Resumen El Lector de Julio Verne

 

B@ @BNUGQ EB MR@FG XBQKB . J@IREBKJ DQJKEB^ FKUQGERNNFÞK B` `bntgr eb Mu`fg Xbrkb, pua`fnjej bk 1?:1, bs `j sbdukej kgvb`j eb `j sbrfb ‐Bpfsgefgs eb   ukj

dubrrj fktbrifkja`b’, uk jiafnfgsg prgybntg eb J`iuebkj Drjkebs. ^b ngipgkb eb sbfs kgvb`js

fkebpbkefbktbs qub kjrrjk igibktgs sfdkfhfnjtfvgs eb `j rbsfstbknfj jktfhrjkqufstj bk uk pbrfgeg ngiprbkefeg bktrb :6>6 y :685, y nuygs pbrsgkjmbs prfknfpj`bs fktbrjntýjk ngk hfdurjs rbj`bs y bsnbkjrfgs cfstþrfngs. B` bspérftu y b` igeb`g hgrij`, jsé ngig `j b`bnnfþk eb` tétu`g, cgibkjmbjk j `gs Bpfsgefgs Kjnfgkj`bs eb Abkftg _ærbz Dj`eþs. B` prgtjdgkfstj eb `j garj bs Kfkg, uk kfúg eb kubvb júgs qub bmbrnb, j su vbz, eb kjrrjegr eb `j cfstgrfj. Kfkg, cfmg eb uk Dujrefj Nfvf`, vfvb ngk su hjif`fj bk `j njsj nujrtb` eb Hubksjktj eb Ijrtgs, uk puba`bnftg eb `j ^fbrrj ^ur bk `j prgvfknfj eb Mjæk. @j kgvb`j kjrrj `j cfstgrfj eb bstb kf kfúg úg qub `bybkeg `fargs eb Mu`fg Xbrkb jprbkefþ nuê` brj `j rbj`feje eb `j Bspjúj rurj` eb hfkj`bs eb `gs júgs 5?.

:.- UBIJ^ EB @J KGXB@J B` `bntgr eb Mu`fg Xbrkb bs ukj «kgvb`j eb jprbkefzjmb g Af`eukdsrgijk, dækbrg `ftbrjrfg qub sb

nbktrj bk b` nrbnfifbktg (hésfng y igrj`) eb` prgtjdgkfstj, qub pjsj eb `j fkhjknfj j` prfknfpfg eb `j kgvb`j j `j beje jeu`tj j` hfkj` eb `j garj. B` tbij prfknfpj` eb prfknfpj` eb bsb tfpg eb kgvb`js bs `j bvg`unfþk eb` pbrsgkjmb nbktrj`, nbktrj`, qub j ibkueg sb bknubktrj bk ngkh`fntg ngk b` iukeg bxtbrfgr, sbj su hjif`fj, `j sgnfbeje, btn. Bk B` `bntgr eb Mu`fg Xbrkb sb p`jsij `j bvg`unfþk eb Kfkg, uk kfúg ajmftg b fkebnfsg, qub jnjaj ngkvfrtfækegsb bk j`dufbk efspubstg j `uncjr pgr `g qub nrbb qub bs ngrrbntg. ngrrbntg.   @j jifstje y b` jigr . B` ebspbrtjr j `j ijeurbz eb` kfúg prgtjdgkfstj vfbkb jngipjújeg

eb `j hfdurj n`jvb eb _bpb b` _grtuduæs, _grtuduæs , uk dubrrf``brg qub rbsfeb n`jkebstfkjibktb bk Hubksjktj, bktrb :654 y :656 y qub sb ngkvfbrtb bk duéj bspfrftuj` y igeb`g eb ngipgrtjifbktg pjrj Kfkg. Bktrb jiags surdb ukj jifstje qub vbrtbarj tgej `j cfstgrfj eb su jprbkefzjmb. J trjvæs eb æ` ebsnuarb `j vbreje eb `gs cbncgs y ngk æ` surdb su jigr pgr `j `bnturj. @j kgvb`j bs, pubs, uk cfikg j `j jifstje bk ukj æpgnj pjrtfnu`jribktb eurj.

Gtrj hfdurj hukejibktj` bk `j bvg`unfþk eb` prgtjdgkfstj bs egúj B`bkj, B`bkj , ukj ijbstrj rbtfrjej, qub vfvb bk uk ngrtfmg bk b` igktb egkeb tfbkb ukj afa`fgtbnj pbqubúj y n`jkebstfkj. Bstj bipfbzj j ejr`b n`jsbs eb ibnjkgdrjhéj jukqub `js tbkerê qub jajkegkjr pgrqub sus pjerbs kg pubebk pjdjr`js.  

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@gs `fargs eb egúj B`bkj, `j jigrgsj rb`jnfþk rb`jnfþk efsnépu`g-ijbstrj qub bktja`j bktja`j ngk b``j, y `j jifstje eb _bpb, b` _grtuduæs, ngkvbrtfrêk j Kfkg bk uk kfúg efhbrbktb y `g hgrijrêk ngig ukj pbrsgkj iuy efstfktj eb `j qub bstjaj ebstfkjej j sbr. @j vbrejebrj cfstgrfj eb jigr eb bstj kgvb`j bs `j nrþkfnj eb `gs jhbntgs qub vfknu`jk j` kfúg ngk `gs egs jeu`tgs  jeu`tgs  qub sbrêk njpjnbs eb sj`vjr`g, eb bksbújr`b j ``bdjr j `j jeg`bsnbknfj ngk `js cbrrjifbktjs suhfnfbktbs suhfnfbktbs pjrj bsngdbr pgr sé sg`g `j vfej qub qufbrb vfvfr. @j _gsdubrrj. @j Dubrrj Nfvf` y sus sbnub`js. J`iuebkj Drjkebs `gdrj rbh`bmjr `gs efstfktgs jspbntgs eb `j sgnfbeje bspjúg`j eb `j pgsdubrrj, ngig sb p`jktbþ nujkeg bipbzþ j bsnrfafr `gs Bpfsgefgs eb ukj dubrrj fktbrifkja`b< bk B` `bntgr eb Mu`fg Xbrkb   `js pbrfpbnfjs pbrfpbnfjs kgvb`bsnjs `b sfrvbk pjr pjrjj

cjnbr uk rbtrjtg eb `j Bspjúj rurj` eb `j prfibrj pgsdubrrj. @j sftujnfþk qub rbnrbj `j kgvb`j, b` iukeg bk b` qub vfvb Kfkg, bs erjiêtfng< ebseb `gs gmgs eb uk kfúg jsfstfigs j tgej `j ajrajrfb qub ngkstftuyþ `j efntjeurj hrjkqufstj y sb bxj`tj j uk puba`g qub, jebiês eb `j ifsbrfj y `j fktbipbrfb, tuvg qub sgarbvfvfr cbrgfnjibktb j` ifbeg, j `j tgrturj y j `j pbrijkbktb jibkjzj eb iubrtb. ^b trjtj eb ukj kgvb`j rbj`fstj, eb fkh`ubknfj dj`egsfjkj. @j jutgrj fktbktj bktbkebr `j ibigrfj cfstþrfnj eb ebstfkg ng`bntfvg eb` pjés, eb `j ifsij hgrij qub cfzg Dj`eþs bk sus Bpfsgefgs Kjnfgkj`bs. @j bsnrftgrj ijerf`búj sb sftýj eb` `jeg eb `gs pbrebegrbs, pbrg bstgs kg sgk ýkfnjibktb `gs rbpua`fnjkgs< njsf tjk pbrebegrbs ngig b``gs sgk ukgs nujktgs pbrsgkjmbs qub pgr febg`gdéj, bip`bg g jzjr, ngig b` pjerb eb` prgtjdgkfstj, sb ejk nubktj eb qub j vbnbs cjk eb jntujr eb ijkbrj fkmustj g jraftrjrfj, g qufbkbs jsfstbk sfk pgebr fipbefr`gs j `gs bxnbsgs eb `j jutgrfeje. J`dukgs jspbntgs qub iubstrjk bk `j garj `j trjdbefj qub sb vfvfþ bk Bspjúj bk bstj æpgnj=  

@j rbprbsfþk. @js tgrturjs. @js bmbnunfgkbs. Eurjktb tgej `j efntjeurj, bspbnfj`ibktb bk

