Resumen Ejecutivo PT 2021-2030
July 27, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80
8 Udsujdi Dodcut`vf Hitdcdkditds Db @infrjd kd K`hgióst`cf kd bhs Cfik`c`fids Fpdrht`vhs kdb SD@I ]drêfkf 5=58 - 5=3= (@K) ds dbhefrhkf pfr db CFDS, di cujpb`j`ditf kdb Udgbhjditf kd [rhisj`s`ói (U[), qud cfjprdikdi bfs hièb`s`s didrgàt`cfs y dbàctr`cfs phrh bfs pdr`fkfs kd cfrtf pbhzf (5=58-5=5;) y bhrgf pbhzf (5=5>-5=3=), cfi bh n`ihb`khk kd kdtdcthr bhs rdstr`cc`fids di db s`stdjh kd trhisj`s`ói ehof k`st`iths a`pótds`s kd kdjhikh, gdidrhc`ói d a`krfbfgêh. Db @K ds ui dstuk`f prdv`f h bh hctuhb`zhc`ói kdb ]bhi kd [rhisj`s`ói (][) kdb pdr`fkf 5=58-5=3=, db cuhb hihb`zh bhs sfbuc`fids h bfs prfebdjhs kdtdcthkfs. Di bh N`gurh 8, sd judstrh db crfifgrhjh kd dbhefrhc`ói kdb ]bhi kd [rhisj`s`ói, ahsth su hprfehc`ói. ]rfpudsth kdb ][ =8/Oui
@infrjd kd K`hgióst`cf 51/Nde
8t
Upths. Fes.
]ueb`chc`ói kdb ][ ]rdb`j`ihr
3=/Her
5=/Jhr
5t 3t 5=80
;t
8
5
3
;
Cfjdithr`fs y Fesdrvhc`fids kd bfs Hgditds
]rfpudsths kd Sfbuc`ói kd bfs Hgditds =3/Oub
53/Her
]ueb`chc`ói kd bhs ]rfpudsths kd sfbuc`ói
88/Sdt
4
>
7
1
0
8=
88
85
5=5= 8;/Her
3=/Oui
]rfpudsth Kdn`i`t`vh ][
84/Oub
Fesdrvhc`fids kd FS@IDUGJ@I
85/Fct
Fp`i`ói kd FS@IDUGJ@I (Div`hkh hb J@IDJ)
38/K`c
Hpr fe hc`ó i kdb ][ pfr db J@IDJ
Huk `dic `h ]ÿeb`ch
kd bfs Hgdi tds
(*) Bhs ndcahs kdb høf 5=5= sfi prdb`j`ihrds
N`gurh 8.8 Crfifgrhjh kd dbhefrhc`ói kdb ]bhi kd k d [rhisj`s`ói.
Db @K sd dbhefrh cujpb`dikf cfi bh Ifrjh ‒Cr`tdr`fs y Jdtfkfbfgêh phrh bh Dbhefrhc`ói kdb ]bhi kd [rhisj`s`ói‚ 8 (bh Ifrjh), hpb`chkh di bh nfrjubhc`ói kdb ]bhi kd [rhisj`s`ói 5=58 – 5=3=.
Sd `icbu`rè bhs @isthbhc`fids kd [rhisj`s`ói kd Cfidx`ói (@[C) 5 phrh bhs Èrdhs kd Kdjhikh Kdjhikh 8, 5, ;, > y 7 kdb S`stdjh Dbàctr`cf @itdrcfidcthkf Ihc`fihb (SD@I), hs`gihkhs phrh sdr kdshrrfbbhkhs di db prfcdsf kdb ][ 5=58 - 5=3=.
8 Hprfehkh
cfi U.J. I½ 850-5==0-JDJ-KJ kdb 7 kd jhrzf kdb 5==0, y qud nud jfk`n`chkh cfi U.J. I½ =48-5=81-JDJ/KJ kdb 0 kd nderdrf kd 5=81. 5 @isthbhc`f @isthbhc`fids ids kd [rhisj`s`ói kd Cfidx`ói (@[C)? Sfi bhs `isthbhc`fids kd trhisj`s`ói qud cfidcthi bhs `isthbhc`f `isthbhc`fids ids kd bhs Èr dhs kd Kdjhikh cfi bhs `isthbhc`fids kdb SD@I, y qud if sd dicuditrhi cfjprdik`khs di bfs ]bhids kd @ivdrs`fids. (kd bh U.J. I¿ =485=81-JDJ/KJ)
@infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
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K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80
@infrjhc`ói Tt`b`zhkh Bh `infrjhc`ói ehsd ut`b`zhkh phrh bh dbhefrhc`ói kdb prdsditd @K ah s`kf fetdi`kh jdk`hitd chjphøhs kd bdvhithj`ditf kd `infrjhc`ói ditrd bfs hgditds, frghi`sjfs y prfjftfrds kdb sdctfr di bfs èje`tfs kd kdjhikh, prfydctfs kd gdidrhc`ói, trhisj`s`ói y sue-trhisj`s`ói phrh k`str`euc`ói, y kd bfs prfydctfs v`icubhitds kd ]bhids kd [rhisj`s`ói (][) y ]bhids ]bh ids kd @ivdrs`ói kd [rhisj`s`ói (]@[) hprfehkfs. Di cuhitf h bhs prfydcc`fids kd bh kdjhikh kdb SD@I, ehof k`ndrditds dscdihr`fs kd crdc`j`ditf, àsths ahi s`kf prfydcthkhs ut`b`zhikf ui jfkdbf dcfifjàtr`cf y cfjpbdjdithkhs cfi bh `infrjhc`ói kd prfydctfs kd kdjhikh prfpfrc`fihkh pfr bfs hgditds, fetdi`àikfsd qud phrh db dscdihr`f kd crdc`j`ditf jdk`f sd dst`jh uih Jèx`jh Kdjhikh kd 85 3=8 JW phrh db høf 5=3=, hb høf afr`zfitd kdb dstuk`f (cfi uih thsh kd crdc`j`ditf prfjdk`f prfjdk`f kd ;.1% hiuhb) y kd 8= 14; JW phrh db afr`zfitd `itdrjdk`f v`icubhitd (høf 5=5>). Udspdctf h bhs prfydcc`fids kd kdjhikh kd bhs Èrdhs kd Kdjhikh cfjprdik`khs di db prdsditd @infrjd kd K`hgióst`cf kdb ][ 5=58 – 5=3=, àsths ahi s`kf kdtdrj`ihkhs tfjhikf cfjf `isujf bhs prfydcc`fids kd kdjhikh kd bhs djprdshs k`str`eu`kfrhs y kd trhisj`s`ói kd bhs Èrdhs kd Kdjhikh `ivfbucrhkhs, hpb`chikf bh jdtfkfbfgêh `ik`chkh di bh Ifrjh, phrh bhs prfydcc`fids kd kdjhikh kd bhs @[C. If ahi s`kf cfis`kdrhkhs di bh kdtdrj`ihc`ói kd bhs prfydcc`fids kdjhikh bh dbdctrfjfv`b`khk, i` bh `icbus`ói kd bh gdidrhc`ói k`str`eu`kh h i`vdb kd suetrhisj`s`ói / k`str`euc`ói< khkf qud àsths if sd dicuditrhi hÿi rdgubhkhs y su kdshrrfbbf ds tfkhvêh `ic`p`ditd. Bh fndrth kd gdidrhc`ói cfis`kdrh bfs prfydctfs di dodcuc`ói, cfi cfjprfj`sfs kd cfistrucc`ói, qud cudithi cfi cficds`fids kdn`i`t`vhs f tdjpfrhbds, f qud prdsdithi hvhicds di cuhitf h dstuk`fs sferd su nhct`e`b`khk. Dsth `infrjhc`ói ah s`kf fetdi`kh kd bfs hgditds, kdb J@IDJ, y kdb FS@IDUGJ@I. Cfi rdbhc`ói hb pbhi kd ferhs kd trhisj`s`ói, àstd cfis`kdrh bfs prfydctfs qud dstèi di cfistrucc`ói, cficds`fihkfs f di prfcdsf kd b`c`thc`ói h bh ndcah, kd bfs ][ y ]@[ hprfehkfs, y kd bfs pbhids kd dxphis`ói kd bfs hgditds.
Cr`tdr`fs y Jdtfkfbfgêh Bfs pr`ic`phbds cr`tdr`fs y jdtfkfbfgêh phrh bh dbhefrhc`ói kdb @K dstèi `ik`chkfs di bh U.J. I½ 850-5==0-JDJ/KJ ‒Cr`tdr`fs y Jdtfkfbfgêh phrh bh Ifrjh Dbhefrhc`ói kdb ]bhi kd [rhisj`s`ói‚ (bh Ifrjh), kdb 7 kd jhrzf kd 5==0 y jfk`n`chkf cfi bh U.J. I½ =48 -5=81JDJ/KJ kdb > kd nderdrf kdb 5=81. Bh Ifrjh `ik`ch qud bh pbhi`n`chc`ói kd bh trhisj`s`ói kded rdhb`zhrsd cfis`kdrhikf qud bh kdjhikh, bh fndrth, bh a`krfbfgêh y bfs prdc`fs kd bfs cfjeust`ebds sfi `icdrt`kujerds, cfi rhigfs kd vhr`hc`ói hjpb`fs pdrf hcfthkfs di cuhitf di jhgi`tuk, di gdidrhb, y di cuhitf h ue`chc`ói, di db chsf phrt`cubhr kd bh kdjhikh y bh fndrth. Di dsd sdit`kf, thitf phrh db @K cfjf phrh db ][ sd hihb`zh db s`stdjh kd trhisj`s`ói cfis`kdrhikf ui grhi iÿjdrf kd dscdihr`fs, qud rdsubthi kd bh cfje`ihc`ói kd k`vdrshs jhtdr`hb`zhc`fids kd k`cahs `icdrt`kujerds. Di db prdsditd dstuk`f sd hihb`zhi bhs cfigdst`fids y prfebdjhs fpdrht`vfs qud prdsdithrêh db s`stdjh kd trhisj`s`ói prdv`stf phrh db pdr`fkf 5=58-5=3= di bfs dscdihr`fs `ik`chkfs. Bhs cfigdst`fids sfi cuhit`n`chkhs jdk`hitd bhs sferdchrghs, bhs afrhs kd cfigdst`ói y didrgêh if sdrv`kh, cfjf rdsubthkf kd bhs s`jubhc`fids kd bh fpdrhc`ói dcfiój`ch kdb SD@I di db jfkdbf @infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
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K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80 didrgàt`cf JFK]BHI, y bfs prfebdjhs fpdrht`vfs sd `kdit`n`chi jdk`hitd bhs sferdchrghs, prfebdjhs kd tdis`ói y prfebdjhs kd nhbth kd dsthe`b`khk, cfjf rdsubthkf kd bhs s`jubhc`fids di K@gS@BDI[. Bfs cr`tdr`fs y bh jdtfkfbfgêh phrh bh ]bhi`n`chc`ói kd bhs @isthbhc`fids kd [rhisj`s`ói kd Cfidx`ói dstèi dsthebdc`kfs di db iujdrhb 88.; y iujdrhb 8>.88 kd bh Ifrjh v`gditd rdspdct`vhjditd. Di cuhitf h bfs hbchicds kd bh pbhi`n`chc`ói kd bhs @[C – di bh prdsditd Hctuhb`zhc`ói kdb ]bhi kd [rhisj`s`ói – kd hcudrkf cfi bf dsthebdc`kf di bh Sdguikh kd bhs K@S]FS@C@FIDS CFJ]BDJDI[HU@HS [UHIS@[FU@HS kd bh Ifrjh jfk`n`chkh, db CFDS di cffrk`ihc`ói cfi FS@IDUGJ@I, ah pr`fr`zhkf bhs s`gu`ditds Èrdhs kd Kdjhikh?
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]bhi`n`chc`ói kd bhs @[C di db Èrdh kd Kdjhikh 8 (]`urh – [ujeds) ]bhi`n`chc`ói kd bhs @[C di db Èrdh kd Kdjhikh 5 (Bhjehydqud – Chohjhrch Ifrtd). ]bhi`n`chc`ói kd bhs @[C di db Èrdh kd Kdjhikh ; (Shi Jhrtêi - Pur`jhguhs). ]bhi`n`chc`ói kd bhs @[C di db Èrdh kd Kdjhikh > y 7 di cfiouitf (B`jh).
