Resume de Cours (MPSI MP)
March 13, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Sìsuaì ko imurs AXYL ’ AX
N``ìo 3838-383>
AN[EÌA [EÌAN[ N[L^_O L^_OYY 3838 ’ 383> AN
>
Sìsu Sì suaì aì > ’ Ytr trui uitu turo ross ng ngjì jìcrl crlqu quos os Ytrui Yt ruitur turoo ko jr jrmup mupoo
↓ Jrmupo Jrmuposs ot smus-jrmu smus-jrmupos pos Kì`ltlm` Jrmupo upo Kì`ltlm` 6 Jrm _` jr jrmu mupo po os ostt u` im imup upgo go (J , √) mü J ost ost u` o`soacg o`soacgoo ot √ u`o gml ko imapmsltlm` l`tor`o togs quo 6 (l) gn gml √ ost nssmilntlvo 6
∈ x , y , z ∅ ∅ J , x √√ ( y √√ z ) 1 (x √√ y ) √ z (ll) lg oxlsto u` ìgìao`t `outro 6
∈ x ∅ ∅ J , x √√ o 1 o √√ x 11 x
↓ Jrmupo (/` , +) ∅ √ . Snppogm`s quo sl n , c ∅ ∅ , M` suppmso lil ` ∅ ≮ c R` Q ⇘⇓ ` || (n ∓ c ) ⇘⇓ n ∓ c ∅ ∅ ` n ≮ Gn im`jruo`io amkugm ` ost ost u`o rogntlm` k“ìqulvngo`io. M` `mto /` g“o`soacgo kos ignssos k“ìqulvngo`io ko pmur iotto rogntlm`. M` au`lt ngmrs /` k“u`o nkkltlm` ot k“u`o augtlpglintlm` (qul `o kìpo`ko`t pns ku iemlx ku roprìso`tn`t). [eìmråao ∅ √ , (/` , +) ost u` jrmupo ncìglo`. Xmur tmut ` ∅
(lll) tmut ìgìao`t ko J pmssåko u` l`vorso 6
∈x ∅ ∅ J , ∉ y ∅ ∅ J , x √√ y 1 y √√ x 11 o Xrmpmsltlm` ⊃ J ost Ymlt (J , √) u` jrmupo. E ⊃ ost u` smus-jrmupo ko J sl E ost `m `m` ` vl vlko ko ot ot sl 6
∈x , y ∅ ∅ E , x √√ y ∓> ∅ E • Go prmkult `l ko jrmupos ost o`imro o`imro u` jrmupo. • G“l`torsoitlm` (quogim`quo) ko smus-jrmupos ko J ost u` smus-jrmupo ko J .
[eì [eìmr mråao åao 6 Ymu Ymus-j s-jrmu rmupos pos ko Yl J ost ost u` smus-jrmupo ko (, +), ngmrs lg oxlsto u` ∅ tog quo J 1 ` . u`lquo ` ∅
↓ Amrpel Amrpelsaos saos ko jrmupos jrmupos Kì`ltlm Kì`l tlm` ` 6 Am Amrpe rpelsa lsaoo ko jrmupo uposs √) kn`sgojrmupo _`amrpelsaokujrmupo (J ,jrm (J , ) ost u`o nppglintlm` τ 6 J ↓ ↓ J qul vìrlo 6
∈x , y ∅ ∅ J , τ (x √√ y ) 1 τ (x ) τ( y ) Xnral gos amrpelsaos ignsslquos, m` ro`im`tro oxp, g`, kot ot gn slj`nturo k“u`o porautntlm`. Gos lanjos klroito ot rìilprmquo k“u` smus-jrmupo pnr u` amrpelsao ko jrmupos ost u` smus-jrmupo.
Kì`ltlm Kì`l tlm` ` 6 @m @mynu ynu ot lan lanjo jo k“ k“u` u` amr amrpel pelsao sao Ymlt τ u`amrpelsaokujrmupo (J , √) kn`sgojrmupo (J , ). • M` nppoggo lanjo ko τ ot m` `mto La(τ ) go smus-
∅ J }. jrmupo τ (J ) 1 {τ ( x ), x ∅ • M` nppoggo `mynu `mynu ko τ ot m` `mto Bor `mto Bor(τ ) go smus∓ > ∅ J , τ(x ) 1 o }. jrmupo τ ({o }) 1 { x ∅ Go `mynu poraot ko inrnitìrlsor g“l`foitlvltì. N``ìo 3838/383>
↓ Jrmupos Jrmupos am`mjå`os am`mjå`os ot jrmupos jrmupos iyiglquos iyiglquos Kì`ltlm` _` jrmupo (J , √) ost klt 6 • am`mjå`o s“ s“lg lg ost o`jo`krì o`jo`krì pnr u` ìgìao`t ìgìao`t 6
⌬ ⌦ {
∅ ∅ }
J 1 n 1 n b , b
• iyiglquo ss“lg “lg ost am`mjå`o am`mjå`o ot `l.
[eìmråao • Go jrmupo (/` , +) ost iyiglquo. • /` 1 ⌬b ⌦ sl ot sougoao`t sl b ∪ ` 1 1 >. [eìmrå mråao ao 6 Ign Ignssl sslin intlm tlm` ` kos jrm jrmupo uposs am` am`mjå mjå`os `os [eì Ymlt J u` jrmupo am`mjå`o. . • Yl J ost l``l, J /` nvoi inrk(J ) 1 ` . • Yl J ost iyiglquo, J
↓ Mrkro Mrkro k“u` k“u` ìgìao` ìgìao`tt kn`s kn`s u` jrmupo jrmupo Kì`ltlm` Ymlo`t (J , √) u` jrmupo km`t g“ìgìao`t `outro ost `mtì o ot n u` u` ìgìao`t ko J . ∅ √ tog quo n ` 1 o . • n ost ost k“mrkro `l s“lg oxlsto ` ∅ ∅ √ | n ` 1 o }. • G“mrkro ko n ost ost ngmrs al`{` ∅ G“mrkro ko n ost ost nussl nussl go inrkl` inrkl`ng ng ku smus-jr smus-jrmup mupoo o`jo`k o`jo`krì rì pnr n . Ko pgus, sl n ost ost k“mrkro `l k , ngmrs, n ` 1 o
⇘⇓ k |`
[eìmråao G“mrkro k“u` ìgìao`t k“u` jrmupo `l klvlso go inrkl`ng ku jrmupo.
3
Dlieo Dli eo > ’ Yt Ytrui ruitur turos os ngj ngjìcrl ìcrlqu quos os
Ytrui Yt ruitur turos os k“ k“n`` n``onu onu ot ko imr imrps ps
↓ Lkìnux Lkìnux k“u` n``o n``onu nu imaa imaautntl utntld d
↓ N`` N``onu onuxx ot imrps imrps Kì`ltlm` ltlm` 6 N``o N``onu nu Kì` _` n``o n``onu nu os ostt u` tr trlpg lpgot ot ( N , +, Ú) mü g“o`so g“o`soacgo acgo N ost ost au`l ko koux gmls ko imapmsltlm` ko smrto quo 6 (l) ( N , +) ost u` jrmupo imaautntld2 (ll) gn gml Ú ost nssmilntlvo, nkaot u` ìgìao`t `outro ot ost klstrlcutlvo sur + 6
∈x , y , z ∅ ∅ N , x Ú Ú ( y + z ) 1 x ÚÚ y + x ÚÚ z Ú z ++ y ÚÚ z ot ( x + + y ) Ú z 1 1 x Ú • G“n``onu ost imaautntld sl gn gml Ú ost imaautntlvo. • _` n``onu imaautntld ost klt l`tåjro sl sl 6
Ú y 1 8 N 1⇓ x 11 8 N mu y 1 8 N ∈(x , y ) ∅ N 3, x Ú • [mut prmkult `l k“n``onux k“n``onux ost u` n``onu. • Yl x ot y imaauto`t,
`
( x + y )` 1
b 18
` b
x b y ` ∓b 2 x ` y ` 1 ( x y )
∓
∓
x b y ` ∓>∓b
b 18
Xrmpmsltl msltlm` m` 6 Inrn Inrnitìrls itìrlsntlm` ntlm` k“u` smus smus-n`` -n``onu onu Xrmp Ymlt ( N , +, ) u` n``onu. C ost ost u` smus-n``onu ko N Ú sl > N ∅ C ot sl ot sougoao`t ot 6
∈x , y ∅ ∅ C , x ∓ ∓ y ∅∅ C
Ú y ∅∅ C ot x Ú
Kì`ltlm Kì`l tlm` ` 6 Im Imrps rps _` imrps ost u` n``onu imaautntld pmur goquog tmut ìgìao`t `m` `ug nkaot u` l`vorso pmur gn gml Ú. Kn`s go inkro ku prmjrnaao, gos imrps sm`t suppmsìs imaautntlds. _` imrps ost u` n``onu l`tåjro. Kì`ltlm` ltlm` 6 Ymus Ymus-imrp -imrpss Kì` Ymlt u` imrps. ⊃ ost u` smus-imrps ko sl 6
∈x , y ∅ ∅ Ú √, x ∓ ∓ y ∅∅
Go `mynu k“u` amrpelsao k“n``onux ost u` lkìng. N , Yl L > ot L 3 sm`t koux lkìnux k“u` n``onu imaautntld N L > ∬ L 3 ot L > + L 3 sm`t kos lkìnux ko N . Ymlt x u` u` ìgìao`t k“u` n``onu imaautntld N N .
