Resumen Introdución (Autoguardado)

 

Qnsujnl7 _u`djnltk rhmdkvdth`dsth in` mklmnptk in` inrnmck Hutkr7 Cnlry Qkanrtk ]k`hlk Vä`nz

Jhlun`h Bh`nhlk Cnrrnrh

 

Dltrkiummdýl h` Inrnmck D Fn`dpn Vä`nz _n`ènz

^LDVNQ]DIHI _KLYDFDMDH AK@DVHQDHLH N]M^N@H IN INQNMCK T MDNLMDH] _K@ÊYDMH] FHM^@YHI IN INQNMCK  

1?83

 

Mhpêtu`k D7 N` uldvnrsk vdstk insin `h rnh`dihi rhidmh`.

Nlthlihjks puns qun n` uldvnrsk ns ul mklb`kjnrhik in tkik nl muhltk `k qun `k mklfkrjh, ‚nl tkik muhltk chy ‐8, nstn ns mklsdinrhik sdl `êjdtns y nxtrnjks yh qun in snr`k tnlirêh h`bk qun `k in`djdthrêh, nstn pultk ns nxpunstk mkl brhl prnmdsdýl pkr  @umrnmdk1. In h``ê qun sn ``nbun qun `k qun mkjpkln n` uldvnrsk ns puns `k qun sn inan ``hjhr rnh`dihi, snb÷l Krtnbh, infdldnlik h `h rnh`dihi mkl hqun``k qun tdnln sk`dinz, fdrjnzh, ns inmdr, ‐qun mklsdstn nl h`bk mkl dlinpnlinlmdh in` sugntk y pkr nlin, `n rnsdstn ‐ =5 nstn rnh`dihi rnh`dihi punin tnlnr idfnrnltns nlfkquns k dlm`usk idfnrnltns rujaks idvdidälik`h hsê nl muhtrk, rnh`ihi lhturh` lht urh`,, rnh` rnh`dih dihii din dinh`, h`, rnh`dih rnh`dihii mu`tur mu`turh` h` y rnh`dih rnh`dihii jnthfê jnthfêsdm sdmh, h, sn nltdnl nltdnlin in qun nsths nsths rnh`dihins sn rhidmhl nl ulh rnh`dihi ``hjhih pkr Krtnbh rnh`dihi rhidmh`5 `h rnh`dihi rhidmh` ns phrh nltnlinr`k jès m`hrhjnltn y sdl hastrhmtks, mkjk `h vdih cujhlh, `h rnh`, `h in mhih muh`, cn hcê qun sn hprnmdh `h hphrdmdýl in `hs injès rnh`dihins, h trhväs in `h vdih cujhlh y sus n`njnltks.  _kr nstk `h vdih cujhlh sn mklvdnrtn nl ulh rn`hmdýl nltrn iks n`njnltks n` ‐yk‚ y `h mdrmulsthlmdh. Nltnlihjks mdrmulsthlmdh mkjk ‐tkik hqun``k qun nlvun`vn h` ‐yk‚ y `k rkinh‚9, vh`n hm`hrhr qun ‐n` ‐yk‚ lk ns mklsdinrhik mkjk ns munrpk pnrk n` ‚ yk‚ sd lnmnsdth in ul munrpk phrh nxdstdr‚ > y pkr nstk ns qun `h mdrmulsthlmdh mdrmulsthlmdh ns `h qun pksdad`dth pksdad`dth k djpksdad`dth n` ‐yk‚ in idfnrnltns snrdn in hmkltnmdjdnltks qun puninl mklsdinrhrsn aunlks k jh` jh`ks, ks, cn hcê `h hphrdm hphrdmdýl dýl in `h `danr `danrthi thi yh qun nsth tdnln h `h mdrmulst mdrmulsthlm hlmdh dh nl ulh idjnlsdýl pksdtdvh y lnbhtdvh, `h lnbhtdvh ns `h qun `djdth `h `danrthi, y `h pksdtdvh qun lk `h `djdth sdlk qun h` mklthrdk `h ingh insnjpnøhr5 pkr nstk nltnlihjks `danrthi mkjk `h qun `n  ardlih `h pksdad`dihi h` ‐yk ‐ in n`nbdr ‐nltrn idvnrshs pksdad`dihins nxdstnlmdh`ns‚ 6y nl `h muh` `h mdrmulst mdrmulsthlmdh hlmdh mujp mujp`n `n ul phpn` phrtd phrtdmu`hr mu`hr in hpkyhr hpkyhr n` ‐yk‚ y hsê pkinr n`nbdr, n`nbdr, in nstn jkik `h mdrmulsthlmdh `djdth pksdad`dihins y lk `n ardlih h` ‐yk‚ ul l÷jnrk dlfdldtk in n``hs , yh qun nl mhsk in qun funrh hsê n` ‐yk‚ vdvdrêh nl hask`uth pnrp`ngdihi. Hsê sn ``nbh h qun `h mdrmulsthlmdh pkr th` lk ns n`nbdih y pkr nstk sn ns djpunsth h` ‐yk‚  pnrk pkr `k mkltrhrdk `h vkmhmdýl nl n` ckjarn ns prkpunsth, pkr th` ns n` ckjarn n` qun inmdin sd `h hmhth k lk, ns tkik pnrjdtn ``nbhr h qun ‐ `h vdih lks ch sdik ihih jhs lk lks ch sdik ihih cnmch‚2, y nsth inan snr fkrghih k mklstrudih h phrtdr in ngnrmdmdks in `danrthi,  pkr nstk y nl mklsnmunlmdh idmn Krtnbh, ‐vksktrks, skds `darns inltrk in vunstrh fhth` mdrmulsthlmdh5 jès h÷l skds fhth`jnltn `darns‚ 3 pkr nlin sn s n punin nltnlinr qun n` ckjarn ns  UMDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z U MDYHYDKL ct P` 4116 Z.  U MDYHYDKL Kr3= P` 4116 Z  UMDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z  UMDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z    UMDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z  UMDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL krsf P` 4116 Z