`gs júgs nujrbktj, sb bmbrnfþ ukj rbprbsfþk arutj` ngktrj `j pga`jnfþk qub sfdufþ jpgyjkeg `j njusj rbpua`fnjkj< sb `farþ ukj dubrrj sbnrbtj bktrb `gs dubrrf``brgs jktfhjsnfstjs eb` igktb y `js jutgrfejebs if`ftjrbs eb `gs puba`gs< qufbkbs sb gpgkéjk j` rædfibk g igstrjajk nuj`qufbr jntftue ngktrjrfj j` ifsig hubrgk pbrsbdufegs sfk nujrtb`. @j rbprbsfþk sb bmbrnfþ eb ijkbrj arutj` ngktrj `js iumbrbs, iumbrbs , iumbrbs ngig Njtj`fkj, Njtj`fkj, `j Quafj< Hbrkjkej, `j _bsbtf``j g `j iumbr e ebb Nbknbrrg, qub tuvfbrgk qub sgarbvfvfr bk ngkefnfgkbs iuy eurjs, sgibtfejs j ngkstjktbs tgrturjs< pjrj b``js bs pb`fdrgsg vbstfrsb eb `utg nujkeg iubrb uk hjif`fjr g ngkhbsjr qub bstêk biajrjzjejs eb sus ijrfegs qub bstêk bk `j dubrrf``j. Ujiafæk sb `bs prgcéab nuj`qufbr jntfvfeje qub `bs pbriftfréj vfvfr ngk j`dg eb efdkfeje, ngig cjnbr `j rbngvj g rbngdbr b` bspjrtg< pgr bsg Jktgkfg rfúb j su iumbr pgr cjabr ngiprjeg cubvgs eb `j rbngvj j Hf`g.  

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Jebiês eb `j rbprbsfþk pg`étfnj y bngkþifnj, bxfstb tjiafæk ukj rbprbsfþk nu`turj`  nu`turj`  bxtrbij, (Kfkg bs uk kfúg prfvf`bdfjeg pgrqub tfbkb `j subrtb eb kg sg`g `bbr iuncgs `fargs n`êsfngs, sfkg tjiafæk `fargs prgcfafegs, ngig `gs Bpfsgefgs Kjnfgkj`bs eb Dj`eþs) bmbrnfej tjiafæk ebseb `j bsnub`j= egk Busbafg sb sgrprbkeb y sb bkhjej j` gér `j nrétfnj ebnfefej eb Kfkg sgarb b` jngktbnfifbktg eb` Egs eb Ijyg. Kg bs ngkvbkfbktb nubstfgkjr `j cfstgrfj ngktbipgrêkbj bk pýa`fng, kf sfqufbrj bk `j bsnub`j= «Vj pubeb ejrib `js drjnfjs pgr cjabr rgtg su bxjibk, pgrqub `j prþxfij vbz `g dujrejræ bk uk njmþk pjrj ngibktjr`g ngk b` fkspbntgr ¼ ¼..  

B` bkhrbktjifbktg bktrb egs ajkegs. ajkegs . Bk `j kgvb`j sb iubstrj `j hgrij eb vfvfr y eb jntujr

eb `gs egs ajkegs bkhrbktjegs. - 

@j Dujrefj Nfvf`. Nfvf`. _jrj fipgkbr `j sbdurfeje sgnfj` y bvftjr `js sua`bvjnfgkbs jrijejs

rbnurréj j ibefejs bxtrbijs jipjrêkegsb bk `js `bybs qub juibktjajk b` rbncjzg eb `j pga`jnfþk. _brg pjrj J`iuebkj Drjkebs bs fduj`ibktb véntfij eb` rædfibk gprbsfvg vfdbktb, ngkstftuybkeg `js ajtfejs uk jntg eb gabefbknfj j þrebkbs qub dbkbrjk drjk jkdustfj bktrb `j hjif`fj eb `gs dujrefjs qub bspbrjk suhrfbkeg su rbdrbsg. - 

@j dubrrf``j. dubrrf``j. Qbprbsbktj `j gpgsfnfþk j` rædfibk hrjkqufstj. Uuvg qub bkhrbktjrsb j `j

dujrefj nfvf` y j kuibrgsgs eb`jtgrbs. Bk `j kgvb`j sb fkn`uybk vjrfgs pbrsgkjmbs qub rbprbsbktjk `j gpgsfnfþk j `j efntjeurj. Rkgs vfvéjk bk `j n`jkebstfkfeje, ngig _bpb b` _grtuduæs, y gtrgs ``bvjajk ega`b vfej ngig b` sjrdbktg ^jkncés. Ujiafæk jpjrbnbk `éebrbs ngig Nbknbrrg.  

B` tbrrgr y b` ifbeg. @j vj`bktéj y `j ngajreéj. B` vbrejebrg prgtjdgkfstj eb `j kgvb`j,

sbdýk ijkfhfbstj `j prgpfj jutgrj, bs b` ifbeg, uk ifbeg arutj`, rbspgksja`b eb qub njsf tgegs `gs vbnfkgs eb` puba`g tbkdjk ukj ega`b vfej, pgrqub kfkdukg sb jtrbvb j igstrjrsb tj` y ngig bs. Bktrb gtrgs, sb ijtbrfj`fzj bstb ifbeg bk _bpj, `j cbrijkj ibkgr eb Kfkg, qub kg pubeb egrifr j njusj eb `gs drftgs qub gyb pgr `js kgncbs, y qub ga`fdj j su cbrijkg j ibktfr`b y j njktjr`b pjrj vg`vbr j ngknf`fjr b` subúg. B` tbrrgr sb jp`fnþ eb ukj hgrij tjk hbrgz qub prgeumg iubstrjs eb njsf tgejs `js vjrfbejebs eb `j  `j  cbrgfnfeje y `j vj`bktéj< vj`bktéj< bk `j kgvb`j bxfstbk drjkebs cbncgs cbrgfngs ngig `j iubrtb eb Nbknbrrg, g `j ngkhbsfþk eb su iumbr sgarb qufæk brj b` pjerb eb` cfmg qub bstjaj bspbrjkeg sjafbkeg `js ngksbnubknfjs qub sb ebrfvjréjk eb bstb jntg< y cbncgs cbrgfngs iês ngtfefjkgs ngig b` eb `js vfuejs qub tfbkebk rgpj kbdrj nujkeg gnurrb j`dg ij`g j `j dubrrf``j. _brg tjiafæk prgeunb bmbip`gs eb ngajreéj y eb trjfnfþk trjfnfþk pgr  pgr pjrtb eb j`dukgs pbrsgkjmbs, ngig `gs rbab`ebs qub bstjajk efspubstgs j vbkebr j Nbknbrrg pgr efkbrg  g `gs dujrefjs nfvf`bs qub ifrjk

pjrj gtrg `jeg g sb biagrrjncjk pjrj kg jsuifr sus jntgs.  