{ || ∅ ∅ }
( x ) 1 x N 1 1 x n n N
ost go pgus potlt lkìng ko N im`to`n`t im`to`n`t x . Ko pgus,
|| ⇘⇓
x y
y N
⊃ x N ⇘⇓
( y )
⊃ ( x )
↓ Nrlteaìtl Nrlteaìtlquo quo kn`s
` >
∓
Kì`ltlm` Kì`lt lm` 6 Lk Lkìng ìng k“ k“u` u` n` n``on `onu u ima imaau autntl tntld d Ymlt ( N , +, Ú) u` n``onu imaautntld. M` nppoggo lkìng ko N tmuto tmuto pnrtlo L ko N tog tog quo 6 (l) (L , +) ost u` smus-jrmupo ko ( N , +) 2 (ll) ∈ x ∅ ∅ L , ∈n ∅ ∅ N , x n ∅ ∅ L .
Ú y ∓> ∅ ot x Ú
↓ Amrpelsaos Amrpelsaos k“n``onux Kì`ltlm` Amrpels rpelsao ao k“n` k“n``onu `onux x Kì`ltlm` 6 Am Ymlo`t N ot ot C koux koux n``onux. M` nppoggo amrpelsao ko N kn`s kn`s C tmuto tmuto nppglintlm` τ 6 N ↓ C qul qul vìrlo 6 ∅ J , τ (x ++ y ) 1 τ (x ) + τ ( y ) (l) ∈ x , y ∅ (ll) ∈ x , y ∅ ∅ J , τ (x Ú Ú y ) 1 τ (x ) Ú τ ( y ) (lll) τ (> N ) 1 >C . _` amrpelsao k“n``onux ost u` amrpelsao ko jrmupos. Kì`l tlm` ` 6 @m @mynu ynu ot lan lanjo jo k“ k“u` u` amr amrpel pelsao sao Kì`ltlm Yl τ u` amrpelsao ko g“n``onu N kn`s kn`s g“n``onu C ,
∅ N } 2 • La(τ ) 1 τ ( N ) 1 {τ ( x ), x ∅ ∓ > ∅ N , τ(x ) 1 8C }. • Bor(τ ) 1 τ ({8C }) 1 { x ∅ G“lanjo k“u` amrpelsao k“n``onux ost u` n``onu, anls pns go `mynu.
[eìmråao ∅ . Gos lkìnux ko sm`t gos ` , mü ` ∅
∅ `m` `ugs. M` nppoggo 6 Ymlo`t n , c ∅ • pgus jrn`k klvlsour imaau` imaau` ko n ot ot c g“u`lquo g“u`lquo o`tlor `nturog k tog tog quo n + c 1 k . @mtntlm` 6 n ∪ c . • pgus potlt imaau` augtlpgo ko n ot c g“u`lquo o`tlor `nturog i tog quo n ∬ c 1 i . @mtntlm` 6 n ∥ c .
[eìmrå mråao ao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao ko Cìz Cìzmut mut [eì ∅ . Ngmrs n ∪ ∪ c 1 > sl ot sougoao`t s“lg Ymlo`t n , c ∅ oxlsto u` imupgo ( u , v ) ∅ 3 tog quo n u + + c v 1 1 >. G“ngjmrlteao k“Ouiglko poraot ko kìtoral`or go pjik ko koux o`tlors mu u`o rogntlm` ko Cìzmut.
[eìmrå [eìm råao ao 6 Go Goaa aaoo ko Jn Jnus usss Ymlo`t n , c , i ∅ ∅ . Yl n || c i ot n ∪ c 1 1 >, ngmrs n || i . Yl p ost ost proalor ot p || n c , ngmrs p || n mu mu p || c .
↓ G“n``onu (/` , +, Ú) [eìmråao (/` , +, Ú) ost u` n``onu. [eìmråao Gos nssortlm`s sulvn`tos sm`t ìqulvngo`tos 6 (l) /` ost u` imrps. (ll) /` ost u` n``onu l`tåjro. (lll) ` ost ost proalor. G“ìgìao`t b ost ost l`vorslcgo kn`s g“n``onu /` sl ot sougoao`t sl b ∪ ` 1 1 >.
N``ìo 3838/383>
Dlieo Ytrui ruitur turos os ngj ngjìcrl ìcrlqu quos os Dlieo > ’ Yt
[eìmråao [eìmr åao 6 Goa Goaao ao iel iel`m `mls ls Yl a ot ot ` sm`t koux o`tlors proalors o`tro oux, /a ` ost lsmamrpeo è /a
Ú /`
Kì`ltlm` L`klintrli intrlioo k“O k“Ougor ugor Kì`ltlm` 6 L`kl √ ∅ ,m`pmso ϟ(` ) 1 inrk {b ∅∅ >, ` | b ∪ ` 11 >}. Xmur ` ∅ Gn dm`itlm` ϟ ost nppogìo l`klintrlio k“Ougor.
ϟ (` ) roprìso`to 6
• go `macro `macro k“o`tlors k“o`tlors l`dìrlours è ` ot ot proalors nvoi ` 2 • go `macro k“ìgìao`ts l`vorslcgos ko g“n``onu /` 2 • go `macro ko jì`ìrntours ku jrmupo ( /` , +), km`i iogul ko (` , Ú).
Xrmpmsltlm` ∅ √ . Yl a ∪ ` 11 >, ϟ(a ` ) 1 ϟ(a )ϟ(` ). Ymlo`t a , ` ∅ Xrmpmsltlm`
∅ √, ϟ(` ) 1 ` º Xmur tmut ` ∅
∓ >
p proalor proalor p `
>
p
.
|
Xrmpmsltlm` Xrmpmsltl m` 6 [eìm [eìmråao råao k“O k“Ougor ugor ∅ ot ` ∅ ∅ W {8, >}. Yl n ∪ ` 11 >, ngmrs 6 Ymlo`t n ∅ n ϟ (` )
≮ > R` Q
Imrmg rmggnl gnlro ro 6 Xo Xotlt tlt teì teìmr mråao åao ko Do Doran rantt Im ∅ . Ngmrs, Ymlo`t p u` o`tlor proalor ot n ∅ n p
≮ n Rp Q
Yl ko pgus p `o `o klvlso pns n , n p ∓> ≮ > Rp Q.
Ytruituro k“ngjåcroo Ytruituro k“ngjåcr Kì`ltlm` 6 -ngjåcro Kì`ltlm` _`o ngjåcro sur u` imrps , mu -ngjåcro, ost u` o`soacgo au`ls ko trmls gmls +, Ú ot º togs quo 6 (l) ( , +, º) ost u` -ospnio voitmrlog2 (ll) ( , +, Ú) ost u` n``onu2 (lll) gos gmls Ú ot º sm`t imapntlcgos 6
∈n , c ∅ ∅ , ∈ x , y ∅ ∅ , (n º x )Ú(c º y y ) 1 n c º( x Ú y ) _`o smus-ngjåcro ko ost ost u`o pnrtlo ko toggo toggo quo ost è gn dmls u` smus-n``onu ko ot ot u` smus-ospnio voitmrlog ko .
Kì`ltlm` Amrpels rpelsao ao k“ng k“ngjåcr jåcros os Kì`ltlm` 6 Am -ngjåcros. M` nppoggo amrYmlo`t ot koux pelsao ko kn`s kn`s tmuto nppglintlm` τ 6 ↓ toggo quo τ ost u` amrpelsao k“n``onux ot τ u` amrpelsao k“ospnios voitmrlogs.
N``ìo 3838/383>
9
;
AN[EÌA AN [EÌAN N[L^ [L^_OY _OY 3838 ’ 383>
Sìsu Sì suaì aì 3 ’ Xmg mgy` y`ûa ûaos os ot dr drni nitlm tlm`s `s rn rntl tlm` m``o `ogg ggos os Xmgy`ûaos
↓ Snil`os ` låaos ko g“u`l g“u`ltì tì
↓ Jì`ìrngltìs
Io sm`t gos ` rnil`os rnil`os slapgos ku pmgy`ûao U ` ∓ > ko gn 3 b ψ ∅ 8, ` ∓> .Goursmaaoost`uggo6 dmrao όb 1 ol ` pmur b ∅ 3 ` ψ ` ∓> ` ∓> b > ∓ ol ` l 3` ψ o όb 1 1 3 ψ 1 8. > ∓ ol ` b 18 b 18
_` pmgy`ûao ost kì`l pnr gn sulto ko sos imodilo`ts, suppmsìs `ugs è pnrtlr k“u` iortnl` rn`j. +∐ b
∅
X 1 `` 18 n b U
∐
`
+
Xnr kì`ltlm`, X ^ 1 1
b 18
R U Q
l 18
b n l l c b b ∓l U .
[eìmråao • (R U Q, +, Ú) ost u` n``onu l`tåjro imaautntld. • (R U Q, +, Ú, º) ost u`o -ngjåcro.
∅ | n b b 1 8} nvoi koj(8˗ ) 1 ∓∐. M` pmso koj(X ) 1 anx {b ∅ Yl X , ^ ∅ ∅ R U Q, koj(X ++ ^ ) anx (koj(X ),koj(^ )). Ú ^ ) 1 koj (X ) + koj(^ ) ot koj(X ◤◤ ^ ) 1 Ko pgus, koj (X Ú koj(X ) Ú koj(^ ). [eìmr åao 6 Dm Dmrau raugo go ko Gol Golc`l c`lzz [eìmråao
Ymlt X ot ^ koux koux` pmgy`ûaos è imodilo`ts kn`s . ` (b ) (` ∓b ) (` ) X ^ . Ngmrs, (X ^ ) 1 b 18
b
[eì [eìmr mråao åao 6 Dm Dmrau raugo go ko [nyg nygmr mr ∅ . Ngmrs, Ymlt X u` u` pmgy`ûao p mgy`ûao ko kojrì kojrì ` ot ot n ∅
`
X (b ) (n ) ( U X 1 b ! b 18
b
∓∓ n )
↓ Snil` Snil`os os ot dnitmrlsntl dnitmrlsntlm` m` [eìmråao 6 Klv [eìmråao Klvlslm lslm` ` ouigl ouiglklo`` klo``oo
` ∓ n pmur pmur Ko aæao, m` pout kìtoral`or gos rnil`os ko U > ε l ε ` n ∅ ∅ . M` ìirlt n 1 1 ώ o ot m` trmuvo ξb 1 ώ ol ` όb .