8 1 = 9 >

6 2 3

8

 

snltnlmdhik pkr su `danrthi y pkr nstk inan in nsthr sdnjprn `djdthik h nsmkbnr `k qun rnh`dzhrh k chrè5 ns djpkrthltn tnlnr nl munlth qun n` ckjarn ngnrmn su `danrthi mkl ul  pkrquä y ul phrh quä ‐pkr ul jktdvk y ulh fdlh`dihi‚ 4. _kr quä mujp`n mujp`n ul phpn` vdth` vdth` phrh `hs hmmdklns, yh qun sn mklvdnrtn nl lnmnsdihi y ul phrh quä ns n` rnbkmdgk in `h lnmnsdihi. _kr mklsdbudnltn, mkjk jnlmdklhjks hltnrdkrjnltn nl `h mdrmulsthlmdh hphrnmnl idfnrnltns snrdns in rnh`dihins qun sn rhidmhl y qun trhnl mklsdbk `hs injès rnh`dihins, ulh in n``hs ns, `h rnh`dihi rhidmh`, `h muh` tdnln ulh nxdstnlmdh nl n` tdnjpk y nl n` nsphmdk y, hinjès tdnln ‐nl sd jdsjh n` prdlmdpdk in su jkvdjdnltk‚ 8? 5 `h dinh` qun nstè mklfkrjhik pkr n`njnltks y kagntks qun lk nxdstnl n n` tdnjpk, ld nl n` nsphmdk , dljývd`ns n dlnsphmdha`ns, qun tdnlnl ulh nxdstnlmdh ÷ldmh y nxm`usdvh nl n` pnlshjdnltk 5 `h mu`turh` qun ns `h qun nstè mklfkrjhih ‐pkr kagntks mu`turh`ns, vdih cujhlh cnmch kagntk‚ 885 pkr ÷`tdjk `h jnthfêsdmh qun ns `h nlmhrbhih in` nstuidk in` snr. @h rnh`dihi lhturh` lk ns mrnhih pkr n` ckjarn, nstè mkjpunsth pkr kagntks lhturh`ns `ks muh`ns tdnlnl ul mkjdnlzk y ul fdl, tdnlnl ul `ubhr nl n` nsphmdk n` muh` intnrjdlh iklin sn nlmunltrhl, y tdnln ul prdlmdpdk in jkvdjdnltk nl sê jdsjk (edlnsds) 81, ul ngnjp`k m`hrk skl `ks èrak`ns, `hs jklthøhs, `ks rêks, qun sd lks ihjks munlth mujp`nl mkl tkiks `ks  prdlmdpdks in ulh rnh`dihi lhturh`. _kr `k mkltrhrdk, `ks kagntks dinh`ns qun chmnl phrtn in `h rnh`dihi dinh` tdnlnl ul prdlmdpdk insthmhik insthmh ik y ns n` in n``ks lulmh tdnln ulh nxdstnl mkjk dlidvdiuks, sdnjprn snrè rnsu`thik in lunstrk pnlshjdnltk, nxdstn mkjk hastrhmmdklns. Ktrh rnh`dihi qun chmn phrtn in nsths ns `h rnh`dihi jnthfêsdmh 8=, nlmhrbhih in` ‐nstuidk in` snr, nltn muhltk nltn ‐89, hquê sn p`hltnh ulh idfnrnlmdhmdýl nltrn snr y nltn, infdldnlik h` snr mkjk hqun``k qun hbruph tkihs `hs mkshs, y nltnlidnlik h` nltn mkjk‚ tkihs `hs mkshs qun skl‚8> 5 ‐n` nltn tdnln jkvdjdnltk, ns mkltdlbnltn, `djdthiks mkl vhmêks n djpnrfnmtks h idfnrnl idf nrnlmdh mdh in` snr qun ns lnm lnmnshr nshrdk dk ,dljý ,dljývd` vd` ,djp ,djpnrnm nrnmnin ninrk rk , ns ulk y nstè nstè tkth`j tkth`jnltn nltn ``nlk‚86. Yhjadäl nlmkltrhjks nl n` mklb`kjnrhik in rnh`dihins, `h rnh`dihi mu`turh`, `h qun chmn rnfnrnlmdh h `h vdih adkbrèfdmh in` ckjarn yh qun `h mu`turh ns prkiumtk in nsth, phrh snr  jès prnmdsks ‐ `h vdih adkbrèfdmh ns, puns, `h qun sn mklstruyn h phrtdr in ngnrmdmdks in `danrthi‚82, pkr mklsnmunlmdh `ks kagntks in nsth rnh`dihi skl `ks kagntks mrnhiks pkr n`  U MDYHYDKL Kr3= P` 4116 Z  UMDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL Cnl86 P` 4116 Z  Hrdstýtn`ns infdln `h edlnsds mkjk ul hmtk in` nltn nl muhltk th`, nsth sn ih mkjdnlzk brhmdhs h `h kasnrvhmdýl in `h hmtdvdihi in `ks munrpks dlhldjhiks.  Ns nl sd `h nlmhrbhih in` snr  U MDYHYDKL Gks?6 P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL Cnl86 P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL Kr3= P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL Kr99 P` 4116 Z

