostftubflohs.







Ho `m slbfhama trmafbflom` `m j`fm. hrm `m fostftubfòo ho `m bum` lburrîmo tlals `ls subhsls ah vfam ah sus nfhncrls (pmrhothsbl, trmcmil, uofama hbloònfbm, mprhoafzmih ah gmcf`famahs pmrm ljfbfls, htb)4 ho `ms nl nlahroms ahroms `ms uofa uofamahs mahs hbloònfbl-lbupmbflom`hs ah `m vfam `mclrm` sh afstfoeuh ah `m j`fm y sh am hotrh sfo `mzls pmrhothsbl. @m haubmbfòo sh am ho `ms hsbuh`ms. Mbtfvfamahs hbloònfbms, haubmbflom`hs sh vuh`vho mutòolnms. @m slbfhama foaustrfm` nlahrom sh bmrmthrfzm plr `m vfehobfm brhbfhoth ah lpbfohs , afvfsfòo blostmoth y hsphbfm`fzmbfòo ah` trmcmil, mbhptmbfòo y vm`lrmbfòo ah` bmncfl y `m trmosjlrnmbfòo. [lr h``l `m shbu`mrfzmbfòo ah` blolfnfhotl, `m thbol`leîm y `m hblolnîm bloaubho m` hnp`lh ah nmylr juhoths hohreætfbms ah `mtl plthobfm` y nmxfnfzmbfòo ah m hjfbfhobfm ah `m prlaubbfòo ah cfhohs y shrvfbfls. Ugm`t Slstlw (prhstlo, trmcmils)9

  Rftumbflo fofbfm` Rlbfhama trmafbflom`9 hstrubturm blo juobflohs ah prlaubbfòo `fnftmams, ahsmrrl``l bfhotîjfbl ruafnhotmrfl. Rlbfhama juobflom` ah cmsh merîbl`m, jlrnm ah elcfhrol cmsh ah b`mo, nhtm`fama jmtm`fstm   Rheuoam htmpm9 hstmc`hbhs bloafbflohs prhvfms pmrm h` brhbfnfhotl mutlslsthofal.   Qhrbhr Htmpm9 sh suphrmo vfhils c`lquhs y rhsfsthobfms m` brhbfnfhotl. Hob`mvhs `fnftmals quh sh hxpmoaho y alnfomo h` bloiuotl ah `m slbfhama. @m hstrubturm císfbm ah `m hblolnîm sh trmosjlrnm y gmy uom tmsm blostmoth ah brhbfnfhotl quh sh slsthotm rheu`mrnhoth. H` fnpu`sl fofbfm` ahrfvm ho mvhobhs thbol`òefbls y jlrnmbfòo ah` bmpftm` slbfm` jfil. Hi. Foe`mthrrm sfe`l WZFFF prfobfpfls WFW. Zm`hobfm9 Crmsf`, Næxfbl, bgf`h, l mrehotfom, ahsphemo. Blo h` prlbhsl ah foaustrfm`fzmbfòo plr sustftutl ah fnplrtmbflohs pmrm ahimr ahimr mtrís `m hblolnîm prfnmrfm-hxplrtmalrm rhjuobflom`fzmoal`m ho `m hxpmosfòo ah` bmpftm`fsnl.   Bumrtm Htmpm9 gmy uo phrflal `mrel ah prlerhsl plr hsl `ms foaustrfms mvmozmo, nmaurmo y hstmcf`fzmo. Rh gmbho miusths m `ls nhbmofsnl slbfm`hs h fostftubflom`hs, blo h` tfhnpl sh hstmc`hbho uom hblolnîm y slbfhama nmaurm blo `m mcslrbfòo ah ouhvms thbol`leîms. Rh pmsm ah fnplrtmbfòo m hxplrtmbflohs nmsfvms ah nhrbmobîms m ltrls pmîshs.   ]ufotm htmpm9 phrflal ah blosunl nmsfvl. Rh mpmrtmo ah `ms foaustrfms phsmams gmbfm h` mcmsthbfnfhotl ah cfhohs ah blosunl y shrvfbfls.