]r`ic`phbds Cficbus`fids kdb K`hgióst`cf 8.;.8 Cficbus`fids Gdidrhbds
Bh kdjhikh prfydcthkh kdb SD@I hb høf n`ihb di db prdsditd @infrjd kd K`hgióst`cf 5=58-5=3=, phrh db dscdihr`f kd crdc`j`ditf jdk`f, ds jhyfr h bh kdjhikh hièbfgh prfydcthkh di db høf n`ihb kdb ]bhi kd [rhisj`s`ói 5=80-5=51 hctuhb. Dstf `ik`ch qud db crdc`j`ditf dspdrhkf kd bh kdjhikh kd bhrgf pbhzf sd ah `icrdjdithkf, h k`ndrdic`h kd bf f fesdrvhkf esdrvhkf cfi db hitdr`fr kdb ][ 5=87-5=5>, di qud sd prdsditó uih rdkucc`ói kd bh kdjhikh kd bfs høfs n`ihbds. Bhs prfydcc`fids kd kdjhikh kdb SD@I y kd bfs bf s prfydctfs, sd judstrhi di bhs s`gu`ditds n`gurhs?
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Dscdihr`f kd crdc`j`ditf jdk`f (Dscdihr`f Ehsd), kd jhidrh cfjphrht`vh ditrd db ][ 5=80-5=51 vs db @K 5=58-5=3=?
Kdjhikh Gbfehb kdb SD@I (JW) 83=== 85=== 88=== 8==== W 0=== J 1=== 7=== >=== 4===
> 8 = 5
7 8 = 5
1 8 = 5
0 8 = 5
= 5 = 5
8 5 = 5
@K5=58-5=3=
5 5 = 5
3 5 = 5
; 5 = 5
4 5 = 5
> 5 = 5
7 5 = 5
1 5 = 5
0 5 = 5
= 3 = 5
][5=80-5=51
N`gurh 8.5 ]rfydcc`ói gbfehb kd bh kdjhikh kdb SD@I? ][ 5=80-5=51 vs. K`hgióst`cf 5=58 – – 5=3=.
@infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
3
K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80
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Kdjhikh kd prfydctfs tfthb y pfr zfihs 5=58-5=3=?
Kdjhikh Kd jhikh ]rfydctf s 54== 5=== 84==
W J8=== 4== =
> 8 = 5
7 8 = 5
1 8 = 5
0 8 = 5
= 5 = 5
8 5 = 5
@ K 5=58 --5 5=3= [F [F[HB ]U ]U FPD FPDC C[FS
5 5 = 5
3 5 = 5
; 5 = 5
4 5 = 5
> 5 = 5
7 5 = 5
1 5 = 5
0 5 = 5
= 3 = 5
][ 5= 5=80-5=51 [F [F [HB [HB ]UF P PDC DC[ [F S
N`gurh 8.3 ]rfydcc`ói kd bh kdjhikh kd prfydctfs kdb SD@I? ][ 5=80-5=51 vs. K`hgióst`cf 5=58 – 5=3=.
Kd bhs N`gurhs 5 y 3 sd fesdrvh qud, di bfs høfs n`ihbds, bhs prfydcc`fids kd kdjhikh kdb prdsditd @K sfi jhyfrds qud bh kdb ][ v`gditd 5=80-5=51. Ds idcdshr`f prdc`shr qud, phrh db hièb`s`s kdb prdsditd @K sd ahi cfis`kdrhkf qud tfkfs bfs ]rfydctfs ^`icubhitds kd bfs ]bhids kd [rhisj`s`ói y kd @ivdrs`ói ahi s`kf `jpbdjdithkfs di db bhrgf pbhzf. 8.;.5 ]r`ic`phbds cficbus`fids kdb k`hgióst`cf kd cfrtf pbhzf 5=58-5=5;)
Db k`hgióst`cf kd cfrtf pbhzf cfjprdikd bh dvhbuhc`ói kdb kdsdjpdøf didrgàt`cf y dbàctr`cf kdb SD@I cfis`kdrhikf bh trhisj`s`ói dx`stditd y bh `icfrpfrhc`ói h bh fpdrhc`ói kd bfs iudvfs prfydctfs qud `igrdshi hb s`stdjh di db pdrêfkf 5=58 – 5=5;. 8 ; 5 8 8 Cficbus`fids kdb hièb`s`s didrgàt`cf kd cfrtf pbhzf
If sd prdsdithi rhc`fihj`ditfs i` cfigdst`fids `jpfrthitds di db SD@I, kurhitd db pdr`fkf kd dvhbuhc`ói (5=58-5=5;).
Bh thsh kd crdc`j`ditf prfjdk`f hiuhb kd bh jèx`jh kdjhikh kdb SD@I ahsth db 5=5; ds kd >,;%, hs`j`sjf sd dst`jh qud db `icrdjditf prfjdk`f hiuhb kd bh jèx`jh kdjhikh sdrè kd 4== JW (dscdihr`f kd crdc`j`ditf jdk`f kd bh kdjhikh). Bh kdjhikh kdb SD@I sdrêh hehstdc`kh pr`ic`phbjditd pfr bhs cditrhbds a`krfdbàctr`chs y cditrhbds tàrj`chs h ghs ihturhb, cfi phrt`c`phc`fids prfjdk`f kd ;7% y ;7%, rdspdct`vhjditd, j`ditrhs qud bf rdsthitd sdrè cue`drtf cfi cditrhbds UDU. U DU. Bh dst`jhc`ói kdb cfisujf prfjdk`f kd ghs ihturhb kd Chj`sdh phrh db høf 5=58 sdrè kd 373 JJ]CK, db cuhb sd `icrdjdith h 415 JJ]CK di db høf 5=5;.
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8 ; 5 5 5 Cficbus`fids kdb hièb`s`s dbàctr`cf kd cfrtf pbhzf Fpdrhc`ói ifrjhb di dsthkf dsthc`fihr`f Èrdh Ifrtd
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If sd prdsdithi prfebdjhs kd tdis`ói, i` cfigdst`ói.
Èrdh Cditrf 8-Jhithrf (B`jh – @ch – Ouiêi – Auhichvdb`ch – Hyhcucaf) @infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
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K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80
Sd prdsdithrfi tdis`fids jdifrds h =,074 p.u., rdspdctf h bh tdis`ói kd fpdrhc`ói, di bhs ehrrhs kd 55= l^ kd bfs dods Ca`bch-@ikdpdikdic`h y ehrrhs hbdkhøhs.
Sd fesdrvhrfi sferdchrghs kd bh bêidh kd 55= l^ Ca`bch-Hs`h (845 J^H), ahsth bh `jpbdjdithc`ói kdb dibhcd kd 55= l^ (tdrcdr c`rcu`tf) Ca`bch-@ikdpdikdic`h prdv`stf phrh db høf 5=58 (]rfydctf ^`icubhitd kdb ][ 5=80-5=51).
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Èrdh Cditrf 5 (Auèiucf – ]uchbbph – Ifr Fr`ditd)
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If sd prdsdithi prfebdjhs kd tdis`ói, i` cfigdst`ói.
Èrdh Sur
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If sd prdsdithi prfebdjhs kd tdis`ói, i` cfigdst`ói.
Dibhcds Cditrf-Sur
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If sd prdsdithi prfebdjhs kd cfigdst`ói di bfs Dibhcds Cditrf – Sur di tfkf db pdrêfkf.
Fpdrhc`ói di cfit`igdic`h di dsthkf dsthc`fihr`f, jèrgdids kd chrgh y dsthe`b`khk kd tdis`ói Èrdh Ifrtd
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Bhs cfit`igdic`hs sdvdrhs `kdit`n`chkhs, qud prfvfchrêhi db cfbhpsf bfchb f kdb èrdh nudrfi? bh shb`kh kd bêidhs kd 4== l^ ([ruo`bbf-Bh I`øh y Chrhehybbf-Ca`jeftd). Dsths dsthrêhi cue`drths pfr db Dsqudjh Dspdc`hb kd ]rftdcc`ói (DD]) kdb èrdh Ifrtd (hprfehkhs di db ][ 5=87-5=5>). Cfi db `igrdsf kd bh bêidh kd 4== l^ Bh I`øh-]`urh (hprfehkf di db ][ 5=87-5=5>) sd rdkucdi bfs chsfs kd sferdchrgh. Di fpdrhc`ói ifrjhb, sd fesdrvh bh idcds`khk kd cfithr cfi bfs prfydctfs kd ][‐s hprfehkfs di db èrdh Ifrtd (Udpftdic`hc`ói kd bh B[ 4== l^ B`jh-Ca`jeftd-[ruo`bbf, B[ 4== l^ Bh I`øh – ]`urh, B[ 55= l^ ]hr`øhs – Iudvh [ujeds) khkf qud sd prdsdithrêhi jèrgdids kd chrgh di bh cfik`c`ói I qud if cuer`rèi bh kdjhikh di db pdr`fkf 5=535=5>. Dsth s`tuhc`ói kd fpdrhc`ói sd hgrhvhrêh s` if sd cudith cfi kdsphcaf kd gdidrhc`ói di db èrdh Ifrtd, cfjf bh fpdrhc`ói kd bh C.[. Jhbhchs.
Èrdh Cditrf Bhs cfit`igdic`hs sdvdrhs `kdit`n`chkhs nudrfi? shb`khs `ik`v`kuhbds kd bhs bêidhs kd 4== l^ Ca`bch-]frfjh y ]frfjh-Cfbchehjeh, hjefs c`rcu`tfs kd bh bêidh kd 55= l^ Jhithrf – Cfthrusd, y bêidh kd 55= l^ Jfbbdphth-Auhichvdb`ch. Bh pudsth di sdrv`c`f kd bhs bêidhs kd 4== l^ Cfbchehjeh-Iudvh Phihigf y Iudvh Phihigf-Chrhpfigf (5=55) (hprfehkf di db ][ 5=87-5=5>), db`j`ihrêhi bfs prfebdjhs prfkuc`kfs pfr bh shb`kh kd bhs bêidhs di 4== l^ jdic`fihkhs. Bh shb`kh kd bh bêidh kd 55= l^ Jhithrf-Cfthrusd (cfik`c`ói I-5) prdsdithrè kàn`c`t pr`ic`phbjditd pfr bfs prfydctfs kd chrghs di bh zfih kd Cfthrusd y dsth s`tuhc`ói sd hb`v`hrè cfi db `igrdsf kdb prfydctf kd bêidh kd 55= l^ Jhcaup`ccau-Xudicfrf-Fifcfrh[`ithyh, pfr bf qud sd rdcfj`dikh bh `jpbdjdithc`ói kd dstd prfydctf di db cfrtf pbhzf. •
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Èrdh Cditrf Fr`ditd
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Bhs cfit`igdic`hs sdvdrhs `kdit`n`chkhs nudrfi? bh shb`kh kd bhs bêidhs kd 55= l^ Chohjhrch-Cècb`c y Cècb`c-Jfyfehjeh. Bh pudsth di sdrv`c`f kdb prfydctf v`icubhitd
@infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
4
K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80 ‒Sdguikf c`rcu`tf kd bh bêidh kd 55= l^ Chohjhrch-Cècb`c-Jfyfehjeh‚ (Hprfehkf di db
][ 5=80-5=51) hitds kdb høf 5=5;, rdsfbvdrêh k`caf prfebdjh. Èrdh Sur
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Bhs cfit`igdic`hs sdvdrhs `kdit`n`chkhs nudrfi? bh shb`kh kd bh bêidh kd 55= l^ JfithbvfJf ithbvfJfqudguh. ]rfpudsths pfr dbkdb CFDS dihbdbcfithr ][ 5=80-5=51, pdrf if bêidh hprfehkh. Bh `itdrcfidx`ói Cditrf-Sur SD@I, cfi uih sdguikh trfichb kd 4== l^ Cfbchehjeh-]frfjh-Phrhehjeh-Jfithbvf, hkqu`drd sun`c`ditd rdkuikhic`h di bh fpdrhc`ói, h i`vdb kdb SD@I, phrh ahcdr nrditd cfit`igdic`hs di hbguif kd bfs c`rcu`tfs kd dstd dibhcd. S`i djehrgf, bh shb`kh kd kfebd c`rcu`tf kd bh bêidh kd 55= l^ JhithrfCfthrusd (I-5) (shb`khs dspfrèk`chs fcurr`khs di pdrêfkf kd Hvdi`kh) prfkucd cfbhpsf bfchb di zfihs kd Sur Dstd h phrt`r kdb høf 5=55, dstf sd dv`thrè cfi db `igrdsf kd bh B.[. Jhcaup`ccau – Xudicfrf – Fifcfrh – [`ithyh (hprfehkf di db ][ 5=88-5=5=) pdrf qud prdsdith rdtrhsf.
Cfrtf c`rcu`tf
•
Bhs pr`ic`phbds suedsthc`fids kd bhs èrdhs Ifrtd, Sur y Cditrf, s`i `icbu`r B`jh (qud sd hihb`zh di db k`hgióst`cf kd bh @[C kd B`jh), prdsdithi i`vdbds kd cfrr`ditd kd cfrtfc`rcu`tf pfr kdehof kd bhs chphc`khkds kd rupturh jêi`jhs kd sus `isthbhc`fids.
