RESUMEN DIAGRAMA V-N

 

YQJNQBDB GO HKNOKHOQÄB BOQJKÂ_WHCB

OKPJFPOKWO GO P_OFJ, GHBNQBDB P-k

HKWONQBKWOS< CBQFJS BQW_QJ NJK\ÂFO\ CBSWQJ GBPHG XOSHG GÄB\ QHKCÓK LJEBK SWOPOK QJDOQJ DBQÄK MOPHK OSWHAOK BAQO_ YJSBGB SOQNHJ CBDHFJ DBWH\ KBQPÂO\

W_WJQ GOF C_QSJ< HKN. @BAHJ BFOLBKGQJ DOQCEÂK QHKCÓK 1919-2

 

2. ºR_O SJK FJS P-k X C_BFOS SJK: Go`hkh Go`h khok okgj gj fjs fjs fh fhdh dhto toss jp jpor orbc bchj hjkb kbfo fos, s, os ostj tjss ghbnrbdbs sjk fjs okcbrnbgjs go rofbchjkbr of `bctjr  go cb cbrn rnbb go fb bo borj rjkb kbvo vo cjkt cjktrb rb fbs fbs vo vofj fjch chgb gbgo goss cjrrospjkghoktos, fbs cubfos so jathoko pjr doghj go vbrhbchjkos y câfcufjs, quo so hrâk bkbfhzbkgj go bcuorgj b of cjdpjrtbdhoktj go fb borjkbvo, pjr fj quo quo pjr pjr do dogh ghjj go goff ghbn ghbnrbd rbdbb so ropr ropros osok oktb tbkk fb cjdahkbchók go fjs os`uorzjs, pbrb osto gosbrrjffj go fb nrâ`hcb so goao tokor ok cuoktb fbs kjrdbthvbs quo  prjpjrchjkbk ukb vbfhgos pjr doghj go pruoabs y oksbyjs ostb ronufbchjkos vbk ok tjrkj b of thpj go borj borjkkbvo bvo quo so ostè stè uth thffhzbk hzbkgj gj yb quo fbs cbrbctorästhcbs go fb okvjfvokto go vuofj ostâk gbgbs  pjr of thpj go corth`hcbchók quo so fo gbrâ bf bvhók, gopo gopokg kgho hokg kgjj sh os uk pf pfbk bkob obgj gjrr uk ukbb borj borjkb kbvo vo  poquoòb, j uk bvhók nrbkgo, cjk rospoctj b fbs ronuf ron ufbch bchjko jkoss gbg gbgbs bs pjr pjr fb @BQ @BQ,, bto btokgo kgodjs djs b uk `bct `bctjr jr go cbrt cbrtbb yb os ostb tbaf afoc ochg hgjj pb pbrb rb bk bkbf bfhz hzbr  br  bgocubgbdokto of ghbnrbdb P-k, cjdj olodpfj y ok`jcâkgjkjs ok borjkbvos nrbkgos so hgokth`hcb of vbfjr gof `bctjr go cbrnbr gbgj pjr fb @BQ 1?, of cubf kjs prjpjrchjkb fjs fädhtos go cbrnb quo ostâk gbgjs go 3.5 y konbthvj -2 go osto `bctjr. Ostjs thpjs go ghbnrbdbs P-k vbräbk gopokghokgj go fb borjkbvo quo so ostè ostughbkgj yb cjk so thoko ukb ronufbchók pbrb sus gh`oroktos thpjs vbrhbkgj go ostb `jrdb pjr su ghbnrbdb y vofjchgbgos, bgodâs gof `bctjr go cbrnb tbdahèk fjs ghbnrbdbs P-k so  puogok roprosoktbr go ghvorsbs `jrdbs, gopokghokgj go fjs pbrâdotrjs tbfos cjdj< Pbrhbchók go cjk`hnurbchók. Bfthtugos Yosj So goao tokor ok cuoktb fb sorho go vofjchgbgos quo so bpfhcbk bf ghbnrbdb fbs cubfos pjgodjs okcjktrbr   pjr doghj go câfcufjs, y quo sjk duy hdpjrtbktos  pbrb gotordhkbr ok què otbpb so okcuoktrb fb borjkbvo, ostbs vofjchgbgos sjk< PB.900 )( 8.52 ) d dn 9.85 s   41.7 419.25? s

 Yokghokto go  sustoktbchók gof bfb bfb Pofjchgbg go  pèrghgb

k4

 

 

5

 F ^ 

Gjkgo  F 4 @uorzb go sustoktbchók= ^  4 Yosj.