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@j ibtj`ftbrjturj g `ftbrjturj ebktrg eb `j `ftbrjturj. `ftbrjturj . @js rbhbrbknfjs j garjs `ftbrjrfjs y j drjkebs jutgrbs eb `j `ftbrjturj bspjúg`j y bxtrjkmbrj sgk ngkstjktbs. ^b j`ueb j` jrduibktg eb garjs ngknrbtjs ngig @gs cfmgs eb` njpftêk Drjkt , @j fs`j eb` tbsgrg  g eb j`dukgs Bpfsgefgs Kjnfgkj`bs, vfknu`êkeg`g ngk b` ebvbkfr eb `j trjij eb Kfkg< y sb rfkeb cgibkjmb j j`dukgs bsnrftgrbs, bspbnfj`ibktb j Mu`fg Xbrkb y Xbrkb y j Dj`eþs Dj`eþs.. B` :½, jebiês eb hfdurjr bk b` tétu`g eb `j kgvb`j, bs b` jutgr qub ebspfbrtj `js jksfjs eb `bbr eb` prgtjdgkfstj y ukg eb `gs drjkebs jutgrbs eb kgvb`js eb jvbkturjs, dækbrg bk b` nuj` tjiafæk sb pubeb fksnrfafr bstj garj. B` 1½, ngig bmbip`g eb jutgr rbj`fstj j qufbk ebab tjktg B` `bntgr eb Mu`fg Xbrkb  y `j sbrfb j `j qub bstj pbrtbkbnb. @j `bnturj. `bnturj. ^b iubstrj nþig `j `bnturj bksbúj pjutjs eb ngipgrtjifbktg y kgs cjnb ibmgrbs eb `g qub ærjigs bk uk prfknfpfg. Drjnfjs j _bpb, Kfkg sb fktbrbsj pgr `gs `fargs eb jvbkturjs eb Mu`fg Xbrkb. B`bkj tjiafæk ngktrfauyb j su jhfnfþk. @gs `fargs `b jarbk ukj pubrtj j uk iukeg ebsngkgnfeg, eêkeg`b ukj vfsfþk iês jip`fj eb `j vfej y jyueêkeg`g j pbksjr eb ijkbrj fkebpbkefbktb sgarb `gs jsuktgs qub gnurrbk j su j`rbebegr. Bs uk kfúg ibktj`ibktb prbngz y j` hfkj` ebnfeb su prgpfg ebstfkg, ebefnêkegsb j `j `uncj ngktrj b` rædfibk eb Hrjkng pjrj tbrifkjr jsé jqub``j dubrrj fktbrifkja`b muktg muktg ngk su jifdg, bk vbz eb sbdufr `g qub cjaéj p`jkbjeg pjrj æ` su hjif`fj. @j beunjnfþk. beunjnfþk. J`iuebkj Drjkebs rbtrjtþ ebtj``jejibktb j egs ijbstrgs eb bsnub`j bk B` `bntgr eb Mu`fg Xbrkb qub rbprbsbktjk egs hgrijs tgtj`ibktb efhbrbktbs eb beunjr.

Rkj bs egúj B`bkj y b` gtrg, egk Busbafg. B`bkj bs ukj prghbsgrj qub bksbúj j Kfkg j bsnrfafr j iêqufkj, pbrg j` ifsig tfbipg `b bxp`fnj pgng j pgng j` kfúg nþig bs `j vfej y `j cfstgrfj y `b jyuej j pbksjr eb ijkbrj fkebpbkefbktb. B``j bs jafbrtj b fktb`fdbktb. B` gtrg bs egk Busbafg, b` ijbstrg eb` puba`g, p uba`g, qub kg pbriftb qub sus j`uikgs sb bxprbsbk ngk `fabrtje y jntýj eb hgrij fkmustj nujkeg j`dukg `b efnb `g qub pfbksj, ngig cjnb ngk B`éjs, b` Qbdj`ftg.

1.- JKÊ@F^F^ EB @G^ _BQ^GKJMB^ B` `bntgr eb Mu`fg Xbrkb   bs ukj kgvb`j eb jvbkturjs jvbkturjs nuyj  nuyj trjij prfknfpj` bstê prfknfpj` bstê prgtjdgkfzjej

pgr Kfkg< Kfkg< pbrg bstj cfstgrfj nbktrj` sb vj bkrfqubnfbkeg ngk gtrjs trjijs sbnukejrfjs qub sbnukejrfjs qub kjrrjk `j erjiêtfnj sftujnfþk qub vfvbk gtrjs pbrsgkjs eb` puba`g. @`jij `j jtbknfþk `j drjk njktfeje eb pbrsgkjmbs   y `j jaukejktb utf`fzjnfþk eb igtbs pjrj rbhbrfrsb j b``gs   (Ngibrrb`gmbs, b` _grtuduæs, pbrsgkjmbs Nbknbrrg, Njabzj`jrdj, Ibefjiumbr , Nub``geurg, Qgef``jspb`ês, Hfkdbkbdgnfgs, _utfsjktg, Njkfmg...),

j`dg iuy njrjntbréstfng eb `gs puba`gs, qub jpgrtj ukj vbkj nþifnj y pbriftbk ngkgnbr ibmgr j` pbrsgkjmb j` bstjr rb`jnfgkjegs rb`jnfgkjegs ngk su hésfn hésfng, g, su cfstgrfj g su hjif`fj.

 

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Kfkg, b` prgtjdgkfstj Kfkg bs uk kfúg, fkspfrjeg bk Nrfstfkg, uk jifdg eb J`iuebkj Drjkebs, nuyg huturg bs fknfbrtg= bstê prbebstfkjeg j sbdufr `gs pjsgs eb su pjerb y sbr dujrefj nfvf`, pbrg pgr sus ngkefnfgkbs hésfnjs y pgr su hgrij eb pbksjr, bstg vj j sbr fkvfja`b. Bs `j prfibrj vbz qub `j kgvb`fstj sftýj j uk kfúg ngig prgtjdgkfstj y kjrrjegr eb su garj y ngk b``g `j jutgrj rbfvfkefnj b` ebrbncg j gpfkjr eb `gs kfúgs, cjnfbkeg vfsfa`b su pjpb` ebktrg eb `j sgnfbeje y bvfebknfjkeg su fipgrtjknfj bk b``j. Kfkg bs uk njsg bspbnfj` bktrb `gs kfúgs eb `j njsj nujrtb` pgr `j b`bnnfþk hfkj` eb su ebstfkg. _rgktg, j` bktbkebr b` ebsbg eb su pjerb sgarb su huturg, sb sfbktb nu`pja`b pgr kg cjabr nrbnfeg tjktg ngig bstb bspbrjaj. Jukqub nrbnb hésfnjibktb tjk ebspjnfg qub kg pubeb ejr `j tj``j pjrj sbr uk dujrefj nfvf`, su ibktb sb prbsbktj iês prbngz qub `j eb `gs jifdgs eb su beje. Bstb kfúg tfbkb uk ebstfkg jsfdkjeg, bstê prbsg bk ukj rbj`feje gefgsj, ifbktrjs ebsbj ukj hgrij eb vfej tgtj`ibktb efhbrbktb ngig `j eb Nbknbrrg g `j eb _bpb, b` _grtuduæs. _gr bsg j` hfkj` b`fdb fkebpbkefbktbibktb `uncjr ngktrj `j efntjeurj -ngig sus jifdgs y `gs eb` igktb- ngk `j hfkj`feje eb cjnbr jvjkzjr b` pjés. _gr gtrg `jeg, tfbkb b` ngrjzþk efvfefeg bktrb b` jigr pgr su pjerb y su jeifrjnfþk pgr `gs dubrrf``brgs, juk j sjafbkejs eb qub bs ukj pjsfþk prgcfafej pgrqub sgk `gs bkbifdgs eb su pjerb. Bstb ef`bij ijrnjrê tgej su fkhjknfj. J`iuebkj Drjkebs cj nrbjeg iês hfdurjs eb kfúgs ngk efhbrbktbs njrjntbrbs< j`dukgs sfrvbk pjrj njrjntbrfzjr j` prgtjdgkfstj pgr ngktrjstb. _gr uk `jeg, _jquftg _jquftg,, ngig cfmg eb dujrefj nfvf`, sfbiprb pfbksj `js ngsjs fduj` qub `gs jeu`tgs eb `j njsj nujrtb`, ebmêkegsb fkh`ufr pgr b``gs. _gr gtrg `jeg, B`bkftj B`bkftj,, `j kfbtj eb egúj B`bkj, jspfrj j vfvfr bk `j nfueje y j jsnbkebr eb n`jsb sgnfj`. B`bkftj y Kfkg sb j`bmjk drjeuj`ibktb j pbsjr eb qub j` prfknfpfg pjrbnbk pjrbnbk sbktfr j`dg b` ukg pgr b` gtrg.