Dsthe`b`khk pdrjhiditd
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•
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Sd fesdrvh qud tfkfs bfs jfkfs fsc`bhtfr`fs di cfik`c`fids ifrjhbds (cfik`c`ói I) prdsdithi ui hjfrt`guhj`ditf hkdcuhkf (jhyfr h 4% di hvdi`kh y dst`hod). Sd fesdrvh ui jfkf cfi hjfrt`guhj`ditf hjfrt`guhj`ditf di db rhigf k kdd ; h 4% vhbfrds hkdcuhkfs , jfkf kd fsc`bhc`ói bfchb, ditrd bh C[ Jhpbd y bh ui`khk [G> kd bh C[ Jhbhchs. Di db chsf kd cfit`igdic`hs (cfik`c`ói I-8) tfkfs bfs jfkfs fsc`bhtfr`fs prdsdithi ui hjfrt`guhj`ditf jhyfr h 5%, bf cuhb cujpbd cfi db cr`tdr`f kd kdsdjpdøf.
Dsthe`b`khk trhis`tfr`h
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Di db èrdh Ifrtd bhs nhbbhs tr`nès`chs cfi shb`kh kd bêidh sfi dsthebds, dxcdptf bh nhbbh tr`nès`ch cfi shb`kh kd bh bêidh kd 55= l^ Chohjhrch Ifrtd-Cècb`c, kfikd sd prdsdith `idsthe`b`khk kd tdis`ói. Di db èrdh sd bh prdsdith kdJhrêh-^`zchrrh, `idsthe`b`khk higubhr h chush kd bh nhbbh tr`nès`ch cfiCditrf shb`kh kd bêidh kdprfebdjhs 55= l^ [`igf bh qud fchs`fih bh pàrk`kh kd s`icrfi`sjf kd hbguihs jèqu`ihs kd bh zfih. Dstf sdrè rdsudbtf cfi db `igrdsf kdb DD] Cditrf-Fr`ditd.
8 ; 5 3 3 Cficbus`fids kd bfs dndctfs kd rdtrhsfs di prfydctfs kdb ][ CFDS y db ]@[ di bh fpdrhc`ói kdb s`stdjh Hctuhbjditd sd t`didi prfydctfs hprfehkfs kd bfs ]bhids ^`icubhitd ][ y kdb ]@[ qud h bh ndcah if ahi `i`c`hkf db prfcdsf kd b`c`thc`ói, f t`didi rdtrhsfs di bh dodcuc`ói, pfr bf qud t`didi `jphctf di bh fpdrhc`ói kdb s`stdjh. Di bh s`gu`ditd [hebh sd b`sthi bfs prfydctfs cfi rdtrhsfs?
@infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
>
K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80
]BHI
]UFPDC[F ]UFPDC[F
][ 5=88V5=5= ][ 5=84V5=5; ][ 5=84V5=5; ][ 5=84V5=5; ][ 5=84V5=5;
DJ]UDSH DS[HKF DJ]UDSH DS[HKF
B[ 55= l^ Jhcaup`ccau - Xudicfrf - Fifcfrh H[I 3 - [`ithyh kd 3== J^H y SSDD Hsfc`hkhs B[ 55= l^ [`ithyh-Hzèighrf kd ;4= J^H UDKDSTU Udpftdic`hc`ói h 8=== J^H kd bh B.[. Chrhehybbf-Ca`jeftd-[ruo`bbf Chrhehybbf-Ca`j eftd-[ruo`bbf 4== l^ Chje`f kd i`vdb kd tdis`ói kd bh B[ Ca`bch-Bh C[J ]bhi`c`d-Chrhehybbf ]bhi`c`d-Chrhe hybbf y suedsthc`fids hsfc`hkhs Iudvh Suedsthc`ói Bh ]bhi`c`d 4==/55= Lv (iudvf prfydctf rdnfrjubhkf ][5=81)
][ 5=84V5=5; S.D. Iudvh Chrauhqudrf 55= l^
-
[rhtf k`rdctf pfr 5=8> cfitrfvdrs`h Di cfistrucc`ói 5=5= Di B`c`thc`ói
Dsqudjh Dspdc`hb kd ]rftdcc`ói kdb èrdh [@[TBHU Ifrtd kdb SD@I Dsqudjh Dspdc`hb kd ]rftdcc`ói kdb èrdh [@[TBHU ][ 5=87V5=5> Cditrf-Fr`ditd kdb SD@I -
]@[ 5=83V5=87 SD Iudvh Ca`icah 55=/>= l^ - 74 J^H
-
Iudvh SD Ca`rh? [] 55=/>=/53 l^ kd DIFSH ]@[ 5=87V5=58 8==/8==/0 J^H
Did-5> Oub-5=58
5=5=
Fct-5=58
5=5=
Oub-5=55
If @i`c`h 5=5= B`c`thc`ói If @i`c`h 5=5= B`c`thc`ói
][ 5=87V5=5>
]@[ 5=83V5=87 SD Iudvh Ihzch 55=/>= l^ - 74 J^H
NDCAH NDCAH ]UD^@S[H DS[@JHKH DI ][ F ]@[ ]@[ HC[THB HC[THB
Oub-5=55 Fct-5=55
5=80
Her-5=55
5=80
Her-5=55
If @i`c`h 5=87 B`c`thc`ói If @i`c`h 5=87 B`c`thc`ói If @i`c`h 5=81 B`c`thc`ói
Her-5=55 Her-5=55 Oui-5=5;
[hebh 8.8 B`sth kd Udtrhsf kd ]rfydctfs h Hihb`zhr Di db s`gu`ditd grèn`cf sd kdscr`ed db `jphctf kd bfs rdtrhsfs kd bfs pr`ic`phbds prfydctfs v`icubhitds kdb ][ y ]@[.
N`gurh 8.; Udsujdi kdb dndctf kdb rdtrhsf kd bfs prfydctfs kdb ][ kdb CFDS y ]@[ kd FS@IDUGJ@I.
@infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
7
K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80 8.;.3 Cficbus`fids kdb kdb k`hgióst`cf kd kd bhrgf pbhzf pbhzf 5=5>-5=3= 5=5>-5=3=))
Db k`hgióst`cf kd bhrgf pbhzf cfjprdikd bh dvhbuhc`ói kdb kdsdjpdøf didrgàt`cf y dbàctr`cf kdb SD@I cfis`kdrhikf bh trhisj`s`ói dx`stditd y bh `icbus`ói kd bfs prfydctfs kd bfs pbhids v`icubhitds kd bfs ][s y ]@[s hprfehkfs, ehof k`vdrsfs dscdihr`fs (nuturfs) kd kdjhikh, kd fndrth kd gdidrhc`ói, prdc`fs kd didrgàt`cfs, y ftrfs, phrh db høf n`ihb kdb afr`zfitd kd dstuk`f (5=3=) 8 ; 3 8 8 Cficbus`fids kdb hièb`s`s didrgàt`cf kd bhrgf pbhzf Di db høf 5=5> 5= 5> sd prdsdithi cfigdst`fids di hbguifs dscdihr`fs kd kdjhikh y gdidrhc`ói (S`i Kds? S`i kdshrrfbbf kd grhikds prfydctfs kd gdidrhc`ói a`krfdbàctr`cf di db Ifrtd y Fr`ditd) Kdj8? Fpt`j`sth Ifrtd-Sur y Jdk`f di db Cditrf, Kdj5? Dscdihr`f Jdk`f di tfkf db SD@I, Kdj3? Jdk`f di db Ifrtd-Sur y Fpt`j`sth di db Cditrf, Kdj;? Juy ]ds`j`sth di tfkf di db SD@I.
N`gurh 8.4 Jèx`jf i`vdb kd chrgh di bhs bêidhs kd bhs sue-zfihs kdb SD@I, høf 5=5>. Di db høf 5=3= sd prdsdithi cfigdst`fids di tfkfs bfs dscdihr`fs kd kdjhikh y gdidrhc`ói. Bfs dscdihr`fs kd gdidrhc`ói sfi bfs s`gu`ditds, Ifr? cfi kdshrrfbbf kd grhikds prfydctfs kd gdidrhc`ói a`krfdbàctr`cf di db Ifrtd, Frtd? cfi kdshrrfbbf kd grhikds prfydctfs kd gdidrhc`ói a`krfdbàctr`cf di db Fr`ditd, S`i Kds? S`i kdshrrfbbf kd grhikds prfydctfs kd gdidrhc`ói a`krfdbàctr`cf di db Ifrtd y Fr`ditd. Bfs dscdihr`fs kd kdjhikh sfi bfs s`gu`ditds, Kdj8? Fpt`j`sth Ifrtd-Sur y Jdk`f di db Cditrf, Kdj5? Dscdihr`f Jdk`f di tfkf db SD@I, Kdj3? Jdk`f di db Ifrtd-Sur y Fpt`j`sth di db Cditrf, Kdj;? Juy ]ds`j`sth di tfkf di db SD@I.
@infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
1
K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80
N`gurh 8.> Jèx`jf i`vdb kd chrgh di bhs bêidhs kd bhs sue-zfihs kdb SD@I, høf 5=3=. 8 ; 3 5 5 Cficbus`fids kdb hièb`s`s dbàctr`cf kd bhrgf b hrgf pbhzf Kd bfs jÿbt`pbds dscdihr`fs kd kdjhikh y gdidrhc`ói, db hièb`s`s dbàctr`cf kd bhrgf pbhzf afr`zfitd 5=5> - 5=3=, 5=3 =, sfbf cfitdjpbh ui dscdihr`f cfis`kdrhkf db jès crêt`cf kd bhs kdjhikhs? Db dscdihr`f kd crdc`j`ditf kd kdjhikh jdk`f y ui dscdihr`f qud if cfitdjpbh db kdshrrfbbf kd prfydctfs kd gdidrhc`ói di db Ifrtd. Fpdrhc`ói di dsthkf dsthc`fihr`f di cfik`c`fids cf ik`c`fids ifrjhbds Èrdh Ifrtd
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If sd prdsdithi prfebdjhs kd tdis`ói. Sd prdsdithi sferdchrghs di bh bêidh kd 4== l^ Chrhehybbf-Ca`jeftd rdspdctf h bh chphc`khk cfitrhctuhb kd 8=== J^H, di afrhs kd jèx`jh y jdk`h kdjhikh kdb 5=3=.
Èrdh Cditrf 8-Jhithrf (B`jh – @ch – Ouiêi – Auhichvdb`ch – Hyhcucaf) If sd prdsdithi prfebdjhs kd tdis`ói. If sd prdsdithi prfebdjhs kd sferdchrghs. •
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Èrdh Cditrf 5 (Auèiucf – ]uchbbph – Ifr Fr`ditd)
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Sd prdsdithi tdis`fids jdifrds h =,04 p.u., rdspdctf hb vhbfr ifj`ihb, di bh ehrrh kd [hrhpftf 831 l^, di afrhs kd jèx`jh y jdk`h kdjhikh kdb 5=5> y 5=3=. Sd fesdrvhi sferdchrghs kd bfs trhisnfrjhkfrds Hguhytêh 55=/831 l^ rdspdctf h bh chphc`khk kd 5x>= J^H, di afrhs kd jèx`jh y jdk`h kdjhikh kdb 5=3=. Sd prdsdithi sferdchrghs kdb trhisnfrjhkfr Edbhuikd [drry 55=/831 l^ rdspdctf h bh chphc`khk kd 8== J^H, di afrhs kd jèx`jh kdjhikh kdb 5=3=.
Èrdh Sur •
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If sd prdsdithi prfebdjhs kd tdis`ói. If sd prdsdithi prfebdjhs kd sferdchrghs.
@infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
0
K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80 Dibhcd Cditrf-Sur
If sd prdsdithrêh cfigdst`ói di bfs Dibhcds Cditrf – Sur di tfkf db pdrêfkf, s` sd cfis`kdrh db kdsphcaf kd cditrhbds tàrj`chs cfi pdtróbdf k`àsdb (Ifkf Didrgàt`cf), f db `igrdsf kd iudvfs prfydctfs kd gdidrhc`ói dn`c`ditd di db Sur? thbds cfjf, CA Shi Gheèi 3 (811 JW) CCAA Bbuth (574 JW) y Bbucbbh (537 JW .
Sê sd prdsdithrêhi cfigdst`fids di db Dibhcd Cditrf – Sur, s` sd rdtrhshsdi bfs prfydctfs kd gdidrhc`ói dn`c`ditd hitds `ik`chkfs.
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Fpdrhc`ói di dsthkf dsthc`fihr`f di cfit`igdic`hs Èrdh Ifrtd
•
Sd prfkucdi cfbhpsfs hitd bh shb`kh kd bh bêidh kd 4== l^ Chrhehybbf-Ca`jeftd, y shb`khs kd bhs bêidhs kd 4== l^ Ca`jeftd-[ruo`bbf, [ruo`bbf-Bh I`øh. [fkhs dsths cfit`igdic`hs dsthrèi cue`drths pfr db Dsqudjh Dspdc`hb kd ]rftdcc`ói (DD]) kd Ifrtd (][ 5=87-5=5>).