Pofjchgbg go crucorj

 

P C 

P C 4 1.7

∜

∜

 

Fb vofjchgbg dâxhdb go crucorj so go`hko cjdj< P C 

dâx

42.3 P C 42.3 ( 19.25? ) 410.179?

d s

Bcjrgo b fb ronufbchók CS-PFB, fjs `bctjros go cbrnb fädhtos sjk go`hkhgjs<

1

  F 9.? ς sf P  S C  F k 4  4 ^  ^  k4

dbx

) P  ( 9.85 ) ( 2.0 ) (>.900 ) ( 8.52 )

(

1

9.? 2.11?

1

k 49.92350 P 

k pjs43.5. ↑ Osto os of dâxhdj `bctjr go cbrnb

 pjshthvj.

k¬ º4∑9.? k

4∑9.? ( 3.5) 4∑2.8 º .

 pjs

↑ Osto os of dâxhdj `bctjr 

Goahgj b quo yb so thoko quo of `bctjr go cbrnb pbrb of puktj A os k pjs 43.5, oktjkcos so puogo gospolbr  go fb ocubchók bktorhjr fb vofjchgbg.

go cbrnb konbthvj. Fb vofjchgbg go phcbgj gof borjkbvo (bhrcrb`t ghvo spoog) sonük fb ronufbchók so go`hko cjdj<  d P g 42.7 P C 4 2.7 ( 19.25? )415.1?8 s

Bf yb tokor fb vofjchgbg go phcbgj quo so prosoktb, P g , oktjkcos yb so puogok ostbafocor fjs puktjs C y G, cuybs cjjrgokbgbs sjk ( P g , k pjs) y (P g , k¬ ºº ), rospocthvbdokto.

P 4

∜

  k 9.92350

4

∜

  3.5 9.92350

420.??5

d s

Fbs cjjrgokbgbs gof puktj A sjk ( 20.??5 , 3.5 º . Bejrb os kocosbrhj ebffbr fb vofjchgbg of puktj @, of cubf go`hko fb curvb hk`orhjr gof ghbnrbdb, ostj so ebco cjdj so duostrb b cjkthkubchók cjkthkubchók.. P S

hk`orhjr

∜

4   ∑ 1 dn  ς sf S (∑C  F

dbx

)

Bejrb tjcb ffbr fjs godâs puktjs go fb nrâ`hcb (B, A, O y @), ostj so ebco cbfcufbkgj gjs ocubchjkos rospoctj bf cjo`hchokto go sustoktbchók dâxhdj.

P S

So kocoshtb ebffbr fb vofjchgbg go pèrghgb ( P S ), fb cubf so go`hko cjk fb shnuhokto ocubchók<

P S

Os hdpjrtbkto gochr quo  ς sf os fb gokshgbg gof bhro bf khvof gof dbr ok cjkghchjkos ostâkgbr.

Bf ebffbr fb vofjchgbg bktorhjr yb so cjkjcok fbs cjjr cjjrgo gokb kbgb gbss gof gof pukt puktjj @, of `b `bct ctjr jr go cbrn cbrnbb os konbthvjs, oktjkcos ostâs sjk (21.9270, -2).

hk`orhjr

hk`orhjr

4

∜

  ∑1 ( >.900 ) ( 8.52 ) ( 2.11? ) ( 9.85 ) (∑9.5 )

421.9270

d s

  1 dn

P 

S

P S

∜ 4 ∜(

Bejrb O, fbspbrb ükhcbs gof  puktj ostjcjjrgokbgbs so pfbktob fb`bftbktos ocubchóksjk goffbs `bctjr  go cbrnb go fb shnuhokto dbkorb<

4  ςsf S C  F

dbx

(

)(

  1 >.900 8.52

)(

)(

)

2.11? 9.85 2.0

)

 d P S 45.78?0 ≅ 5.? s

Cjdj of puk Cjdj puktj B gopo gopokg kgoo go fb vofj vofjch chgb gbgg go  pèrghgb, oktjkcos yb so thokok fbs cjjrgokbgbs fb cubfos sjk (5.?,2), pbrb fb vofjchgbg go pèrghgb so tjdb quo of `bctjr go cbrnb os 2. Fb ocubchók quo cjrrospjkgo bf `bctjr go cbrnb os fb quo so go`hko b cjkthkubchók<

k4 k4

(∑ C º º Fdbx ) ∑ F   4 9.? ςsf P  S   º 1

^ 

^ 

(

) P  ( 9.85 ) (∑ 9.5 ) ( >.900 ) ( 8.52 ) 1

9.? 2.11?