Gtrgs pbrsgkjmbs prfknfpj`bs=  _bpb b` _grtuduæs Bs uk cgiarb ifstbrfgsg eb` qub kg sb rbvb`j efrbntjibktb su ngkefnfþk eb ifbiarg eb `j n`jkebstfkfeje cjstj qub sb ebspfeb pjrj sfbiprb eb Hubksjktj eb Ijrtgs, y kg sjabigs su kgiarb rbj` cjstj b` hfk eb `j kgvb`j, j pbsjr eb qub sb trjtj eb ukg eb `gs prgtjdgkfstjs. Æ` kg bxfstfþ bk vbreje, pbrg pbsj iuncg bk B` `bntgr eb Mu`fg Xbrkb. Jktb tgeg, ngig nuj`qufbr pbrsgkj bk `j n`jkebstfkfeje, _bpb b` _grtuduæs, cj cbncg sus trjajmgs pbrhbntjibktb sfk qub `gs dujrefjs nfvf`bs sgspbncbk eb æ`. Urjksiftb `j fkhgrijnfþk j `gs

 

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dubrrf``brgs, utf`fzj su njsj ngig uk puktg eb jpgyg, ebsgrfbktj j `gs dujrefjs nfvf`bs, y nujkeg jnjaj b` hrjkqufsig sb prbsbktj ngig njkefejtg j `js b`bnnfgkbs ebignrêtfn ebignrêtfnjs. js. Ngig jifdg y igeb`g eb Kfkg, bstja`bnb aubkjs rb`jnfgkbs ngk æ`, b fkh`uyb iuncg bk b` pbqubúg, tjktg bk su njrêntbr nujkeg sbj jeu`tg ngig bk `j b`bnnfþk eb su njifkg. J` ncfng `b sgrprbkeb `g efhbrbktb qub bs eb `gs ebiês cgiarbs eb` puba`g, j`dufbk tgtj`ibktb `farb eb jtjeurjs< y, sfk ebmjr eb jeifrjr`g, sb ngkvfbrtb bk su jifdg. _jrj b` pbqubúg, rbprbsbktj `j fkebpbkebknfj bk su bstjeg iês purg.

Egúj B`bkj Bs `j prghbsgrj eb Kfkg, ukj ijbstrj muaf`jej qub ebstjnj pgr su cuijkfeje y pgr jktbpgkbr `j jifstje j `j ibrj trjksifsfþk eb ngkgnfifbktgs. ^b kjrrj bk `j kgvb`j qub B`bkj sb njsþ, tuvg egs cfmjs y qub bk `j jntuj`feje eb` rb`jtg vfvb ngk su kfbtj bk Hubksjktj eb Ijrtgs. _gsbb ukj jip`fj afa`fgtbnj qub cjnb `gs eb`bftbs eb Kfkg. Jebiês, bs ukj iumbr ngk ukj vjstj nu`turj. Ej n`jsbs eb ibnjkgdrjhéj, tjqufdrjhéj, hrjknæs b fkd`æs, pbrg tjiafæk cja`j ngk b` kfúg sgarb tbijs eb cfstgrfj y jnbrnj eb `j sftujnfþk jntuj`. Bktrb `gs `fargs bxfstbktbs bk `j afa`fgtbnj, sb bknubktrj `j garj eb Abkftg _ærbz Dj`eþs, qub Kfkg `bb êvfejibktb, pjrj bsnêkej`g eb su prghbsgr, Egk Busbafg, qub ngksfebrj j` jutgr ebijsfjeg rbvg`unfgkjrfg. Egk Busbafg bs uk ngajreb, ifbktrjs qub Egúj B`bkj bs ukj eb `js cbrgékjs eb `j kgvb`j. B``j y sus `fargs sbrêk uk b`bibktg hukejibktj` bk `j bvg`unfþk eb Kfkg.

Gtrgs pbrsgkjmbs fipgrtjktbs  

@gs dujrefjs nfvf`bs. `j nfvf`bs. `j ijygréj gabebnbk þrebkbs, pbrg kg sfbktbk kfkdýk p`jnbr bk b``g, j`

ngktrjrfg. Bmbrnbk su pgebr y sfdubk b` ijkejtg eb Hrjkng, pbrg ukj pjrtb p jrtb eb b``gs sb rbab`j ngktrj `js tgrturjs, `js pbrsbnunfgkbs y `gs bsnjrifbktgs qub bmbrnbk sgarb `gs «bkbifdgs¼. Jukqub sb efnbk j sé ifsigs qub `j nu`pj kg bs eb b``gs, bk b` hgkeg sé sb sfbktbk nu`pja`bs. Jpjrbnbk ngig fkstruibktgs eb `j rbprbsfþk, pbrg j` ifsig tfbipg ngig gtrjs véntfijs iês eb` rædfibk gprbsfvg vfdbktb. J`dukgs ifbiargs rb`bvjktbs eb bstb drupg sgk=

 Egk ^j`vjegr, ^j`vjegr, ngkgnfeg pgr b` sgarbkgiarb eb Ifncb`ék, bs tbkfbktb eb` Bmærnftg eb Ufbrrj, y `j iêxfij jutgrfeje if`ftjr bk b` puba`g. _jrj Kfkg, b` grfdbk eb `j ijygréj eb `gs jntgs ``bvjegs j njag bk b` nujrtb`, y bspbnfj`ibktb bspbnfj`ibktb `gs eb Ifncb`ék, bs `j ngajreéj.

  @j ega`b vfej= ^jkncés y Jktgkfg, b` pjerb eb Kfkg ^gk `gs egs dujrefjs nfvf`bs qub prbsbktjk ijygr ngip`bmfeje pgrqub j trjvæs eb b``gs bs efhénf` efstfkdufr `j `bdj`feje eb `j n`jkebstfkfeje. Jqub` bs uk rbpua`fnjkg qub jntýj pbrhbntjibktb ngig dujrefj nfvf` hfb` y eb hubrtb njrêntbr, ifbktrjs qub æstb bs uk dujrefj nfvf` qub eurjktb bsgs júgs kg ebmj eb vjnf`jr sgarb `g qub ebab cjnbr.  

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  ^jkncés ^jkncés,, j pbsjr eb su aubkj jpjrfbknfj, kg bs ukj pbrsgkj jdrjeja`b pjrj `gs vbnfkgs. Ugegs `b tfbkbk iês ifbeg qub j nuj`qufbr gtrg dujrefj y kg `bs dustj su jntftue sgabrafj y su ij` njrêntbr. ^fk biajrdg, Kfkg ebsnuarb bk æ` uk `jeg tfbrkg y cuijkg bk `j bsnbkj bk qub `b bstê pfktjkeg `j uújs j su iumbr. Iês jeb`jktb sb ebsvb ebsvb`j `j qub bs æ` qufbk tfbkb ngktjntg ngk `gs eb` igktb y qub prgtbdb `gs fktbrbsbs eb `gs ijqufs. Ngig nuj`qufbr jktfhrjkqufstj eurjktb `j pgsdubrrj, ^jkncés sb efshrjzj tjk bxftgsjibktb qub kjefb euej eb su hfeb`feje j` dgafbrkg hrjkqufstj. Nujkeg bs ebsnuafbrtg, gptj pgr sufnfejrsb, bk vbz eb bktrbdjrsb g cufr   B` pjerb eb Kfkg, Jktgkfg , tjiafæk hgrij pjrtb eb `gs dujrefjs nfvf`bs ‐jija`bs’ y tfbkb sus prgpfjs ngktrjefnnfgkbs, pbrg sg`g eb hgrij fktbrkj, pgrqub kg sb jtrbvb j ijkfhbstjr ijk fhbstjr `g qub gpfkj iês qub j su iumbr. ^b cj ngkvbrtfeg bk dujrefj nfvf` pgr njsuj`feje bk bsj æpgnj ngkvu`sj, j pbsjr eb qub j`dukgs eb sus hjif`fjrbs sgk eurgs `uncjegrbs jktfhrjkqufstjs. @j ebnfsfþk tgijej `b rbsu`tj njej vbz iês eg`grgsj. Kfkg jeifrj j su pjerb pgrqub sb ej nubktj eb qub kg bs hb`fz, eb qub bstê eb j`dukj ijkbrj jtrjpjeg bk uk ebstfkg qub kg bs b` qub æ` cj qubrfeg y, muktg ngk su jeifrjnfþk pgr Nbknbrrg, tgij `j ebtbrifkjnfþk eb qub kg vj j sbdufr sus pjsgs y eb qub kuknj vj j sbr dujrefj nfvf`.

 

^búj`jr `j kgvbeje qub supgkb b` pbrsgkjmb eb `j ijerb eb Kfkg, Ibrnbebs Qégs, Qégs, yj

qub bs `j prfibrj vbz bk `j garj eb J`iuebkj Drjkebs qub `j hfdurj eb `j ijerb bs prbsbktjej ngk njrjntbréstfnjs pgsftfvjs. Bs ukj ijerb njrfúgsj y prbgnupjej pgr b` afbkbstjr eb sus trbs cfmgs. B` fkibksg jigr qub sfbktb pgr sus cfmgs `j ``bvjk j bkhrbktjrsb ngk b` tbkfbktb pjrj prgtbdbr j Kfkg, jukqub, jktb sus jibkjzjs, tfbkb qub jnjajr sgibtfækegsb j æ`.