Èrdh Cditrf
•
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Bh shb`kh kd bh bêidh kd 55= l^ Jfbbdphth-Auhichvdb`ch prfvfchrêh cfbhpsf bfchb, di bh zfih kd Hyhcucaf. Bhs cfit`igdic`hs kd shb`khs `ik`v`kuhbds kd bhs bêidhs kd 831 l^ Hguhytêh-Chjpf ^drkd y Hguhytêh-]uchbbph prfvfchrêhi cfbhpsf kdb èrdh kd ]uchbbph.
Èrdh Cditrf Fr`ditd
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Bhs shb`khs `ik`v`kuhbds kd bhs bêidhs kd 55= l^ Chohjhrch-Cècb`c y Cècb`c-Jfyfehjeh prfkuc`rèi prfebdjhs kd cfbhpsf bfchb di db èrdh kd [hrhpftf y Jfyfehjeh.
Èrdh Sur
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Bh shb`kh kd bh bêidh kd 55= l^ Jfithbvf-Jfqudguh prfvfchrêh cfbhpsf kdb Sur. Dsth s`tuhc`ói sdrêh jès crêt`ch s`i bh `icfrpfrhc`ói kd iudvh gdidrhc`ói cfrrdspfik`ditd h bhs CCAA Shi Gheèi, Bbuth y Bbucbbh, cfis`kdrhkhs di db bhrgf pbhzf.
Cfrtf c`rcu`tf
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Bhs pr`ic`phbds suedsthc`fids kd bhs èrdhs Ifrtd, Sur y Cditrf (s`i `icbu`r B`jh, B`jh , èrdhqud sd hihb`zh di db k`hgióst`cf kd bh @[C kd B`jh) kdb SD@I prdsdithi i`vdbds kd cfrr`ditd kd cfrtfc`rcu`tf pfr kdehof kd bhs chphc`khkds kd rupturh jêi`jhs kd sus `isthbhc`fids.
Dsthe`b`khk trhis`tfr`h.
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Di db èrdh Ifrtd sd prdsdithi prfebdjhs kd `idsthe`b`khk higubhr y kd tdis`ói h chush kd bh nhbbh tr`nès`ch cfi shb`kh kd bh bêidh kd 4== l^ Chrhehybbf-Ca`jeftd, s`tuhc`ói di qud sd prdsdithi pàrk`kh kd s`icrfi`sjf di hbguihs jèqu`ihs kdb èrdh ifrtd y qud fchs`fih tdis`fids if hjfrt`guhkhs. Di db èrdh cditrf if sd prdsdithi prfebdjhs kd `idsthe`b`khk.
8.;.; Cficbus`fids kdb ndiójdif ndiójdif kd rdsfihic`h suesêicrfih suesêicrfih USS) di db SD@I
Hitdcdkditds Di db 5=8> sd prdsditó ui prfebdjh di bh C[ kd ]udrtf Erhvf qud if bd pdrj`têh fpdrhr hkdcuhkhjditd kde`kf h bh prdsdic`h kd fsc`bhc`fids. Dstuk`fs pfstdr`frds bbdvhkfs h chef pfr db nher`chitd kd bhs jèqu`ihs kdtdrj`ihrfi qud bh chush kdb prfebdjh nud bh fcurrdic`h kdb @infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
8=
K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80 ndiójdif kd rdsfihic`h suesêicrfih (USS). Sd rdhb`zhrfi k`vdrsfs dstuk`fs phrh k`hgifst`chr db ndiójdif kd USS, hsê cfjf hpb`chr y prfpfidr jdk`khs kd j`t`ghc`ói htdik`dikf thje`ài bfs chje`fs kd tfpfbfgêh kdb s`stdjh kd trhisj`s`ói kdb SD@I. Di db prdsditd @K sd dxpfid uih Afoh kd Uuth ahsth bh `jpbdjdithc`ói kd bhs kd jdk`khs kd j`t`ghc`ói kdn`i`t`vhs kdb prfebdjh kd USS, dbhefrhkh h phrt`r kd bfs dstuk`fs kd k`hgióst`cf kd USS rdhb`zhkfs ahsth db 5=81. Di bh s`gu`ditd n`gurh sd prdsdith bh Afoh kd Uuth pbhitdhkh? Afoh kd ruth
•
]r ` j d r h Dt hp h
Sdg u i kh Dt hph
[dr c dr h Dt hp h
5=81
5=55 di hk dbhi t d
@itdrcfidx`fids @itdrihc`fihbds Udg`fihbds
Dstuk`fs prdv`fs phrh chrhctdr`zhr chrhctdr `zhr db ndiójdif ndiójdif kd USS.
•
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Bhrgf ]bhzf
Dstuk`fs qud ahghi s dgu` dgu`j`ditf j`ditf kd bfs chje`fs chje`fs kd cfin`gu cfin`gurhc`ó rhc`ói i kdb S`stdjh [rfichb Cditrf-Sur kdb SD@I y kd bh `icbus`ói kd iudvfs prfydctfs kd gdidrhc`ói di db Sur. Dstu Dstuk k`fs `fs hi hitd tdbh bhc`ó c`ói i
rdhb rdhb``zh zhkf kfs s cfi cfi sun sun`c` `c`di ditd td h n`i n`i
•
bh kd •
d vhhisj` buj`s` hr s`ói cd hp hp h khky kd tr trh is óib h rd rdqu qud r` r`k kch``k bh bhs s hcc`fids kd j`t`ghc`ói kd bh USS.
Di hb jdifs c`icf høfs hitd hitds s qud sd `j `jpb pbdj djdi ditd td ui s`std s`stdjh jh kd `it `itdrcf drcfidx idx`ói `ói rdg`fihb rdg`fihb h 4== l^ (cf (cfjf jf db kd S@IDH), S@IDH), phrh bh hbth hbth chphc`khk kd trhisndrdic`h ditrd bhs nrfitdrh nrfi tdrhs s If Ifrtd rtd (Dcuh (Dcuhkfr kfr)) y Sur (Ca`bd). Udhb`zhr Udhb`zhr dstu dstuk`f k`fs s dspdc`hb dspdc`hb`zhk `zhkfs fs phr phrh h dv dvhbuh hbuhrr bh s`tuhc`ói s`tuhc`ói kd USS kdb SD @I @I y k dt dtdrj`ihr db k`jdis`fihj`di k`jdis`f ihj`ditf tf y chrhctdrêst`chs chrhctdrêst`chs tàc i` i`c hs hs kdb [CS C qud s d rdq rdqudr udr`rêh `rêh `jpb `jpbdjdi djdithr thr di db ECS kd Shi Ofsà.
ECS? Ehicf kd Chphc`tfrds Chphc`tfrds Sdr`d. [CSC? [ayr`stfr Cfitrfbbdk Sdr`ds Chphc`tfr.
N`gurh 8.7 Afoh kd Uuth phrh bh @jpbdjdithc`ói kd Jdk`khs kd J`t`ghc`ói kd bh Udsfihic`h Suesêicrfih di db SD@I.
8.;.4 Cficbus`fids kdb k`hgióst`cf kd bhs @[Cs
8 ; 4 8 8 Èrdh kd kdjhikh 8 Di db èrdh kd Kdjhikh 8 sd prdsdithi prfebdjhs kd tdis`fids di db cfrtf y bhrgf pbhzf cfjf sd judstrh di db cuhkrf s`gu`ditd?
@infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
88
K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80 [dis`fids di Ehrrhs (p.u.) - Afrh Jèx`jh Kdjhikh Ifcad EHUUH
CFU[F ]BH_F 5=55 5=53
5=58
^if
(l^)
5=5;
H Hv v
Ds
Hv
Ds
Hv
Ds
Hv
=.015 =.015 =. =.01 011 1 =. =.0= 0=0 0 =. =.01 011 1
=.0>= =.0>= =. =.01 013 3 =. =.10 108 8 =. =.01 015 5
8.==; 8.==; 8. 8.== ==> > =. =.05 053 3 8. 8.== ==> >
=.0 =.015 15 =. =.01 01; ; =. =.11 114 4 =. =.01 01; ;
=.00; =.00; =. =.00 000 0 =. =.08 08= = =. =.00 000 0
=.014 =.014 =. =.07 077 7 =.1> =.1>0 0 =. =.07 077 7
Ds
^if
( (l l^)
BHUGF ]BH_F 5=5> 5=3=
H Hv v
Ds
Hv
Ds
=.0>5 =.0>5 =. =.0> 0>> > =.1> =.1>1 1 =. =.0> 0>4 4
=.074 =.074 =. =.07 07> > =.10 =.10= = =. =.07 07> >
_fih Jèicfrh - _frr`tfs - [ujeds
_FU _FUU@[ U@[FS FS 55= 55=H H _F _FUU UU@[ @[FS FS >= >=E E JH JHIC IC>= >= C[ [T [TJE JEDS DS >=
55= >= >= >=
=.0 =.0>4 >4 8. 8.== ==3 3 =.08 =.080 0 8. 8.== ==5 5
=.01= =.01= 55= =.078 =.013 =.013 =. =.01 013 3 >= =. =.07 07> > =. =.07 071 1 =.11 =.113 3 >= =. =.0= 0=5 5 =. =.08 085 5 =. =.01 015 5 >= =. =.07 07> > =. =.07 071 1
[T [TJE JEDS DS>= >= _H _HUT UT>= >=
>= >=
=. =.0> 0>1 1 =. =.04 041 1 =. =.04 044 4 =. =.01 01> > =. =.0> 0>= = =. =.07 07> > =.04 =.044 4 =.04 =.041 1 =.03 =.03= = =. =.05 054 4 =. =.0; 0;1 1 =. =.01 017 7 =. =.0> 0>5 5 =. =.07 071 1 =.0> =.0>= = =.0> =.0>8 8
>= >=
=.0; =.0;0 0 =. =.04 043 3 =.0; =.0;5 5 =.0; =.0;; ; =. =.0; 0;4 4 =. =.04 044 4 =.0> =.0>= = =.0; =.0;8 8
55 55; ; 55 55= = 55 55= = 55=
=. =.07 07> > =. =.00 00; ; =. =.00 00; ; =.003 =.003
_fih [hbhrh
[H [HBH BHUH UH 55 55=H =H ]H ]HU@ U@ØH ØHS S 55 55=H =H CH CHJ] J]HI HIH H 55 55= = C[ UDN [HB [HBHUH HUH 55=
=. =.01 015 5 =. =.00 000 0 =. =.00 000 0 =.007 =.007
=. =.04 047 7 =. =.07 073 3 =. =.07 073 3 =.07; =.07;
=. =.01 017 7 8. 8.== ==; ; 8. 8.== ==; ; 8.==8 8.==8
=. =.01 01= = =. =.00 007 7 =. =.00 007 7 =.004 =.004
=. =.01 017 7 8. 8.== ==4 4 8. 8.== ==4 4 8.==5 8.==5
=. =.01 014 4 8. 8.== ==5 5 8. 8.== ==5 5 8.=== 8.===
=. =.07 077 7 =. =.00 00; ; =. =.00 00; ; =.003 =.003
55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55=
=. =.01 011 1 =. =.01 011 1 =. =.01 011 1 =.017 =.017
=. =.00 00> > =. =.00 004 4 =. =.00 004 4 =.00; =.00;
=. =.01 013 3 =. =.01 015 5 =. =.01 015 5 =.015 =.015
=. =.00 007 7 =. =.00 007 7 =. =.00 007 7 =.004 =.004
=. =.07 07> > =. =.07 071 1 =. =.01 010 0 =. =.01 018 8 =. =.07 070 0
=. =.08 083 3 =. =.08 08> > =. =.05 051 1 =. =.05 05= = =. =.05 058 8
=. =.08 08> > =. =.08 081 1 =. =.05 050 0 =. =.08 080 0 =. =.08 087 7
=. =.17 17> > =. =.17 177 7 =. =.11 110 0 =. =.11 11= = =. =.11 11= =
=. =.08 08= = =. =.08 085 5 =. =.05 053 3 =. =.08 08; ; =. =.08 083 3
=.14 =.141 1 =. =.14 141 1 =. =.17 17= = =.1> =.1>= = =. =.1> 1>= =