Zm`hofm9 ho h` tfhnpl gmy afjhrhoths thlrîms ah ahsmrrl``l h` aholnfomalr blnùo hs

slo als plstu`mals quh foj`uyho gly ho afm ho `ms bfhobfm slbfm`hs   H` sucahsmrrl``l9 htmpm prhvfm y ohbhsmrfm pmrm uo bmpftm`fsnl p`hol. Hstm thsfs tfhoh uo blotfoul prlbhsl `fohm` ah ahsmrrl``l.   @m sheuoam thsfs. Lraho nhtlal`òefbl9 bloiuotl ah pmrínhtrls pmrm nhafr h` sucahsmrrl``l sh usm îoafbhs ah9 m`jmchtfzmbfòo, outrfbfòo, omtm`fama, nlrtm`fama, foerhsl phr bmpftm, ofvh`hs ah plcrhzm. Hstl ho rh`mbfòo r h`mbfòo blo h` blotfouun hvl`utfvl.





]uh hs hosmyl< Ol hs uo mrtfbu`l bfhotîjfbl quh am pruhcms blob`uyhoths ah uom gfplhsfs pmrm blojfrnmr`m. @l quh cusbm hs phrsumafr ah `m vhrama ah uom fahm, ahsmrrl``mr`m blo fnp`fbmobflohs rhb`mnmoa rhb`mnmoal l 2=

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm` uo ouhvm jlrnm ah ah vhr h` nuoal nuoal y m` glncrh. `ls phosmalrhs `mtfolmnhrfbmols `mtfolmnhrfbmols ohbhsftmrlo ohbhsftmrlo `hvmotmr uo phosmnfhotl slcrh `ms slbfhamahs e`lcm`hs. Efol Ehrnmof9 ftm`fmol prhsl plr nussl`fof sh rmafbm ho mrehotfom. @ubgl blotrm h`

jmsbfsnl. Albhoth ah `m ucm ho slbfl`leîm. Afrhbtlr ah `m bmrrhrm ah slbfl`leîm. Juoa Juoal l uom `îohm ah hstuafls ho h` pmfs slcrh thnms quh ol gmcîm sfal mclramals (mom`fzl `m hstrubturm slbfm`, prlbhsls ah nlahrofzmbfòo, shbu`mrfzmbfòo y vfam pl`îtfbm ah `m slbfhama nlahrom)

Qhlrfm ah `m ahphoahobfm Qghltlofl als Rmotls9 (uol ah `ls juoamalrhs)9 hstm sureho ho Mnhrfbm @mtfom ho

`ls ±:; pmrm hxp`fbmr ouhvms bmrmbthrîstfbms ah` ahsmrrl``l ahphoafhoth ah `m rhefòo. Hstm phrsphbtfvm mom`îtfbm hs uom brftfbm m `ms mothrflrhs fothrprhtmbflohs, thlrîm ah `m nlahrofzmbfòo, blo h` supuhstl sucahsmrrl``l ah Mnhrfbm @mtfom. @m thlrîm ah `m ahphoahobfm hs uo bloiuotl ah mutlrhs blo fahms quh ol sfhnprh hstío ah mbuhral ho rhm`fama slo thlrîms ah `m ahphoahobfm. Clrlo9 hstm thlrîm ombh ho Mnhrfbm @mtfom blo blotrfcubflohs mfs`mams ah Rmnfr

Mnfo. Lslrfl9 ho `m sheuoam nftma ah `ls ±:; y prfobfpfls ah `ls ±5;, `m rhj`hxfòo slbfl`òefbm

`mtfolmnhrfbmom hstuvl nuy rh`mbflomam blo `m prlc`hnítfbm ah `m ahphoahobfm y `m foblrplrmbfòo ah hstm m `ls h`hnhotls h`hnhotls bhotrm`hs ah `ms bfhobfms slbfm`hs. Xol ah `ls ahsmjfl quh sh hojrhotl juh hxp`fbmr `m sftumbfòo ah Mnhrfbm @mtfom. H` blothxtl slbfl`òefbl sh bmrmbthrfzl plr h` Nmyl Jrmobhs ah =6:7, h` Blralcmzl =6:6 y hvhotls bu`turm`hs ah rmafbm`fzmbfòo pl`îtfbm blo ermoahs fnpmbtls ho `ms bfhobfms slbfm`hs y ho `m slbfl`leîm. Lslrfl9 als ermoah prlbhsls nmrbmrlo `m gfstlrfm y `ms bfhobfms slbfm`hs