 

Bk bstb ifnrgukfvbrsg qub bs `j njsj-nujrtb` ebab ibknfgkjrsb tjiafæk j _jstgrj _jstgrj,,

bmbip`g eb `j iumbr rb`jtfvjibktb bijknfpjej. Njsjej ngk Ifdub` ^jkncés, kg sb ngcéab bk ijkfhbstjr pýa`fnjibktb su jigr. ^u sbksuj`feje bs gasbrvjej pgr tgegs, fkn`usg pgr Kfkg. @j dubrrf``j. @gs ijqufs. J`dukgs ifbiargs fipgrtjktbs eb bstb drupg=

  Nbknbrrg. Ngig `éebr iês hjigsg eb `gs dubrrf``brgs eb Mjæk Grfbktj`, tjiafæk jpjrbnb bk `j kgvb`j. ^b p`jsij iês fkefrbntjibktb j trjvæs eb `gs rb`jtgs `bdbkejrfgs, qub ebmjk drjk cub``j bk b` pbqubúg Kfkg y prgvgnjk qub sfbktj ukj hubrtb jeifrjnfþk pgr æ`. Ugiês Xf``æk Qg`eêk, b` vbrejebrg Nbknbrrg, brj uk cgiarb iuy fktb`fdbktb y iuy juejz qub tuvg bk mjqub j tgej `j dujrefj nfvf` eb Mjæk. @j bsnbkj eb su erjiêtfnj iubrtb b` :4 eb mu`fg eb :654 bs fiprbsfgkjktb. Qbdj`ftg  hub nrbjeg pgr `j   J` ngktrjrfg eb `j vbrjnfeje cfstþrfnj eb Nbknbrrg, B`éjs, b` Qbdj`ftg 

jutgrj ngig b` sunbsgr eb Nbknbrrg. Jktbs, cjaéj sfeg uk aubk bstuefjktb qub `b dustjaj iuncg j su  

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prghbsgr y bk b` qub cjaéj pubstg iuncjs bspbrjkzjs. _gr rjzgkbs hjif`fjrbs -`gs suygs brjk eb febg`gdéj rbpua`fnjkj-, sb vj j` igktb. Bk rbj`feje, j pbsjr eb `j iubrtb hésfnj eb Nbknbrrg, `js `bybkejs y b` bspérftu eb bstb `éebr sgarbvfvfbrgk pjrj bstfiu`jr j sus ngipjúbrgs j sbdufr `uncjkeg. B`éjs sg`g bs ukg eb `gs kuibrgsgs cgiarbs qub prgsfdubk su `uncj ngktrj b` rædfibk hrjkqufstj.

@js suhrfejs dbktbs eb` puba`g. Qbh`bmjk puba`g. Qbh`bmjk `js ngkefnfgkbs eb vfej bk `j Bspjúj eb pgsdubrrj bk iuncgs puba`gs eb Bspjúj. Jebiês eb j `j ifsbrfj tuvfbrgk qub sgarbvfvfr cbrgfnjibktb j` ifbeg, j `j tgrturj y j `j pbrijkbktb jibkjzj eb iubrtb. Juk jsé sgk njpjnbs eb pbqubúgs jntgs cbrgfngs ngig njktjr ukj njknfþk prgcfafej, jyuejr j `gs dubrrf``brgs g, bk b` njsg eb `js iumbrbs, tbkebr rgpj kbdrj nujkeg uk dubrrf``brg brj jsbsfkjeg. Jukqub `j garj prbsbktj uk ukfvbrsg bsbknfj`ibktb ijsnu`fkg, bs fipgrtjktb rbsj`tjr qub `js iumbrbs eb Hubksjktj eb Ijrtgs rbsfstbk cbrgfnjibkt cbrgfnjibktbb j tgeg< bk bspbnfj`, `js iumbrbs  iumbrbs eb `gs ‐rgmgs’, qub tfbkbk prgcfafej nuj`qufbr tfpg eb jntfvfeje qub `bs pbriftj vfvfr efdkjibktb ef dkjibktb (`j rbngvj, b` bspjrtg g `j p`bftj). Rk drupg eb iumbrbs véntfijs eb `j Dubrrj Nfvf` y eb `j Efntjeurj eb njrjntbréstfnjs iuy vjrfgpfktjs sgk `js Quafjs. Quafjs. Njtj`fkj, ukj iumbr eb nfknubktj júgs, ijerb eb kubvb cfmgs, qub vfvb bk ngipjúéj eb trbs eb sus cfmjs. Jukqub `j trjdbefj vfvfej `j ngkvfrtfþ bk ukj iumbr jijrdjej, ijktfbkb su vj`bktéj. Eb bktrb sus cfmjs sgarbsj`b `j pbqubúj, Hf`g, qub jnjajrê bsnjpêkegsb eb Bspjúj ngk B`éjs, b` Qbdj`ftg, trjs qubejrsb biajrjzjej eb æ` sfk bstjr njsjej.

>.- UFBI_G V B^_JNFG >.:. B@ UFBI_G @j cfstgrfj trjksnurrb bk ukj æpgnj trêdfnj eb `j cfstgrfj eb Bspjúj, ukj æpgnj eb rbprbsfþk hbrgz eb` prfibr hrjkqufsig ngktrj `gs vbknfegs bk `j dubrrj nfvf` bspjúg`j. B` jiafbktb qub sb rbspfrj bk `j kgvb`j bstê fiprbdkjeg eb ifbeg, suhrfifbktg, efsfiu`g y eb` bshubrzg eb ukjs hjif`fjs pgr sgarbvfvfr jktb b` tbrrgr fipubstg pgr b` ajkeg vbknbegr. @j kjrrjnfþk sb sftýj bk b` Urfbkfg eb Ubrrgr,  Ubrrgr,  bktrb :654 y :656 :656.. Jukqub `j cfstgrfj sb j`jrdj iês j``ê eb `j efntjeurj y jajrnj cjstj :644 drjnfjs j `j 5ª pjrtb.  efsnursg,, Ugej `j kgvb`j ngkstftuyb ukj bxtbksj jkj`bpsfs (‐h`jsc Bk nujktg j` grebk eb` efsnursg ajnl’) g vub`tj jtrês bk `j qub b` pbrsgkjmb prgtjdgkfstj, yj jeu`tg, rbnubrej trbs júgs eb su fkhjknfj  

@js trbs prfibrjs pjrtbs sfdubk pjrtbs sfdubk uk grebk nrgkg`þdfng, sb sftýjk bk júgs ngksbnutfvgs= `j :ª pjrtb, bk :654, nujkeg Kfkg tfbkb 6 júgs< `j 1ª, bk :653 y `j >ª, bk :656. _brg, jukqub `j kjrrjnfþk bs `fkbj`, `fkbj`, sgk hrbnubktbs `js jkj`bpsfs pjrj jn`jrjr sunbsgs g prbsbktjr jktbnbebktbs eb `gs pbrsgkjmbs<  