=.0; =.0;> > =. =.04 048 8 =. =.0> 0>1 1 =.07 =.07= = =. =.01 01= =
>= >= >= >= >=
=.10 =.10> > =. =.0= 0=7 7 =. =.03 03; ; =.0; =.0;1 1 =. =.07 07> >
=. =.05 051 1 =. =.03 030 0 =. =.0> 0>; ; =. =.07 074 4 =. =.00 001 1
=.14 =.140 0 =. =.17 17= = =. =.0= 0== = =. =.05 058 8 =. =.04 041 1
=.10 =.10; ; =. =.0= 0=; ; =. =.03 03= = =.0; =.0;3 3 =. =.07 078 8
55= --- -->= --- --40 =. =.0> 0>7 7 8. 8.== ==; ; >= =. =.07 071 1 =. =.00 000 0 >8 =. =.07 077 7 8. 8.== ==3 3
------=. =.04 048 8 =. =.0> 0>3 3 =. =.0> 0>> >
------=. =.03 030 0 =. =.0; 0;8 8 =. =.04 048 8
------=. =.0= 0=7 7 =. =.08 083 3 =. =.03 034 4
------=. =.03 037 7 =. =.03 03; ; =. =.0; 0;0 0
----=. =.11 117 7 =. =.10 108 8 =. =.05 055 5
=.01 =.011 1 =.013 =. =.07 073 3 =. =.0> 0>1 1 =. =.07 075 5
5 55= 5= >= >= >= >=
=.07 =.070 0 =. .0 015 =. =.04 04; ; =. =.00 00= = =. =.07 071 1
=.0 =.01> 8.==3 =. =.0> 0>4 4 =. =.00 004 4 =. =.01 01> >
=.0>> .0>> =.0>> =. =.05 057 7 =. =.0> 0>; ; =. =.0> 0>3 3
=.00= .00= =.077 =. =.04 048 8 =. =.01 01> > =. =.07 071 1
_fih ]h`th - Db Hrdihb - Bh Auhch
]H ]H@[ @[H H >= ]H ]H@[ @[H@ H@IK IK>= >= [H [HEB EBH_ H_F F >= HU HUDI DIHB HB >= BH AT ATHC HCH H >=
>= >= >= >= >=
=. =.05 051 1 =. =.03 038 8 =. =.0; 0;3 3 =. =.03 03> > =. =.03 037 7
_fih Subbhih - ]fdcafs
^HBB ^HBBD D CA CA@U @UH H 55= ^HBBD CA@UH >= ST STBB BBHI HIH H >= ]F ]FDC DCAF AFS S >= CT CTUT UTJT JTP P >=
_fih Bh Ti`ói - Sdcaurh - Cfisthicd
TI TI@F @FI> I>= = SD SDCA CAT> T>= =
>= >=
=.0>; =.0>; =. =.00 00> > =. =.04 045 5 =. =.0; 0;4 4 =. =.03 03= = =. =.03 030 0 =.05 =.05; ; =.03 =.031 1 =.0;5 =.0;5 =. =.07 070 0 =. =.05 057 7 =. =.05 05> > =. =.0= 0=3 3 =. =.08 087 7 =.10 =.104 4 =.08 =.08> >
>= >=
=.1 =.10; 0; =. =.08 08= = =.17 =.174 4 =.10 =.100 0 =.1 =.1>4 >4 =. =.11 117 7 =.1; =.1;= = =.17 =.175 5
CF CFIS IS[> [>= =
>=
=.03; =.03; =. =.07 07; ; =. =.08 080 0 =. =.05 05= = =. =.10 104 4 =. =.08 088 8 =.11 =.11> > =.0= =.0=0 0
>=
=.1 =.14> 4> =. =.11 11= = =.15 =.150 0 =.1> =.1>; ;
_fih ]`urh Trehih
]@T ]@TUH UH FDS[D FDS[D 55=H 55=H ]@T ]@TUH UH FDS[D FDS[D >=H CDIf CDIfrt rtd d 55= 55= ]@TU ]@TUH H 4= 4== = ]@TU ]@TUH H 55 55= = C] C]@T @TUH UH55 55= = SD]D>= DO DO@K @KFS FS>= >= [D [DQ[ Q[@B @B>= >= ]@ ]@TU TUH H CD CDI[ I[UF UF>= >= CH CHS[ S[@> @>= =
553 >8.1 >8.1 55= 4== 55= 55 55= = >= >= >= >= >=
=.077 =.077 =. =.007 007 ------=.00= =.00= --=. =.00 007 7 8. 8.=8 =87 7 8. 8.== ==0 0 8.==4 8.==4
=.013 =.013 8.=87 8.=87 ------=. =.00 007 7 --8. 8.=5 =53 3 8. 8.=3 =31 1 8. 8.=3 =3= = 8. 8.=5 =57 7
=.0;3 =.0;3 =.003 =.003 ------------=. =.04 04> > --=. =.00 00= = 8. 8.=8 =83 3 8. 8.== ==> > 8. 8.== ==5 5
=.07> =.07> =.071 =.071 ------------=. =.01 010 0 --=. =.01 01= = =. =.00 000 0 =. =.00 005 5 =. =.01 010 0
=.077 =.077 =.01= =.01= = =.0 .00= 0= 8 8.= .=== == 8 8.= .==5 =5 =. =.00 00= = --=. =.07 074 4 =. =.00 000 0 =. =.00 008 8 =. =.01 011 1
=.01; =.01; =.077 =.077 =.001 .001 8.=== .=== 8.==3 .==3 =. =.00 001 1 --=. =.07 070 0 =. =.00 001 1 =. =.00 008 8 =. =.01 011 1
=.015 =.015 =.077 =.077 =.00 =.00> > 8.=5 8.=5= = 8.=8 8.=88 8 =. =.00 00> > 8.==4 =.00 =.007 7 =.00 =.00> > =. =.01 011 1 =.01 =.01; ;
=.07> =.07> 55= =.015 =.015 =.010 =.010 =.07= =.07= =.00; =.00; =.070 =.070 >= =.01= =.01= =.013 =.013 =.077 =.077 =.01; =.01; =.01 =.010 0 5 55= 5= =.01 =.015 5 =.0 =.010 =.07= .07= =.00; .00; 8.== 8.=== = 4 4== == 8.== 8.=== = 8.= 8.=== 8.=== .=== 8.=5= .=5= =.00 =.001 1 5 55= 5= =.00 =.005 5 =.0 =.007 =.017 .017 8.==7 .==7 =. =.01 010 0 55= =. =.01 015 5 =. =.01 010 0 =. =.07 07= = =. =.00 00; ; =.007 > >= = = =. .018 =.01> =.013 =.003 =.00 =.004 4 >= =.07 =.07= = =. =.07 077 7 =.0> =.0>0 0 =.01 =.01= = =.00 =.000 0 >= =.0> =.0>0 0 =. =.07 073 3 =.0> =.0>; ; =.07 =.075 5 =. =.00 005 5 >= =. =.0> 0>8 8 =. =.0> 0>4 4 =. =.04 04; ; =. =.0> 0>3 3 =.01 =.010 0 >= =.0 =.047 47 =. =.0> 0>8 8 =.0; =.0;0 0 =.04 =.040 0
_fih Caubuchih - Jfrrfpói - Bfjh Bhrgh
CATBT>= JFUUF]FI>= BBHUGH>=
>= >= >=
= =. .055 =.0>; =.08= =.088 =.117 =.0=4 --= =. .085 =.04; =.100 =.0=8 =.17; =.10; --= =. .0=5 =.0;> =.110 =.108 =.1>3 =.11; ---
-------
>= >= >=
-------
-------
-------
-------
4= 4== = 55 55= = 83 831 1 83 831 1
=. =.0> 0>; ; 8. 8.=3 =3; ; 8. 8.=8 =87 7 8. 8.=8 =84 4
8. 8.== ==> > 8. 8.== ==0 0 =. =.00 007 7 =. =.00 00= =
4== 4== 55= 55= 831 831 831 831
8. 8.== ==; ; 8. 8.== ==; ; =. =.00 005 5 =. =.01 01; ;
8. 8.== ==; ; 8. 8.== ==7 7 =. =.00 00> > =. =.01 011 1
8. 8.== ==8 8 8. 8.== ==8 8 8. 8.== ==1 1 8. 8.== ==> >
8. 8.=8 =87 7 8. 8.=8 =8> > 8. 8.=5 =5; ; 8. 8.=5 =53 3
>=
8. 8.=5 =5= = 8. 8.=5 =5; ; 8. 8.== ==3 3 =. =.00 001 1 =. =.00 007 7 =. =.00 001 1 8.== 8.==> > 8.== 8.==0 0
>=
8.== 8.==3 3 8. 8.== ==7 7 8. 8.== ==0 0 8.=5 8.=57 7
_fih Bh I`øh
BH I@ I@ØH ØH 4= 4== = BH BHI@ I@ØH ØH 55 55=E =E BH I@ I@ØH ØH 83 831 1 EH EHPF PFEH EHU U 83 831 1 EH EHPF PFEH EHU> U>= = Bdydikh?
=. =.00 000 0 8. 8.=5 =55 5 8. 8.=8 =88 8 8. 8.== ==; ;
8. 8.== ==5 5 =. =.00 008 8 =. =.07 070 0 =. =.07 078 8
98.=4 p.u.
8. 8.=8 =87 7 8. 8.=8 =88 8 8. 8.== === = =. =.00 005 5
8. 8.== ==1 1 8. 8.== ==0 0 =. =.00 001 1 =. =.00 00= =
8. 8.== ==7 7 8. 8.=8 =88 8 =. =.00 000 0 =. =.00 005 5
8. 8.=5 =5= = 8. 8.=8 =81 1 8. 8.== ==7 7 8. 8.== === =
2=.04 p.u.
[hebh 8.5 [dis`fids di ehrrhs (p.u.). Sd fesdrvh qud bh zfih jès crêt`ch kd tfkh db èrdh kd Kdjhikh 8 ds bh zfih cfstdrh kd ]h`th y Cfbèi, qud nfrjhi phrtd kd bh rdk kd >= l^ di hi`bbf \]`urh Fdst Fdstdd – Subbhih – Bh Auhch – Db Hrdihb – ]h`th – ]`urh FdstdZ, kfikd sd fesdrvhi tdis`fids pfr kdehof kd =.0 p.u. Dstd prfebdjh sd ah fr`g`ihkf pfr db rdtrhsf kdb ]rfydctf S.D. Iudvh Ca`rh 55=/>= l^ kdb pbhi v`icubhitd kdb ]@[ 5=875=58, cuyh ndcah kd `igrdsf hprfehkf nud db 5=81. 8 ; 4 5 5 Èrdh kd kdjhikh 5
•
Bfs prfebdjhs pr`ic`phbds kd dsth Èrdh kd Kdjhikh sfi bhs sferdchrghs di bêidhs y trhisnfrjhkfrds s`gu`ditds? f Sferdchrgh sdvdrh di db bhrgf pbhzf – hitd bh `ik`spfi`e`b`khk C.A. Ca`r`cfigh 5x=.1 JW – di db kdvhihkf kd 55.0l^ (3 J^H) kd bfs trhisnfrjhkfrds 55=/831/55.0l^ – 34/35/3 J^H kd bh SD Chrauhqudrf.
@infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
85
K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80
f
f
f
8 ; 4 3 3
•
•
Èrdh kd kdjhikh ; Bfs prfebdjhs pr`ic`phbds kd dsth Èrdh kd Kdjhikh di cuhitf h bh chêkh kd tdis`ói – pfr kdehof kdb ujerhb jêi`jf kd 04% – di ehrrhs kd 831 l^ sd prdsdith di bhs s`gu`ditds s`tuhc`fids? Di bh ehrrh [HUH]F[F831 di db afr`zfitd kdb bhrgf pbhzf. f Di cuhitf h bhs sferdchrghs di bêidhs y trhisnfrjhkfrds sd prdsdith di bhs s`gu`ditds s`tuhc`fids? Sferdchrgh – hitd bh `ik`spfi`e`b`khk kd bh C.[. Jfyfehjeh 4 J^H – di tfkf db f pdr`fkf kd dvhbuhc`ói, di db kdvhihkf kd 8= l^ (7 J^H) kdb trhisnfrjhkfr []-8338 831/>=/8=l^ – 84/84/7 J^H kd bh SD Jfyfehjeh. Sd prdvà sferdchrgh sdvdrh h phrt`r kdb høf 5=53.
f
8 ; 4 ; ;
Bh sferdchrgh di tfkf db pdr`fkf kd dvhbuhc`ói, di db kdvhihkf kd 83.5 l^ (5.4 J^H) kdb trhisnfrjhkfr 831/55.0/83.5l^ – 1/1/5.4 J^H kd bh SD Cutdrvf. Sd dst`jh sferdchrgh sdvdrh h phrt`r kdb høf 5=53. Sferdchrgh di bh bêidh kd 831 l^ B-8831 CT[DU^F – ITD^H OHDI phrt`r kdb høf 5=55. Sd dst`jh sferdchrgh sdvdrh di db bhrgf pbhzf. Sferdchrgh di bh bêidh kd 831 l^ B-8834E KTIH – CT[DU^F di db bhrgf pbhzf cfi sferdchrgh sdvdrh di db afr`zfitd.
