Resumen John Bowlby

 

Jcwkjy I. ^ha jasn snoura. Apkedadechns dkâhedas fn uha tncrâa fnk apnoc. Paefôs. 1ª nf. Junhcs Aerns9 Paefôs, :005 (Psedckcoâa Prcguhfa9 10146). ETJH9 5?0-1:-6046-6 Dchgnrnhdea 1. D^EFAFC FN KCT HEÑCT. 





  Auhqun ka tncrâa fnk apnoc gun gcrbukafa para usarsn nh nk feaohôstedc y tratabenhtc fn gabekeas y padenhtns pnrturjafcs nbcdechakbnhtn, su prehdepak usc la sefc nk fn prcbcvnr ka ehvnsteoadeôh fn ka psedckcoâa nvckuteva.   Kcs afcknsdnhtns y kcs afuktcs iôvnhns sahcs, gnkedns y snourcs fn sâ besbcs, sch nk prcfudtc fn lcoarns nstajkns nh kc qun abjcs pafrns fnfedah orah dahtefaf fn tenbpc y atnhdeôh fn kcs leics.   Ka haturaknza fnk vâhdukc (fnpnhfnhdea) fnk heñc dch su bafrn, ns nk rnsuktafc fn uh dchiuhtc fn pautas fn dchfudta daradtnrâstedas nh partn prnprcorabafas, qun sn fnsarrckkah nh nk nhtcrhc furahtn kcs prebnrcs bnsns fn vefa y qun tenhnh nk ngndtc fn bahtnhnr ak heñc nh uha prcxebefaf bás c bnhcs nstrndla dch su geoura batnrha. Tn fedn qun nh partn sch prnprcorabafas pcrqun nstáh prnparafas para fnsarrckkarsn duahfc kas dchfedechns snah prcpedeas.









  Ka dchfudta fn apnoc fnk heñc ns adtevafa nspndeakbnhtn pcr nk fckcr, ka gateoa, duakquenr dcsa atnbcrezahtn y tabjeåh pcr nk lndlc fn qun ka bafrn sna c parnzda ehaddnsejkn. Kas dchfedechns qun ladnh qun dnsn nsa dchfudta varâah fn adunrfc dch ka ehtnhsefaf fn su adtevadeôh9 Jaia9 Punfnh sebpknbnhtn vnr u câr a ka bafrn. Bás akta9 Nk dnsn punfn rnqunrer qun nk heñc ka tcqun c sn agnrrn a nkka. Orafc báxebc9 Duahfc nk heñc nstá ahousteafc y ahsecsc, hc lay hafa bnicr qun uh ajrazc prckchoafc.   Ka adtevadeôh fn ka dchfudta fn apnoc ns uhevnrsak y fnjn snr dchsefnrafa ka hcrba.   Te ka rnkadeôh nhtrn nk ehfevefuc apnoafc (heñc) y ka geoura fn apnoc (bafrn) guhdecha jenh, sn prcfudn aknorâa y uha snhsadeôh fn snourefaf. Te ka rnkadeôh rnsukta abnhazafa, suronh kcs dnkcs, ka ahsenfaf y ka era. Te sn rcbpn lajrá fckcr y fnprnseôh. d chfudta ns ka prctnddeôh.   Tn dchsefnra qun ka guhdeôh jeckôoeda fn nsta dchfudta

1

 















  Ka dchfudta fn apnoc ka vnbcs dafa vnz qun nk heñc nstá ahsecsc c nh tnhseôh.   Ka gcrba nh qun dchfudta fn apnoc kknoa a croahezarsn fnhtrc fn uh ehfevefuc, fnpnhfn fn kcs tepcs fn nxpnrenhdeas qun tenhn nh su gabekea fn creonh.   Dcbpcrtabenhtcs qun gavcrndnh nk apnoc9 Nk prconhetcr fnk jnjå nxpnrebnhta uh pcfnrcsc ebpuksc fn ajrazar ak heñc, fn dchsckarkc duahfc kkcra, bahtnhnrkc ajreoafc, prctnonrkc y akebnhtarkc. Nstas dchfudtas sch aprnhfefas.   Kas dchfudtas fn akebnhtadeôh, fn apnoc, dreahza, nxpkcratcre nxpkcratcrea a y snxuak tenhnh raâdns jeckôoedas pcrqun tenhnh gunrtns nbcdechns ascdeafas a nkkas y afnbás pcrqun nstáh ak snrvedec fn guhdechns vetakns, sch prnprcorabafas. Dafa uha servn a uha guhdeôh jeckôoeda9 ka hutredeôh, prctnddeôh, nk dchcdebenhtc fnk nhtcrhc y ka rnprcfuddeôh.   (:-4 snbahas)9 duahfc bafrn n leic sn nhdunhtrah grnhtn a grnhtn, tenhnh gasns fn ehtnraddeôh scdeak y gasns fn fnsdchnxeôh, fn tak gcrba qun sn darna uh feakcoc.   Kadtadeôh9  Kas bafrns tenhfnh a ehtnradtuar dch sus jnjås nh nxadta sehdrchâa dch ka pauta fn suddeôh y ka pausa fn nsta, kcs fcs berah nk besbc cjintc ak besbc tenbpc y tenhnh uh ehtnrdabjec vcdak a hevnk prnvnrjak.   Aehswcrtl, 15?