4

8? 88 81

8= 89 8> 86 82

1

 

ckjarn5 ul ngnjp`k ngnjp`k m`hrk in nstn ns n` inrnmck pksdtdvk pksdtdvk qun ns pnrtnlnmdnlt pnrtnlnmdnltnn h nstn yh qun  pkr nfnmtk ns mrnhik pkr n` ckjarn, nltrn ktrks ngnjp`ks sn nlmunltrh, `hs cnrrhjdnlths, `h  pknsêh, `h mdnlmdh, `h fd`kskfêh, `h j÷sdmh, nltrn ktrks. _kr ktrh phrtn, `ks kagntks skl dlcnrnltns h lksktr lksktrks ks y pkr thltk lk lks skl dlidfnrnltns, dlidfnrnltns, yh qun ulks lks rnsu`thl ÷td`ns y ktrks dl÷td`ns, ulks jngkrns y ktrks pnkrns, ulks vnrihinrks y ktrks fh`sks, y pkr thltk `h muh`dihi qun `n ardlih nstk skl `ks vh`krns. @ks vh`krns skl nstuidhiks pkr ulh rhjh ``hjhih ``hjhih hxdk`kbêh, `h muh` sn nlmunlt nlmunltrh rh idvdih nl iks rhjhs, n` rn`htdvdsjk y n` hask`utdsjk vh`krhtdvk5 `h prdjnrh sustnlth qun `ks vh`krns skl ‐djprnsdklns suagntdvhs in hbrhik k inshbrhik‐ 83sn skstdnln qun lk chy vh`krns sk`k sugntks qun ardlihl k ihl nsn vh`kr 845 y `h snbulih skstdnln qun `ks vh`krns skl hask`utks sd sn djp`hlth nl sugntks ‚mkl dlinpn dlinpnlinlmd linlmdhh h sus djprnsdk djprnsdklns lns in hbrhik k inshbrhik‚1?. @h rhjh in` rn`htdvdsjk p`hltnh qun `ks vh`krns skl kagntks y pkr `k mkltrhrdk `h rhjh in` hask`utdsjk vh`krhtdvk sd `ks p`hltnh mkjk kagntks5 krtnbh qun nsth jhs hfêl mkl `h mkrrdnltn in` hask`utdsjk vh`krhtdvk infdln h `ks vh`krns mkjk muhsdkagntdvdihins, qun mklsdinrh qun nsths mhrnmnl in susthltdvdihi, pkrqun sn prkynmthl h trhväs in ktrh nltdihi. Ns djpkrthltn thjadäl tnlnr nl munlth qun `ks vh`krns tdnlnl ulh idfnrnltn gnrhrqudzhmdýl y m`hsns qun nstèl mkjpunsths pkr vh`krns ätdmks, nstätdmks, `ýbdmks, rn`dbdksks, vdth`ns y ÷td`ns. @ks vh`krns tdnlnl ulh prkynmmdýl jès hrrhdbhih nl `ks kagntks mu`turh`ns, yh qun nstks skl mrnhiks pkr n` ckjarn y, pkr nlin, skl rnsu`thik in ulh vh`krhmdýl aunlh k jh`h rnh`dzhih pkr n` jdsjk5 brhmdhs h nstk lks prnbulthjks, sd tkihs `hs rnh`dihins sn rhidmhl nl `h rnh`dihi rhidmh`, nltklmns puns, »nstk mklvdnrtn h `h rnh`dihi tkih rn`htdvh k tkih hask` has k`ut uth; h;55 Kr Krtn tnbh bh ar ardl dlih ih ulh rn rnspu spunst nsthh jh jhld ldfn fnst sthl hlik ik qu qunn n` pn pnrsp rspnm nmtd tdvd vdsjk sjk lk ns rn`htdvdsjk5 pkr nstk nltnlihjks h` pnrspnmtdvdsjk mkjk n` mklkmdjdnltk k nltnlidjdnltk hask`utk y `h rnh`dihi rn`htdvh k phrmdh`, y pkr thltk nltnlihjks h n` rn`htdvdsjk mkjk n` mklk mklkmd mdjd jdnl nltk tk k nl nltn tnli lidj djdn dnlt ltkk rn`h rn`htd tdvk vk k phrm phrmdh dh`` y `h rn rnh` h`di dihi hi ha hask sk`u `uth th.. _h _hrh rh n` 18  pnrspnmtdvdsjk `h rnh`dihi ns rn`htdvh yh qun mklsdinrh qun `h pnrspnmtdvh  mklstdtuyn h nsth. Hsê puns, Krtnbh lks ``nvh h `h mklm`usd mklm`usdýl ýl in qun n` ckjarn nstè sugntk h su mdrmulsthlmdh, mdrmulsthlmdh,  pnrk nstk lk `k ``nvh h qun `h vnrihi snh rn`htdvh, ld thjpkmk qun `ks vh`krns nstäl sugntks h ulh vh`krhmdýl5 insin mhih vdsdýl n` mklkmdjdnltk punin snr hask`utk y `h rnh`dihi rn`htdvh y `ks vh`krns puninl snr mklsdinrhiks muhsdkagntdvdihins. Mhpdtu`k DD7 N` inrnmck y su hphrdmdýl nl `h rnh`dihi rhidmh`.

N` ckja ckjarn rn mkl mklfrk frklt lthh su md mdrm rmuls ulsth thlm lmdh dh y ph phrh rh nstk nstk ns nstè tè su sugn gntk tk h hu huxd xd`d `dhr hr su vd vdih ih,, h mkjprnlinr`h. mkjprnl inr`h. _kr nstk n` ckjarn tdnln qun rnhmmdklh rnhmmdklhrr in idstdlths idstdlths fkrjhs brhmdhs h qun `h  U MDYHYDKL Cnl86 P` 4116 ZU MDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 ZU MDYHYDKL Cnl86 P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL Cnl86 P` 4116 ZU MDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z  Nxprnsdýl qun sdbldfdmh jdrhr, pultk in vdsth

83

84 1?

