]hsuoh
Ekrb
1 Fkobs
OF.Fbobk Ykgjkg nkg Jbzb
^kgjjkd 1 ;5 @hmrukrb =9=;
Y]KF^BFXO Y]L^HBG
Nbsusug ldhe 1
Kgbsk Qud`btrb Y93=9;3>;;990
NBBB Jbzb ^F. ;K
Nlshg Yhgjkakr
Dbnyk Glvbtk S.Sb.O.Sb Dbdy ]hstuskrb
[email protected] Rudbkgk Krsbd S.@kro, O.@kro,Kpt
FHOHG^H]BKG FHSHEK^KG ]HYXMDBF BGNLGHSBK YLDB^HFGBF FHSHEK^KG FHOHGFHS ]BKX AX]XSKG JBQB =9=;
]HSXOH Y]L^HBG Yrlthbg knkdke mkjbkg nkrb shouk shd ebnup nkg ohrupkfkg mkjbkg thrmhskr tumue shsunke kbr. Yrlthbg aujk ohrupkfkg oldhfud okfrl ykgj ohopugykb mhrkt oldhfud kgtkrk dbok rbmu, ebgjjk mhmhrkpk autk. Yrlthbg thrnbrb ktks rkgtkb-rkgtkb pkgakgj ksko kobgl, ykgj thrbfkt sktu skok dkbg nkdko bfktkg phptbnk. Xgsur utkok prlthbg ykbtu ugsur gbtrljhg, fkrhgk thrnkpkt nb nkdko shouk prlthbg kfkg thtkpb tbnkf thrnkpkt nb nkdko fkrmlebnrkt nkg dhokf. Yrlthbg ohopugykb `ugjsb feks ykgj tbnkf nkpkt nbjkgtbfkg ldhe zkt jbzb dkbg, ykbtu ohomkgjug shrtk ohohdbekrk shd-shd nkg akrbgjkg tumue. Fdksb`bfksb prlthbg 1 ;. Yr Yrlt lthb hbg g mhgt mhgtuf uf shr shrkm kmut ut ( `bmrlus `bmrlus)) ^hrnbrb ktks mhmhrkpk rkgtkb phptbnk mhrmhgtuf spbrkd ykgj thrakdbg sktu skok dkbg shebgjjk ohgyhrupkb mktkgj ykgj fkfu. Fkrkfthrbstbf 1 rhgnkegyk nkyk dkrut, ohopugykb fhfuktkg ohfkgbs ykgj tbgjjb nkg tkekg threknkp hgzbo phgchrgkkg. Nbkgtkrk prlthbg shrkmut, ykbtu 1 k. Fldkjhg Fldkjhg,, ohrupk ohrupkfkg fkg prlthbg prlthbg utkok utkok akrbgj akrbgjkg kg bfkt. ^bnkf ^bnkf dkr dkrut ut kbr, ounke mhrumke mhrumke ohgaknb jhdktbg mbdk nbrhmus nkdko kbr, ksko hgchr hgch r ktku kdfkdb. m. Hdkstbg, thrnkpkt nkdko urkt, ltlt, krthrb nkg akrbgjkg hdkstbs dkbg. Hdkstbg tbnkf nkpkt nbumke ohgaknb jhdktbg
=. Jdlmudkr Mhrmhgtuf mldk, nkg thrnkpkt nkdko ckbrkg akrbgjkg tumue. Yrlthbg bgb dkrut nkdko dkrutkg jkrko nkg ksko hgchr, ounke mhrumke nb mkwke phgjkrue sueu, flgshgtrksb jkrko shrtk ounke ohgjkdkob nhgkturksb. Nbkgtkrk prlthbg jdlmudkr, ykbtu 1 k. Kdmuobg, Kdmuobg, dkrut dkrut nkdko nkdko kbr kbr nkg ohgjkdk ohgjkdkob ob flkjudksb flkjudksb mbdk nbpkgksfkg. nbpkgksfkg. m. Jdlmudbg, tbnkf dkrut nkdko kbr thtkpb dkrut nkdko dkrutkg jkrko hgchr nkg jkrko nkpur shrtk ohgjhgnkp nkdko dkrutkg jkrko flgshgtrksb jkrko. Ohgjkdkob flkjudksb mbdk nbpkgksfkg. 3. Flgaujksb
Ohrupkfkg prlthbg shnhrekgk ykgj thrbfkt nhgjkg mkekg-mkekg glg ksko kobgl. shphrtb jdbflpr jdbflprlth lthbg bg (mhrbf (mhrbfktk ktkg g nhgjkg nhgjkg fkrmleb fkrmlebnrk nrkt), t), db dbplpr plprlth lthbg bg (mhrbf (mhrbfktk ktkg g nhgjkg nhgjkg dhokf) dhokf),, ohtkdl oht kdlprl prlthb thbg g (mhbfk (mhbfktkg tkg nhgjkg nhgjkg dljko) dljko)
nkg `ls`lp `ls`lprlt rlthbg hbg (mhrbfkt (mhrbfktkg kg nhgjkg nhgjkg jujus jujus
`ls`kt).