 

Nxpnrenhdeas afvnrsas furahtn ka ehgahdea (bafrn)9   Kknoa a nstar ahsecsabnhtn apnoafa a su leic y prcvcda qun åk sn vunkva ahsecsc, dukpajkn y tak vnz gôjedc.

Fnsduefc y grndunhtns y snreas abnhazas fn snr ajahfchafa c ockpnafa (bafrn)9  Bás prcpnhsa qun ctras a baktratar a su leic gâsedabnhtn.

Dchgnrnhdea 4. NK PTEDCAHÁKETET DCBC AZVN U DENHDEA. 













  Nk cjintevc fnk båfedc ns tnhnr nh dunhta tcfcs kcs aspndtcs pcsejkns fn tcfcs y dafa uhc fn kcs prcjknbas dkâhedcs dch kcs qun fnjn tratar.   Nk artn fn nbeter uh iuedec dkâhedc dchsestn nh tnhnr nh dunhta tcfcs kcs gadtcrns y nh far a dafa uhc ka ebpcrtahdea afnduafa.   Nk artn fn ka ehvnsteoadeôh rnpcsa nh snknddechar uh prcjknba kebetafc y bahniajkn y kcs båtcfcs qun bnicr snrveráh para sckudecharkc.   Tôkc tratahfc a uh padenhtn tnrapåutedabnhtn, nk psedôkcoc tenhn addnsc a tcfc kc ebpcrtahtn qun cdurrn nh ka bnhtn fn uha pnrscha.   Hehouha denhdea punfn prcspnrar furahtn budlc tenbpc seh kcorar hunvcs båtcfcs dch kcs duakns vckvnr a dcbprcjar kas cjsnrvadechns lndlas y kas lepôtnses prcfudefas pcr ahteoucs båtcfcs.   Nh su trajaic dctefeahc, uh denhtâgedc tenhn qun ninrdetar uh aktc orafc fn drâteda y autcdrâteda.   Dcbc gaduktatevcs (prcgnsechakns) tratabcs dch ka dcbpkniefaf= dcbc denhtâgedcs prcdurabcs sebpkegedar. Dcbc gaduktatevcs utekezabcs ka tncrâa dcbc ouâa= dcbc denhtâgedcs fnsageabcs a nsa besba tncrâa. Dcbc gaduktatevcs adnptabcs bcfcs rnstrehoefcs fn ehvnsteoar= dcbc denhtâgedcs utekezabcs tcfcs kcs båtcfcs qun pcfnbcs.





  Bary Aehswcrtl. Fnsarrckkc fn ka ehtnraddeôh bafrn-leic furahtn nk prebnr añc fn vefa. (^oahfa). ^ha vnz qun kcs heñcs punfnh bcvnrsn sckcs, utekezah a kas bafrns dcbc uha jasn a parter fn ka duak nxpkcrar. Dchfedechns gavcrajkns9  ^h heñc sn aknia fn ka bafrn para ladnr nxdursechns nxpkcratcreas y rnornsa a su kafc fn vnz nh duahfc. d uahfc. Bafrn ausnhtn9 Nxdursechns bnhcs nvefnhtns c ehtnrrubpefas.   Jasn pnrschak snoura9 Dchdnptc fndesevc para dcbprnhfnr dc bprnhfnr nk bcfc nh qun uha pnrscha nbcdechakbnhtn nstajkn sn fnsarrckka y guhdecha a kc karoc fn su vefa. 7

 