18

=

 

vdih `n ardlih idstdltks brhiks k jhtdmns5 n` ckjarn hmuin h `h tämldmh, yh qun nsth `n ardlih `h pksdad`dihi in chmnrsn mhrbk in su mdrmulsthlmdh5 `h tämldmh ns n` hmtk jkidfdmhtkrdk h trhväs in` muh` sn trhth in idsjdludr `hs idfdmu`thins qun phrh `h shtdsfhmmdýl in sus lnmnsdihins `h mdrmulsthlmdh `n prnsnlth h` yk. ^lh phrtn djpkrthltn in `h mdrmuls mdrmulsthlmdh thlmdh in` ‐yk‚ skl `ks ‐ktrks‚, ‐ktrks‚, nstks tdnlnl tdnlnl `hs jdsjhs  pksdad`dihins in` ‐yk‚ y pkr thltk puninl rnhmmdklhr in jhlnrh dlintnrjdlhih, pkr nsth rhzýl surbnl `hs lkrjhs in mkliumth, yh qun h fh`th in nsth sn djpnidrêh `h nxdstnlmdh nl mknxd mkn xdst stnl nlmd mdh5 h5 `hs `hs lk lkrj rjhs hs in mk mkliu liumt mthh td tdnl nlnl nl mk mkjk jk pr prdl dlmd mdph` ph` ka kagn gntd tdvk vk id idsj sjdl dlud udrr `h dlmnrtdiujarn qun nxdstn frnltn h `hs rnhmmdklns in` ktrk, tkih lkrjh in mkliumth rnstrdlbn `h `danrthi5 ‐n` ktrk pkr thltk ns ul sugntk pn`dbrksk phrh `h nxdstnlmdh in` ‐yk‚ 11 Nl thlt thltkk n` inrn inrnmc mckk chmn chmn ph phrt rtnn in `h rn rnh` h`di dihi hi mu mu`t `tur urh` h`,, n` in inrn rnmc mckk pk pksd sdtd tdvk vk jès jès mklmrnthjnltn, nstn chmn phrtn in `hs lkrjhs in mkliumth y ns ul kagntk mu`turh`, tdnln ulh  pnrspnmtdvh cujhlh kagntdvhih, qun tdnln mkjk th` ul jktdvk y ulh fdlh`dihi (mkjk nxp`dmhjks hltnrdkrjnltn nstk chmn phrtn in ul pkrqun y ul phrh qun). Nltnlihjks puns qun n` dltnräs trhn in pkr jnidk `h shtdsfhmmdýl in ulh lnmnsdihi y nstk punin trhnr mkjk mklsnmunlmdh mklsnmun lmdh ul mklf`dmtk in dltnrnsns5 n` mklf`dmtk in dltnräs mklsdstn nl ul hmtk iklin n` ‐yk ‐phrh shtdsfhmnr su lnmnsdihi nxm`uyn h `h shtdsfhmmdýl in `h lnmnsdihi in` ‐ktrk ‐nstn, sn prkiumn brhmdhs h` insnqud`dardk nltrn adnlns y lnmnsdihins, skl dllhtks h `h mknxdstnlmdh5  pkr nstk jdsjk h` inrnmck lk `n dlqudnth `ks mklf`dmtks in dltnrnsns, yh qun nstks chmnl  phrtn in `h mknxdstnlmdh y lk puninl inghr in snr`k, pkr n` mkltrhrdk h` inrnmck sd `n  prnkmuph n` mklf`dmtk in vk`ulthins qun sn høhinl nl n` mklf`dmtk in dltnrnsns n dlchad`dthl `h mknxdstnlmdh, pkr nstk jdsjk n` inrnmck lk tdnln dltnräs nl sk`umdklhr k rnsk`vnr  mklf`dmtk in vk`ulthins5 n` inrnmck prntnlin fhmd`dthr `h nxdstnlmdh nl mknxdstnlmdh, y mkl `h dltnbrhmdýl in `ks mklf`dmtks in vk`ulthins nl `ks mklf`dmtks in dltnrnsns hphrnmnl `ks `dtdbdks5 tkik `dtdbdk skspnmch `h prnsnlmdh in ul mklf`dmtk in dltnrnsns, pnrk lk tkik mklf`dmtk in dltnrnsns ns mklsdinrhik ul `dtdbdk5 ul `dtdbdk ns puns ‐ul mklf`dmtk in dltnrnsns mh`dfdmhik pkr ul mklf`dmtk in vk`ulthins‚1=, ul mklf`dmtk in dltnrnsns mh`dfdmhik pkr ulh dltnlmdýl in rntnlnr n` adnl nl idsputh. _kr nstk n` inrnmck tdnln dltnräs nl nvdthr `ks `dtdbdks k nl mhsk in prnsnlthrsn sk`umdklhr`ks5 n` inrnmck prntnlin n`uidr `ks `dtdbdks h trhväs in` inrnmck susthlmdh` pkr jnidk in `h rnphrtdmdýl idrnmth in adnlns5 nsth idstrdaumdýl sn hsnburh h trhväs in ulh hmkrin rnphrtdmdýl in inanrns in hastnlmdýl y prnsthmdýl5 in hastnlmdýl djp`hlthlik inanrns sdl pnrguidmhr `ks  adnlns in` ktrk y in prnsthmdýl djp`hlthlik inanrns in ins`dbhjdnltk in i n mdnrtks inanrns nl fhvkr in `ks ktrks. Nltklmns nl mhsk in qun sn høhih n` mklf`dmtk in vk`ulthins h ul mklf`dmtk in dltnräs n` inrnmck trhthrêh in sk`umdklhr n` `dtdbdk qun sn prnsnlthrêh pkr jnidk in` inrnmck prkmnsh`, jnidhltn ulh rnphrtdmdýl dlidrnmth in adnlns5 sn `n kmuph h ul tnrmnrk,