– Sferdchrgh di bhsferdchrgh bêidh kd 831 l^ B-8=81 pbhzf. Sd dst`jh sdvdrh di db [HUH]F[F afr`zfitd kdb EDBHTIKD bhrgf pbhzf.[DUUP di db bhrgf
Èrdh kd kdjhikh > y 7
Kdjhikh? Bh prfydcc`ói kd bh kdjhikh dbàctr`ch qud sd ah djpbdhkf phrh db k`hgióst`cf kd bh fpdrhc`ói kdb Èrdh kd Kdjhikh > y 7 sd judstrh di bh s`gu`ditd thebh? ]rfydcc`ói kd bh kdjhikh dbàctr`ch (JW) di bhs Èrdhs kd Kdjhikh > y 7 HØF
5=87
5=81
5=80
5=5=
5=58
5=55
5=53
5=5;
5=54
5=5>
5=57
5=51
5=50
5=3=
Jèx`jh Kdjhikh Ifcad
3 843
3 ;81
3 >=;
3 1;>
; =83
; 878
; 31>
; 4;8
; >>8
; 71=
; 08>
4 =4;
4 813
4 381
Jèx`jh Kdjhikh Kêh
3 =0;
3 345
3 437
3 777
3 0;5
; =00
; 388
; ;>;
; 415
; >00
; 133
; 0>0
4 =0>
4 551
[/C ;.8%
Uht`f Uht` f kdj kdjhi hikh khs s 5=3 5=3=/ =/5= 5=87 87
8.7 8. 7
[hebh 8.3 ]rfydcc`ói kd bh kdjhikh èrdh kd kdjhikh > y 7
•
•
•
•
Bhs prfydcc`fids kd kdjhikh sd ahi tfjhkf kd bhs hprfehkhs pfr FS@IDUGJ@I di db prfcdsf kd Jfk`n`chc`ói kdb ]bhi kd @ivdrs`fids 5=87-5=58. Bh kdjhikh gbfehb prdsdith uih thsh kd crdc`j`ditf hiuhb`zhkh kdb ;.8%. Db crdc`j`ditf dspdrhkf kd kdjhikh – ditrd db 5=87 y 5=3= – ds kd 8.7 vdcds. Bh kdjhikh kd B`jh Jdtrfpfb`thih di 5=87 nud kd 3.= GW y di 5=3= sd dspdrh 4.= GW.
@infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
83
K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80
N`gurh 8.1 K`hgrhjh ui`n`bhr kdb èrdh kd kdjhikh > y 7 Jfkdbhkf kd Udk Db jfkdbf kd rdk sd ah cfistru`kf di ehsd bfs pbhids v`icubhitds kdb ]@[ (]bhi kd @ivdrs`fids di [rhisj`s`ói) y db ][ (]bhi kd [rhisj`s`ói). ]hrh db prfcdsf kdb k`hgióst`cf kd bhs cfik`c`fids fpdrht`vhs sd ahi dvhbuhkf trds hbtdriht`vhs kd cfin`gurhc`ói ditrd bhs ehrrhs kd 55= l^ SHI[H UFSH, SHI OTHI d @IKTS[U@HBDS, kd bhs cuhbds sfbf uih kd dbbhs cujpbd cfi b`j`thr bh cfrr`ditd kd cfrtfc`rcu`tf di bh zfih kd B`jh di 55= l^ h ;= lH. Di bhs s`gu`ditds n`gurhs sd judstrhi bh cfin`gurhc`ói hctuhb y bh cfin`gurhc`ói sdbdcc`fihkh?
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Cfin`gurhc`ói Hctuhb
N`gurh 8.0 Dsqudjh Ti`n`bhr di bh s`tu s`tuhc`ói hc`ói Hctuhb kdb Èrdh kd Kdjhikh > y 7
@infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
8;
K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80 Cfin`gurhc`ói Sdbdcc`fihkh? Sdbdcc`fihkh? B-5=8= \SHI[H UFSH – @IKTS[U@HBDSZ Kfebd [drih y hcfpbhj`ditf 55= l^ @IKTS[U@HBDS cdrrhkf kdskd chje`f kd i`vdb kd tdis`ói kd 55= l^ h 4== l^ kdb c`rcu`tf Ca`bch – ]bhi`c`d – Chrhehybbf (5=55/Dst`hod – 5=3=). Dsth cfin`gurhc`ói nud bh rdcfjdikhkh di db ][ 5=80-5=51.
N`gurh 8.8= Dsqudjh Ti`n`bhr di db Bhrgf ]bhzf kdb È Èrdh rdh kd Kdjhikh > y 7 – Cfin`gurhc`ói Sdbdcc`fihkh
]r`ic`phbds Cficbus`fids Èrdhs kd Kdjhikh > y 7? 7? `. Cfrtfc`rcu`tf Cfi bh Cfin`gurhc`ói Sdbdcc`fihkh, if sd fesdrvhi trhisgrds`fids kd i`vdb kd cfrtfc`rcu`tf sferd bfs ;= lH. [fkhs bhs suedsthc`fids kd bh zfih kd B`jh t`didi uih chphc`khk kd rupturh kd ;= lH, cfi dxcdpc`ói kd bh suedsthc`ói SHI[H UFSH 55=/>= l^, qud cudith cfi dqu`pfs 38.4 lH, kd chphc`khk kd rupturh. r upturh. Dstfs dqu`pfs pdrtdidcdi h bhs `isthbhc`fids kd Buz B uz kdb Sur sdgÿi bf rdpfrthkf hb CFDS jdk`hitd chrth K@CSD[-=5=-5=81 (5=81-=;-53). SSdd rdqu`drd •
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qud dstd dqu`phj`ditf sdh rddjpbhzhkf. ``. K`hgióst`cf kd bh fpdrhc`ói di cfik`c`fids ifrjhbds [dis`fids di ehrrhs Ahsth db høf 5=5> bfs pdrn`bds kd tdis`ói dsthrêhi kditrf kdb rhigf kd vhr`hc`ói pdrj`t`kf. ]hrh db høf 5=3=, bhs pr`ic`phbds ehrrhs kd 55= l^ di db èrdh kd B`jh Jdtrfpfb`thih prdsdithi chêkh kd tdis`ói juy pfr kdehof kdb ujerhb jêi`jf kdb 04% di db afr`zfitd kdb bhrgf pbhzf. •
•
@infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
84
K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80 [dis`fids di Ehrrhs (p.u.) - Afrh Jèx`jh Kdjhikh Ifcad CFU[F ]BH_F CFIN@GTUHC@ÓI C HK
5=58
^if
EHUUH
( l^ )
Hv
5=55
Ds
Hv
BHUGF ]BH_F
5=53
Ds
Hv
5=5;
Ds
Hv
5=5>
^if
Ds
( l^ )
Hv
5=3=
Ds
Hv
Ds
CHUH CHUHEHPB EHPBBF BF 4==H
4==
=.00 =.001 1 =.00 =.00> > =.01 =.01= = =.00> =.00> =.0> =.0>; ; =.071 =.071 =.0>0 =.0>0 =.075 4==
CHUH CHUH]FIG ]FIGF F 4==H
4==
8.== 8.==3 3 8.== 8.==8 8 =.01 =.01> > 8.=== 8.=== =.0> =.0>7 7 =.018 =.018 =.073 =.073 =.074 4==
=.07; =.07; =.071 =.071 =.041 =.041 =.041
CA@B CA@BCH CH C[J 4==H
4==
8.=5 8.=5; ; 8.=8 8.=84 4 8.=8 8.=8= = 8.=8; 8.=8; =.01 =.01> > =.00; =.00; =.007 =.007 =.010 4==
=.004 =.004 =.008 =.008 =.00; =.00; =.01;
B H ] BH BH I I@ @C C@ @ D 4 == == H > EHUS@ EHUS@ 55=H > CHUH CHUHEHPB EHPBBF BF 55=H
=.=== =.000 =.000 =.0>; =.071 =.078 =.075 4= == = =.=== =.=== =.===
4==
=.0>0 =.0>0 =.07> =.07> =.045 =.045 =.045
=.0>0 =.075 =.047 =.041
583 =.0 =.011 11 =.014 =.075 =.075 =.07> =.07> =.043 =.043 =.0>= =.045 =.0>; =.0>; 55= =.04 =.044 4 =.0>5 =.050 >5 =.050 =.034 558
=.01 =.011 1 =.01 =.015 5 =.0> =.0>0 0 8.==; 8.==; =.07 =.071 1 =.013 =.013 =.077 =.077 =.008 55=
=.01= =.01= =.071 =.071 =.045 =.045 =.04;
> CAH^ CAH^HUU@ HUU@H H 55=H > ATHCAF 55=H
58>
=.01 =.013 3 =.01 =.01= = =.0> =.0>1 1 =.015 =.015 =.0> =.0>= = =.0>7 =.0>7 =.0>= =.0>= =.078 55=
=.0>5 =.0>5 =.0>0 =.0>0 =.031 =.0;5
> BFJDUH 55=H
55= =.00; =.01 =.01> > =.07 =.077 7 8.== 8.==5 5 =.07 =.078 8 =.01; =.01; =.07> =.07> =.00> 55= =.071 =.013 =.013 =.045 =.045 =.047
> JHB^@IHS5 ^@IHS55=H > J@UHKFU HKFU 55=H
55= =.018 =.018 =.07> =.0>8 =.0>8 =.017 =.017 =.04> =.04> =.0>3 =.04; =.073 =.073
55= =.0> =.0>3 3 =.0>; =.038 >; =.038 =.05>
55= =.01> =.01> =.01= =.0>7 =.0>7 =.004 =.004 =.0>7 =.0>7 =.073 =.0>4 =.015 =.015
55= =.07 =.075 5 =.078 =.0;5 78 =.0;5 =.0;5
> JDK@ JDK@F F JTIK JTIKF F 55=
55=
8.=8 8.=80 0 8.== 8.==8 8 =.00 =.001 1 8.=8 8.=87 7 =.00 =.008 8 8.==4 8.==4 8.==7 8.==7 8.=53 55=
8.==3 8.==3 8.=88 8.=88 =.01; =.01; =.01>
> ^DI[ ^DI[HI@B HI@BBH BH 55=H > ]HUHJFIGH ITD^H 55=H
58;
=.00 =.000 0 =.00 =.00> > =.01 =.01; ; =.014 =.014 =.0> =.0>; ; =.07= =.07= =.0>; =.0>; =.074 55=
=.0>> =.0>> =.078 =.078 =.0;5 =.0;7
554
8.==3 =.018 =.070 =.007 =.078 =.01> =.008 8.==7
8.==0 8.=81 =.005 =.00;
> _H]HBBHB 55=H
558 =.013 =.07 =.077 7 =.0> =.0>4 4 =.00 =.000 0 =.07 =.073 3 =.070 =.070 =.073 =.073 =.017 55= =.07> =.07> =.07> =.0;0 =.0;0 =.048 =.048
>&7 SH SHI[H I[H UFSH 55=H 7 HB[F ]UHK ]UHKDUH DUH 55= 7 HS@H 55=
553 =.000 =.01 =.014 4 =.01 =.015 5 8.== 8.==5 5 =.07 =.077 7 =.010 =.010 =.011 =.011 8.==3 55= =.000 8.==4 8.==4 =.070 =.070 =.015
55=
58>
=.01 =.014 4 =.01 =.013 3 =.07 =.07= = =.014 =.014 =.0> =.0>3 3 =.07= =.07= =.0>5 =.0>5 =.073 55=
=.0>; =.0>; =.073 =.073 =.0;5 =.0;;
584
8.== 8.==; ; 8.==4 8.==4 =.01 =.01> > =.00 =.001 1 8.=8 8.=83 3 =.007 =.007 8.==1 8.==1 8.=5; 55=
8.==0 8.==0 8.=55 8.=55 =.018 =.018 =.003
55= =.003 =.003 =.007 =.01= =.01= 8.==4 8.==4 8.==1 8.==1 8.==4 8.==; 8.=80 8.=80 55= 8.==> 8.=80 =.01> =.007 =.007
7 EHBI EHBIDHU@ DHU@FS FS 55=H
583
8.== 8.=== = 8.== 8.==1 1 =.01 =.01; ; =.007 =.007 8.=8 8.=84 4 =.007 =.007 8.=85 8.=85 8.=5> 55=
8.==0 8.==0 8.=55 8.=55 =.071 =.071 =.00=
7 CHOHJHUXT@BBH 55=H
58;
8.==; =.007 =.003 =.004 =.070 =.070 =.01= =.01;
=.077 =.015 =.0>= =.040
7 CHI[DUH 55=
55= =.010 =.00 =.00; ; =.07 =.07> > =.00 =.000 0 =.00 =.001 1 8.=== 8.=== =.007 =.007 8.==1 55= =.000 8.=85 8.=85 =.013 =.013 =.003
7 CHUH CHUH]FIG ]FIGF F 55=H 7 CA@B CA@BCH CH C[J 55=H
55=
=.01 =.015 5 =.07 =.074 4 =.07 =.073 3 8.=== 8.=== =.01 =.014 4 =.01; =.01; =.011 =.011 =.010 55=
=.013 =.013 =.017 =.017 =.0>1 =.0>1 =.0>4
55=
=.00 =.00> > 8.== 8.==0 0 =.00 =.00= = 8.=83 8.=83 =.07 =.07> > 8.==3 8.==3 =.040 =.040 8.==; 55=
=.01; =.01; 8.==> 8.==> =.0>5 =.0>5 =.07;
55=
7 CA@B CA@BCH CH UD] 55=H
58>
8.=8 8.=84 4 8.=8 8.=80 0 8.== 8.==5 5 8.=88 8.=88 8.=8 8.=8; ; 8.==0 8.==0 8.=8= 8.=8= 8.=54 55=
8.=85 8.=85 8.=5; 8.=5; =.005 =.005 8.==5
7 CA@B CA@BCH CH TIF 55=H
55=
=.00 =.007 7 8.== 8.==0 0 =.00 =.008 8 8.=83 8.=83 =.07 =.077 7 8.==3 8.==3 =.0>= =.0>= 8.==; 55=
=.014 =.014 8.==7 8.==7 =.0>; =.0>; =.074
7 @IKT @IKTS[U@ S[U@HBDS HBDS 55=H
587