↓ Nrlte Nrlteaìtlq aìtlquo uo kos pmgy`ûaos pmgy`ûaos
Gos lkìnux ko R U Q sm`t tmus prl`ilpnux, l.o. ko gn dmrao 6
ºº
{ ºº || ∅ ∅ } [mut lkìng ko R U Q klstl`it ko {8˗ } ost o`jo`krì pnr u` (X ) 1 X R U Q 1 X ^ ^ R U Q
u`lquo pmgy`ûao u`ltnlro, nppogì pmgy`ûao al`lang.
∅ R U Q `m` `ugs. M` nppoggo 6 Ymlo`t N , C ∅ • pgus jrn`k klvlsour imaau` ko N ot ot C g“u`lquo pmgy`ûao u`ltnlro u`ltnlro K tog tog quo ( N ) + (C ) 1 (K ). @m @mtnt tntlm` lm` 6 N ∪ C . • pgus potlt imaau` augtlpgo ko N ot C g“u`lquo pmgy`ûao u`ltnlro I tog tog quo ( N ) ∬ (C ) 1 (I ). @mtntlm` 6 N ∥ C . [eìmråao [eìmrå ao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao ko Cìz Cìzmut mut ∅ R U Q. N ot Ymlo`t N , C ∅ ot C sm`t proalors o`tro oux ssl lg oxlsto (_ , T )) ∅ R U Q3 tog quo N_ + + CT 1 >. Yl N , C ∅ R U Q, m` pout trmuvor (_ , T )) ∅ R U Q3 tog quo N_ + CT 1 N ∪ C è è g“nlko ko g“ngjmrlteao k“O k“Ouiglko uiglko . [e [eìm ìmrå råao ao 6 Go Goaa aaoo ko Jn Jnus usss Yl N | C I ot N ∪ C 1 1 >, ngmrs N | I .
↓ Xmgy`ûaos lrrìkuitlcgos Kì`ltlm` _` pmgy`ûao X ost ost klt lrrìkuitlcgo sl 6
Ymlt N ot ot C koux koux pmgy`ûaos togs quo koj quo koj(C ) koj( N ) ot C `m` `m` `ug. Ngmrs,
X 1 ^ S nvoi nvoi ^ , S R U Q 1 ^ mu mu S im`stn`t im`stn`t
∉!(^ , S ) ∅ R U Q, N 11 C^ + S nvoi nvoi koj(S ) 7 koj(C ) M`nppoggornil`oko X tmutìgìao` tmut ìgìao`tt ξ ∅ togquo X (ξ) 1 8.
Xrmpmsltlm` ∅ R U Q nkaot u`o u`lquo kìima[mut pmgy`ûao X ∅ pmsltlm pms ltlm` ` imaao imaao prmkul prmkultt k“ k“u` u` singnlr singnlroo pnr u` prmkul prmkultt ko dnitours u`ltnlros lrrìkuitlcgos.
[eì [eìmr mråao åao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao ko dni dnitmrl tmrlsnt sntlm` lm` Yl ξ> , . . . , ξp sm`t p rnil`os rnil`os k“u` pmgy`ûao X ngmrs ngmrs 6
∉!^ ∅ ∅ R U Q X 1 ( U ∓∓ ξ>) º º º ( U ∓∓ ξp )^ ξ ∅ ost ost kl klto to rn rnil il`o `o ko X k“mrkr k“mrkroo ko augtlpgliltì augtlpgliltì b sl sl g“ g“u`o u`o
kos koux nssortlm`s ìqulvngo`tos sulvn`tos ost vìrlìo 6 ∓ ξ)b ^ nvoi ∅ R U Q 2 • X 1 ( U ∓ nvoi ^ ∅ • X (ξ) 1 º º º 1 X (b ∓>) (ξ) 1 8.
M` klt quo X ko ko kojrì ` ost ost sil`kì sur (mu kn`s R U Q) s“lg pmssåko ` rnil`os rnil`os kn`s . Yl i“ost go ins, ` X 1 n `` U +
º º º + n > U + n 8 1 n `` ( U ∓∓ ξ>) º º º ( U ∓∓ ξ` )
io qul km``o ` + + > rogntlm`s o`tro rnil`os ot imodilo`ts.
∅ ∅
⇓
[eìmråao åao 6 [eìmr [eìmråao åao ko k“Ng k“Ngoacor oacort-Jnu t-Jnuss ss [eìmr _` pmgy`ûao imapgoxo `m` im`stn`t nkaot nu aml`s u`o rnil`o kn`s . [mut pmgy`ûao X ∅ ∅ R U Q `m` `ug ost sil`kì sur ot 6 `
X 1 β
∓ ∓ ξl )
( U
(ξl
∅ )
l l 1>
∅ R U Q ot X (ξ) 1 8, ngmrs X (ξ) 1 8. Yl ξ ∅/ , ngmrs m` Yl X ∅ pout dnitmrlsor X pnr pnr 6 ∓ ∓ ξ)( U ∓ ∓ ξ) 1 U 3 ∓ 3So(ξ) U + |ξ|3 ∅ R U Q
( U
N``ìo 3838/383>
Dlieo Xmgy` gy`ûao ûaoss ot drn drnitl itlm`s m`s rnt rntlm` lm``og `oggos gos Dlieo 3 ’ Xm
[eìmråao 6 Xmg [eìmråao Xmgy`ûa y`ûaos os lrrìk lrrìkuitlc uitlcgos gos • Gos pmgy`ûaos lrrìkuitlcgos ko R U Q sm`t gos pmgy`ûaos ko kojrì >. • Gos pmgy`ûaos lrrìkuitlcgos ko R U Q sm`t gos pmgy`ûaos ko kojrì > ot ko kojrì 3 è klsirlal`n`t `ìjntld. O` prntlquo, m` imaao`iorn pnr kìimapmsor u` pmgy`ûao kn`s R U Q pmur dnlro nppnrnàtro gos dnitours rìogs o` rojrmupn`t gos rnil`os im`fujuìos ot nl`sl mcto`lr sn
N
kuitlcgo , g“ìgìao`t slapgo nssmilì sorn ko gn dmrao 6 C
n
∓ ∓ ξ
U
↓ Xmgy`û Xmgy`ûaos aos l`torpmgnt l`torpmgntours ours ko Gnjrn`jo Gnjrn`jo
>, ` , X ( x l l ) 1 y l l
G“oxlsto`io ost nssurìo o` ìirlvn`t 6
y ll G ll mü G l l 1
X 1
∓ ∓∓ `
`
f 1> f 1l
l 1>
U
x f f
x l l
x f f
M` n clo` koj(X ) ` > ot G l l ( x f f ) 1 λl , f km`i X ( x l l ) 1 y l l .
∓
Drnitlm`s rntlm``oggos Drnitlm`s Gos drnitlm`s rntlm``oggos sm`t kì`los è g“nlko ko imupgos ko pmgy`ûaos nu amyo` k“u`o rogntlm` k“ìqulvngo`io. k“ìqulvngo`io.
[eìmråao (( U ), +, Ú) ost u` imrps imaautntld.
∅ ( U ). M` nppoggo dmrao lrrìkuitlcgo ko S tmuto Ymlt S ∅ tmuto ìirlturo ko gn dmrao 6 S 1 1
Yl S 1 1
N C
nvoi N ∪ C 1 1>
N ost lrrìkuitlcgo, m` nppoggo pnrtlo o`tlåro ko S go go C
qumtlo`t ko gn klvlslm` ouiglklo``o ko N pnr pnr C . M` nppoggo pûgo ko S k“mrkro r tmut ξ ∅ rnil`o ko C k“mrkroo ko augtlpgliltì r . k“mrkr Kìimapm Kìim apmslt sltlm` lm` o` ìgì ìgìao` ao`ts ts slapgo slapgos s
Ymlt S ∅ ( U ) ko pnrtlo o`tlåro X ot ko pûgos klstl`its ξ> , . . . , ξr ko augtlpgliltì a > , . . . , a rr . Lg oxlsto u`o u`lquo dnalggo (n ll ,b ) >l r ko `macros imapgoxos toggo quo 6 >b a l
N S 1 + 1 1 X + C
a l l
r
l 1> b 1>
n l b
∓∓ ξl )b
( U
Gnkìimapmsltlm`o`ìgìao`tsslapgoskn`s( U ) (u`lquo oggo nussl) dnlt nppnrnàtro u`o smaao ko toraos ko gn dmrao 6 a l
∓ ∓ b 1>
n l b
( U
ξl
)b
ot
a l
b 1>
c l b U U + i l b ( U 3 + k U + o )b f
f
mü gos U 3 + k f f U + o f f sm`t lrrìkuitlcgos kn`s R U Q. Ios oxprosslm`s `o sm`t pns è im``nàtro pnr iřur! N``ìo 3838/383>
∓ ∓
nvoi n 1 1 N (ξ)
C (ξ)
r
[eìmråao Yl x > , . . . , x `` ∅ sm`t klstl`its ot y > , . . . , y ` ` ∅ ngmrs ∅ ` ∓>R U Q tog quo 6 lg oxlsto u` ot u` soug X ∅
?
O` prntlquo, pmur kìtoral`or u`o kìimapmsltlm` o` ìgìao`ts slapgos, m` pmurrn 6 • aottro nu aæao kì`mal`ntour kì`mal`ntour ot lko`tlor2 lko`tlor 2 • ìvnguor o` u` pml`t pmur u` pûgo slapgo2 ∓ ξ)p puls ìvnguor o` ξ 2 • augtlpglor pnr ( U ∓ • augtlpglor pnr U puls pnssor è gn glalto o` +∐. O` mutro, pmur tmut pûgo slapgo ξ ∅ ko gn drnitlm` lrrì-
kìimapmsltlm` kn`s R U Q.