1

k 4∑9.99083 P 

Códj so sbao quo pbrb osto puktj of `bctjr go cbrnb os of dâ dâxh xhdj dj konb konbth thvj vj,, k¬ º4∑2.8 º, oktjkcos go fb ocubchók bktorhjr so gospolb fb vofjchgbg.

 

P 4

∜∑

  k 9.99083

4

∜

P º os fb vofjchgbg go râ`bnb=

  ∑2.8 d 420.??5 s ∑9.99083

P o  os fb vofjchgbg crucorj j vofjchgbg go phcbgj=

Xb so thokok tjgjs fjs puktjs hdpjrtbktos go fb nrâ` nrâ`hc hcb, b, pjr pjr okgo okgo,, of gh ghbn bnrb rbdb db P-k P-k pu puog ogoo sor  sor  nrb`hcbgj. Wbafb 1 Cjjrgokbgbs Yuktjs Yrhkchpbfos CJJQGOKBGB

 Y_KWJ

 x

y

Jrhnok

9

9

 B

5.?

2

 A

20.??5

3. 5

C 

15.1?8

3. 5

 G

15.1?8

-2.8

 O 

20.??5

-2.8

 @ 

21.9270

-2

?.9 7.9   b   n 3.9   r   b    C 1.9   o    g 2.9   r   j 9.9    t   c 9   b    @ -2.9 -1.9 -3.9

b  os fb pokghokto go sustoktbchók gof bfb.

Go bcuo bcuorg rgjj cjk cjk fb kjrd kjrdbt bthv hvbb CS CS-P -PFB FB 333, 333, of ghbnrbdb go râ`bnbs so cbfcufb tbktj pbrb râ`bnbs  pjshthvbs cjdj pbrb konbthvbs pbrb fbs vofjchgbgos crucorj j go phcbgj. Fb vofjchgbg go râ`bnb so dhgo ostbgästhcbdokto y pbrb fb vofjchgbg crucorj so tjdb cjdj 2?.1? d/s y pbrb fb vofjchgbg go phcbgj so tjdb cjdj >.? d/s. Fb shnuhokto ocubchók os pbrb ebffbr of `bctjr go bfhvhj go cbrnb<  M n4

?.3

+ ζ n

Cjdj so puogo vor, os kocosbrhj cjkjcor fb rofbchók go bspoctj go dbsb gof voeäcufj bèroj  ζ  fb cubf so n gotordhkb cjk fb shnuhokto ocubchók<  ζ n4

 GHBNQBDB DB P-k P -k  GHBNQB

9.55 ζ n

3.5

1d

 

 ς∘  ς ∘ C dnc ∘ b ∘ S

 Kj so cjkjco fb cuorgb borjghkâdhcb gof bfb C dnc, ostb so cbfcufb go fb shnuhokto dbkorb< 2.9  BQ4

2 9-2.9 2 ? 1 9 -2.8

?

1?

39 -2.8

Pofjchgbg ]d/sT

 Hfustrbchók > Ghbnrbdb Ghbnrbdb P-k Aâshcj ?.1. Ghbnrbdb P-k cjk Qâ`bnbs B cjkthkubchók, so duostrb fb ocubchók gof `bctjr go cbrnb cjdj `ukchók go fb vofjchgbg.

 a C dnc

Gjkgo< a  os fb okvornbgurb y,

C dncos fb cuorgb. C dnc4

S a

Gospolbkgj C dnc go fb ocubchók BQ y roodpfbzbkgj ok fb go C dnc, pbrb fuonj gospolbr fb okvornbgurb go fb ocubchók rosuftbkto quogb fb shnuhokto ocubchók<

 M n P  º º P o bςS k 42 + 1 ^ 

a 4∜ S  BQ 4 ∜ 9.85 9.85

Gjkgo

Xb so puogo ebffbr fb cuorgb borjghkâdhcb gof bfb.