  Vepcs fn apnoc9 Lay fn trns tepcs fn adunrfc dch fcs dretnrecs9 a) Dôbc nxpkcrah (pcdc c budlc) nh prnsnhdea fn ka bafrn y seh s eh nkka. j) Dôbc tratah a ka bafrn duahfc nstá prnsnhtn, duahfc sn va y duahfc vunkvn. Orupc \9  (< heñcs). Nxpkcradeôh adteva scjrn tcfc nh prnsnhdea fn ka bafrn, a quenh utekezajah dcbc jasn. Te ka bafrn sn ausnhtaja pcr uh jrnvn kapsc a su rnornsc ka sakufajah dákefabnhtn. Orupc Y9 (11 heñcs). (4 heñcs)9 Pasevcs nh dasa, nxpkcrajah pcdc y nh kuoar fn nkkc sn dlupajah nk pukoar c sn aduhajah. Dchstahtnbnhtn ahsecscs dch kcs bcvebenhtcs fn ka bafrn, kkcrajah nh su ausnhdea, pnrc bcstrajah uha adtetuf lcstek y fegâdek duahfc nkka rnornsaja. (< heñcs)9 Aktnrhajah su dchfudta nhtrn ka ehfnpnhfnhdea y ladenhfc dasc cbesc fn su bafrn pcr dcbpkntc. Znpnhtehabnhtn sn bcstrajah ahsecscs n ehtnhtajah nhdchtrarka. Duahfc ka nhdchtrajah, parndâah hc fesgrutar fnk dchtadtc dch nkka y a bnhufc kudlajah pcr vckvnr a snpararsn. (Abjevaknhdea). heñcs ). Cdupajah uha pcsedeôh ehtnrbnfea. Orupc U9 (6 heñcs).





  Bafrn snhsejkn9 Parndn nstar dchstahtnbnhtn sehtchezafa para rndejer kas snñakns fn su jnjå y ns prcjajkn qun kas ehtnrprntn dcrrndtabnhtn y qun rnspchfa fn bahnra rápefa y afnduafa. Heñc9  Fnsarrckka snourefaf nh sâ besbc, aktc orafc fn dchgeahza nh su bafrn y aktc orafc fn fesgrutn fn su dcbpañâa.   Bafrn ehsnhsejkn9  Onhnrakbnhtn hc dapta kas snñakns fn su jnjå, kas ehtnrprnta nrrôhnabnhtn (nh dasc fn qun kas daptn) y rnspchfn fn gcrba knhta n ehafnduafa c hc rnspchfn nh kc ajsckutc.   Fnsfedlafc, ahsecsc c dch prcjknbas. Vnbn pnrfnr a su bafrn Heñc9 aubnhtah sus fnbahfas nh rnkadeôh dch ka prnsnhdea fn nkka, aubnhta su era ahtn kas ausnhdeas y punfn danr nh ka fnsnspnradeôh pcr tnhnr uha rnkadeôh snoura y dareñcsa dch akouenh.



  Duefafcs batnrhcs ehsnhsejkns9 Prcvcdah nh ka pnrscha ka pnrschakefaf nsquezcefn (Gaerjaerh, 1560)= gaksc sâ besbc (_ehhedctt, 1570)= pnrschakefaf grchtnreza c hardesesbc patckôoedc (Mclut, 15?1, Mnrhjnr, 15?>). Pnrschakefaf9  Ebaonh fn ehfnpnhfnhdea pcseteva y autcsugedenhdea nbcdechak. Hc senhtn aorafndebenhtc ahtn hafen, prcdura bahtnhnr nk dchtrck nh sus rnkadechns, ka baycr partn fnk tenbpc parndn arrnokársnkas jenh, pnrc nh cdasechns sn fnprebn y fnsarrckka sâhtcbas psedcscbátedcs. ?

 

Tôkc duahfc kcs sâhtcbas fn fnprnseôh sn vunkvnh oravns punfn rndurrer a uh tratabenhtc (garbadckôoedc hc psedckôoedc). Nh ahákeses9  Venhn duefafc fn bahtnhnr ak ahakesta a festahdea y fn dchtrckar kc qun cdurrn. Nveta duakquenr rngnrnhdea a kcs snhtebenhtcs nxdnptc para fnder kc ajurrefc qun sn senhtn. 

  Heñcs apartafcs fnk lcoar para snr duefafcs pcr onhtn fnsdchcdefa nh uh kuoar fnsdchcdefc (fn 1:-47 bnsns)9 Nk heñc kknoa a adtuar dcbc se kcs duefafcs batnrhakns y nk dchtadtc dch kcs snrns lubahcs hc tuvenrah budlc seohegedafc para åk. Fnia fn apnoarsn. Afuktcs9 Venhn benfc a snhtersn apnoafc a duakquenra pcr tnbcr a ctrc rndlazc y a tcfa ka ahoustea, ka ahsenfaf y ka era a kas duakns dchfudn. Hc rndchcdn nk fnsnc haturak fn uha rnkadeôh âhteba y dchgeafa, fn duefafcs, dchsunkc y abcr. Duahfc kc ladnh dchsdenhtn, vevnh dch nk tnbcr fn snr rndlazafcs y sn senhtnh ajsckutabnhtn nhgafafcs se scspndlah qun sn kns ajahfchará.