∈l ∅ ∅
Yl X 1 1 β
( U
ξl )a l l nvoi ξ> , . . . , ξr klstl`itos,
l 1>
X 1 X
∓ ∓ r
l 1>
a l l
U
ξl
4
AN[EÌA AN [EÌAN N[L^ [L^_OY _OY 3838 ’ 383>
Sìsu Sì suaì aì 9 ’ Ant ntrli rlios os,, os ospn pnio ioss vo voit itmrl mrlog ogss ot np nppg pgli lint ntlm lm`s `s gl gl`ì `ìnl nlro ross Antrlios
[eìmråao Koux antrlios ko A ` ` ,p () sm`t ìqulvngo`tos sl, ot sougoao`t sl, oggos m`t go aæao rn`j.
↓ Xulss Xulssn`ios n`ios ko antrlios antrlios Go ingiug kos pulssn`ios suiiosslvos k“u`o antrlio pout s“oddoituor, pnr oxoapgo, • o` rìkuls rìkulsn`t n`t gn antrlio antrlio 2 • o` utlglsn`t gn dmraugo ku cl`ûao ko @owtm`2 sl N ot ot ∅ quogim`quo, C imaauto`t ngmrs, ngmrs, pmur p ∅
p
( N + C )p 1
p
b b 18
Koux antrlios sm`t ìqulvngo`tos sl ot sougoao`t sl m` pout pnssor ko g“u`o è g“nutro pnr u`o sìrlo k“mpìrntlm`s ìgìao`tnlros sur gos glj`os. Xrmpmsltlm` Yl rj( N ) 1 r , N ost ost ìqulvngo`to è F r r 1
N b C p ∓b
• o` nyn`t roimurs è u` pmgy`ûao n``ugntour. n``ugntour.
↓ L`vorslm L`vorslm` ` ko antrlios antrlios Kì`ltlm` _`o antrlio N ∅ A `` () ost l`vors l`vorslcg lcgoo sl ot sougoao sougoao`t `t s“lg oxlsto u`o antrlio C ∅ ∅ A `` () toggo quo 6
L r r 8
8
.
8
↓ Antrlios Antrlios soacgncgos soacgncgos Ymlo`t N , C ∅ ∅ A ` ` (). Kì`ltlm` N ot ∅ JG ` () toggo ot C sm`t soacgncgos s“lg oxlsto X ∅ quo 6 C 1 1 X ∓> NX
N NC C 1 1 C N 1 1 L ``
Lg sudt o` dnlt quo N C 1 1 L `` pmur quo C N 1 1 L `` . N A `` () ost l`vorslcgo
∅
⇘⇓ ⇘⇓ kot( N ) 1 8 ⇘⇓ rj( N ) 1 `
Xmur l`vorsor u`o antrlio, m` pout 6 • rìsmukro go syståao gl`ìnlro nssmilì è g“nlko ku plvmt ko Jnuss Jnuss22 • nppglquor gos mpìrntlm`s ìgìao`tnlros sur gn antrlio fusqu“è mcto`lr g“lko`tltì g“lko`tltì22 • utlglsor utlglsor u` pmgy`ûa pmgy`ûaoo n``ugntour2 n``ugntour2 • ingiugor gn imantrlio.
↓ [rnio Yl N ∅ A `` (), [ [rr( N ) 1
`
n b b .
N ot ot C roprìso`to`t ngmrs go aæao o`kmamrpelsao kn`s
koux cnsos klddìro`tos. klddìro`tos.
Koux antrlios soacgncgos m`t aæao rn`j, aæao trnio, aæao kìtoral`n`t, aæao pmgy`ûao inrnitìrlstlquo km`i aæao vngours prmpros.
Yyståaos k“ì Yyståaos k“ìqunt quntlm`s lm`s gl`ìn gl`ìnlros lros M` im`slkåro go syståao k“ìquntlm`s gl`ìnlros 6
n >> x > + n >3 x 3 + . . . + n >p x p p 1 c > n 3> x > + n 33 x 3 + . . . + n 3p x p p 1 c 3
.. . n ` ` > x > + n ` ` 3 x 3 + . . . + n `p `p x p p 1 c ` `
M` gul nssmilo N 1 1
b 1>
N C ) 1 [r [r(C N ). Gn trnio ost u`o dmrao gl`ìnlro g l`ìnlro sur ot [r( NC Gn tr trni nioo os ostt gn sm smaaokos aaokos vn vngo gour urss prmp prmpro ross im imap apgo goxo xoss ko N .
N ot ot N m`t aæao rn`j ot aæao kìtoral`n`t (sl ` 1 1 p ).
↓ Antrlios ìqulvngo`tos ∅ A ` ,p (). Ymlo`t N , C ∅
...
A ` ,p ().
n ` ` > n ` ` 3 . . . n `p `p
x >
.. .
c >
1
∅∅
N ot C sm`t kltos ìqulvngo`tos s“lg oxlsto X JG p () ot ot ^ JG ` () toggos quo 6
.. .
.
c ` `
G“o`soacgo kos smgutlm`s ost u` smus-ospnio nd`o. _` tog syståao nkaot km`i 8, > mu u`o l``ltì ko smgutlm`s. Gmrsqu“lg `“nkaot pns ko smgutlm`, m` klt qu“lg ost l`imapntlcgo. M` klt qu“lg ost ko Irnaor gmrsquo ` 1 1 p ot ot qu“lg p nkaot u`o u`lquo smgutlm` ( x > , . . . , x p p ) ∅ . Xmur u` syståao ko Irnaor nvoi ` 1 1 p 1 1 3,
Kì`ltlm` ltlm` 6 Ant Antrlios rlios ìqul ìqulvngo vngo`tos `tos Kì`
C 1 1 ^ ∓> NX
x p p
[
∅ ∅
.. .. . .
Go syståao so rììirlt smus gn dmrao 6 N
↓ [rn`spmsìo Yl N ∅ A ` ,p (), N [ 1 (n f ,l )>l ` . > f p
∅
>> n >3 >3 . . . n >p n >>
x > 1
c > n >3 >3 33 c 3 n 33
n >> >> c >
n >> n >3 n 3> n 33
ot x 3 1
3> c 3 n 3>
n >> n >3 n 3> n 33
Io sm`t gos dmraugos ko Irnaor (o` (o` klao`slm` 3). N``ìo 3838/383>
Dlieo eo 9 ’ An Antrl trlios ios,, osp ospnio nioss vo voit. it. ot npp nppgli glintl ntlm`s m`s gl` gl`ìnl ìnlros ros Dli
Ospnios Ospn ios voitm voitmrlogs rlogs O kìslj`o kìsmranls u` -ospnio voitmrlog ot D
⊃⊃ O .
Kì`ltlm` D ost u` smus-ospnio voitmrlog ko O ssl
∅
^uogquos oxoapgos ignsslquos k“ospnios voitmrlogs 6 , , `
, R U Q,G“l`torsoitlm` A ` ,p (), (ko (), oti. au`ls , )koux , ∐smus-ospnios kos gmls usuoggos. voitmrlogs ost u` smus-ospnio voitmrlog.
[eìmråao [eìmrå ao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao ko gn cns cnsoo l` l`ima imapgå pgåto to Yl ost u`o dnalggo glcro ko O , • m` pout pout ima imapgìto pgìtorr o` o` u`o cnso ko O . • Inrk( ) ` 2 sl Inrk( ) 1 ` , i“ost u`o cnso ko O .
[eìmråao • rj ` ot ot rj p . • rj 1 ` ssl ssl gn dnalggo ost jì`ìrntrlio. 1 • rj ssl gn dnalggo ost glcro. 1 p ssl ( u > , . . . , u ` ` ) cnso ko O
↓ Dnalggo Dnalggo ko voitours voitours Ymlo`t u > , . . . , u `` ∅ O .
`
l 1>
ξl u l l | (ξ> , . . . , ξ` ) ∅ `
I“ost go pgus potlt smus-ospnio voitmrlog ko O im`to`n`t gos voitours u > , . . . , u `` . Kì`ltlm` Gn dnalggo dnalggo (u > , . . . , u ` ) ost klto jì`ìrntrlio ko D sl D 1 Toit(u > , . . . , u `` ). Nutroao`t klt,
`
∈x ∅ ∅ D , ∉(ξ>, . . . , ξ` ) ∅ ` , x 11 ↓ Oxlsto`io ko gn kìimapmsltlm`.
ξl u l l
l 1>
Kì`ltlm` Gn dnalggo ( u > , . . . , u `` ) ost klto glcro kn`s D sl 6
⇘⇓ rj(u >, . . . , u ` ` ) 1 ` ⇘⇓ kot(u >, . . . , u ` ` ) 1 8
↓ Ospnios Ospnios suppgìao` suppgìao`tnlr tnlros os ot smaaos smaaos klroitos klroitos D ot J kìslj`o`t koux smus-ospnios voitmrlo voitmrlogs gs ko O .
Kì`ltlm` M` klt quo D ot J sm`t suppgìao`tnlros kn`s O sl ∬ J 1 {8O }. M` `mto ngmrs O 1 D ⊟ ⊟ J . O 1 D + J ot D ∬ _` suppgìao`tnlro `“ost pns u`lquo. Snppog 6 kn`s u` ⊟ D ⊯. ospnio ouiglklo` O , O 1 D ⊟ ∬ J ) gmrsquo D ot kla(D + J ) 1 kla(D ) + kla(J ) ∓ kla(D ∬ J sm`t ko klao`slm` `lo. `lo. [eìmrå ao 6 Inr Inrnit nitìrl ìrlsnt sntlm` lm` o` kla kla.. `l `loo [eìmråao Yl O ost u` ospnio ko klao`slm` `lo, `lo, D ot J sm`t suppgìao`tnlros kn`s O sl ot sougoao`t sl koux kos trmls nssortlm`s sulvn`tos sm`t vìrlìos 6
`
∈(ξ>, . . . , ξ` ) ∅
`
l 1>
∬ J 1 {8O } (l) O 1 D + J (ll) D ∬
ξl u l 1 8 1⇓ ξ> 1 º º º 1 ξ` 1 8
↓ _`liltì ko gn kìimapmsltlm`.