 U MDYHYDKL Kr3= P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z

11 1=

9

 

n` gunz, phrh qun sk`umdkln n` `dtdbdk y intnrjdln `h jhlnrh nl qun fdlh`dzh k fdldqudth n` mklf`dmtk mkl n` hpkyk in` nsthik in qudnl mkjpntn n` adnl nl idsputh. @h infdldmdýl in adnl lk `h pkinjks in`djdthr sk`k h` snltdik nmklýjdmk5 pkr adnl gurêidmk  pkinjks nltnlinr h tkik kagntk djpkrthltn k prdjkridh` prktnbdik pkr n` inrnmck, djpkrthltn k prdjkridh` phrh qudnl `k pksnn y ns rnprnsnlthmdýl in ulh pksdmdýl in vnlthgh5 ul ngnjp`k m`hrk in adnlns gurêidmks skl `h dltnbrdihi jkrh`, `h `danrthi, n` phtrdjkldk nmklýjdmk, `h vdih, nltrn ktrks. Mkl ahsn h `k yh jnlmdklhik, n` inrnmck nlmhrbh n` `dtdbdk h ul tnrmnrk hgnlk h ä` pkrqun n`  pkr lk vdvdr`k pksnn ulh idsthlmdh nspdrdtuh` sufdmdnltn phrh phr h hprnmdhr`k. Nl thltk n` inrnmck ns ‐ul krinl mkhmtdvk rnbu`h rnbu`hikr ikr in `h mkliumth cujhlh cujhlh‚‚ 19 mrnhik phrh ihr `h pksdad`dihi in nxdstdr nl mknxdstnlmdh, tnldnlik ul nlfkqun m`hrk h `h nxdstnlmdh dlidvdiuh`, nsqudvhlik k sk`umdklhlik `ks `dtdbdks y prkjkvdnlik `h snburdihi y mrnnlmdh nl `hs rn`hmdklns dltnrpnrsklh`ns, hpkyèliksn nl `h funrzh dlstdtumdklh`dzhih1> Mhrln`uttd pkr ktrk `hik lks injunstrh qun n` inrnmck ns `h hrjhiurh in` nsthik5 y lks ``nvh h ulh mkjprnlsdýl in` inrnmck in jhlnrh qun nstn ns ulh lnmnsdihi phrh n` ‐yk‚, puns hphrnmn thjadäl nl `h rnh`dihi rhidmh` y `n fhmd`dth n` nlfrnlthjdnltk h su mdrmulsthlmdh, nltklmns, hquê ``nbhjks h ulh phrtn iklin phrh `h uldýl mkl `h nxdstnlmdh in `ks ktrks inpnlih ulh mklmnpmdýl duslhturh`dsth k duspksdtdvdsth y sn bnlnrn `h dlqudntui hmnrmh in nsths. Nsth idsmusdýl ns mklsdinrhih dlthlbda`n jdnltrhs nsth sn nlmunltrn h`rninikr in lkjdld lkj dldsth sthss y rnh` rnh`dst dsth, h, pkr th` `ks uld uldvnrs vnrsh`d h`dsth sths5 s5 phrh nltnli nltnlinr nr jès mklmrnt mklmrnthjnl hjnltn tn su rn`hmdýl sn inan h qun `ks in duspksdtdvdsths tdnlnl ulh rn`hmdýl mkl `ks rnh`dsths y, pkr nlin, `ks dus duspksd pksdtd tdvds vdsths ths td tdnlnl nlnl ulh rn` rn`hmd hmdýl ýl mkl `ks lkj lkjdld dldsth sths5 s5 hsê phrh `ks jnl jnlmdk mdklhi lhiks ks  prdjnrhjnltn n` inrnmck pks pksdtdvk dtdvk lk ns jès qun ulh prnmdsdýl in` inrnmck lhturh` 16, y phrh `ks jnlmdklhiks snbudihjnltn n` inrnmck pksdtdvk ns rnsu`thik in ul hmtk in vk`ulthi 12 Mkl nsths mkjprnlsdklns pkinjks nltnlinr qun phrh `ks duslhturh`dsths n` inrnmck pksdtdvk lk ns jès qun `h nxdstn nxdstnlmdh lmdh ‐ n` snr k nsthr funrh nl n` julik k nl `h mdrmulsthlmdh‚ mdrmulsthlmdh‚ 135 y nl ktrk snltdik phrh `ks duspksdtdvdsths n` inrnmck pksdtdvk rnsdin nl qun nstn mklfkrjh ulh fkrjh mklsthltn pkr `k mkltrhrdk in ul mkltnldik qun ns lkrjh`jnltn vhrdha`n _hrh fdldqudthr jès mklmrnthjnltn n` inrnmck y su mkltnldik lk nstèl jhrmhiks pkr  nsnlmdhs, ä` ns rnsu`thik in `hs inmdsdklns pk`êtdmhs5 su hrbujnltk k mkltnldik pkirè snr  mklsdinrhik gustk k dlgustk, sdl pkinrsn supklnr qun nstn tnldnlik ul hrbujnltk dlgustk nl  U MDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z  Ns `h funrzh rnbu`hih y qudnl tdnln `h pksdad`dihi in ngnrmnr`h y mýjk y nl qun sdtuhmdklns inan chmnr`k  Ns uldvnrsh`jnltn vh`dik, dljutha`n  N` ngnrmdmdk prèmtdmk in `h vk`ulthi, nstn hmtk ns sugntk h `hs nsnlmdhs

19 1>

16 12

13

 U MDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z

>

 

mdnrths mdrmulsthlmdhs, sn hphrtn k ingn in snr ul mkltnldik gurêidmk5 nstk thjpkmk qudnrn hfdrjhr qun n` rnsu`thik h nspnrhr ns n` inrnmck dlgustk. Mhpdtu`k DDD7 N` inrnmck y `h idbldihi cujhlh insin `h rnh`dihi rhidmh`