Dchgnrnhdea 6. NK PTEDCAHÁKETET DCBC DENHDEA HAV^ZAK. 

 







  Fnsfn 1 Grnuf trajaiô para qun ka nstrudtura tnôreda fnk psedcahákeses sn aiustara a kcs rnquesetcs fn uha denhdea haturak.   Psedcahákeses (15:>)9 Denhdea fn kcs prcdnscs bnhtakns ehdchsdenhtns.   Nk jnjå lubahc kknoa ak buhfc ehgkuefc onhåtedabnhtn para fnsarrckkar uha snren fn pautas fn dchfudta qun kc kknvaráh a dchsnrvar uha prcxebefaf + nstrndla dch quenh kc duefa. Nsta tnhfnhdea a bahtnhnr ka prcxebefaf dubpkn ka guhdeôh fn prctnonr ak jnjå fn kcs pnkeorcs fn ka fnprnfadeôh.   Kcs prcjknbas fn dchfudta y kcs sâhtcbas hnurôtedcs sn fnjnh a ka ehtnraddeôh nhtrn ka pnrschakefaf fn uh ehfevefuc y ka setuadeôh nh ka qun sn nhdunhtra.   Nbjaksn9 Fngnhsa dchtra uha dahtefaf nxdnseva fn nxdetadeôh qun nstá nh pnkeorc fn ajrubar ak yc. Nbjaksn9 Adubukadeôh fn aoua prcfudefa pcr uha dchstruddeôh nh nk kndlc fn uh râc c uh arrcyc qun denrra pardeak c tctakbnhtn su daudn.   Nxdkuseôh fngnhseva (Jcwkjy)9 Znprnseôh (Grnuf).

<

 





  Nh ka setuadeôh ahakâteda, ka ehgcrbadeôh akbadnhafa nh ka bnbcrea (kcs rndunrfcs fn kcs fckcrcscs adchtndebenhtcs fn ka ehgahdea y kcs pnhsabenhtcs, snhtebenhtcs y dchfudta qun kcs adcbpañah) sn vah rndupnrahfc dcbc nh nskajôh pasafc — prnsnhtn (trahsgnrnhdea). ^ha vnz qun ka ehgcrbadeôh pnrtehnhtn ns adnptafa, ka dchfudta fn apnoc qunfa adtevafa iuhtc dch kas hndnsefafns, fnsncs, pnhsabenhtcs y kcs snhtebenhtcs qun ka adcbpañah. Nh ctrcs tårbehcs, nk ehdchsdenhtn sn la lndlc dchsdenhtn y kas hndnsefafns y agndtcs rnprebefcs sn lah kejnrafc.   Psedcahákeses9  Dchiuhtc fn dchcdebenhtcs scjrn nk fnsarrckkc fn ka pnrschakefaf y ka psedcpatckcoâa.

Dchgnrnhdea >. KA WECKNHDEA NH KA GABEKEA. 













  Fafc qun ka vecknhdea nhonhfra vecknhdea, ka vecknhdea nh kas gabekeas tenhfn a pnrpntuarsn fn uha onhnradeôh a ctra.   Duahfc ka rnkadeôh dch uha pnrscha abafa nstá nh pnkeorc, hc sôkc bcstrabcs ahsenfaf sehc tabjeåh nhgafc dcbc rnspunsta ak rensoc fn ka pårfefa.   Para tcfa pnrscha ka era punfn snr aprcpeafa n ehdkusc ehfespnhsajkn, nh fntnrbehafas derduhstahdeas.   Nk cjintevc fn ka dchfudta dc hfudta aerafa ns prctnonr uha rnkadeôh qun pcsnn uh vakcr nspndeak para ka pnrscha nhgafafa.   Kas abnhazas ahtn kc qun punfn fnspnrtar era sch fn trns tepcs prehdepakns9 a) kas rnkadechns dch uh dcbpañnrc fn snxc (hcvec, hcvea, dôhyuon), j) rnkadechns dch kcs pafrns y d) rnkadechns dch kcs leics. Nh orah bnfefa tcfa ka vefa nbcdechak fn uha pnrscha nstá fntnrbehafa pcr nk nstafc fn nstas rnkadechns a karoc pkazc y dcbprcbntefas. Duahfc trahsdurrnh agajknbnhtn nstá satesgndlc= duahfc sn vnh abnhazafas, sn senhtn ahsecsc y nhgafafc= duahfc kas pchn nh pnkeorc bnfeahtn sus prcpeas addechns, sn senhtn dukpajkn= duahfc sn rcbpnh, sn senhtn s enhtn trestn y duahfc sn rndupnrah, nstá dchtnhtc.   Ka bardafa prcpnhseôh fn uh heñc a atadar a su bafrn, a su pafrn c duakquenra qun punfa cduparsn fn åk, punfn snr dcbprnhfefa dcbc uha prcpnhseôh duya guhdeôh ns ka fn rnfuder nk rensoc fn snr fañafc.   Ka dchfudta fn apnoc fa dcbc d cbc rnsuktafc uh ehfevefuc qun bahtenhn ka prcxebefaf y/c ka dcbuhedadeôh dch ctrc ehfevefuc dchsefnrafc bás 5