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pgr bmbip`g, nujkeg sb rb`jtj `j cfstgrfj eb ^jkncés g `j eb egúj B`bkj g nujkeg Mgsæ, b` _grtuduæs, `b nubktj bk :653 j Kfkg `j cfstgrfj eb `j hjif`fj eb su pjerb y eb su ijerb= sb vub`vb jtrês 6 júgs= b` jsbsfkjtg eb su jaub`g g eb sus tégs eurjktb `j dubrrj nfvf`.  Ujiafæk cjy jaukejktbs prg`bpsfs prg`bpsfs (jktfnfpjnfgkbs  (jktfnfpjnfgkbs eb cbncgs qub vjk j gnurrfr pgstbrfgribktb)< pgr bmbip`g, nujkeg Kfkg jvjkzj qub b` cbncg eb sjabr bsnrfafr j iêqufkj `b sbrê iês prgeuntfvg bk b` hututg eb `g qub su pjerb pgeéj sgspbncjr g nujkeg cjnb rbhbrbknfj bk :654 j egúj B`bkj, nujkeg kg `j ngkgnb cjstj :653, jspbntgs qub sg`g pubeb sjabr Kfkg nujkeg bs ijygr y kg k g nujkeg `gs bstê kjrrjkeg. Gtrg rbnursg prbsbktb bk `j garj bs b` eb `js bsnbkjs yuxtjpubstjs, yuxtjpubstjs, jqub``js bk `js qub eb hgrij pjrj`b`j kgs ghrbnbk egs kjrrjnfgkbs qub gnurrbk j` ifsig tfbipg< bs b` njsg eb `j bsnbkj bk `j qub sb ibzn`jk `gs drftgs eb `gs ebtbkfegs qub Kfkg y _bpj bsnuncjk ngk `j njknfþk qub æ` `b njktj. Eb `j >ª pjrtb j `j 5ª sb prgeunb ukj b`fpsfs (sj`tg tbipgrj`) eb :: júgs, eb :656 eb :656 bk  bk qub sb sftýj `j >½ pjrtb nujkeg Kfkg tfbkb :: júgs sb sj`tj j :68? :68? nujkeg  nujkeg bstê j puktg eb nuip`fr 1>. ^b fkfnfj ngk b` bknubktrg bktrb Kfkg y Ijrfab`, ukj njijrjej eb` pjrtfeg qub jnjajrê sfbkeg su iumbr. Ngkgnbigs `gs cbncgs iês fipgrtjktbs eb `j vfej eb Kfkg eurjktb bsgs :: júgs drjnfjs j ukj kubvj jkj`bpsfs bk `j qub æ` sb `gs rbsuib j Ijrfab`. @gs jngktbnfifbktgs pgstbrfgrbs sb vjk kjrrjkeg ibefjktb kubvjs b`fpsfs= :685= agej< :64>= bknjrnb`jifbktg< :648= jikfstéj< :644= rbpgrtjmb bk tb`bvfsfþk ngk `j `fabrjnfþk eb prbsgs bktrb `gs qub rbngkgnb j _bpb, b` _grtuduæs (jcgrj, Njif`g) y su :ª ngkvbrsjnfþk ebspuæs eb 13 sfk sjabr eb æ`. _gr ý`tfig tfbkbk `udjr `js : js b`bnnfgkbs ebignrêtfnjs j `js qub sb prbsbktjk Kfkg y _bpb (nuyg kgiarb rbj` brj Mgsæ Igyj) pgr b` _jrtfeg Ngiukfstj, jukqub kfkdukg eb `gs egs ngksfdub bsnjúg. Ngk rbspbntg j` rftig tbipgrj` tbipgrj`,, `j 5ª pjrtb bs iuy efhbrbktb j `js gtrjs trbs= bs iuncg iês rêpfej  rêpfej  ebafeg j `gs ngkstjktbs sj`tgs tbipgrj`bs qub cjnbk qub sb nubktbk bk iuy pgnjs pêdfkjs :4 júgs eb `j vfej eb Kfkg< ifbktrjs qub njej pjrtb eb `js jktbrfgrbs rb`jtjaj uk sg`g júg eb hgrij iuncg iês ebtj``jej y iês jip`fj, ngk iuncjs gtrjs trjijs vfknu`jejs j `j trjij prfknfpj` prgtjdgkfzjej pgr b` kfúg. Ujipgng cjy ebijsfjegs hrjdibktgs ebsnrfptfvgs kf efdrbsfgkbs qub ngktrfaufréjk j rj`bktfzjr b` rftig eb `j kjrrjnfþk ngig gnurrb bk `js gtrjs pjrtbs.

>.1. B@ B^_JNFG B` rb`jtg eb `gs cbncgs bk `gs  `gs   trbs prfibrgs njpétu`gs sb jiafbktj bk Hubksjktj eb Ijrtgs, Ijrtgs , uk pbqubúg puba`g eb `j ^fbrrj ^ur eb Mjæk, bk p`bkj rbprbsfþk eb `gs dubrrf``brgs qub pga`jajk bstgs `udjrbs. @j jutgrj rbngkstruyþ b` bspjnfg rurj` ngk ukjs ab``ésfijs ebsnrfpnfgkbs, pbrg `g cfzg tgijkeg ngig rbhbrbknfj `g qub su jifdg Nrfstfkg, pbrsgkj bk `j qub sb ajsj b` pbrsgkjmb eb Kfkg, `b ngktþ eb su fkhjknfj. B``j, bk rbj`feje, kg ngkgnéj Hubksjktj.  

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B` njpétu`g 5½ sb ebsjrrg``j ebsjrrg``j bk uk jiafbktb jiafbktb urajkg (Drjkjej), (Drjkjej), pbrg `gs bspjnfgs hésfngs kg sb ebsnrfabk ngk b` ebtj``b qub sb iubstrj bk `js trbs prfibrjs pjrtbs y tfbkb ibkgr fipgrtjknfj. B` bspjnfg bk `j kgvb`j kgs bs prbsbktjeg pgr b` kjrrjegr eb `j cfstgrfj, bk bstb njsg pgr Kfkg, b` prgtjdgkfstj, qub rbngkstruyb ebseb b` prbsbktb `gs bsnbkjrfgs eb su vfej bk ukgs júgs prbnfsgs eb su fkhjknfj, y bk uk ngktbxtg tbipgrj` iuy efhénf` bk uk puba`g jkej`uz bk b` qub pgeréjk bstjr rbprbsbktjegs tgegs `gs puba`gs eb Bspjúj rbprfifegs pgr `j efntjeurj hrjkqufstj . Hubksjktj eb Ijrtgs sb pjrbnb j uk ifnrgiukeg bk b` qub gnurrbk `js fknfebknfjs tépfnjs eb `j pgsdubrrj, ibzn`jkeg `g hfntfnfg y `g rbj` eb `j cfstgrfj< pgr b``g, bk `udjr eb bstb puba`g pgeréj sbr gtrg nuj`qufbrj y `js sftujnfgkbs qub sb ebsjrrg``jréjk sbréjk iuy sfif`jrbs j `js qub sb rb`jtjk bk `j garj. sfiaþ`fng y  y sb prbsbktjk eb ijkbrj _gr gtrg `jeg, iuncgs eb `gs bspjnfgs jequfbrbk uk vj`gr sfiaþ`fng suambtfvj   j trjvæs eb `j ifrjej eb` prgtjdgkfstj. Eb bstj hgrij bxfstb ukj ngktrjpgsfnfþk bktrb egs suambtfvj iukegs= b` igktb,  igktb,  séiag`g eb `j `fabrtje j` ijrdbk eb `j kgrij bstja`bnfej, egkeb `b dustjréj vfvfr j puba`g, egkeb bstê b` nujrtb` bk b` qub vfvbk `gs rbprbsgrbs, pbrg tjiafæk `gs cjaftjktbs eb` Kfkg   y b` puba`g, Kfkg puba`g, j`dukgs eb `gs nuj`bs prgtbdbk j `gs ijqufs. Jiags bstêk éktfijibktb rb`jnfgkj rb`jnfgkjegs. egs. B` jprbkefzjmb eb `j vfej, `j vfvbknfj eb` igktb bk b` qub tfbkb qub sgarbvfvfr, ijrnjk pjrj   sfbiprb j Kfkg, Kfkg, ngig jhfrij bk `j 5ª pjrtb, yj jeu`tg, y vfvfbkeg bk Drjkjej. Eb `gs bspjnfgs fktbrfgrbs qub ngktrfauybk ebnfsfvjibktb ebnfsfvjibktb j `j bvg`unfþk qub bxpbrfibktj Kfkg ebstjnjk egs qub ngktrjstjk bk iuncgs jspbntgs= ukg sftujeg bk b` puba`g, `j njsj nujrtb` egkeb vfvb, y gtrg sftujeg iês j``ê eb` nrunb, `j njsj eb egúj B`bkj. @j njsj-nujrtb` _jrj `gs dujrefjs nfvf`bs y sus hjif`fjs bs b` ýkfng `udjr bk b` qub pubebk sbktfrsb sbdurgs< pbrg Kfkg `j sfbktb ngig ukj nêrnb`, sgarb tgeg jqub``gs eéjs qub, pgr cjabr gnurrfeg j`dg drjvb, sus pjerbs `gs ijktfbkbk bknbrrjegs fipfefækeg`bs fkn`usg sj`fr j` pjtfg. @js ngkefnfgkbs eb `j njsj nujrtb`, sus pjrbebs ngig pjpb`, pbriftbk j Kfkg ebsnuarfr ngkvbrsjnfgkbs qub kg ebabréj cjabr géeg, ngig nujkeg su pjerb bxprbsj su ebnbpnfþk pgr `g pgng qub nrbnb su cfmg, pubs jsé kg pgerê fkdrbsjr bk `j dujrefj nfvf`< bstb bstb cbncg ngkefnfgkjrê su kfúbz pgrqub pgrqub `b jtgribktj ebnbpnfgkjr ebnbpnfgkjr j su pjerb y pgr gtrg `b jkdustfj tbkbr uk ebstfkg prbhfmjeg qub æ` kg qufbrb. Jebiês bk `j njsj nujrtb` bs fipgsfa`b kg bsnuncjr y kg sjabr `g qub uk kfúg kuknj ebabréj ngkgnbr, pgrqub sgk ebijsfjejs `js kgncbs bk `js qub `gs drftgs eb `gs ebtbkfegs kg ebmjk egrifr j Kfkg y j su cbrijkj pbqubúj. Kgncbs bk `js qub æ` `b ngktjrê, j` fduj` qub Eu`nb, su cbrijkj ijygr, cfnfbrj ngk æ` jktbs, qub bs ukj pb`énu`j, qub bsgs drftgs kg sgk rbj`bs, y `j ebmjrê qub sb jnurruqub j  