]HSXOH KSKO KOBGL
Ksko kobgl thrnbrb ktks ktlo fkrmlg ykgj thrbfkt pknk sktu jujus fkrmlfsbd (CLLE), sktu jujus kobgl (- GE=), sktu ksko eynrljhg (-E) nkg sktu jujus rknbfkd (-]) ktku rkgtkb ckmkgj. Fdksb`bfksb ksko kobgl ohgurut auodke jujus ksko (fkrmlfsbd) nkg mksk (kobgl) ykgj nbobdbfb, ykbtu1 k. Ksk Ksko o kobgl g ghtr htrkd, kd, ykb ykbtu tu ksk ksko o kobg kobgl l ykgj oh ohgjk gjkgnu gnugj gj skt sktu u juju jujuss ksko nkg sktu jujus kobgl. m. Ksko kobgl ksko (rkgtkb ckmkgj ksko), ykbtu ksko kobgl ykgj ohopugykb fhdhmbekg jujus ksko nbmkgnbgjfkg nhgjkg jujus mksk c. Ksko kob kobgl gl mks mkskk (rkgtk (rkgtkbb ckmk ckmkgj gj mksk mksk), ), ykbt ykbtu u ksko kob kobgl gl ykg ykgj j ohopu ohopugykb gykb fhdhmbekg jujus mksk n. Ks Ksko ko ko kobg bgl l yk ykgj gj oh ohgj gjkg kgnu nugj gj gbtr gbtrlj ljhg hg ko kobg bgl l ph phgj gjjk jkgt gtbb ju juju juss bo bobg bgl l prbohr nbgkokfkg ksko bobgl. @ugjsb feusus ksko kobgl, ykbtu 1 k. ^rbpt ^rbptl`kg, l`kg, pr prhcurs hcurslr lr vbtko vbtkobg bg gbks gbksbg bg nkg ph phgjkgt gjkgtkr kr skrk` sh shrltlg rltlgbg. bg. m. Ohtblgbg, ohomhrbfkg juj jujus us ohtbd jugk sbthsbs fldbg fldbg nkg frhktbgbg. c. @hg @hgbdk bdkdkg dkgbg, bg, prhcu prhcursl rslrr tbr tbrlsb lsbg g nkg mhr mhrsko skokk oho ohomhg mhgtuf tuf elrol elrolghgh-el elrolg rolg tbrlfsbg nkg hpbgh`rbg. n. ^b ^brl rlsb sbg, g, oh ohru rupk pkfk fkg g prhc prhcurs urslr lr mk mkek ekg g yk ykgj gj oh ohom omhg hgtu tuf f pb pbjo johg hg fu fudb dbtt nkg nkg rkomut. h. Krjbg Krjbgbg bg nkg sh shgtrud gtrudbg, bg, thrd thrdbmkt bmkt nk nkdko dko sbgt sbgthsbs hsbs urh urhuo uo nkdk nkdko o ektb. `. Jdbsb Jdbsbg, g, ohgj ohgjbfkt bfkt mk mkekg-m ekg-mkekg kekg ttlfsbf lfsbf n nkg kg ohgj ohgjumkeg umkegyk yk ohga ohgaknb knb mk mkekg ekg tbn tbnkf kf mhrmkekyk. j. Ebstb Ebstbnbg, nbg, n nbphrdu bphrdufkg fkg u ugtuf gtuf ssbgths bgthsbs bs ebst ebstkobg. kobg. e. Jdut Jdutkobg, kobg, oh ohrupkf rupkfkg kg sbop sbopkgkg kgkg kksko sko kobg kobgl l nb nkd nkdko ko tumu tumue. e.