 M n os of `bctjr go bfhvhj go râ`bnb=

⋏

⋏

5

41.5 d

 

C dnc4

9.85 1.5

4 9.3? d

k 42 +

 

(

1 >.900

)

( 2.11? ) ( 9.3? ) ( 2.?707 )( 9.85)

(² >.? ) P g ∘ 2.?707 ∘ 2.11? ∘ 9.85 1 ( >.900 ∘ 8.52)

k 42 ² 9.9>2 P g

Wokhokgj osto pbrâdotrj yb so puogo ebffbr  ζ n.  ζ n4

9.>9>?5

Oktjkcos pbrb of vbfjr pjshthvj<

412.>780

2 9.277780

k4 + P c k 42 + 9.9>2 ( 15.1?8 ) k 43.92

Bejrb so puogo ebffbr  M n.  M n4

( ) 49.>9>?5 ?.3 +(12.>780 ) 9.55 12.>780

X pbrb of vbfjr konbthvj<

Bf ebff ebffbr br of `b `bct ctjr jr go bfhv bfhvhj hj go cbrn cbrnbb so pu puog ogoo gotordhkbr of `bctjr go cbrnb tbktj pbrb vofjchgbg go crucorj cjdj pbrb fb vofjchgbg go phcbgj.

k 42 + 9.277780 P c k 42∑9.9>2 ( 15.1?8 ) k 4∑2.92

b) Po Pofj fjch chgb gbgg ggoo ccru ruco corj rj Pofjchgbg go râ`bnb P º 42?.1?

d s

Wokhokgj yb fjs vbfjros go fjs `bctjros go cbrnb tbktj pjshthvjs cjdj konbthvjs pbrb fb vofjchgbg crucorj y fb vofjchgbg go phcbgj, so puogo nrb`hcbr.

 M n P º P c bςS k 42 + 1 ^  9.>9>?5 ( ² 2?.1? ) P c ∘ 2.?707 ∘ 2.11? ∘ 9. k 42 + 1 ( >.900 ∘ 8.52 ) k 42 ² 9.277780 P c

Ybrb nrb`hcbr cbgb roctb, so tjdb cjdj puktj hkhchbf (9,2) y cjdj `hkbf (P, k).

Oktjkcos pbrb of vbfjr pjshthvj<

POFJCHGB  G

Fbs cubtrj roctbs sjk< Wbafb 3 Cjjrgokbgbs go Qoctbs go Qâ`bnb CJJQGOKBGBS   QOCWB  Hkhch j

 @hkbf 

 Yjshthvb

(9,2)

(19.25? 3.8200)

,

X pbrb of vbfjr konbthvj<

 Konbthv b

(9,2)

(-2.81) 19.25?

,

k 42 + 9.277780 P c

 Yjshthvb

(9,2)

(15.1?8 3.92

,

 Konbthv b

(9,2)

(15.1?8 -2.92)

,

k 42 + 9.277780 P c k 42 + 9.277780 ( 19.25? ) k 43.8200

k 42∑9.277780 ( 19.25?) k 4∑2.81

a) Po Pofj fjch chgb gbgg ggoo phcb phcbgj gj Pofjchgbg go râ`bnb P º 4>.?  M n P  º P g bςS k 42 + 1 ^ 

d s

P c

P g

Of ghbnrbdb P-k cjk râ`bnbs os of shnuhokto<

 

  b   n   r   b    C   o    g   r    t   j   c   b    @

?.9 7.9 3.9 1.9 2.9 9.9 9 -2.9 -1.9 -3.9

 GHBNQB DB P-k  GHBNQBDB P -k

3.5

2.9 ?

2 9-2.9 2 ? 1 9 -2.8

1?

39 -2.8 

Pofjchgbg ]d/sT

 Hfustrbchók 5 Ghbnrbdb Ghbnrbdb P-k cjk Qâ`bnbs Qâ`bnbs ?.3. Ghbnrbdb @hkb @hkbff P-k

Ghbnrbdb rbdb @hkbf   Hfustrbchók 8 Ghbn CJKCF_SHJKOS 





Fjs ghbnrbdbs P-k sjk ukjs go fjs ofod ofodok oktj tjss dâ dâss hd hdpj pjrt rtbk bkto toss b fb ej ejrb rb go ro robbfh fhzzbr of ghs hsoò oòjj ostr ostruc uctu turb rbff go uk ukbb borj bo rjkb kbvo vo sob sob cu cubf bf sob sob su tbdb tbdbòj òj os ostâ tâkk ronufbgbs pbrb `ukchjkbr ablj uk `bctjr go cbrnb ostbafochgj, of cubf pordhto gotordhkbr  b què puktj fjnrbrb ffonbr fb ostructurb. Of ghb hbnr nrbd bdbb P-k so cj cjkv kvhhort ortok ok fb eorrbdhoktb go ghsoòj hkghspoksbafo pbrb of hknokh hkn okhorj orj gbg gbgjj qu quoo por pordht dhtok ok rofbch rofbchjkb jkbr  r  shtubchjkos ok fbs quo so puogb vor fb zjkb ok fb quo puogo ffonbr b `bffbr fb ostructurb y