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su `jeg ifbktrjs njktj pjrj b``j cjstj qub sb qubeb egrifej. Xfvfr bk bstb `udjr `b pbriftb ngkgnbr `j rbj`feje eb `g qub gnurrb bk su puba`g, tgijr pjrtfeg pgr `gs qub suhrbk y rbncjzjr `j rbprbsfþk y j jqub``gs qub `j bmbrnbk< pgr bsg bstb bspjnfg, ngkefnfgkjrê bk drjk ibefej b` ajkeg j` qub pbrtbkbnbrê y b` tfpg eb vfej qub b`bdfrê Kfkg bk b` huturg.  @j njsj eb egúj B`bkj Ugeg `g ngktrjrfg gnurrb ngk `j njsj eb egúj B`bkj, qub q ub rbprbsbktj b` tbrrftgrfg eb `j `fabrtje, eb `j rbab`eéj y eb` ngkgnfifbktg.   Kfkg qubejrê ijrjvf``jeg j` ebsnuarfr b` tbsgrg dujrejeg bk `j cuif`eb vfvfbkej= ukj afa`fgtbnj eb iês eb trbsnfbktgs vg`ýibkbs vg`ýibkbs,, j`dg rbj`ibktb bxtrjgrefkjrfg bk bsj æpgnj y bk bsb `udjr, y qub pjrj b` ncfng bqufvj`b j `j hb`fnfeje. @gs `fargs eb bstj afa`fgtbnj jarfrêk jktb æ` kubvgs njifkgs y `b ghrbnbrêk `j pgsfaf`feje eb ebnfefr su prgpfj vfej, iuy efstfktj j `j qub pjrbnéj jdujrejr j` cfmg eb uk dujrefj nfvf`.

J `gs ngktrjstbs bktrb bspjnfgs  bspjnfgs  qub cjk jpjrbnfeg cjstj jcgrj  jcgrj   (rurj` rurj`  bk `js trbs prfibrjs  prfibrjs  pjrtbs/urajkg pjrtbs/ urajkg bk  bk `j 5ª< bktrb bspjnfgs ngk j`tg vj`gr sfiaþ`fng  sfiaþ`fng   „„ b` igktb/b` ``jkg, `j njsj nujrtb`/`j ngsj eb egúj B`bkj y b` ig`fkg egkeb vfvb _bpb, b` _grtuduæs), cjaréj qub jújefr b` ngktrjstb bktrb `j   Jkej`unéj  fktbrfgr Jkej`unéj fktbrfgr  (`j sfbrrj sur eb Mjæk) / y `j  `j  Jkej`unéj ngstbrj, ngstbrj, tj` ngig sb iubstrj j` ngifbkzg eb `j kgvb`j, ngktrjstjkeg b` igktb-`j Jkej`unéj eb `j sfbrrj- y `j ngstj. Hrbktb j` hrég eb` fkvfbrkg bk `j sfbrrj, `j ngstj ngksbrvj `j `uz, `js h`grbs y `j ab``bzj, pbrg tjiafæk `j ifsbrfj bk `j qub vfvbk sus dbktbs, qub kg pubebk rbnurrfr j tgeg `g qub b` igktb ghrbnb pjrj sgarbvfvfr.

5.- B^UQRNURQJ V _RKUG EB XF^UJ KJQQJUFXG 5.:. @J B^UQRNURQJ @j bstrunturj fktbrkj eb `j garj bs ajstjktb ngip`bmj  ngip`bmj   yj qub j`rbebegr eb `j trjij prfknfpj`, `j prgtjdgkfzjej pgr Kfkg, cjy gtrjs iuncjs cfstgrfjs qub kg pgr sbr sbnukejrfjs ebmjk eb tbkbr vftj` fipgrtjknfj bk b` njiafg qub sb gpbrj bk b` prgtjdgkfstj, bk `j pærefej eb su fkgnbknfj y bk `gs pjsgs qub `b ``bvjk j sbr b` cgiarb qub qufbrb sbr. Muktg ngk `j cfstgrfj eb Kfkg y `j eb su pbqubúg kýn`bg hjif`fjr bk ukj njsj nujrtb` eb `j Dujrefj Nfvf`, sb nubktj `j eb tgegs bsgs cgiarbs qub sb bncjrgk j` igktb, ngig Nbknbrrg, y, `fdjej j b``gs, `j eb bsjs véntfijs sf`bknfgsjs, sus iumbrbs, qub tuvfbrgk qub sjnjr j sus hjif`fjs jeb`jktb, ngip`btji ngip`btjibktb bktb sg`js, ngig Njtj`fkj, `j Quafj. sbknf``j   yj qub `j garj ngkstj eb 5 pjrtbs @j bstrunturj bxtbrkj bs jpjrbktbibktb iês sbknf``j n`jrjibktb efhbrbknfjejs< efhbrbknfjejs< uk jkê`fsfs eb` ngktbkfeg eb `js ifsijs kgs pbriftb jdrupjr`js bk egs drjkebs a`gqubs= a`gqubs=  

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A`gqub FF== hgrijeg pgr `js > prfibrjs pjrtbs  pjrtbs  sftujejs bk júgs ngksbnutfvgs eb `j

fkibefjtj pgsdubrrj -:654 -:654,, :653 y :656, hbncjs qub hfdurjk ngig tétu`gs eb njej pjrtb- y bk `j fkhjknfj eb Kfkg= njej ukj eb b``js rbngdb uk júg eb su vfej, sbdýk vj nuip`fbkeg 6, :? y :: júgs, y `j bvg`unfþk qub vj bxpbrfibktjeg j` jarfdg eb `j `bnturj y eb sus rb`jnfgkbs eb jifstje ngk _bpb y egúj B`bkj. Bstb B stb a`gqub bs b` qub ngkstftuyb ukj jutæktfnj kgvb`j eb jprbkefzjmb g Af`eukdsrgijk. _JQUB F= :654  :654  Bk :654 sb prgeunbk j`dukgs cbncgs ebnfsfvgs pjrj su nrbnfifbk nrbnfifbktg tg hésfng y igrj`.

  Ngkgnb j _bpb, B` _grtuduæs. J` ncfng `b sgrprbkeb `g efhbrbktb qub bs eb `gs ebiês cgiarbs eb` puba`g, j`dufbk `farb eb jtjeurjs, y, sfk ebmjr eb jeifrjr`g, sb ngkvfbrtb bk su jifdg. _jrj b` pbqubúg, qub bk bstb puktg eb `j kgvb`j kg sjab `j vbreje sgarb æ`, rbprbsbktj `j fkebpbkebknfj bk su bstjeg iês purg. @j fkh`ubknfj eb bstb pbrsgkjmb sbrê ebnfsfvj bk `j vfej eb Kfkg< jsé ngig `j `bnturj, j pjrtfr eb `j garj eb Mu`fg Xbrkb qub bknubktrj bk su njsj, @gs cfmgs eb` njpftêk Drjkt .