`mtfolmnhrfbmoms ah `ls ±:;.   @m Shvl`ubfòo Bucmom9 uol ah `ls prfobfpm`hs pmrínhtrls ah ahjfofbflohs thòrfbms y pl`îtfbms. Vm quh pusl ho imquh ermo pmrth ah `m fothrprhtmbfòo ah` nmrxfsnl b`ísfbl pmrm hothoahr `m rhm`fama `mtfolmnhrfbmom y lc`fel m rhphosmr `ls nlah`ls   @m brhbfhoth fothermbfòo ah` prlbhsl prlaubtfvl ah `ms hblolnîms ho `mtfol mnærfbm blo bmpftm` hxtrmoihrl ho `ls mýls 8;-:;.   Ho `ls 5; bu`nfom `m ahsbl`lofzmbfòo ah íjrfbm y Msfm







@ms bfhobfms slbfm`hs sureho ho `m rhvl`ubfòo foaustrfm` (rhsu`tmal ah `ms mbbflohs hbloònfbms y slbfm`hs), ltrms vhbhs blnl rhsu`tmal ah `m bloaubtm rmbflom` Glnlhblolnfbus y ah` foafvfaul rmbflom`fstm @fchrm Qrmafbflohs y nftls). Ltrms vhbhs bloqufstms hbloònfbms, pl`îtfbms y bu`turm`hs plr suphrflrfama rmbfm` l bu`turm` ah Hurlpm H` blothxtl aloah sureh `m Qhlrîm ah `m ahphoahobfm sheùo Rmotls, `ms bfhobfms slbfm`hs rhj`himo uom ouhvm rhm`fama. @m brfsfs ah` bl`lofm`fsnl (sh fofbfm prfnhrm euhrrm nuoafm` y mbhotumam ho h` jfo ah `m Rheuoam euhrrm). @m ahrrltm omzfs rhbgmzl `m fahm ah hxbhpbflom`fama hurlphm y suphrflrfama rmbfm`. @m nlahrofama ahcîm shr trmtmam blnl uo hstmafl slbfm` m m`bmozmr plrquh hs ahsmrrl``l p`hol ah uom slbfhama ahnlbrítfbm hotrm ho brfsfs. [lr tlal hstl sureh uo bmnpl ah prlaubbfòo foth`hbtum` pmrm mom`fzmr hsls thnms. Rh ``mnl Qhlrfm ah` ahsmrrl``l. Ru prfobfpm` jfo hrm phosmr h` ahsmrrl``l blnl pmrm `m malpbfòo ah olrnms ah bloaubtms, mbtftuahs, y vm`lrhs ah rmbflom`fama hbloònfbm nlahrom

23

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

pmrm `m prlaubbfòo níxfnm, ehohrmr emomobfms y brhmr fovhrsflohs pmrm `m mbunu`mbfòo ah rfquhzms foafvfaum` y ah bmam slbfhama ombflom`. [mrm Rmotls  `m thlrîm ah` ahsmrrl``l cusbl hoblotrmr `ls lcstíbu`ls ah `m fnp`hnhotmbfòo ah `m nlahrofama y ahjfofr `ls fostrunhotls f ostrunhotls ah fothrvhobfòo pmrm m`bmozmr `ls rhsu`tmals. [mrm mbhrbmr bmam slbfhama m` fahm`. Muoquh hstms blostrubbflohs thòrfbms prhthoaîmo shr ohutrms ho thrnfol ah vm`lrhs sh oltmcm quh sh blosfahrmcm slbfhama nlahrom (`m ombfam ho Hurlpm y mjfrnmam ho XRM) blnl uo fahm` m m`bmozmr y uom nhtm slbflpl`îtfbm. Rl`mrf9 `m thlrîm ah `m ahphoahobfm plstu`m9

  Fothermbfòo hoth bfhobfms slbfm`hs y `m gfstlrfm   Blobhpbfòo ah` ahsmrrl``l afjhrhoth.   Foshrbfòo ah slbfhamahs `mtfolmnhrfbmoms ho h` sfsthnm bmpftm`fstm nuoafm` hrm hshobfm`   Blosfahrmbfòo ah` prlc`hnm pl`îtfbl y h` pmph` ah` hstmal   Fahotfjfbmbfòo ah `ms sftumbflohs hstrubturm`hs císfbms y ah `ms jlrnms quh subhafhrlo ho Mnærfbm @mtfom