Nltnlihjks puns h idbldihi cujhlh mkjk n` vh`kr qun hmkjphøh h` ckjarn snb÷l su mklidmdýl5 `h mklidmdýl cujhlh ns puns n` ckjarn qun pkr muh`dihi k nsnlmdh ns, ul snr  fdldtk, `djdthik, ns ul snr qun snlnqudsth, sn ins`dzh k phtdlh, qun sn mckmh, sn tkph mkl su mdrmulsthlmdh, phrh snr jès mklmdsks ‐ul snr qun frhmhsh‚ 14  @h nxp`dmhmdýl jès m`hrh in `h mklidmdýl cujhlh ns qun nsth lk ns jès qun ul ‐yk‚ qun sn dltrkiumn, sn `djdth y ns prdsdklnrk in su mdrmulsthlmdh, nl ul julik mkl idfnrnltns  pnrmhlmns phrh su nxdstnlmdh. ]k`k mkl `h junrtn tkik `k jnlmdklhik hltnrdkrjnltn tnrjdlh, yh qun sn idmn qun n` ckjarn ns rnh`jnltn fn`dz y p`nlk nl su junrtn y lk jdnltrhs vdvn, pnrk cn hcê `h nqudvk nqudvkmdihi, mdihi, yh qun sn punin sustnlthr sustnlthr qun phrh shanr qun ns fn`dmdihi fn`dmdihi sn lnmnsdth snltdr `h dlfn`dmdihi, idmn Býjnz Ièvd`h. _uns adnl n` ckjarn ns nltklmns ul Idks in jkjnltk in kmhsdýl, in kpkrtuldihi, ‐ns mrnhturh pnrk thjadäl mrnhikr‚=?, nl mklsnmunlmdh n` ckjarn sn nlmunltrh nl `h jdthi in =8

Idks y in `hs mkshs ‐nltrn Idks y `hs anstdhs‚ . Ydnln thltk in Idks mkjk in` ‐yk‚, y in mksh tdnln mkjk rnprnsnlthmdýl `h mdrmulsthlmdh. _kr nstk pkinjks mklsdinrhr qun `h mdrmulsthlmdh ns h`bk qun rkinh hrjýldmhjnltn n` ‐yk ‐qun sn djprnblh nl ä`. N` ckja ckjarn rn mujp mujp`n `n ul ph phpn pn`` prdjk prdjkri ridh dh`` mk mkjk jk `k cn cnjk jkss jnlm jnlmdk dklh lhik ik nl jnid jnidih ih in in`` inshrrk``k in` tnxtk, ns mklsdinrhik thltk mkjk ul ‐yk‚ pnrk thjadäl mdrmulsthlmdh5 chmn  phrtn in` phlkrhjh in `ks ktrks ckjarns, y `ks ktrks ckjarns skl `h mdrmulsthlmdh qun mkrrnspklin rnspnmtk h` ‐yk‚. Krtnbh lks nxp`dmh h trhväs in su karh y su tnkrêh in `h rnh`dihi rhidmh` n` gustk jnidk Hrdstktä`dmk5 `h vdrtui sn nlmunltrh uadmhih nl n` dltnrjnidk in `ks iks nxtrnjks, n` nxmnsk y n` infnmtk, ‐ n` vdmdk nl idmcks nxtrnjks nxtrnjks ‐ =15 phrh snr jès m`hrks nstk snrêh mkjk sd n` ckjarn lk karhrh mkjk sdl ‐yk‚ sdl mdrmulsthlmdh k mkjk sd sk`k sn `djdthrh h snr mdrmulsthlmdh5 cn hquê `h hphrdmdýl in `h frýlnsds qun ns `h qun nlmunltrh n` gustk jnidk in mhih intnrjdlhih mdrmulsthlmdh. ^l ngnjp`k ns `ks pn`dbrks, nl nstks sn inan krhr mkl vh`nltêh y nstn snrêh mklsdinrhik n` tärjdlk jnidk y pkr ktrk `hik sn nlmunltrh `h mkahriêh qun ns n` infnmtk y pkr n` mkltrhrdk n` tnjkr snrdh n` nxmnsk. _kr nstn p`hltnhjdnltk pkirêhjks iniumdr qun `h cujd`ihi ns n` hmnpthr `h `djdthmdýl, pnrk thjpkmk sn punin tkjhr nsth mkjk cujd``hmdýl. @h idbldihi cujhlh lk ns jès qun, n` vh`kr qun hpkyh h` ckjarn pkr n` sdjp`n cnmck in snr ‐yk ‐n` mnltrk vdth` y `h mdrmulsthlmdh qun ns phlkrhjh5 pkr snr fdl y jnidk. @h idbldihi cujhlh ns nlfkmhih pkr iks vêhs nsnlmdh`ns qun skl, n` infnmtk y n` nxmnsk.  U MDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL Kr3= P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z

14 =? =8 =1

6

 