]HSXOH KGKDBSK GBGEBN]BG
Dkrutkg gbgebnrbg nbjugkfkg ugtuf ohgnhthfsb shouk ahgbs ksko kobgl. Gbgebnrbg (=,=-N (=, =-Nbey beynrl nrlxyb xybgnk gnkghgh-;,3 ;,3-nb -nblgh lgh)) ohr ohrupk upkfkg fkg shg shgykw ykwkk fbo fbobk bk ykg ykgj j nbj nbjugk ugkfkg fkg ugtuf ohgnhthfsb jujus kobgk nkdko oldhfud ksko kobgl. ]hkfsb ykgj thraknb 1 Ksko kobgl mhrkfsb nhgjkg gbgebnrbg ohomhgtuf kdnhebnk nhgjkg sktu ktlo C dhmbe rhgnke nkg ohdhpksfkg GE3 nkg CL=. Gbgebnrbg ykgj thdke mhrkfsb kfkg ohomhg oho mhgtuf tuf ebn ebnrbg rbgnkg nkgtbg tbg.. Eks Eksbd bd pls plsbtb btb`` nbt nbtkgn kgnkb kb nhg nhgjkg jkg thr thrmhg mhgtuf tufgyk gyk flo flopdh pdhf f mhrwkrgk mbru/ fhugjukg ykgj nbshmkmfkg ldhe oldhfud gbgebnrbg nkg ebnrbgnkgtbg ykgj mhrhkfsb nhgjkg GE3 shthdke ksko kobgl thrshmut nb lfsbnksb. Obskdgyk pknk phrclmkkg mhrbfut 1 Kdkt 1 -
^kmugj rhkfsb ]kf tkmugj rhkfsb Jhdks fbobk Kdkt phgkgjks kbr Ybpht thths
Mkekg 1 -
Dk Dkru rutk tkg gg gbg bge ebnrbg nrbg 9,; 9,;% Skophd (t (tu uomuekg) Htkgld Fdlrl`lro
Yrlshnur fhrak 1 ;. > j skophd skophd,, pltlgj nk nkg g ekdus ekdusfkg, fkg, oksu oksuffkg ffkg fh Hrd Hrdhgohy hgohyhr hr ;99 od, oks okshrkb hrkb nhgjkg =8 od HtLE, pkgksfkg ;8 ohgbt. =. Skrb Skrbgj gj fh Hrd Hrdhgo hgohyh hyhrr 89 od nkd nkdko ko fhknk fhknkkg kg pkgks pkgks,, ukp ukpfkg fkg skop skopkb kb shdu shdurue rue HtLE ekmbs. 3. ^k ^kom omke kekf kfkg kg CE CECd Cd3 3 nk nkg g kbr kbr sudb sudbgj gj 8 od (;1; (;1;), ), nb nbfl flcl clf f eb ebgj gjjk jk skop skopkb kb ohobske (fdlrl`lro nkg kbr)
>. Ybgnk Ybgnkefkg efkg fhn fhnkdko kdko tkm tkmugj ugj rhkf rhkfsb sb mhrsbe mhrsbe.. Dkpbsk Dkpbskg g kbr (`rkfsb kb kbr) r) nbjugk nbjugkfkg fkg ugtuf phohrbfskkg ksko kobgl. Yrlshnur phgjuabkg ksko kobgl nhgjkg gbgebnrbg1 ;. Dkrut Dkrutkg kg `rkfs `rkfsbb kbr nboks nboksuffk uffkg g fhnkd fhnkdko ko tkmug tkmugj j rhkfsb sshmkgy hmkgykf kf = od. =. ^komke ^komkefkg fkg 8 thths dkrut dkrutkg kg gb gbgebn gebnrbg rbg 9, 9,;% ;% 3. Ckopu Ckopurkg rkg thrs thrshmut hmut nb nbpkgks pkgksfkg fkg nbk nbktks tks phg phgkgjks kgjks kkbr br shdkok ; ;9 9 ohgbt. >. Shthd Shthdke ke nbpkgk nbpkgksfkg sfkg,, nb nkpk nkpktfkgd tfkgdke ke eksbd. Kpkm Kpkmbdk bdk skophd ykg ykgj j nbuab plsbt plsbtb` b` ohgjkgnugj ksko kobgl, nbtkgnkb nhgjkg thrmhgtufgyk dkrutkg mhrwkrgk mbru/fhugjukg.
]HSXOH KGKDBSK MBX]H^
Xab mburht mhrtuaukg ugtuf ohghgtufkg knk ktku tbnkfgyk prlthbg pknk skophd shrtk ohghgtufkg fknkrgyk. Abfk eksbd kfebrgyk wkrgk skophd mhrumke ohgaknb ugju, okfk pknk skophd plsbtb` thrnkpkt prlthbg. Obskdgyk pknk phrclmkkg GkLE nkg CuSL> 1 -
Yh Yhgk gkom omke kekg kg GkL GkLE E pk pknk nk skop skophd hd ohom ohomuk uktt fl flgn gnbs bsbb skop skophd hd ohg ohgak aknb nb mks mkskk shebgjjk ohounkefkg CuSL> ugtuf mhrhkfsb. Yh Yhgk gkom omke kekg kg Cu CuSL SL> > mh mhrj rjug ugkk ug ugtu tuf f oh ohom omhg hgtu tuf f fl flop opdh dhfs fs wk wkrg rgkk ug ugju ju,, ykbtu fhtbfk jkrko Cu mhrbfktkg nhgjkg bfktkg phptbnk. Yh Yhgk gkom omke kekg kg Gk GkLE LE nk nkg g Cu CuSL SL> > pk pknk nk skop skophd hd,, sheb shebgj gjjk jk nk nkpk pktt th thrm rmhg hgtu tuf f flopdhfs wkrgk ugju abfk eksbd plsbtb` (thrnkpkt prlthbg).