  





Rmotls9 `m thlrîm ah `m ahphoahobfm sureho ho `ls :; h fothotl hxp`fbmr bmrmbthrîstfbm

ahphoafhoth quh sh fnp`hnhotmrlo ho mnhrfbm `mtfom. Ahsah `ls mýls 2; `ls pmîshs sh lrfhotmrlo gmbfm `m foaustrfm`fzmbfòo, plr `m sustftubfòo ah prlaubtls fnplrtmals ho foaustrfms ombflom`hs. @uhel ah` bfb`l ahprhsfvl, sh rhstmc`hbh plr ghehnloîm Olrthmnhrfbmom `m fothermbfòo ah `m hblolnîm nuoafm`. H` bmpftm` blobhotrmal ho XRM sh hxpmoah plr h` nuoal ho h` shbtlr foaustrfm`. Aurmoth `m brfsfs, `m hblolnîm olrthmnhrfbmom fnp`hnhotl h` jlrasnl blnl sfsthnm ah prlaubbfòo y bfrbu`mbfòo afl lrfeho m `m rhvl`ubfòo bfhotfjfbfl thbol`òefbm ah `ls 1;. Hsth bfb`l hxpmosfvl nuoafm` hxfefm `m hxpmosfòo ah` jlrafsnl m ofvh` nuoafm`. [lr hsl h` bmpftm` fothrombflom` usl ah cmsh lphrmbflom` `m hblolnîm Olrthmnhrfbmom y h` plahrlsl Hstmal Ombflom` y h` sfsthnm ah fostftubflohs fothrombflom`hs a Crhttlo Ullas. Fnp`motmam ho `ls mýls 2; y 1; `m foaustrfm ah `ls pmîshs ahphoafhoths y bl`lofms juhrlo ah cmsh pmrm ahsmrrl``l foaustrfm` plst euhrrm y sh thrnfol mrtfbu`íoalsh blo h` nlvfnfhotl hxpmosfvl ah` bmpftm` fothrombflom` jlrnmal plr hnprhsms nu`tfomflom`hs hotrh `ls mýls 1; y :;. Hstl sfrvfò pmrm h` hstuafl ah` ahsmrrl``l y sucahsmrrl``l. H` ahsmrrl``l ah smrrl``l ah` bmpftm`fsnl y h` sfsthnm nuoafm` ah prlaubbfòo. Rmotls9  sf `m thlrîm ah` ahsmrrl``l y `m ah` sucahsmrrl``l hrm rhsu`tmal ah `m

suphrmbfòo ah` alnfofl bl`lofm` y `m mpmrfbfòo ah `m curquhsfms `lbm`hs. Hltlobhs `m thlrfm ah `m ahphoahobfm quh sureh ho `m nftma ah =6:;. Shprhshotl uo hsjuhrzl brftfbl pmrm blnprhoahr `m `fnftmbfòo ah uo ahsmrrl``l quh sh fofbfm ho phrflal gfstòrfbl alnfomal plr holrnhs erupls hbloònfbls y juhrzms fnphrfm`fstms muo ho uo prlbhsl ah ahsbl`lofzmbfòo Mothbhahoths ah `m thlrîm ah `m ` m ahphoahobfm9   Rureh trmafbfòo brftfbm m` hurlbhotrfsnl (fnp`îbftl ho thlrîm ah` ahsmrrl``l) brftfbms ombflom`fsms m` fnphrfm`fsnl Hurl-olrth-mnhrfbmol. V m `m hblolnîm ohlb`ísfbm ah Smu` [rhcfsbg y ah `m BH[M@ (blnfsfòo hbloònfbm pmrm Mnhrfbm @mtfom)





ahcmth `mtfolmnhrfbmol slcrh sucahsmrrl``l h` prfnhr mothbhahoth h`   H` ahcmth nmrxfnl b`ísfbl y ohl nmrxfsnl sh ahstmbmo [mu` Cmrmo y [mu` Rwhhzy. 22