=.01 =.01= = =.00 =.008 8 =.04 =.040 0 =.01 =.014 4 =.0> =.0>5 5 =.0>0 =.0>0 =.0>5 =.0>5 =.075 55=
=.0>4 =.0>4 =.07; =.07; =.031 =.030
7 BH ]BHI ]BHI@C@D @C@D 55=H 7 BFS ADUF ADUFDS-B DS-BKS KS 5 55= 5=
587
=.00 =.00= = =.00 =.001 1 =.07 =.07= = =.00 =.004 4 =.07 =.07> > =.070 =.070 =.077 =.077 =.013 55=
=.071 =.071 =.011 =.011 =.048 =.048 =.0;>
55=
=.07 =.075 5 =.015 =.04 =.048 8 = =.003 .003 =.07 =.078 8 =.07> =.078 =.078 =.01= 55=
=.078 =.078 =.01; =.030 .01; =.030 =.03>
7 BFS SH SHTC TCDS DS 55 55= = 7 JHICAHP5 HP55=H 5=H
55 55= =
=.0;> =.014 =.014 =.0>5 =.0>0 =.0>5 =.075 =.0 .0>> >> =.07 =.077 7 =.0;>
=.0>4 =.07; =.031 7; =.031 =.030
55=
55= =.07> =.07> =.01; =.047 =.047 =.004 =.004 =.07> =.07> =.070 =.07> =.013 =.013 55= =.077 =.011 =.04= 11 =.04= =.0;4
7 ]HCA ]HCAHCT[ HCT[DC DC 55=H 7 SHI OTHI 55=H
55=
=.07 =.073 3 =.01 =.013 3 =.04 =.045 5 =.00; =.00; =.07 =.075 5 =.077 =.077 =.075 =.075 =.01= 55=
=.075 =.075 =.014 =.014 =.0;8 =.031
584
=.00 =.000 0 8.== 8.==8 8 =.01 =.015 5 8.=== 8.=== 8.=5 8.=5= = 8.=== 8.=== 8.=8> 8.=8> 8.=3= 55=
8.=8; 8.=8; 8.=57 8.=57 =.014 =.014 =.007
7 SH HI I BT T@ @S S5 55 5= =H 7 SHI J@GT J@GTDB DB 55=H
55 5= =
=. .0 0> >4 4 = .0 .0 7 7> > =.0;; =.0;; =.01; =.01; =.0>= =.0>7 =.0>= =.07=
55=
=.0>3 =.073 =.03> 73 =.03> =.037
55=
=.01 =.01= = =.07 =.07; ; =.07 =.078 8 =.000 =.000 =.01 =.013 3 =.013 =.013 =.014 =.014 =.011 55=
=.018 =.018 =.014 =.014 =.0>4 =.0>4 =.0>3
Bdydikh?
98. = =4 4 p .u .u .
2=. 0 04 4 p ..u u.
[hebh 8.; [dis`fids di Ehrrhs (p.u)
•
Chrgh di trhisnfrjhkfrds D b trhisnfrjhkfr ]BHI@C@D 4==/55= l^ – >== J^H prdsdith sferdchrgh kdskd db høf 5=53. Di db afr`zfitd kdb bhrgf pbhzf, bh sferdchrgh ds sdvdrh pfr dic`jh kdb 5=%. Di cuhitf h bfs trhisnfrjhkfrds 55=/>= l^, h phrt`r kdb høf 5=5; sd prdsdithi prfebdjhs kd sferdchrgh di trhisnfrjhkfrds kd bhs suedsthc`fids CAH^HUU@H 55=/>= l^ y _H]HBBHB 55=/>= l^< y di db afr`zfitd kdb bhrgf pbhzf, di bhs suedsthc`fids BFJDUH 55=/>= l^ y SHI OTHI 55=/>= l^. •
Chrgh di bêidhs Bh bêidh 55= l^ SHI[H UFSH – @IKTS[U@HBDS (5[) prdsdith sferdchrgh sdvdrh pfr dic`jh kdb 85=% h phrt`r kdb høf 5=53. ```. K`hgióst`cf kd bh fpdrhc`ói di cfit`igdic`h
•
•
Db cr`tdr`f kd cfin`he`b`khk phrh bhs @[C cfi kdjhikh jhyfr h 3= JW ds I-8, pfr bf qud ds `jpfrthitd ahcdr db k`hgióst`cf hitd bh shb`kh kd ui dbdjditf kdb s`stdjh kdb èrdh kd Kdjhikh. ]hrh db chsf kd B`jh tfkhs bhs bêidhs kd 55= l^ kdedi cfis`kdrhr rdkuikhic`h I-8 pfr su jhgi`tuk kd kdjhikh.
•
•
Sd prdsdithi cfit`igdic`hs sdvdrhs di db høf 5=3=, `icbuydikf cfbhpsfs kd bh tdis`ói di hbguifs dscdihr`fs kd kdjhikh. Dstf sd fr`g`ih pfr cfit`igdic`hs kd shb`kh kd bhs bêidhs kd 4== l^ ditrd CA@BCH, BH ]BHI@C@D, CHUH]FIGF y CHUHEHPBBF, pfr nhbth kd rdkuikhic`h kd bhs bêidhs kd 55= l^. ]fr ftrf bhkf, kd jhidrh s`j`bhr, bh shb`kh kd bêidhs kd 55= l^ pfr cfit`igdic`hs, prfvfchi sdvdrhs sferdchrghs di bhs ftrhs bêidhs kd 55= l^ hsê cfjf ehohs tdis`fids di bhs ehrrhs kd 55= l^. Dstf dv`kdic`h nhbth kd trhisj`s`ói rdkuikhitd di bhs Èrdhs kd B`jh di 55= l^.
@infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
8>
K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80 Cfin`gurhc`ói C Cfit`igdic`h Èrdh kd Kdjhikh > y 7 Bêidhs kd 4== l^ B-4==8. B-4==3 B-4==3 bid Ca`bchI-]bhi`c`d4== bid Ca`bchI-]bhi`c`d4== b chI-]bhi bhi`c` `c`d4== d 4== bid Ca`bchI-] b chI-]bhi bhi`c` `c`d4== d 4== bid Ca`bchI-] bid Ca`bchI-] b chI-]bhi bhi`c` `c`d4== d 4== bid ]bhi`c`d-Chrhehybbf4== Bêidhs kd 55= l^ B-5==3 B-5==; B-5==1. B-5==0. B-5=85 B-5=83 B-5=8> B-5=87 B-5=81 B-5=11 B-5=11 B-5=11 B-5=03 B-5=03 B-5=0; B-5=0; B-5=04 B-5=04 B-5881 B-5880 B-57=1 B-57=0
5=5> Ifjerd Cfit`igdic`h
Chrhpfigf - Ca`bch C[J Chrhehybbf - Chrhpfigf
Chrhehybbf - Chrhpfigf Ca`bch - Bh ]bhi`c`dVB5 Ca`bch - Bh ]bhi`c`dVB5
Ca`bch b ch - BBhh ]bhi ]bhi`c` `c`dVB5 d VB5 Ca`bch b ch - Bh Bh ]]bhi bhi`c` `c`dVB5 d VB5 Ca`bch b ch - Bh Bh ]bhi ]bhi`c` `c`ddVB5 VB5 ]bhi`c`d - Chrhehybbf 4== Shith Ufsh - Cahvhrr`h Shith Ufsh - Cahvhrr`h Chbbhauhich DKG - Chrhpfigf Chbbhauhich DKG - Chrhpfigf Ehbidhr`fs - Shi Ouhi Ehbidhr`fs - Shi Ouhi ^dithi`bbh- Ca`bbói ^dithi`bbh- Ca`bbói Shi Ouhi - @ikustr`hbds Ca`bch - Hbtf ]rhkdrh
Ca`bch - Hbtf ]rhkdrh Ca`bch - Hbtf ]rhkdrh Shi Ouhi 55=H- Krv B-5=03
Shi Ouhi 55=H- Krv B-5=03 Shi Ouhi - Ca`bch Shi Ouhi - Ca`bch Shi Ouhi - Ca`bch
Shi Ouhi - Ca`bch @ikustr`hbds - ]bhi`c`d @ikustr`hbds - ]bhi`c`d Chrhpfigf - Chohjhrqu`bbh Chrhpfigf - Chohjhrqu`bbh
Dbdjditf jfi`tfrdhkf
Ifjerd Dbdjditf
l^
C x h j > 5 v H
C x h j > 5 v H 8 I I
C k d j > 5 v H
C k d j > 5 v H 8 I I
bid Ca`bchI-]bhCa`bch - Bh ]bhi`c`dVB5 H[88 H[88;;->5 >533 Chrh Chrhpf pfig igff 4==/5 4==/55= 5= l^ bid Ca`bchI-]bhCa`bch - Bh ]bhi`c`dVB5 B -4 -4 == == 8.8. Ch rrhh pf pf ig ig f - C Caa `b ch ch C[ C[ J B -4 -4 == == 3 Ch rrhh eh eh ybyb bf - Ch rrhh pf pf ig ig f B -5 -5 =8 =8 = S hi hi th th Uf Uf sh sh -@-@ iikk us us trtr` hbhb ds ds B-5=88 Shi OOuu hi hi - S hi hith U Uffsh B -5 -5 =8 =8 1 S hi hi Ou Ou hi hi - @ iikk us us trtr `h bd s tr3 ]bhi`c ]bhi`c`d `d ]bhi`c ]bhi`c`d `d 4==/55 4==/55== l^ l^
4== 1; 837 1= 4== 1 8 885 13 4== 1; 854 1= 4== >; 8;8 40 4== >8 837 >8 55= 8;3 55==1 55= 55= 4== 881 8 30 8 87
B -5 -5 == == ; B -5 -5 == == 3 BB-55 == == 0. 0. BB-55 == == 1. 1. B -5 -5 =8 =8 3 B -5 -5 =8 =8 5 B-5=87 B-5=8> B -5 -5 =8 =8 = B -5 -5 =0 =0 3 B-5=0; B-5=04 B-5=0; B-5=04 B -5 -5 =0 =0 3 B-5=04 B -5 -5 =0 =0 3 B-5=0; B -5 -5 88 88 0 B -5 -5 88 88 1 BB-55 7= 7= 0 BB-55 7= 7= 1
55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55= 55=
S hi hi th th Uf sh sh - Ca hv hv hr hrr` h S hi hi th th Uf sh sh - Ca hv hv hr hrr` h C hhbbbbh auh auhic ichh DDK K G - Ch Ch rrhh pfi pfigf gf C hhbbbbh auh auhic ichh DDK K G - Ch Ch rrhh pfi pfigf gf Eh bi dh dh rr`` ffss - S hi hi O uh uh i Eh bi dh dh rr`` ffss - S hi hi O uh uh i ^dithi`bbh- C aa``bbói ^dithi`bbh- C aa``bbói S hi hi th th Uf Uf sh sh -@-@ iikk us us trtr` hbhb ds ds S hi hi Ou Ou hi hi 55 55 =H =H- K rrvv BB-- 5= 5= 03 03 Shi Ou Ouhi - Ca`bch Shi Ou Ouhi - Ca`bch Shi Ou Ouhi - Ca`bch Shi Ou Ouhi - Ca`bch S hi hi Ou Ou hi hi 55 55 =H =H- K rrvv BB-- 5= 5= 03 03 Shi Ou Ouhi - Ca`bch S hi hi Ou Ou hi hi 55 55 =H =H- K rrvv BB-- 5= 5= 03 03 Shi Ou Ouhi - Ca`bch @i kkuu st st rr`` hbhb ds ds - ] bh i` i` c`c` d @i kkuu st st rr`` hbhb ds ds - ] bh i` i` c`c` d C hhrr hpf hpfig igff - C hhoh ohj j hr hr qqu` u`bbbbh C hhrr hpf hpfig igff - C hhoh ohj j hr hr qqu` u`bbbbh
851 883 85= 851 850
8 3>
C i ` j > 5 v H
C i ` j > 5 v H 8 I I
5=3=
C x h j > 5 s D
C x h j > 5 s D 8 I I
C k d j > 5 s D
C k d j > 5 s D 8 I I
C i ` j > 5 s D
C i ` j > 5 s D 8 I I
C x h j = 3 v H
C x h j = 3 v H 8 I I
1= 835 77 850 73 85; 00 04 1= 881 77 885 73 8=8 00 >; 833 >3 83= >3 857 7; 41 85> 45 887 ;8 8=> 70 14 88; 8833; 88115 8833> 88115 815
8=4 8 57 8 == 8 5=
C k d j = 3 v H
C k d j = 3 v H 8 I I
- 8 03 8;1 - 8 88==5 831 - 8 03 8;; - 8 >> 8;> - 8 74 843 -8
C i ` j = 3 v H
C i ` j = 3 v H 8 I I
C x h j = 3 s D
C x h j = 3 s D 8 I I
>4 8=; 0; 15 0; ;1 8=4 73 45 8=7 7> 7> 884 88>>=
C k d j = 3 s D
C k d j = 3 s D 8 I I
-8 -8 17 -8 0 4 -8 7 4 -8 7 = -8 8 ; ;
C i ` j = 3 s D
C i ` j = 3 s D 8 I I
1= 8;= 85> 8;4 -8 -8 -8
1= 73 ;1 >>
885 8;3 88> 884
838 - 8 83> 8 41 1> 8=3 8 88 8 ;8 8 5= 8 ;0 70 8=> >4 8=7 >4 8=7
>3 >3 >8 >8 >7 >7
88==> 88==> 8 58 8 58 8 35 8 35
>>33 >>33 >5 >5 >8 >8
88==4 88==4 8 53 8 53 8 58 8 58
4; 4; >5 >5
8 =7 8 =7 8 53 8 53
45 45 47 47
8 =3 8 =3 8 83 8 83
7= 7= 73 7; 7> 7>
8855= 8855= 8 ;7 8 ;7 8 45 8 45
77== 77== 75 75 >4 >4
8888> >>55 88==3 8888> >>55 88==3 8 ;3 8 ;3 8 50 8 50
>>55 >>55 >> >> 7= 7=
88==4 88==4 8 35 8 35 8 ;= 8 ;=
>>55 >>55 >; >; >; >;
88==; 88==; 8 51 8 51 8 51 8 51
75 8=8 75 8=8
>= >= 14 14
8=> 8=> 84; 13 8;0 >3 883 71 8;= 75 850 84; 13 8;0 >3 883 71 8;= 75 850
40 40 0> 873 03 0> 873 03
8=3 8=3 8>7 74 834 11 841 1; 845 4> 8=8 8>7 74 834 11 841 1; 845 4> 8=8
\=% - 8==%9 \8==% - 85=%9 2: 85=% If Cfivdrgd
[hebh 8.4 Sferdchrghs pfr cfit`igdic`hs.