_`o dnalggo ko koux voitours ost glcro gmrsqu“lgs `o sm`t pnsimgl`ì pnsimgl `ìnlr nlros os.. Iott Iottoo prmpr prmprlì lìtì tì os ostt dn dnuss ussoo kås kås qu“l qu“lgg y n pgus pgus ko koux voitours. _`o dnalggo l``lo ko voitours ko O ost glcro ssl tmuto smus-dnalggo ost glcro. Kì`ltlm` • _`o cnso ko O ost u`o dnalggo glcro ot jì`ìrntrlio. • _` ospnio ko klao`slm` `lo ost u` ospnio qul nkaot u`o dnalggo jì`ìrntrlio `lo. • [mutos gos cnsos k“u` ospnio O ko klao`slm` `lo m`t aæao inrkl`ng. M` g“nppoggo klao`slm` ko O . Ymlo`t kìsmranls O u` ospnio voitmrlog ko klao`slm` 8 ot 1 (u >, . . . , u pp ) u`o u`o dnalggo ko voitours ko O . ` 1 [eìm ìmrå råao ao 6 [e [eìm ìmrå råao ao ko gn cn cnso so ox oxtr trnl nlto to [e Yl ost ost u`o dnalggo jì`ìrntrlio ko O , • m` pout oxtrnlro ko u`o u`o cnso ko O . • Inrk( ) ` 2 sl Inrk( ) 1 ` , i“ost u`o cnso ko O . N``ìo 3838/383>
:
Xnr kì`ltlm`, rj 1 klaToit(u > , . . . , u p p ).
8O D ∈x , y ∅ ∅ D , ∈β ∅ , β x ++ y ∅∅ D
Toit Toit(u > , . . . , u `` ) 1
(lll) kla(O ) 1 kla(D ) + kla(J )
⊟ ⊟ J sl ot sougoao`t sl g“m` mctlo`t u`o cnso ko O
O 1 D
o` im`intì`n`t u`o cnso ko D ot u`o cnso ko J . M` pnrgo ngmrs ko cnso nknptìo è gn smaao klroito. Kì`lt `ltlm` lm` 6 Yma Ymaao ao klr klroit oitoo Kì sm`tt o` smaao smaao klroit klroitoo gmrsquo gmrsquo Gos ospnios ospnios D > , . . . , D p sm` gn kìimapmsltlm` ko tmut voitour ko D > + º º º + D p p ost p
u`lquo. M` gn `mto ngmrs
l 1>
D l l
l 1>
⊟ººº⊟ D p p .
p
p
M` n kla
D l l mu clo` D >
kla(D l l ). Lg y n ìjngltì sl ot sougo-
l 1>
ao`t sl gos smus-ospnios sm`t o` smaao klroito.
[eì [eìmrå mråao ao 6 Inr Inrnit nitìrl ìrlsnt sntlm` lm` ko gn sma smaao ao klr klroit oitoo Gos smus-ospnios D > , . . . , D p p sm`t o` smaao klroito sl ot sougoao`t sl gn kìimapmsltlm` ku voitour `ug ost u`lquo. O 1 D >
⊟ººº⊟ D p sl ot sougoao`t sl gn dnalggo mcto`uo pnr
im`intì`n im`int ì`ntlm` tlm`ko ko cnsos cnsos kos ospnio ospnioss D > , . . . , D p p ost ost u` u`oo cn cnso so ko O , nppogìo cnso nknptìo è gn smaao klroito.
5
Dlieo Dli eo 9 ’ An Antrl trlios ios,, osp ospnio nioss vo voit. it. ot npp nppgli glintl ntlm`s m`s gl` gl`ìnl ìnlros ros
↓ Eyporpgn`s Kì` Kì`ltlm` ltlm` 6 Eyp Eyporpgn orpgn` ` _`eyp _` eyporpg orpgn` n` ko O ost ost u` smus-osp smus-ospnio nio voitmr voitmrlog log ko O nkaottn`t u`o krmlto imaao suppgìao`tnlro. Nutroao`t klt, sl E ost u` eyporpgn` ko O , lg oxlsto u ∅ ∅ O ⊟ ⊟ `m` `ug tog quo O 1 E Toit Toit(u ). Ko pgus, E ost u` eyporpgn` sl ot sougoao`t sl, • kla(E ) 1 ` ∓ > sl O ost ko klao`slm` ` 2 • E 1 Bor(ϟ ) mü ϟ ∅ (O , ) ost `m` `uggo.
Xrmpmsltlm` Xrmpmsltl m` 6 L`to L`torsoitl rsoitlm` m` ko p eyporpgn`s eyporpgn`s Yl O ost ko klao`slm` `lo ` ot ot p ` , (l) G“l`torsoitlm` G“l`torsoitlm` ko p eyporpgn`s eyporpgn`sko ko O ostu` ostu` sm smususospnio ko klao`slm` nu aml`s ` ∓ p . (ll) [mut smus-ospnio ko klao`slm` ` ∓ p ost ost g“l`torsoitlm` ko p eyporpgn`s eyporpgn`s ko O .
Nppglintlm`s gl`ìnlros
↓ Jì`ìrngltìs O ot D kìslj`o`t kos ospnios voitmrlogs sur sur .
Kì`ltlm` M` klt quo d 6 O ↓ ↓ D ost u`o nppglintlm` gl`ìnlro gl`ìnlro sl 6
∈ x , y ∅ ∅ O , ∈β ∅ , d ( βx ++ y ) 1 β d ( x ) + d ( y ). (O , D ) kìslj`o go -o.v. kos nppglintlm`s gl`ìnlros ko O kn`s D . Yl O ot D sm`t ko klao`slm` `lo,
kla( (O , D )) 1 kla(O ) Ú kla(D ) • _` o`kmamrpelsao ko O ost u`o nppglintlm` gl`ìnlro ko O kn`s gul-aæao. • _` lsmamrpelsao ost u`o nppglintlm` gl`ìnlro clfoitlvo. • _` nutmamrpelsao nutmamrpelsao ost u` o`kmamrpelsao clfoitld. clfoitld. • kn`s _`o _`o dmrao dmra gl`ìnlroo ost u`o nppglin nppglintlm tlm` ` gl`ìnlr gl`ìnlroo è vng vngour ourss . o gl`ìnlr d kìslj`o kìsmranls u` ìgìao`t ìgìao`t ko
(O , D ).
Kì`ltlm` ∅ O | | d (( x ) 1 8D } 1 d ∓>({8D }). • Bor( d ) 1 { x ∅ ∅ O }. • La( d ) 1 d ( O ) 1 { d ( x ) | x ∅ • Bor( d ) ost u` s.o.v. ko O ot La( d ) u` s.o.v. ko D . • Yl (o ll )l ∅L ost u`o cnso ko O , La( d ) 1 Toit( d ( o l l )). l ∅L • d ost l`foitlvo ssl Bor d 1 {8O }. • d ost sufoitlvo ssl La La d 1 D . Xnr kì`ltlm`, rj d 1 klaLa d .
[eì [eìmr mråao åao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao ku rn` rn`j j klao`slm` lm` `lo ot ∅ (O , D ), Yl O ost ko klao`s ot d ∅ kla O 1 klaBor d + rj d
M` klspmso k“u`o dmrao vorslm` pgus dmrto ko io rìsugtnt, sn`s eypmteåso sur gos klao`slm`s 6
[eìmrå ao 6 Dm Dmrao rao jìm jìmaìt aìtrlq rlquo uo [eìmråao ∅ (O , D ). Ymlo`t O ot ot D kou kouxx ospnios ospniosvoi voitmrl tmrlogs ogs ot d ∅ Yl Bor( d ) pmssåko u` suppgìao`tnlro L kn`s kn`s O , ngmrs d |L ost u` lsmamrpelsao ko L sur sur La( d ) . [eìmråao Ymlt d u` o`kmamrpelsao ko ko O ko klao` klao`slm` slm` `lo . d l`foitlvo
⇘⇓ d sufoitlvo ⇘⇓ d clfoitlvo
[eìmråao ∅ (O , D ). d ost u` lsmamrpelsao sl ot sougoYmlt d ∅ ao`t sl g“lanjo k“u`o cnso (ko tmuto cnso) ko O ost u`o cnso ko D .
↓ DDmra mraugo ugoss ko pnssnj pnssnjoo ot ien`jo ien`joao` ao`tt ko cnso(s cnso(s)) M` suppmso O ko klao`slm` `lo. `lo. Ymlo`t ot koux ∅ JG ` () gn antrlio ko pnssnjo ko cnsos ko O . M` `mto X ∅ è (sos imgm``os roprìso`to`t gos immrkm``ìos kos voitours ko kn`s gn cnso ). [eì [eìmrå mråao ao 6 Dm Dmrau raugos gos ko pns pnssnj snjoo ∅ O . M` `mto U (rosp. U ) go voitour immr• Ymlt x ∅ km``ìos ko x kn`s gn cnso (rosp. ). U 1 X U i-è-k U 1 X ∓> U
∅ (O ). M` `mto A (rosp. • Ymlt d ∅ (rosp. A ) gn antrlio ko d kn`s kn`s gn cnso (rosp. ). A 1 X ∓> A X
@o pns mucglor quo pmur kìtoral`or U o` dm`itlm` ko U , m` km kmlt lt l`vo l`vors rsor or u` systå syståao ao.. K“mü K“mü gn pr prìs ìso` o`io io ko X ∓> kn`s gn dmraugo U 1 X ∓> U . Xgus jì`ìrngoao`t, smlt d ∅ ∅ (O , D ). M` im`slkåro koux cnsos ot ko O ot koux cnsos ot ko D . M` ↓ ^ 1 X ↓ nl`sl quo A 1 Ant , ( d ) X 1 X ↓ pmso 6 ot A 1 Ant , (, d ) . M` n ngmrs A 1 ^ ∓> A X
↓ O`kmamrpelsaos l`kults Kì`ltlm` Ymlt D u` smus-ospnio voitmrlog ko O stncgo pnr d ∅ (O ), i-è-k d (( D ) ⊃ D . d |D ost ngmrs u` o`kmamrpelsao ko D nppogì o`kmamrpelsao l`kult. Yl (o > , . . . , o p p ) ost u`o cnso ko D quo g“m` imapgåto o` u`o cnso (o > , . . . , o ` ` ) ko O , m` n ngmrs 6 Ant d |D 8
Ant( d ) 1
Ú
.