 



 



 



 



 









dapaz. Nsta dchfudta nstá prcvcdafa pcr nk fckcr, fc kcr, ka gateoa c duakquenr dcsa atnbcrezahtn. Nk bcfnkc partedukar snoùh nk duak sn croaheza ka dchfudta fn apnoc furahtn nk fnsarrckkc nstá ehgkuefc pcr nk bcfc nh qun rnspchfnh a åk kcs prehdepakns duefafcrns fnk heñc. Kcs duefafcrns dareñcscs y snhsejkns fah dcbc rnsuktafc uh heñc qun fnsarrckka ka snourefaf fn qun kcs fnbás kc ayufaráh duahfc åk rndurra a nkkcs, qun sn snhterá s nhterá dafa vnz bás snourc fn sâ besbc y qun snrá aufaz nh sus nxpkcradechns fnk buhfc, snrá dccpnrafcr dch kcs fnbás y tabjeåh sckefarec dch quenhns sn nhdunhtrnh nh apurcs. Duahfc ka dchfudta fn apnoc fn uh heñc cjtenhn uha rnspunsta tarfâa y fn baka oaha= ns prcjajkn qun nk heñc sn vunkva ahsecsabnhtn apnoafc y pcr kc tahtc rnadec a apartarsn fnk duefafcr, cjnfenhtn fn baka oaha y pcdc prncdupafc pcr kcs prcjknbas fn kcs fnbás. Nhgcqun ntckôoedc9 Nh kcs snrns lubahcs, ka dchfudta dch rnspndtc a ka dreahza y a ka dchfudta fn apnoc nstá nh denrta bnfefa

prnprcorabafa y pcr kc tahtc prnparafa para fnsarrckkarsn snoùh denrtas kâhnas, duahfc kas derduhstahdeas kc pnrbetnh.   Kcs ehfevefucs qun dcbntnh bakcs tratcs punfnh snr grâcs, râoefcs, cjsnsevcs y rnprcjafcrns, c pasevcs, fnsfedlafcs y fnscroahezafcs. Kas bafrns lajetuakbnhtn sch prcpnhsas a pnrecfcs fn ehtnhsa ahsenfaf ehtnrrubpefcs pcr nstakkefcs fn era vecknhta, sch ebpuksevas n ehbafuras. Tch rndnkcsas nh nxtrnbc y nh dchsndunhdea ehdapadns c pcdc fespunstas a nhtajkar rnkadechns nstrndlas. Tn nhdunhtrah aeskafas scdeakbnhtn.   Kas bafrns qun rndurrnh a bakcs tratcs sch nxtrnbafabnhtn snhsejkns a duakquenr snparadeôh y tenhnh aktcs hevnkns fn ahsenfaf y/c era. Tn nhdchtrô qun lajâah sugrefc rnpntefas abnhazas fn snr ockpnafas, butekafas c ehdkusc asnsehafas.   Kcs heñcs qun sch baktratafcs punfnh prnsnhtar kkahtc prckchoafc y snr pcdc snhsejkns ak dchsunkc= ka era punfn snr prcvcdafa gádekbnhtn, snr ehtnhsa y fegâdek fn rnsckvnr. Asâ besbc, punfnh prnsnhtar uha grâa veoekahdea fn nxtrnba aknrta a kc qun punfa cdurrer nh su abjenhtn= seh nbjaroc, sch sehoukarbnhtn ehfegnrnhtns ahtn sus parns qun sn nhdunhtrah agkeoefcs.   Kcs aornscrns bás vecknhtns prcvenhnh fn lcoarns nh kcs qun nstajah suintcs a uh tratabenhtc drunk y jrutak.

10

 

Dchgnrnhdea 7. TAJNZ KC Q^N TN T^PCHN Q^N HC FNJNT TAJNZ U TNHVEZ KC Q^N TN T^PCHN Q^N HC FNJNT TNHVEZ. 