 

Shsunho Rlbfl`leîm Ehohrm`

Fahms Bhotrm`hs ah `m thlrîm ah `m ahphoahobfm9   H` sucahsmrrl``l rh`mbfòo hstrhbgm blo `m hxpmosfòo ah pmîshs foaustrfm`fzmals.   Rucahsmrrl``l y ahsmrrl``l msphbtls afjhrhoths ah` prlbhsl uofvhrsm`.   Ol sh puhah blosfahrmr m` sucahsmrrl``l blnl prlbhsl hvl`ubflofstm   @m ahphoahobfm ol hs jhoònhol hxthrol sh nmofjfhstm ho hstrubturm fothrom (slbfm`, fahl`lefbm y pl`îtfbm)



  

Xom bmrmbhrthrfstfm hs `m fothrafsbfp`fomrfhama cmsmam ho `m trmafflo foth`hbtum` `mtfolmnhrfbmom quh usmrlo h` hosmyl blnl nhafl ah blnuofbmbfòo. Qhlrfm ah `m ahphoahobfm hsbuh`m ah phosmnfhotl quh cusbm fothrprhtmr `m rh rhm`fama m`fama slbfm`9   @m thlrîm slbfm` sh ahsprhoah ah hxtrhnm hsphbfm`fzmbfòo y rhtlnm `m trmafbfòo ah thlrîms hxp`fbmtfvms pmrm rhlrahomr h` sfsthnm ah fothrprhtmbfòo   @m rhfothrprhtmbfòo ahch suphrmr h` nlal ah prlaubbfòo bmpftm`fstm quh sureh ho Hurlpm ho h` sfe`l WZFFF,. Ahch shr vfstl blnl hpfslafl `lbm`fzmal prlbhsl nms e`lcm` quh hovuh`vh `m fothermbfòo p`mohtmrfm, p`urm`fstm ol hxb`usfvfstm.   @m jlrnmbfòo y hvl`ubfòo ah` sfsthnm bmpftm`fstm sh ahch lrfhotmr m` moí`fsfs ombflom`, rheflom` y `lbm`. [mrm suphrmr `m jlrnm hxp`ltmalrm, hxprlpfmtlrfm,







blobhotrmalrm y hxb`uyhoth ho quh hsth sfsthnm hvl`ubflol.   H` moí`fsfs ahch rhsbmtmr su jlrnm bîb`fbm sftumoal `ls msphbtls mbunu`mtfvls ho h` fothrfrl ah `ls `fnhts hstmc`hbfals plr `ms juhrzms prlaubtfvms y rh`mbflohs slbfm`hs ah prlaubbfòo.   @m hvl`ubfòo ah `m bfhobfm slbfm` hs pmrth ah uo prlbhsl nms e`lcm` ah` glnrh blo `m omturm`hzm





Nlau`l 19 Blobhptls juoamnhotm`hs juoamnhotm`hs ho h` hstuafl ah` bmncfl slbfm` ¼Blnl bmncfm `m slbfhama< H` bmncfl slbfm` hs foghrhoth m tlam slbfhama, m vhbhs lburrh bmsf fnphrbhptfc`h y ltrms blnl rhvl`ubflohs. Rh puhaho lcshrvmr bmncfls slbfm`hs ho afjhoths msphbtls ah `m slbfhama. M vhbhs plr buhstflohs hbloònfbl-pl`ftfbms phrl tmncfæo bu`turm`hs m ofvh` ætfblfahotftmrfl. HI. H` pmsl ah` sfsthnm jhuam` m` bmpftm`fstm (hbloònfbl-pl`ftfbl) quh trmil bmncfls bu`turm`hs. H` bmncfl juh pmu`mtfol y sh blosl`fal blo h` tfhnpl. Bmncfls bu`turm`hs plr `ms ouhvms thbol`leîms ho `ms u`tfnms aæbmams slo mcruptls. @ls shbtlrhs prlerhsfstms y nlahrofstms h` bmncfl slbfm` hs ahshmc`h pmrm cusbmr ouhvms hstrubturms y `ls bloshrvmalrhs l rhmbbflomrfls buhstflomo `ls bmncfls plr quh sfhotho quh slo olbfvls gmbfm hstrubturms ym vm`fams;

21