Nfhzgo, K. (192>). Yfjtthkn (192>). Yfjtthkn teo @fhnet @fhnet ..  

quo tbktj rbknj jporbchók os pordhthgj pbrb fb borjkbvo gopokghokgj gof `bctjr go cbrnb. Fbs fhdh fhdhtbchj tbchjkos kos prhk prhkchpb chpbfos fos gof ghbn ghbnrbdb rbdb ostb go`hkhgbs pjr fb butjrhgbg borjkâuthcb ok su kjrdb go corth`hcbchók y tbdahèk pjr  of `barhcbkto ok ro`orokchb b fb ronhók go fb okvjfvokto gof vuofj pbrb quo fb cjkghchók go jporbchók so bptb pbrb robfhzbr dbkhjarbs shk ffonbr b tokor ukb pèrghgb j gbòjs ok fb ostructurb. Ok cjkcfus cjkcfushók hók of gghbnrb hbnrbdb db P-K proso prosoktb ktb gh`oroktos zjkbs go cbrnbs quo bctübk sjaro fb os ostr truc uctu turb rb y os ostb tb os fhdh fhdhtb tbgb gb pjr pjr of rokghdhoktj go fb dhsdb quo sorâ sjdothgj b cbrnbs go râ`bnbs, cbrnbs go dbkhjarbahfhgbg, cbrnbs go trok go btorrhzblo oktro jtrbs fjs cubfos nokorbk uk `bctjr go cbrnb brthcufbgj b ukb cbrnb fhdhto ufthdb y ukb `bctjr go sonurhgbg , pjr fj cubf gosgo fb kjrdbthvb so hdpfodoktb ukb dotjgjfjnäb goscrhtb b fb `ukchók go fb ostructurb gjkgo so auscb dhkhdhzbr fb vbrhbchók go roshstokchb ostructurbf oktro gjs phozbs, bf tokor ukbs pbutbs go ghsoòj cjdj fj sjk @bhf-Sb`o Goshnk cuyj jalothvj os odpfobr  düfthpfos väbs väbs go cbrnb go gotokchók y sh so  prjguco ukb `bffb goscrhtb pjr ukb nrhtb fb os ostr truc uctu turb rb thok thokoo fb cbpb cbpbch chgb gbgg quo quo jtrj jtrj cjdpjkokto bgybcokto rocjlb fb `bffb y so dbktoknb dbkto knb fb os ostbahf tbahfhgbg, hgbg, Sb`oSb`o-Fh`o Fh`o oktrb cjdjj fb dot cjd dotjgj jgjfjn fjnäb äb quo sh fb bor borjkb jkbvo vo  prosoktb uk gbòj yb quo fb pbsj fjs fhdhtos kjrd kjrdbf bf go jpor jporbc bchó hókk y so pros prosok oktb tb ukb ukb go`jrdbchó go`j rdbchókk pordb pordbkokt koktoo gof dbto dbtorhbf rhbf ostb sorâ rodpfbzbgb pbrb okcbrnbr fb vhgb üthf y  pjr ufthdj Gbdbno – tjforbkco quo gotordhkb of küdorjs go chcfjs quo aoao `bthnb quo goao goao jporbr ´ gjkgo so ovhg ovhgokchb okchb quo so ovhtbrbk `bffbs cbtbstró`hcbs doghbkto fb shdufbchók cjdputbchjkbf. QO@OQOKCHBS

 

Ljek G, B. (s.`.). Bhrcrb`t Yor`jrdbkco bkg Goshnk. YQOFHDHKBQ GO _KB BOQJKB BOQJKBPO PO GO. GO.    KÜÒO\, L. S. (192>). GHSOÒJ (192>). GHSOÒJ CJKCOYW_BF X YQOFHDHKBQ Qjkcorj, S. O. (1919). Ostructurbs (1919). Ostructurbs bvbkzbgbs. bvbkzbgbs.   SBKWBKHFFB, K. Y. (199?). BKÂFHSHS (199?). BKÂFHSHS OSWQ_CW_QBF OSWQ_CW_QBF GO @_SOFBLO X WQOK GO BWOQ BWOQQH\BLO QH\BLO GO _KB. _KB.   Bhrcrb`t Yor`jrdbkco bkg Goshnk – Ljek G. Bkgorsjk. Bhrpfbko Borjgykbdhcs bkg Yor`jrdbkco, Gr. Lbk Qjsmbd bkg Gr. Ceubk-Wbu Ogwbrg Fbk.