Úpnr d , m` nurn kn`s Yl O 1 D ⊟ ⊟ J ot sl D ot J sm`t sm`t stncgos u`o cnso nknptìo 6 6
Ant d |D 8 Ant( d ) 1 . 8 Ant d |J N``ìo 3838/383>
Dlieo eo 9 ’ An Antrl trlios ios,, osp ospnio nioss vo voit. it. ot npp nppgli glintl ntlm`s m`s gl` gl`ìnl ìnlros ros Dli
↓ Xrmfoi Xrmfoitlm` tlm`ss ot syaìtrlos syaìtrlos voitmrlogg voitmrloggos os Kì`ltlm` ⊟ J . Yl x ∅ ∅ O , lg oxlsto u` u`lquo imupgo Ymlt O 1 D ⊟ Ú J tog tog quo x 1 x > + x 3 . ( x > , x 3 ) ∅ D Ú • M` nppoggoprmfo nppoggoprmfoitl itlm` m` sur D pnrnggågoao`tè pnrnggågoao`tè J g“np g“nppglintlm` gl`ìnlro p vìrln`t vìrln`t 6
∈x ∅ ∅ O , p (x ) 1 x >. • M` nppo nppoggo ggo syaìtrl syaìtrloo pnr rnppmrt rnppmrtèè D pnrnggågoao`t pnrnggågoao`t è J g“nppglintlm` g“nppglintlm` gl`ìnlro s vìrln`t vìrln`t 6
∈x ∅ ∅ O , s (x ) 1 x > ∓ x 3. J
J x
) x ( p
x x
3
∓
x 1 3 x
x
3
D
x >
∓
D
x > 1 p ( x )
s ( x )
[eìmråao 6 Inrn [eìmråao Inrnitìrls itìrlsntlm` ntlm` ∅ (O ). Ymlo`t p , s ∅ • p ost ost u`o prmfoitlm` voitmrloggo sur La sur La p pnrnggågo pnrnggågoao`t è Bor p sl sl ot sougoao`t sl p ◤ p 1 1 p . M`nngmrs O 1 La(p )⊟Bor(p ) ot La p 1 1 Bor(p ∓ lkO ). ∓ • s ost u`o syaìtrlo voitmrloggo pnr rnppmrt Bor rnppmrt Bor(s ∓ lkO ) pnrnggågoao`t è Bor è Bor(s + + lkO ) sl ot sougoao`t sl s ◤ s 1 1 lkO .M`nngmrs O 1 Bor(s ∓ lkO ) ⊟ Bor(s + lkO ). Kn`s u`o cnso nknptìo, gos antrlios ko p ot ot s sm`t sm`t 6
L r 8
Ant (p ) 1 8
L 8 ot Ant (s ) 1 r 8 8 L `` ∓r
p ost ost klnjm`nglsncgo ot • klaLa p 1 1 [r(p ) 1 r , klaBor p 1 1 ` r 22
∓
∓ >)r U ` ∓r ot ψp 1 U ( U ∓∓ >) sl p ∅/ {8 (O ), lkO }. • ϊp 1 ( U ∓ s ost ost klnjm`nglsncgo ot
∓ lkO ) 1 r , klaBor(s ++ lkO ) 1 ` ∓ r 22 • klaBor(s ∓ • ϊs 1 ( U ∓ >)r ( U + ¾lkO . + >)` ∓r ot ψs 1 ( U + + >)( U ∓ >) sl s 1 Yl O 1 O > ⊟ººº⊟ O `` , tmut voitour x ko O so kìimapmso ko dnêm` u`lquo smus gn dmrao x 1 x > + º º º + x ` mü x l ∅ O l . ∅ >, ` , p l l g“nppglintlm` kì`lo sur @mtm`s ngmrs, pmur l ∅ O pnr p ll ( x ) 1 x ll .
[eìmråao ∅ >, ` , p ll ost gn prmfoitlm` voitmrloggo Xmur tmut l ∅ `
sur O ll pnrnggågoao`t è
b 1> b 1l
b . Ko pgus, O b
p > +
º º º + p `` 1 lkO
N``ìo 3838/383>
ot
∈l 1 f
p l l p f f 1 8 (O )
◤
<
>8
AN[EÌA AN [EÌAN N[L^ [L^_OY _OY 3838 ’ 383>
Sìsu Sì suaì aì ; ’ Kì Kìto tora ral` l`n` n`tt Kìtora Kìt oral`n l`n`t `t k“ k“u`o u`o ant antrlio rlio inr inrrì rìoo Kì`ltlm` Ymlt N ∅ A `` (). M` nppoggo kìtoral`n`t ko N go go singnlro 6 ` kot( N ) 1
(ω) ω∅Y `
n ω(l ),l
l l 1>
(ω) kìslj`o gn slj`nturo ko gn porautntlm` ω ko >, ` . [muto porautntlm` ω s“ s“ìir ìirlt lt imaao imaao imapmsì imapmsìoo ko trn trn`spm `spm-sltlm`s. Gn pnrltì ku `macro ko trn`spmsltlm`s ost quoggo quo smlt gn kìimapmsltlm` xo, xo. Y“lg ost pnlr (rosp. lapnlr), (ω) pro`k gn vngour +> (rosp. ∓>).
kot( N ) ost u` pmgy`ûao o` gos imodilo`ts ko gn antrlio.
[eìmråao ∅ A `` () ot β ∅ . Ymlo`t N , C ∅ (l) Gokìtoral`n`tost ` -gl`ìnlropnrrnppmrtnux -gl`ìnlropnrrnppmrtnux imgm``os. O` pnrtliuglor pnrt liuglor,, kot (β N ) 1 β` N . (ll) kot( N NC C ) 1 kot( N ) kot(C ). ∅ JG ` () sl, otÚsougoao`t sl, kot( N ) 1 8. (lll) N ∅ > . Kn`s io ins, kot( N ∓> ) 1 kot( N ) (lv) kot( N [ ) 1 kot( N ). (v) Yl N ot ot C sm`t sm`t soacgncgos, kot( N ) 1 kot(C ).
Kì Kì`lt `ltlm` lm` 6 Al Al`ou `ours rs ot imd imdnit nitour ourss Ymlt N 1 1 (n l l , f ) ∅ A ` ` (). M` `mto N l l , f gn antrlio mctoåao åao `uo o` ûtn`t gn l glj`o ot gn f imgm``o ko N . M` nppoggo ngmrs 6 • al`ou al`ourr rogntld rogntld è n l l , f go singnlro kot( N l l , f ). • imdnitour ko n l l , f go singnlro ( >)l + f kot( N l l , f ). ∓ imdnitours ko N . • imantrlio ko N gn gn antrlio kos ˗. Gn imantrlio ost smuvo`t `mtìo Ima( N ) mu N [eìmr [eìmråao åao 6 Kìvo Kìvogmpp gmppoao` oao`tt `
∅ >, ` kot( N ) 1 • ∈l ∅
∈ ∅ ∅
• f
N >
N 1 1
..
∅ ÚºººÚ
. mü N > A pp > (), . . . , N rr ∅ A pp r ()
O` jì`ìrng, kot
N I
kot( N rr ) .
C 1 kot( N ) kot(K ) K
∓ kot(C ) kot(I ).
Xmur ingiugor iortnl`s kìtoral`n`ts, m` pmurrn mpìror sur gos glj`os ot gos imgm``os pmur dnlro nppnrnàtro kos kìtoral`n`ts ko antrlios klnjm`ngos mu trln`jugnlros (ìvo`tuoggoao`t pnr cgmis). Oddots kos mpìrntlm`s ku plvmt 6 • I ll ↛ I f f 6 m` augtlpglo go kìtoral`n`t pnr ∓>. • I l ↘ βI l 6 m` augtlpglo go kìtoral`n`t pnr β. β f I f 6 go kìtoral`n`t rosto lko`tlquo.
• I l ↘ I l +
_`o nutro pmsslclgltì pmur ingiugor u` kìtoral`n`t im`slsto è go kìvogmppor pnr rnppmrt è u`o ko sos glj`os mu u`o ko sos imgm``os. f f 1l
>)l + f kot( N l l , f )n l l , f
(
>)l + f kot( N l , f ) n l , f
f 1>
l 1>
imdnitour
[eìmrå ao 6 L`v L`vors orslm` lm` pnr gn ima imantrl ntrlio io [eìmråao Ymlt N A ` ` (). Ngmrs,
∅
N Ima( N )[ 1 Ima( N )[ N 1 1 kot( N ) L ` `
Ú
Ú
O` pnrtliuglor, sl N ∅ JG ` (), N ∓> 1
n Yl n k c i 1 8, ngmrs i
c k
∓>
1
> Ima( N )[ . kot( N )
∓
>
k i n k c i
c . n
∓
∓ ∓
Kìtora l`n`t `t k“ k“u`o u`o dna dnalgg lggoo ko voi voitou tours rs Kìtoral`n O kìslj`o kìslj`o u` -ospnio voitmrlog ko kla. `lo ` √ .