  ]nb÷l Ehlt `h idbldihi cujhlh ns ‐ ul fdl nl sê jdsjk y pkr nlin lk punin snr  mkidfdmhik‐==nstk sdrvn mkjk fdl phrh `kbrhr `k yh prkpunstk qun n` jdsjk sn prkpkln. N` ckjarn ckj arn lk tdnln tdnln prnmd prnmdkk pk pksnn snn id idbl bldi dihi hi `h td tdnl nln. n. _uns _uns ad adnl nl,, Kr Krtn tnbh bh lk lkss nltrn nltrnbh bh ul ulhh dltnrprnthmd dltnrp rnthmdýl ýl in `k jhldfnsth jhldfnsthik ik pkr Ehl, nl iklin mkjk mklm`usdýl mklm`usdýl tnlnjks qun n` ‐yk‚ mklsdinrh mklsdin rh h` ‐ktrk‚ mkjk pnrsklh, ul snr thjadäl mkl idbldihi y thjad thjadäl äl sn mkltnjp`h mkltnjp`h h` ‐ktrk‚ mkjk pdnzh in su mdrmulsthlmdh. Nl nstn snltdik, mkjk mkltnldik in` inrnmck nstk ns mklsdinrhik mklsdinrhik `k prnsmrdtk y prksmrdtk prksmrdtk y in nstn inpnlinl `hs inmdsdklns pk`êtdmhs, ulk mkrrnspklin h ul Nsthik rnspntuksk in `h idbldihi cujhlh, nsthik pnrsklh`dsth, y pkr ktrk `hik ulk juy idfnrnltn ns n` qun n` mkltnldik in su nsthik ns drrnspntuksk mkl `h idbldihi cujhlh5 Nsthik trhlspnrsklh`dsth. Nltnlihjks puns h` inrnmck mkjk n` budkl qun rnbu`h ulh lhrrhmdýl in `h mknxdstnlmdh5 hsê n` Nsthik trhlspnrsklh`dsth trhlspnrsklh`dsth (tkth`d (tkth`dthrdk), thrdk), ns ul Nsthik qun haskran idfnrnltns hspnmtks in `h skmdnihi, mkjk th` qun n` snr cujhlk snr mklvdnrtn nl ul dlstrujnltk qun fulmdklh nl tkrlk h ul dinh` mk`nmtdvk,‚ rnbu`hrh in jhlnrh nxchustdvh n` jnlmdklhik pnrsklhgn inscujhldzhik k ins-dlidvdiuh`dzhik mkl n``k h` sugntk‚=9. Nl nstn Nsthik tkiks `ks dltnbrhltns snrèl nstdjhiks mkjk fulmdklhrdks p÷a`dmks. Nl n` pk`k kpunstk in nstn sn nlmunltrh n` Nsthik pnrsklh`dsth, nstn lk ns jès qun ul Nsthik rnspntuksk in `h idbldihi cujhlh, nstn sn mhrhmtnrdzhrh pkr idfnrnlmdhr h `ks pnrsklhgns qun `k mklfkrjhl jès nspnmêfdmhjnltn `h idfnrnlmdhmdýl nltrn phrtdmu`hrns y fulmdklhrdk p÷a`dmks _kr `k rnfnrdik n` Nsthik tkth`dthrdk dblkrh `h idbldihi cujhlh, nltdnlin h` snr cujhlk mkjk ul jnidk phrh `ks dinh`ns mk`nmtdvks, pkr n` mkltrhrdk, n` nsthik pnrsklh`dsth, tdnln mdnrtks h`dlnhjdnltks ahgk `ks muh`ns mklsdinrn h mhih dlidvdiuk ul pnrsklhgn in idmck budkl jnlmdklhik nl `h jntèfkrh h` mkjnlzhr. _uns hsê sn punin dr mklm`uynlik qun `h rnh`dihi rhidmh` pksdad`dth jès jnrhjnltn ul idsmursk pksdtdvdsth skarn n` inrnmck y in h`bulh fkrjh nstk lks p`hltnh ulh dink`kbêh  pksdtdvdsth, qun pkr thltk tdnln ulh mklmnpmdýl `nbh`dsth in `h gustdmdh y hinjès mklsdinrh qun tkik `k prnsmrd prnsmrdtk tk pkr n` inrnmck pksdtdvk pksdtdvk ns gustk5 gustk5 dlm`usk mkl `h tnsds Krtnbudhlh Krtnbudhlh in `h rnh`dihi rhidmh` pkinjks ``nbhr h qun sk`k ns inrnmck, n` qun tdnln ul mkltnldik rnspntuksk in `h idbldihi cujhlh y ns pkr th` 1 inrnmck nl p`nldtui _hrh Krtnbh ul dlstrujnltk in`danrhihjnltn dlcujhlk ns n` inrnmck, y lk chy lhih qun rnfutn `k idmck, sn mklsdinrh hsê, yh qun nstn sujdldstrh snburdihi nl fulmdýl in pnrjdtdr `h mknxdstnlmdh ‐ mklstdtuyn ul dlstrujnltk ikthik in nsthad`dihi‚ => Mhpdtu`k DV7 Qnpnrmusdklns in `h rnh`dihi rhidmh` nl n` mklmnptk in inrnmck y nl `h rnh`dihi gurêidmh

 U MDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL Gks P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL Gks P` 4116 Z

== =9 =>

2

 