Udqudr`j`ditf kd ‒gdidrhc`ói dn`c`ditd‚ dn`c`ditd‚ di db S @I ahc`h db bhrgf pbhzf Sd kdn`id cfjf ‒gdidrhc`ói dn`c`ditd‚ GD bh b h prfkucc`ói kd dbdctr`c`khk cfi nnuditds uditds didrgàt`chs
a`krèub`chs, h ghs ihturhb y h chreói (kd ehof cfstf fpdrht`vf). Bh dx`stdic`h kd sun`c`ditd gdidrhc`ói dn`c`ditd phrh cuer`r bh kdjhikh hsdgurh qud dsth sdh htdik`kh kd jhidrh dcfiój`ch, j`ditrhs qud db kàn`c`t kd gdidrhc`ói dn`c`ditd `jpb`chrêh db kdsphcaf kd cditrhbds tàrj`chs h pdtróbdf k`àsdb, bf qud bbdvhrêh h hbtfs cfstfs jhrg`ihbds, y cfisdcuditdjditd hbtfs cfstfs fpdrht`vfs y hbtfs prdc`fs kd dbdctr`c`khk. Bh fndrth kd gdidrhc`ói dn`c`ditd kdb SD@I S D@I dstè cue`drth ahsth db høf 5 5=55, =55, cfi bfs prfydctfs di fpdrhc`ói y cfjprfjdt`kfs kd dodcuc`ói. S`i djehrgf, bh ndcah kd k`spfi`e`b`khk kd ghs ihturhb di db Ifkf Didrgàt`cf kdb Sur, h phrt`r kdb høf 5=55 ds tfkhvêh `ic`drth, khkf qud db Ifkf Didrgàt`cf kdb Sur ahs s`kf cfis`kdrhkf cfjf bh jhyfr nuditd pftdic`hb kd gdidrhc`ói dn`c`ditd kdb SD@I di db pdrêfkf 5=55 – 5=3=, sd pbhitdhrfi kfs chsfs? s`i k`spfi`e`b`khk y cfi k`spfi`e`b`khk kd ghs ihturhb di db Sur h phrt`r kdb høf 5=55?
•
Chsf Ehsd s`i K`spfi`e`b`khk kd Ghs Ihturhb di db Sur, chsf cfisdrvhkfr di db qud if sd cfis`kdrh db `igrdsf kd iudvfs iudvfs prfydctfs kd gdidrhc`ói di db pdr`fkf 5=55-5=3=. Kd dsth jhidrh sd pfkrêh dvhbuhr kd jhidrh jh idrh cfisdrvhkfrh idcds`khk kd Gdidrhc`ói Dn`c`ditd di db SD@I. ]hrh dv`thr rhc`fihj`ditf di db s`stdjh sd cfis`kdró gdidrhc`ói cfi pdtróbdf k`àsdb cuyf cfstf fpdrht`vf dqu`vhbd h bh ui`khk jès chrh kdb SD@I. Db kàn`c`t kd gdidrhc`ói dn`c`ditd phrh dstd chsf sdrêh cfjf db jfstrhkf di bh s`gu`ditd n`gurh?
@infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
87
K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80
N`gurh 8.88 Chsf Ehsd – S`i Ghs Ihturhb di db Sur 5=55-5=3=. Udqudr`j`ditf kd gdidrhc`ói dn`c`ditd di db SD@I. Dscdihr`f kd kdjhikh jdk`h
Db kàn`c`t kd gdidrhc`ói dn`c`ditd phrh db Chsf Ehsd hihb`zhkf hbchizhrêh h jès kd 37== JW phrh db høf 5=3= y jès kd 53== JW phrh db 5=5>. Ds cbhrf qud, khkf db thjhøf kdb kàn`c`t fr`g`ihkf, y db rdbht`vf cfrtf t`djpf cfi db qud sd cuditd phrh cuer`rbf, rdqudr`rêh qud db ghs ihturhb kdeh bbdghr hb Sur di db pbhzf jès cfrtf pfs`ebd, khkf qud yh sd cudith cfi hprfx`jhkhjditd 84== JW kd chphc`khk `isthbhkh di ture`ihs h ghs kd c`cbf he`drtf di db Ifkf Didrgàt`cf kdb Sur, y puk`dikf `icrdjdithrsd cfi bh `jpbdjdithc`ói kd bh dthph kd C`cbf Cfje`ihkf. Di bh s`gu`ditd n`gurh sd judstrh db ehbhicd fndrth – kdjhikh phrh dstd chsf? 5=80 - 5=58 (Gdidrh (Gdidrhc`ói c`ói cfjprfjdt`kh)
JW 87 4==
5=55 - 5=3= (Dxphi (Dxphis`ói s`ói `ic`drth)
84 ===
85 4==
8= ===
7 4==
4 ===
Dxcdkditd kd Gdidrhc`ói Gdidrhc`ó i Dn`c` Dn`c`ditd ditd
CA Bh ^`rgdi (1; JW), CA Cdithurf (83 JW) y UDU J`i` -A`krfs (43JW)
S`i Iudvh Gdidrhc`ói aherêh KÀN@C@[.
UDU J`i `-A`krfs (8=4 JW) C[ Udn`idrêh[hbhrh Cfgdidrhc`ói (8== JW)
5 4== UDU J`i` -A`krfs (15 JW) CA Cdithurf @@ (83 JW)
= 5=80
5=5=
5=58
5=55
Gdidrhc`ói Dn`c`ditd A`krf+Ghs+E`fjhsh
@infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
5=53
5=5;
5=54
Gdidrhc`ói Dn`c`ditd
5=5>
5=57
Kdjhikh Ehsd
5=51
5=50
5=3=
]ftdic`h Dndct`vh
81
K@UDCC@ÓI KD ]BHI@N@CHC@ÓI KD [UHISJ@S@ÓI @INFUJD KD K@HGIFS[@CF KD BHS CFIK@C@FIDS C FIK@C@FIDS F]DUH[@^HS KDB SD@I, ]DU@FKF 5=58 - 5=3= Nderdrf-5=80 N`gurh 8.85 Ehbhicd kd Gdidrhc`ói Dn`c`ditd di db SD@I. Chsf Ehsd, ]dr`fkf 5=80 – 5=3=. Dscdihr`f kd kdjhikh jdk`h
Di dsth n`gurh, sd fesdrvh qud phrh db Chsf Ehsd di db s`stdjh sóbf sd cfithrêh cfi dxcdkditd kd Gdidrhc`ói Dn`c`ditd ahsth db høf 5=55, y hkdjès h phrt`r kdb 5=51 if sfbf sd prdsdithrêh kàn`c`t kd gdidrhc`ói dn`c`ditd s`if rhc`fihj`ditf.
•
Chsf cfi K`spfi`e`b`khk kd Ghs Ihturhb di db Sur, Sur , cfis`kdró qud sd cfithrè cfi àstd didrgàt`cf di db Sur h phrt`r kdb høf 5=5>. Cfithikf cfi ghs ihturhb di db Sur h phrt`r kdb 5=5>, db kàn`c`t kd gdidrhc`ói dn`c`ditd kdb 5=55 hb 5=5> pfkrêh cuer`rsd c uer`rsd cfi? `) cditrhbds tàrj`chs h ghs ihturhb di bh zfih kd B`jh d @ch, ``) iudvfs prfydctfs UDU, ```) Cditrhbds A`krfdbàctr`chs di db Sur, y cfjpbdjdithr`hjditd cfi `itdrcfidx`fids `itdrihc`fihbds. Di bh s`gu`ditd n`gurh sd judstrh db ehbhicd fndrth – kdjhikh phrh dstd chsf? 5=80 -5=58 (Gdidrhc`ói
JW
5=55 - 5=3= (Dxphis (Dxphis`ói `ói `ic`drth)
cfjprfjdt`kh)
87 4==
Sd rdqu`drd bh bbdghkh kdb Ghs hb Sur phrh cuer`r bh kdjhikh!!!
84 ===
85 4==
8= ===
S`i Iudvh Gdidrhc` Gdidrhc`ói ói Dn`c`ditd aherêh KÀN@C@[!
7 4==
4 ===
UDU J`i`-A`krfs (8=4 JW) C[ Udn`idrêh[hbhrh Cfgdidrhc`ói (8== JW)
5 4==
Cfivdrs`ói C`cbf Cfje`ihkf Ifkf Didrgàt`cf Sur ([^ 34= JW hprfx`jhkhjditd)
Iudvh Gdidrhc`ói Dn`c`ditd (Ghs Ihturhb, CS, 8=== JW)
CA Bh ^`rgdi (1; JW), CA Cdith urf (83 JW) y UDU J`i`-A`krfs (43 JW)
Iudvh Gdidrhc`ói Dn`c`ditd (A`krf, 80= JW)
UDU J`i`-A`krfs (15 JW) CA Cdithurf @@ (83 JW)
Ifkf Didrgàt`cf Sur (Ghs Ihturhb, CS, 8;3= JW)
Iudvh Gdidrhc`ói Dn`c`ditd (Ghs Ihturhb, CS, 4== JW)
Iudvh Gdidrhc`ói Dn`c`di Dn` c`ditd td (Gh (Ghss Ihturhb, CS, 43= JW
= 5=80
5=5=
5=58
5=55
Gdidrhc`ói Dn`c`ditd A`krf+Ghs+E`fjhsh
5=53
5=5;
5=54
Gdidrhc`ói Dn`c`ditd
5=5>
5=57
Kdjhikh Ehsd
5=51
5=50
5=3=
]ftdic`h Dndct`vh
N`gurh 8.83 Gdidrhc`ói Dn`c`ditd di db SD@I. Chsf cfi K`spfi`e`b`khk kd Ghs Ihturhb di db Sur kdskd db høf 5=5>. Dscdihr`f kd kdjhikh jdk`h
@infrjd CFDS/K]-=8-5=80
80
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