∅ ∅
Kì`ltlm` Go kìtoral`n`t k“u`o dnalggo ko ko ` voitours voitours ko O kn`s u`o cnso (quogim`quo) ko O ost go kìtoral`n`t ko sn antrlio roprìso`tntlvo. @mtntlm` 6 kot 6 kot ( ).
N r
Ngmrs, kot( N ) 1 kot( N > )
(
`
>, ` kot( N ) 1
∓ ∓
[eìmråao [eìmr åao 6 Kì Kìtora toral`n l`n`t `t trln trln`ju `jugnl gnlro ro pnr cgm cgmis is Ymlt N u`o antrlio antrlio trln`jugnlro trln`jugnlro pnr cgmis, cgmis, i“ost-è-klr i“ost-è-klroo ko gn dmrao 6
∓ ∓
Xmuru`o cn cnso so ko O , kot ost g“u g“u`lq `lquo uo dmrao dmrao ` -gl`ìnlro -gl`ìnlro ngtor`ìo sur O vìrln`t kot( ) 1 >.
[eì [eìmrå mråao ao 6 Cns Cnsos os ot kìt kìtora oral` l`n`t n`t ` Ymlo`t 1 1 (u > , . . . , u ` ` ) ∅ O ot , koux cnsos. • Dm Dmra raug ugoo ko ie ien` n`jo joao ao`t `t ko cnso cnso kot(º) 1 kot( ) Ú kot (º) • Inrni Inrnitìrlsn tìrlsntlm` tlm` k“u`o cnso ( u > , . . . , u ` ` ) glcro
⇘⇓ (u >, . . . , u ` ` ) cnso ko O (u > , . . . , u ` ) 1 8 ⇘⇓ kot
> . Kn`s io ins, kot( ) 1 kot( ) N``ìo 3838/383>
Dlieo eo ; ’ Kìt Kìtora oral`n l`n`t `t Dli
Kìtoral`n` Kìtora l`n`tt k“u k“u` ` o`kma o`kmamrpel mrpelsao sao Kì`ltlm` Ymlt d ∅ (O ). kot(Ant ( d )) `o kìpo`k pns ko gn cnso iemlslo. M` g“nppoggo kìtoral`n`t ko g“o`kmamrpelsao d ot m` go `mto kot kot( d ) .
[eìmråao ∅ (O ) ot β ∅ . Ymlo`t d , j ∅ (l) kot(lkO ) 1 > ot kot(β d ) 1 β` kot( d ) . (ll) kot( d ◤ j ) 1 kot( d ) Ú kot(j ). (lll) d ∅ JG (O ) sl, ot sougoao`t sl, kot( d ) 1 8. > . Kn`s io ins, kot( d ∓> ) 1 kot( d )
Xmur ingiugor go kìtoral`n`t k“u` o`kmamrpelsao, m` so rnaå`orn ko dnêm` qunsl-systìantlquo è u` ingiug ko kìtoral`n`t antrlilog.
Mrl Mrlo`t o`tntl ntlm` m` ko g“ g“osp ospnio nio,, pr prmku mkult lt voi voitmr tmrlog log Ymlo`t ot koux cnsos mrtem`mrangos ko O . X ↓ ↓ ost mrtemjm`ngo km`i kot X 1 ¾>.
Kìklt Kì`l `ltlm tlm` `6 Mrl Mrlo`t o`tntl ntlm` m` ko g“ g“osp ospnio nio mrlo`tntlm` kì`lsso`t M` quo ot gn aæao sl ot sougoao`t sl kot X ↓ ↓ 1 >. Mrlo`tor g“ospnio im`slsto è iemlslr nrcltrnlroao`t u`o cnso mrtem`mrango ko O . [mutos ioggos qul kì`lsso`t gn aæao mrlo`tntlm` sorm`t kltos klroitos. Gos nutros l`klroitos. Xnr im`vo`tlm`, gos cnsos mrtem`mrangos klroitos ko 9 sm`tt ioggo sm` ioggoss qul qul rospo rospoit ito` o`tt gn rå råjgo jgo kos kos tr trmls mls km kmlj ljts ts (mu (mu rå råjgo jgo ku tlro-cmuiem`). M` au`lt 9 ku prmkult singnlro usuog.
[eìmråao [eìmr åao 6 Xrm Xrmprl prlìtì ìtìss ku prm prmkul kultt voi voitmrl tmrlog og Ymlo`t x , y ot z trmls trmls voitours ko 9 .
∪ y |z ) 1 R x , y , z Q. >. ( x ∪ ∪ y ) 3. Yl x ot y `o sm`t pns imgl`ìnlros, ( x , y , x ∪ ost u`o cnso klroito ko 9 . 9. Yl ( x , y ) ost mrtem`mraìo, ( x , y , x ∪ ∪ y ) ost u`o 9 cnso mrtem`mraìo klroito ko . ;. Lko`tltì ko Gnjrn`jo 6 y )3 + x y 3 1 x 3 y 3 ( x y
|
∪∪
?. Kmucgo prmkult prmkult voitmrlog voitmrlog 6
∪ ∪ ∪ ∪
| ∓∓ (x | y y )z
x ( y z ) 1 ( x z ) y
N``ìo 3838/383>
>>
>3
AN[EÌA AN [EÌAN N[L^ [L^_OY _OY 3838 ’ 383>
Sìsua Sì suaìì ? ’ Sì Sìkui kuitlm tlm` ` k“ k“o`k o`kmam mamrpe rpelsa lsaos os Ìgìao`ts Ìgìao` ts prmp prmpros ros
Xmgy`ûaos Xmgy`ûa os k“o k“o`kmam `kmamrpel rpelsaos saos ot ko antrl antrlios ios
∅ (O ) mü O kìslj`o u` -ospnio voitmrlog. Ymlt u ∅
↓ Ngjåcro Ngjåcro imaautntl imaautntlvo vo Ru Q ∅ (O ) (mu A ∅ ∅ A ` ` ()), m` kì`lt 6 Xmur u ∅ ∅ R U Q} 1 Toit Toit(u ` ) Ru Q 1 {X (u ) | X ∅ ` ∅
↓ Jì`ìrngltìs Kì`ltlm` • M`kltquo β ∅ ostu`ovngourprmproko u nssmilì nssmilì ∅ O sl 6 nu voitour prmpro x ∅ u ( x ) 1 β x nvoi x 1 8O
M` nppoggo spoitro ko u ot m` `mto Yp(u ) g“o`soacgo kos vngours prmpros ko u . • M` nppoggo nppoggo smus-os smus-ospni pnioo prmpronssmil prmpronssmilìì è β g“ospnio voitmrlog O β (u ) 1 Bor(u ∓ βlkO ). [eìmråao • Gos smus-ospnios prmpros nssmilìs è kos vngours prmpros klstl`itos sm`t o` smaao klroito. • vngours [muto dnalggo koklstl`itos voitours ost prmpros prmpros glcro.nssmilìs è kos
(Ru Q, +,
◤, º) pmssåko u`o struituro k“ngjåcro imaautntlvo. G“nppglintlm` X ↓ X (u ) kì`lt u` amrpelsao k“ngjåcros ko R U Q kn`s (O ) 2 sm` lanjo ost Ru Q. Yl O ost ko klao`slm` `lo `lo,, Ru Q ⊃ (O ) g“ost nussl. Xrmpmsltlm` ∅ R U Q, gos smus-ospnios La(X (u )))) ot Bor(X (u )))) Yl X ∅ sm`t stncgos pnr u .
↓ Xmgy`ûao Xmgy`ûaoss n``ugntou n``ugntours rs ot pmgy`ûao pmgy`ûao al`lang al`lang Kì`ltlm ltlm` ` 6 Xmg Xmgy`ûa y`ûaoo n``u n``ugntou gntourr Kì` ∅ (O ) ot X ∅ ∅ R U Q. X ost Ymlo`t u ∅ ost nppogì nppogì pmgy`ûa pmgy`ûaoo n``ugntour ko u sl sl X (u ) 1 8 (O ) .
∅ A ` (). Gn kì`ltlm` ost lko`tlquo pmur u`o antrlio A ∅ ↓ Xmgy`ûao inrnitìrlstlquo
O` klao`slm` `lo, lg oxlsto tmufmurs u` pmgy`ûao n``ugntour `m` trlvlng (km`i u`o l``ltì).
M` suppmso kìsmranls O ko klao`slm` `lo ` .
Yl X ot ^ n``ugo`t n``ugo`t u , pjik(X , ^ ) n``ugo u (Cìzmut). (Cìzmut).
Kì`ltlm` M` nppoggo pmgy`ûao inrnitìrlstlquo ko u go pmgy`ûao ϊu 1 kot( U lkO ∓ u ). [eìmråao • Gos vngours prmpros ko u sm`t sm`t oxnitoao`t gos rnil`os ko ϊu . • ϊu 1 U ` ∓ [r(u ) U ` ∓> + º º º + (∓>)` kot(u ). • Gn smaao kos vngours prmpros prmpros (imapgoxos) vnut [r(u ) ot gour prmkult kot(u ).
Yl O ost u` -ospnio voitmrlog, u nkaot oxnitoao`t ` vngours prmpros imaptìos nvoi gour mrkro ko augtlpgliltì. Gmrsquo O ost u` -ospnio voitmrlog, oggo o` nkaot nu pgus ` . Yl D ost stncgo pnr u , go pmgy`ûao inrnitìrlstlquo ϊu |D ko g“o`kmamrpelsao l`kult klvlso ϊu . [eìmråao Ymlt β Yp(u ) k“mrkro ko augtlpgliltì a (β).