Cnranrt @dkln` Hik`pcus Chrt gurdsth in brhl djpkrthlmdh nl n` sdb`k SS, ns hutkr in ulk in `ks m`èsdmks jès insthmhiks ``hjhik ‐N` mklmnptk in` inrnmck‚. Nsth karh tdnln mkjk mkltnldik ulh inlulmdh rnh`dzhih pkr n` hutkr nl `h muh` mdth m`hrhjnltn, qun h pnshr in `h brhl mhltdihi in `dtnrhturh qun hahrmhah n` inrnmck, lk chaêh ulh mhrdihi in `k qun rnh`jnltn nrh n` inrnmck y skarn su mklmnptk. Nsth karh ns inidmhih h nspnmdfdmhr n` mklmnptk in` inrnmck, nstk ns mklsdinrhik ulh vnrbðnlzh phrh `ks gurdsths qun nstuidhl n` inrnmck. Nstk ns thl mdnrtk, h` pultk qun, h` prnbulthrsn `h infdldmdýl in` mklmnptk in inrnmck, sn inanl hahrmhr vhrdhs snrdns in mdths y mklmnptks ihiks pkr gurdsths y fd`ýskfks, sun`n tnlnrsn nl munlth `h infdldmdýl ihih pkr tkjhs in Hqudlk7 ‐n` inrnmck ns ulh krinlhmdýl in `h rhzýl, idrdbdih idrdbdih h` adnl mkj÷l y prkju`bhih pkr hqun``h hutkrdih hutkrdihii qun tdnln h su mhrbk ulh mkjuldihi‚5 thjadäl `h in Ehlt7‚ n` mklgultk in mklidmdklns ahgk `hs muh`ns n` èradtrk in` ulk punin mklmd`dhrsn mkl n` èradtrk in` ktrk, snb÷l `h `ny bnlnrh` in `danrthi‚5 `h in Chls En`snl7‚ n` inrnmck ns ul krinl mkhmtdvk rnbu`hikr in `h mkliumth cujhlh‚5 y thjadäl n` in Quik`f ]thjjdnr7‚ n` inrnmck ns ul qunrnr nltrn`hzhltn, hutèrqudmk n dlvdk`ha`n.  ]nb÷l nstk lks pkinjks ihr munlth qun tkihs nsths infdldmdklns bnlnrhl tkik `k mkltrhrdk h m`hrdihi. _kr nstk h phrtdr in `h rnh`dihi rhidmh` sn punin prnmdshr n` mklmnptk in inrnmck,  pnrk rnh`dzhlik ulh snrdn in hm`hrhmdklns nltrn `hs idfnrnlmdhs in dltudmdýl, mklmnptk, inlkjdlhmdýl y ulh infdldmdýl5 n` mklmnptk lk ns ihr munlth in `hs infdldmdklns nxdstnltns in nstn5 `h dltudmdýl y n` mklmnptk skl phrtn in` pnlshjdnltk5 `h inlkjdlhmdýl y infdldmdýl skl pdnzh in` `nlbuhgn.  N` `nlbuhgn ns `h vêh pkr `h qun sn nxprnsh ul pnlshjdnltk, jès m`hrhjnltn `h `nlbuh, nstn `n ardlih `h nxdstnlmdh h` pnlshjdnltk, snb÷l Krtnbh, nstn, ns ulh mrnhmdýl in` ckjarn brhmdhs h `h djhbdlhmdýl, `h jhlnrh in mklstrudr juliks djhbdlhrdks. _kr ktrh phrtn, `h inlkjdlhmdýl ns mklb`kjnrhik in sdblks `dlbðêstdmks, qun chmnl phrtn in` `nlbuhgn, y snøh`hl intnrjdlhik mklmnptk, nstn mujp`n ulh fulmdýl prdlmdph` y ns n` in idfnrnlmdhr `hs mkshs. @h infdldmdýl ns ul mklb`kjnrhik in sdblks `dlbðêstdmks h trhväs in` muh` sn injhrmh n` mklmnptk, ul mklmnptk pkr ktrh phrtn ns idfnrnltn h `h dltudmdýl infdldälik`ks h mhih ulk rnspnmtdvhjnltn mkjk, skl ‐fkrjh`nths‚=6  qun tdnl tdnlnl nl mkjk mkjk fulmdýl fulmdýl ihr`n ihr`nss fkrjh fkrjh h `hs dltudmdklns dltud mdklns (mklmnp (mklmnptk), tk), `h djhbnl djhbnl qun sn rnh`dzh nl `h jnltn y tdnln mklthmtk mklthmtk mkl `hs mkshs (dltudmdýl). _kr ktrk `hik, n` mklmnptk in` inrnmck punin snr mklsdinrhik prnmhrdk, yh qun tdnln nqudvkmdihi, mhrbh njktdvh y hinjès su mklmnptk ns vhbk. _hrh snr jès prnmdsks nl mhih ulk, ns nqudvkmh, yh qun sn rnfdnrn h lkrjhs qun rnbu`hl `h mkliumth cujhlh nl `ubhr y jkjnltks nspnmêfdmks thjadäl sn rnfdnrn h `h fhmu`thi in chmnr k lk chmnr h`bk, in nxdbdr `h  U MDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z

=6

3

 

ngnmumdýl in ulh mkliumth, y thjadäl sn rnfdnrn h ` mdnlmdh in` inrnmck, nltrn ktrhs idstdlths rnfnrnlmdhs qun hahrmh nstn mklmnptk in inrnmck. Ydnln ulh mhrbh njktdvh yh qun tdnln ulh rnhmmdýl rnhmmd ýl sk`k mkl prklulm prklulmdhr`h dhr`h y punin snr fhvkrha` fhvkrha`nn k insfhvkrha`n. insfhvkrha`n. T pkr ÷`tdjk ÷`tdjk ns vhbh  pkrqun ‐nl `k rn`htdvk h` inrnmck kagntdvk lk chy hmunrik nl `h ikmtrdlh skarn sd‚=2 sn chmn rnfnrnlmdh h` inrnmck pksdtdvk, thjadäl ns vhbh nl `h rhjh in` inrnmck suagntdvk brhmdhs h qun `ks gurdsths hprkvnmchl `h nxprnsdýl ‐ inrnmck‚ phrh snøh`hr h idfnrnltns pksdmdklns  gurêidmhs in vnlthgh y nxdbdr mdnrth mkliumth5 h ulh `danrthi prktnbdih pkr n` inrnmck kagntdvk, kagntd vk, nstk sn rnfdnrn h ul prdvd`nbd prdvd`nbdk‚ k‚=3  pksdad`dihi pksdad`dihi in intnrjdlhr `h prkpdh mkliumt mkliumth‚, h‚, h ulh pktnsthi ‐mhphmdihi in mrnhr lkrjhs gurêidmhs‚ =4, y ulh dljuldihi ‐ nsthiks in lk sugnmdýl k skjntdjdnltk‚9?. _kr thltk, ahgk `h rnh`dihi rhidmh` n` inrnmck kagntdvk ns‚ ul usk nltrn usks‚, qun sn chmn  prnvh`nmnr h phrtdr in `h funrzh dlstdtumdklh`dzhih, in nsth jhlnrh qudnrn jhltnlnrsn ahgk `hs nxdstnlmdhs dlidvdiuh`ns, qun pkirêhjks iniumdr qun in nsth jhlnrh rnspnth `h idbldihi cujhlh. ]n punin nltnlinr h` inrnmck mkjk ulh mdnlmdh yh qun ns ul mklb`kjnrhik in dinhs ul mklgultk, qun prntnlin ‐nspujhr `h nsnlmdh in ul kagntdmk in` uldvnrsk‚ 98  @h rnh`dihi ns ulh pksdad`dihi in nltnlinr n` inrnmck in jngkr fkrjh, yh qun `n pnrjdtn nstha`nmnr shlmdklns y rnspnthr in h`bulh jhlnrh `h idbldihi cujhlh5 hahrmh idfnrnltns hspnmtks mkjk `h `danrthi, `h rnspklshad`dihi, qun hphrtn nsths sn mkrrnspklinl pkrqun nltrn jhykr `danrthi jès rnspklshad`dihi gurêidmh, in h`bulh jhlnrh `h rnh`dihi rhidmh` ns ulh cnrrhjdnlth phrh nltnlinr in jngkr jhlnrh h` ‐yk y su mdrmulsthlmdh.

 U MDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z  U MDYHYDKL cnl P` 4116 Z

=2 =3 =4 9? 98

4