  Kas nsdnhas y nxpnrenhdeas qun sn tenhfnh a jcrrar sn fevefnh nh trns datnocrâas festehtas9  a) Aqunkkas qun kcs pafrns fnsnah qun sus leics hc dchczdah. j) Aqunkkas nh kas qun kcs pafrns lah tratafc a kcs leics fn uh bcfc nh qun åstcs dchsefnrah fnbaseafc ehscpcrtajkn. d) Aqunkkas nh kas qun kcs leics lah lndlc dcsas adnrda fn kas duakns sn senhtnh ehscpcrtajknbnhtn dukpajkns c avnrochzafcs.   Daeh y Gast (15?:)= Nh ka sehtcbatckcoâa fn kcs heñcs ns ebpcrtahtn nk lndlc fn lajnr nstafc nxpunstcs a setuadechns nh kas qun ns prcjajkn qun sn nhonhfrn uh ehtnhsc snhtebenhtc fn dukpajekefaf. Ns fnder, budlcs fn kcs prcjknbas psedckôoedcs fn kcs heñcs parndnh ferndtabnhtn creoehafcs nh nk lndlc fn lajnrsn vestc nxpunstcs a setuadechns fn nstn tepc.   Ka ehgcrbadeôh qun uh prconhetcr ehtnhta qun nk heñc nxdkuya ns uha ehgcrbadeôh rnkadechafa dch kcs adchtndebenhtcs nh nk buhfc nxtnrecr. Nh ctras setuadechns, ka ehgcrbadeôh qun fnjn qunfar nxdkuefa nstá rnkadechafa dch adchtndebenhtcs fnk buhfc fn kcs snhtebenhtcs fnk heñc. Nstc ns buy grndunhtn nh kas setuadechns fn snparadeôh y fn pårfefa.    ^ha bafrn duya ehgahdea la trahsdurrefc fnsprcvesta fn abcr, jusda nh su prcpec leic nk abcr fnk qun la darndefc lasta nsn bcbnhtc. bc bnhtc.   ^h prconhetcr qun la tnhefc uha ehgahdea traubáteda senhtn tnbcr qun akouenh kn rndunrfn kas fnsoradeas fnk pasafc. Dcbc rnsuktafc nxeon a sus leics parndnr senbprn gnkedns y nvetar duakquenr nxprnseôh fn trestnza, scknfaf n era.   Ka abnhaza fn ajahfchar a uh heñc dcbc bnfec fn dchtrckarkc, ns rnspchsajkn fn orah partn fn kcs nstafcs fn ahsenfaf y tabjeåh fn qun nh añcs pcstnrecrns, uha pnrscha rnaddechn ahtn uha pårfefa dch uha fnprnseôh drôheda pcr snhter qun gun ajahfchafc fnkejnrafabnhtn fnkejnrafabnhtn..    Kcs heñcs psedôtedcs qun nxprnsah efnas prchuhdeafabnhtn parahcefns, a bnhufcs sch nhdahtafcrns y sebpátedcs nh uh bcbnhtc y sakvainbnhtn lcstekns ak seouenhtn. Grndunhtnbnhtn fereonh su baycr vecknhdea ak ehfevefuc ak qun parndnh nstar bás apnoafcs. 

11

 



  Kas gcrbas dcrrenhtns fn pnrdejer y dchstruer setuadechns nstáh fntnrbehafcs pcr adchtndebenhtcs y nxpnrenhdeas nbcdechakbnhtn seohegedatevas qun lah qunfafc nxdkuefcs fn ka dchdenhdea fn ka pnrscha.

Dchgnrnhdea ?. NK PAPNK FNK APNOC NH NK FNTAZZCKKC FN KA PNZTCHAKEFAF. 



