  Bkhrbktjifbktgs bktrb dubrrf``brgs y dujrefjs nfvf`bs qub Kfkg, ngig cfmg eb dujrefj nfvf`, ngkgnb pgr b` dbstg y `gs ngibktjrfgs qub gyb eb su pjerb. pjerb . ^b sunbebk `js pbrsbnunfgkbs, `gs jsbsfkjtgs, `js ebtbknfgkbs, `js tgrturjs bk `j njsj-nujrtb` njsj-nujrtb` qub `bs ``b ``bdjk djk j Kfkg y j su cbrijkj _bpj j trjvæs eb `js `js hfkjs pjrbebs eb `j njsj nujrtb`. Ngkgnb `j cfstgrfj eb uk dubrrf``brg iétfng, Nbknbrrg, qub ebspfbrtj su jeifrjnfþk, jukqub pfbksb qub bstê trjfnfgkjkeg j su pjerb.

  Ejej `j ajmj bstjturj eb Kfkg, tfbkb pgnjs pgsfaf`fejebs eb bktrjr bk `j dujrefj nfvf`< pgr b``g su pjerb tgij `j ebtbrifkjnfþk eb qub jprbkej j bsnrfafr j iêqufkj. Bstb cbncg `b njiafjrê `j vfej. Gtrjs cfstgrfjs qub sb ibzn`jk ngk `j trjij prfknfpj`= prfknfpj` = `j eb Hf`g, `j Quafj< `j eb Ifdub` ^jkncés y _jstgrj< `j eb egk Busbafg y B`éjs, b` Qbdj`ftg, b` kubvg Nbknbrrg. _JQUB FF= :653 J`dukgs cbncgs ebstjnjegs qub gnurrbk bstb júg=

  ^fdubk `js rbprbsj`fjs y `js tgrturjs bk `j njsj nujrtb` (j Hf`g y j Hbrkjkej, `j _bsbtf``j), eb `js qub Kfkg y su cbrijkj _bpj sgk tbstfdgs fkefrbntgs.

  Ngkgnb j egúj B`bkj. B` pjerb eb e b Kfkg ebnfeb qub sbj b``j qufbk `b eæ n`jsbs eb ibnjkgdrjhéj bk sbnrbtg ejeg su pjsjeg eb ‐rgmj’   y su rb`jnfþk ngk `js Quafjs. Bstb pbrsgkjmb bs ebnfsfvg pjrj `j

bvg`unfþk eb Kfkg< j trjvæs eb `js `bnturjs qub b``j `b prgpgkb y eb sus ngkvbrsjnfgkbs ngk b``j, b` iuncjncg jprbkebrê j pbksjr ngk `fabrtje y sb nubstfgkjrê iuncjs ngsjs, j`dukjs `b ``bvjrêk j bkhrbktjrsb ngk b` ijbstrg, egk Busbafg. Jebiês B`bkj `b bksbújrê tjqufdrjhéj y hrjknæs.   Ebsnuarb qub su pjerb cj ijtjeg j Hbrkjkeg, b` _bsbtf``j, jp`fnjkeg `j `by eb hudjs. _bpb, b`  

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_grtuduæs, ngk sus bxp`fnjnfgkbs, ngksbdufrê qub ``bdub j bktbkebr`g y j pbregkjr`g. Jebiês `g bipumj pjrj qub rbh`bxfgkb sgarb `j n`jsb eb pbrsgkj qub qufbrb sbr æ` eb ijygr. ebsjrrg``jk = `j eb `js cfmjs eb Ifncb`ék, Ijrfsg` y ^gksg`bs, `js   Gtrjs cfstgrfjs qub sb ebsjrrg``jk= Ibefgiumbr< `j eb Njtj`fkj, `j Quafj, y su hjif`fj< `j eb egúj B`bkj y sus cfmjs< `j eb `j hjif`fj eb` pjerb, eb `j ijerb eb Kfkg y eb` j`nj`eb Xftj`fnfg. _JQUB FFF= :656 ^b fkfnfj bk `js kjvfejebs eb :653. B` :5 eb bkbrg sb nb`barj b` ukeænfig nuip`bjúgs eb Kfkg= nujkeg su pjerb `g ifeb, ebsnuarb qub cj nrbnfeg< juk jsé `b ngkhfbsj qub kg qufbrb sbr dujrefj nfvf`.

  ^b ebsnuarb qub Ifdub` ^jkncés, ukg eb `gs dujrefjs nfvf`bs iês tbifegs, bs, bk rbj`feje, uk dubrrf``brg< ebspuæs eb jsbsfkjr j uk eb`jtgr, sb sufnfej. @j vbrsfþk ghfnfj` kjej tfbkb qub vbr ngk `j rbj`feje= nb`barjk b` hukbrj` ngk tgegs `gs cgkgrbs y bxtfbkebk `j kgtfnfj eb qub iurfþ bk ebhbksj eb `j pjtrfj. Kfkg sb fkefdkj jktb bstb cbncg y `b efnb `j vbreje j _bpb pjrj qub sb `j trjksiftj j _jstgrj.

  Kfkg ebnfeb jyuejr j `gs dubrrf``brgs qub fktbktjk cufr j Hrjknfj bkdjújkeg j` tbkfbktb Ifncb`ék ngk `j ng`jagrjnfþk eb su pjerb y eb Nurrg.

  Ebspbefej bktrb Kfkg y _bpb, qufbk `b ``jij ‐njijrjej’, ngk tgeg `g qub bstg sfdkfhfnj.   Gtrjs cfstgrfjs qub bkrfqubnbk `j trjij prfknfpj`= prfknfpj` = `j eb Mgjquék Hfkdbkbdgnfgs y Jktgkfg Nub``geurg< `j eb B`éjs y Hf`g< `j eb _jstgrj.  

A`gqub FF FF==

Jntýj j igeg eb bpé`gdg y sb gasbrvjk iuncjs efhbrbknfjs ngk rbspbntg j` a`gqub F= bs iuncg iês arbvb< sb ebsjrrg``j bk `gs ý`tfigs júgs eb `j efntjeurj y `gs prfibrgs eb `j ebignrjnfj nujkeg Kfkg yj bs jeu`tg, bstê nbrnj eb nuip`fr 1> júgs. ^b nbktrj bk ukj ýkfnj trjij, `j eb Kfkg, qub j` hfkj` ngkbntj ngk `j eb _bpb, b` _grtuduæs. Vj kg cjy jprbkefzjmb, kf bvg`unfþk eb` prgtjdgkfstj. @j cfstgrfj sb nubktj ngk uk rftig vbrtfdfkgsg drjnfjs j `gs ngkstjktbs sj`tgs tbipgrj`bs y j `j jkj`bpsfs (h`jsc-ajnl) ngk `j qub sb rbsuibk eb hgrij iuy rêpfej `gs jngktbnfifbktgs eb `j vfej eb Kfkg qub sb cjk sj`tjeg. 5ª _JQUB= Bstg bs ukj dubrrj y kg sb vj j jnjajr kuknj ^b ebsjrrg``j :: júgs ebspuæs eb` hfkj` eb `j >ª pjrtb. @j cfstgrfj qub sb nubktj jajrnj ebseb :68? cjstj :644, :644 , nujkeg sb prgeunbk `js prfibrjs b`bnnfgkbs ebignrêtfnjs< jukqub sb jip`éb b` tfbipg pjrj ngktjr cbncgs sunbefegs jktbs eb :68?. :68? . Cbncgs prfknfpj`bs=

  Bknubktrg eb Kfkg ngk ukj njijrjej eb` pjrtfeg ngk `j qub jnjajrê njsêkegsb.  

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  Urjajmg bk `j ukfvbrsfeje y vfej bk `j n`jkebstfkfeje.   Júgs eb bknjrnb`jifbktg y sj`fej eb `j nêrnb`.   Qbngkgnfifbktg eb _bpb, b` _grtuduæs, ngig ukg eb `gs prfsfgkbrgs qub sj`b trjs `j prgn`jijnfþk eb ukj jikfstéj yj iubrtg Hrjkng. Bsb ifsig eéj ngktjntj ngk su jifdg eb `j fkhjknfj.

  :644= jiags sb prbsbktjk j `js b`bnnfgkbs, pbrg kg rbsu`tjk b`bdfegs.

5.1. B@ _RKUG EB XF^UJ EB @J KJQQJNFÞK @j cfstgrfj bstê ngktjej bk :ª pbrsgkj pgr pbrsgkj pgr uk kjrrjegr  kjrrjegr  prgtjdgkfstj prgtjdgkfstj