Yrlshnur fhrak 1
;. Sko Skophd phd ykgj pkn pknkt kt ekr ekrus us nbm nbmdhg dhgnhr nhr,, fho fhounb unbkg kg nbs nbskrb krbgj, gj, nbshg nbshgtrb trb`uj `ujksb ksb nkg nbkomb nbk ombdd sup suphrg hrgktk ktkggy ggyk. k. Shnkgj Shnkgjfkg fkg sko skophd phd ckb ckbr, r, ekg ekgyk yk phr phrdu du nbh nbhgch gchrfk rfkg g nhgjkg kquknhs. =. Skophd nb nbkombd kombd shm shmkgykf kgykf = oD, nkg nb nbthths ththsfkg fkg fhn fhnkdko kdko tkmu tkmugj gj rhkfs rhkfsb. b. 3. ^hths ^hthsbb skophd nh nhgjkg gjkg Gk GkLE, LE, ugt ugtuf uf ohomk ohomkskfkg skfkg f flgnbs lgnbsbb skoph skophdd >. ^h ^hth thsb sb sk skop ophd hd nh nhgj gjkg kg Cu CuSL SL> > ug ugtu tuf f oh ohdb dbek ektt kp kpkf kfke ke wk wkrg rgkk skop skophd hd kf kfkg kg mhrumke ohgaknb ugju ktku tbnkf. 8. Ko Kokktb phru hrumk mke ekg wkrgk krgk (abf abfk pl plsb sbttb` b`), ), dk dkddu uf ufur ur fkn knkkrgy rgyk nhg hgj jkg sphftrl`ltlohthr
]HSXOH KGKDBSK UKG^LY]L^H UKG^LY]L^HBG BG
^uaukg ^ua ukg kgk kgkdbs dbskk xkgtlp xkgtlprlt rlthbg hbg bgb ugt ugtuf uf ohg ohgjht jhtkeu keubb knk knkgyk gyk ksk ksko o kob kobgl gl ykg ykgj j ohgjkgnugj bgtb mhgzhgh. Gbtrksb bgtb mhgzhgh nkrb ksko kobgl (brlsbg, `hgbdkdkgbg, nkg trbptl`kg) nkdko oldhfud prlthbg ohomhgtuf shgykwk gbtrl ykgj mhrwkrgk fugbgj fug bgj.. Nkd Nkdko ko suk sukskg skgkk mks mkskk kfk kfkg g thr thrblg blgbsk bsksb sb nkg wkr wkrgkg gkgyk yk mhr mhrumk umke e ohg ohgakn aknbb fugbgj tuk/abgjjk. Obskdgyk pknk phrclmkkg 1 Kdkt 1 -
^kmugj rhkfsb Ybpht ufurkg = oD
-
Ybpht thths
-
Yhgkgjks kbr
Mkekg 1 -
Kdmuobg =% Yhptlg =%
-
Kquknhs =% Jhdktbg =% EGL3 Yhfkt GkLE ;9%
Yrlshnur fhrak 1 ;. Oksuf Oksuffkg fkg dk dkrutkg rutkg skoph skophdd fhnk fhnkdko dko tk tkmugj mugj rrhkfsb hkfsb ; oD =. ^komke ^komkefkg fkg 9,8 oD EGL3 Yh Yhfkt. fkt. Yhrektbf Yhrektbfkg kg abfk thr thrmhgtu mhgtuf f hgnkpk hgnkpkg g putbe. 3. Ykg Ykgksf ksfkg kg dkr dkrutk utkg, g, hgnkp hgnkpkg kg kfkg dkrut fhomk fhomkdb db nkg dk dkrut rutkg kg kfkg mh mhrum rumke ke ohgaknb wkrgk fugbgj >. Nb Nbgj gjbg bgfk fkg g nbmk nbmkwk wke e kbr kbr oh ohgj gjkd kdbr br nk nkg g tk tkom omke kefk fkg g th thth thss nh nhob ob th thth thss Gk GkLE LE phfkt
NK@^K] YXS^KFK Mufu Yrbgsbp Nkskr Bdou Jbzb, Sugbtk Kdoktsbhr. ettps1//ylutu.mh/=deFrj9`djX ettps1//ylutu.mh/]5bwMfjjtZl ettps1//ylutu.mh/]E^Qj[hE0yH ettps1//ylutu.mh/c\^\@;n2mc> ettps1//ylutu.mh/y2>dzf=0nb[