  Ka tncrâa fnk apnoc gun gcrbukafa para nxpkedar denrtas pautas fn dchfudta daradtnrâstedas fn kcs jnjås, kcs heñcs, kcs afcknsdnhtns y kcs afuktcs.    Lestôredabnhtn, ka tncrâa sn fnsarrckkô gunra fn ka trafedeôh fn kas rnkadechns cjintakns nh nk psedcahákeses= pnrc tabjeåh sn la jasafc nh dchdnptcs fn ka tncrâa fn ka nvckudeôh, ka ntckcoâa, ka tncrâa fnk dchtrck y fn ka psedckcoâa dcoheteva.    Ka tncrâa fnk apnoc dchsefnra ka tnhfnhdea a nstajkndnr kazcs nbcdechakns âhtebcs dch ehfevefucs fntnrbehafcs dcbc uh dcbpchnhtn jásedc fn ka haturaknza lubaha.   Furahtn ka ehgahdea, kcs kazcs sn nstajkndnh dch kcs pafrns (c kcs pafrns sustetutcs) a kcs qun sn rndurrn nh jusda fn prctnddeôh, dchsunkc y apcyc.   Ehedeakbnhtn kcs ùhedcs bnfecs fn dcbuhedadeôh nhtrn nk heñc y ka bafrn sn fah a travås fn ka nxprnseôh nbcdechak y fn ka dchfudta qun ka adcbpaña.    Ka dapadefaf fn nstajkndnr kazcs nbcdechakns âhtebcs dch ctrcs ehfevefucs ns dchsefnrafa dcbc uh rasoc ebpcrtahtn fnk guhdechabenhtc ngndtevc fn ka pnrschakefaf y fn ka sakuf bnhtak.    Ka jùsqunfa fn duefafcs ns bahegnstafa pcr uh ehfevefuc bás fåjek y bnhcs nxpnrebnhtafc ladea akouenh a quenh sn dchsefnra bás gunrtn y/c bás sajec. Nstc ns a kc qun sn kkaba dchfudta fn apnoc. Nk orafc fn prcxebefaf c fn addnsejekefaf fnpnhfn fn kas derduhstahdeas.    Nk adtc fn prcpcrdechar duefafcs ns dchsefnrafc tabjeåh uh dcbpchnhtn jásedc fn ka haturaknza lubaha.    Nk tnrdnr dcbpchnhtn jásedc fn ka haturaknza lubaha ns ka nxpkcradeôh fnk nhtcrhc (qun ehdkuyn nk iunoc y fevnrsas adtevefafns dch kcs dcbpañnrcs).    Duahfc uh ehfevefuc (fn duakquenr nfaf) sn senhtn snourc, ns prcjajkn qun nxpkcrn knics fn su geoura fn apnoc= auhqun nh uh prehdepec nstas nxpkcradechns sch kebetafas nh tenbpc y nspadec. Duahfc nstá akarbafc, ahsecsc, dahsafc c nhgnrbc senhtn ka hndnsefaf fn ka prcxebefaf. 

1:

 



 





  Furahtn kcs prebnrcs bnsns fn vefa, nk heñc bunstra budlas fn kas rnspunstas qun dchstetuynh kc qun bás tarfn snrá ka dchfudta fn apnoc, pnrc ka pauta croahezafa sn fnsarrckka lasta ka snouhfa betaf fnk prebnr añc.    Para Jcwkjy hc nxestn he ka gasn autesta he ka hardesesta.    Nk fnsarrckkc fn ka dchfudta fn apnoc dcbc uh sestnba croahezafc, tnhenhfc dcbc cjintevc ka dchsnrvadeôh fn ka prcxebefaf c fn ka addnsejekefaf a uha geoura batnrha fesdrebehafa, nxeon qun nk heñc laya fnsarrckkafc ka dapadefaf dcoheteva fn dchsnrvar a su bafrn nh ka bnhtn duahfc nkka hc nstá prnsnhtn= nsta dapadefaf sn fnsarrckka furahtn kcs snouhfcs snes bnsns fn vefa. Furahtn nstcs bnsns nk jnjå afquenrn ka dapadefaf fn rnprnsnhtadeôh y punfn nstajkndnr dcbparadechns furahtn su ausnhdea y su prnsnhdea.   Ka pauta fn apnoc qun uh ehfevefuc fnsarrckka furahtn kcs añcs fn ehbafurnz (ka prebnra ehgahdea, ka heñnz y ka afcknsdnhdea) nstá ehgkuefa pcr nk bcfc nh qun sus pafrns (u ctras geouras fn patnrhefaf) kc tratah.   Kas pautas prehdepakns fn apnoc, fnsdretas pcr Aehswcrtl (15?1) sch9  a) Apnoc snourc9  Nk ehfevefuc dchgâa nh qun sus pafrns (c geouras parnhtakns) snráh addnsejkns, snhsejkns y dckajcrafcrns se åk sn nhdunhtra nh uha setuadeôh afvnrsa c atnbcrezahtn. Dch nsta snourefaf, sn atrnvn a ladnr sus nxpkcradechns fnk buhfc. Bafrn9 Ns atnhta y snhsejkn ak fnsnbpnñc fnk heñc y rnspchfn a kcs åxetcs y kas fegeduktafns fnk heñc fn uh bcfc snrvedeak y aknhtafcr. Ns dapaz fn lajkar kejrnbnhtn y dch tnrhura fn su prcpea ehgahdea. Agerba lajnr tnhefc uha ehgahdea gnkez y sn bunstra dapaz fn lajkar fn nkka gádek y fntakkafabnhtn gnkez y rnsukta orategedahtn duefarkc. Ns pcdc nxeonhtn. Heñc9 Ns  (feafa)9 Tu dchvnrsadeôh ns gkuefa dch nxprnseôh fn snhtebenhtcs y Parnia nh kas qun sn tcdah uha orah varenfaf fn tnbas ehdkuynhfc kcs pnrschakns. Nsta dcbuhedadeôh sn fa duahfc nk heñc nstá dchtnhtc c agkeoefc. j) Apnoc ahsecsc rnsestnhtn9 Nk ehfevefuc nstá ehsnourc fn se su prconhetcr snrá addnsejkn c snhsejkn c sn kc ayufará duahfc kc hndnsetn. A dausa fn nsta ehdnrtefubjrn, senbprn tenhn tnhfnhdea a ka snparadeôh ahsecsa, ns prcpnhsc ak agnrrabenhtc y sn bunstra ahsecsc ahtn ka nxpkcradeôh fnk buhfc. Nk heñc punfn parndnr fnscrenhtafc y/c fnscroahezafc, aturfefc, parakezafc nstajkndnr akouha nstnrnctepea c bcstrarsn lepnradtevc. 14

 

Bafrn9 Ns pcdc atnhta y/c snhsejkn a kas hndnsefafns fnk heñc. Nh akouhcs dascs sus rnspunstas sch ehcpcrtuhas y pcdc prcvndlcsas. Prnsta pcda atnhdeôh a kc qun nk heñc ladn c senhtn. s enhtn. Onhnrakbn Onhnrakbnhtn htn tuvc uha rnkadeôh fegâdek y fnsfedlafa dch su prcpea bafrn. Heñc9 Ns prcpnhsc a kas qunias y ak agnrrabenhtc. Parnia (feafa)9 Dchvnrsadeôh graobnhtafa nh ka qun kcs tnbas dabjeah ajruptabnhtn. d) Apnoc ahsecsc nkusevc9 Nk ehfevefuc hc dchgâa nh qun duahfc jusqun duefafcs rndejerá uha rnspunsta snrvedeak, sehc qun nspnra snr fnsaerafc. Duahfc ehtnhta vever su vefa seh nk abcr he nk apcyc fn ctras pnrschas, ehtnhta vckvnrsn nbcdechakbnhtn autcsugedenhtn. Pcstnrecrbnhtn punfn snr feaohcstedafc dcbc hardesesta c dcbc pcsnnfcr fn uh gaksc sâ besbc. Bafrn9  Auhqun laya tnhefc uha ehgahdea gnkez, ns ehdapaz fn prcpcrdechar akoùh fntakkn para sustnhtarkc. Punfn bnhdechar npescfecs qun snñakah kc dchtrarec. Heñc9  Bahtenhn kas festahdeas y ns prcpnhsc a terahezar a ctrcs heñcs. Ns



prcjajkn qun su dchfudta prcvcqun uha rnspunsta fnsgavcrajkn pcr partn fn ka bafrn c nk pafrn, dch kc qun sn fnsarrckka uh dârdukc vedecsc. ved ecsc. Parnia  (feafa)9 Ka dchvnrsadeôh ns kebetafa. Kcs tnbas sn kebetah a kc ebpnrschak y qunfa cbetefa tcfa rngnrnhdea a kcs snhtebenhtcs. Te nhtajka uha dcbuhedadeôh ferndta dch su bafrn, kc ladn sôkc duahfc nstá dchtnhtc.   Kcs heñcs duycs pafrns sch ehsnhsejkns, hnokeonhtns c rndlazahtns, sch vukhnrajkns a ka fnprnseôh nh dasc fn qun sn nhgrnhtnh a adchtndebenhtcs snreabnhtn afvnrscs.

Dchgnrnhdea . Dapadetar ak padenhtn para rndchcdnr qun sus ebáonhns (bcfnkcs) fn





åk besbc y fn kcs fnbás, punfnh c hc snr aprcpeafas para su prnsnhtn y su guturc, c punfnh hc lajnr nstafc huhda iustegedafas.   Nk bcfc nh qun uh padenhtn dchstruyn su rnkadeôh dch nk tnrapnuta nstá fntnrbehafc pcr nk bcfc nh qun nk tnrapnuta kc trata.    Hc nxestn dcbuhedadeôh bás ebpcrtahtn nhtrn uh snr lubahc y ctrc qun ka qun sn nxprnsa nbcdechakbnhtn, he ehgcrbadeôh bás vetak para dchstruer y rndchstruer bcfnkcs cpnrahtns fnk sâ besbc y kcs ctrcs qun ka ehgcrbadeôh adnrda fn kc qun dafa uhc senhtn ladea nk ctrc.

1>