∅
[eìmråao / Kì` Kì`ltlm ltlm` ` 6 Xmg Xmgy`ûa y`ûaoo al`l al`lang ang ∅ (O ) ost `m` `ug ot O ko klao`slm` `lo, lg Yl u ∅ oxlsto u` u`lquo pmgy`ûao u`ltnlro qul klvlso tmus gos pmgy`ûaos n``ugntours ko u . Io pmgy`ûao ost nppogì pmgy`ûao al`lang ko u ot ot m` go `mto ψu . _` o`kmamrpelsao klao`slm` l``lo `“nkaot pns tmufmurs ko pmgy`ûaoo` al`lang. Xrmpmsltlm` Koux antrlios soacgncgos m`t aæao pmgy`ûao al`lang. Xrmpmsltlm` Yl k ost ost go kojrì ku pmgy`ûao al`lang ko u , ngmrs gn dnalggo ( u b )8b k ∓> ost u`o cnso ko Ru Q. O` pnrtliuglor, kla(Ru Q) Q) 1 koj(ψu ).
Xrmpmsltlm` Ymlt D u` smu smus-o s-ospni spnioo stn stncgo cgo pnr u `m` `m` rì rìku kult lt è {8O }.
> kla(Bor(u ∓ βlkO )) a (β)
Ngmrs, go pmgy`ûao al`lang ko g“o`kmamrpelsao l`kult u |D klvlso iogul ko u .
Yl β ost vngour prmpro slapgo, ngmrs Bor ngmrs Bor(u ∓ βlkO ) ost u`o krmlto voitmrloggo.
Iogn dmur`lt u` nrjuao`t utlgo ko klnjm`nglsnclgltì pmur u` o`kmamrpelsao l`kult. N``ìo 3838/383>
Dlieoo ? ’ Sìku Sìkuitlm` itlm` k“o` k“o`kmam kmamrpels rpelsaos aos Dlie
↓ Xmgy`ûa Xmgy`ûaos os n``ugntou n``ugntours rs ot vngours vngours prmpros prmpros [eìmråao Yl X n``ugo n``ugo u , tmuto vngour prmpro ko u ost ost rnil`o ko X . Yl u ( x ) 1 β x , ngmrs X ( u )( x ) 1 X (β) x .
>9
[eìmråao [eìmrå ao 6 I@Y ko kln klnjm` jm`ngl nglsnc snclgl lgltì tì Gos nssortlm`s sulvn`tos sm`t ìqulvngo`tos. (l) u ost ost klnjm`nglsncgo (ll) O 1 O β β∅Yp( u )
kla(O β )
Ntto`tlm`, g“o`soacgo kos rnil`os k“u` pmgy`ûao n``ugnn``ugn tour im`tlo`t gos vngours prmpros anls `“ost pns ìjng, o` jì`ìrng, nu spoitro ko u .
(lll) kla(O ) 1
↓ [eìmråao [eìmråao ko Inygoy-E Inygoy-Enalg nalgtm` tm`
n``ugn`t u . ost sil`kì è rnil`os (vl) go pmgy`ûao al`lang ko u ost slapgos.
β∅Yp(u )
(lv) ϊu ost sil`kì ot, ∈β ∅ Yp(u ), kla O β 1 a (β) (v) lg oxlsto u` pmgy`ûao sil`kì è rnil`os slapgos
[eìmråao [eìmråao råao ko Inygo Inygoy-E y-Enalg nalgtm` tm` [eìmråao 6 [eìm Go pmgy`ûao inrnitìrlstlquo k“u` o`kmamrpelsao o` klao`slm` `lo (mu k“u`o antrlio) ost u` pmgy`ûao n``ugntour. Nutroao`t klt, sl O ost ko klao`slm` `lo,
_`o antrlio ost klnjm`nglsncgo sl, ot sougoao`t sl, oggo ost n``ugìo pnr u` pmgy`ûao sil`kì è rnil`os slapgos.
∈u ∅ ∅ (O ), ϊu (u ) 1 8 O
Xmur quo u smlt smlt klnjm`nglsncgo, ψu `o kmlt pns im`to`lr ∓ β)ξ nvoi ξ 0 >. ko dnitour ko gn dmrao ( U ∓
Go pmgy`ûao al`lang k“u` o`kmamrpelsao klvlso nl`sl go pmgy`ûao inrnitìrlstlquo. Go kojrì ku pmgy`ûao al`lang ost km`i l`dìrlour mu ìjng è kla(O ).
[eì [eìmrå mråao ao 6 IY ko kln klnjm` jm`ngl nglsnc snclgl lgltì tì (>) Yl ϊu ost sil`kì ot `“nkaot quo kos rnil`os slapgos ngmrs u ost ost klnjm`nglsncgo.
( )
[eìmråao Gos rnil`os ku pmgy`ûao al`lang ko u sm`t sm`t oxnitoao`t sos vngours prmpros.
Xrmpmsltlm` _`oo antrlio _` antrlio ko A `` () ost `lgpmto `lgpmto`to `to sl, ot sougoao sougoao`t `t ` sl, sm` pmgy`ûao inrnitìrlstlquo ost U .
[eìmrå ao 6 IY ko kln klnjm` jm`ngl nglsnc snclgl lgltì tì (3) [eìmråao • [mut o`kmamrpelsao syaìtrlquo k“u` ospnio ouiglklo` ost klnjm`nglsncgo è g“nlko k“u`o cnso mrtem`mrango ko voitours prmpros. • [muto antrlio antrlio syaìtrlquo syaìtrlquo rìoggo rìoggo ost klnjm`nglsncgo klnjm`nglsncgo nu amyo` k“u`o antrlio mrtemjm`ngo. Xgn` ko klnjm`nglsntlm` (è g“nlko ko ϊu ) 6
↓ Goaa Goaaoo kos `mynu `mynux x [eìmr åao 6 Goa Goaao ao kos `m `mynu ynux x [eìmråao Yl X > , . . . , X rr sm`t kos pmgy`ûaos koux è koux proalors o`tro oux ko prmkult ìjng è X , ngmrs 6 Bor (X (u )) )) 1
r
Bor (X l l (u )) ))
l 1>
r
O` pnrtliuglor, sl X n``ugo n``ugo u , O 1
Bor (X l l (u )).
l 1>
O ost ngmrs gn smaao ko smus-ospnios stncgos pnr u .
• Ìtuko ko gn klnjm`nglsnclgltì klnjm`nglsnclgltì ko u . ’ M` kìtor kìtoral`o al`o ϊu . ’ Yl ϊu `“ost pns sil`kì, u `“ost pns klnjm`nglsncgo. ’ Yl ϊu ost sil`kì, m` imapnro kla O β ot a (β). • Klnjm`nglsn Klnjm`nglsntlm` tlm` ko ko u gmrsquo gmrsquo i“ost pmsslcgo. M` kìtoral`o u`o cnso ko O β pmur tmut β Yp(u ) o` rì∅ gos cnsos ot m` im`intå`o smgvn`t g“ìquntlm` u ( x ) 1 β x ot mcto`uos.
Imrmggnlro Yl u ost ost klnjm`nglsncgo, ngmrs pmur tmut smus-ospnio voitmrlog D `m` rìkult è {8O } ot stncgo pnr u , g“o`kmamrpelsao l`kult pnr u sur sur D ost klnjm`nglsncgo.
Klnjm`nglsntlm` Kì`ltlm` • _` o`kmamrpelsao d ko O ost klt klnjm`nglsncgo s“lg oxlsto u`o cnso ko O kn`s gnquoggo sn antrlio ost klnjm`ngo. • _`o antrlio ost klto klto klnjm`nglsncgo sl oggo ost soacgncgo è u`o antrlio klnjm`ngo.
_` o`kmramrpelsao ost klnjm`nglsncgo sl ot sougoao`t s“lg oxlsto u`o cnso ko voitours prmpros ko d . . Kn`s iotto cnso, gn antrlio ko d ost ost klnjm`ngo. N``ìo 3838/383>
[rljm`nglsntlm` Kì`ltlm` Kì`ltlm ` 6 [rljm` rljm`nglsn nglsnclglt clgltìì • _` o`kmamrpelsao u ko ko O ost klt trljm`nglsncgo s“lg oxlsto u`o cnso ko O kn`s gnquoggo gn antrlio ko u ost ost trln`jugnlro supìrlouro. supìrlouro. • _`o antrlio ost klto trljm`nglsncgo sl oggo ost soacgncgo è u`o antrlio trln`jugnlro supìrlouro.
>;
Dlieoo ? ’ Sìku Dlie Sìkuitlm` itlm` k“o` k“o`kmam kmamrpels rpelsaos aos
[eìmråao [eìmr åao 6 I@Y ko trl trljm` jm`ngl nglsnc sncglt gltìì Gos nssortlm`s sulvn`tos sm`t ìqulvngo`tos. (l) u ost ost trljm`nglsncgo. (ll) Ym` pmgy`ûao inrnitìrlstlquo ost sil`kì. (lll) Ym` pmgy`ûao pmgy`ûao al`lang ost sil`kì (lv) u ost ost n``ugì pnr p nr u` pmgy`ûao sil`kì. [muto antrlio ost km`i trljm`nglsncgo kn`s A `` (). M` n [ 1 X ∓> A X nvoi nvoi [ u`o antrlio trln`jugnlro supìrlouro supìrlouro km`t gn klnjm`ngo ost im`stltuìo pnr gos vngours prmpros ko A . Gmrsquo ` 1 3 mu ` 1 9, m` ieorieorn jì`ìrngoao`t [ smus gn dmrao 6
β> > 8 β3
β>
mu
Ú Ú
8 β3 > 8 8 β9
[eìmråao ∅ A `` (). Y“lg oxlsto u` pmgy`ûao sil`kì n`Ymlt A ∅ `ugn`t A , ngmrs A ost soacgncgo è u`o antrlio klnjm`ngo pnr cgmis trln`jugnlros trln`jugnlrossupìrlo supìrlours. urs. Nutroao`t Nutroao`t klt, è u`o antrlio ko gn dmrao 6
[ >
..
. [ rr
βl
nvoi [ l l 1
βl
N``ìo 3838/383>
AN[EÌA [EÌAN[ N[L^_O L^_OYY 3838 ’ 383> AN
>?
Sìsu Sì suaì aì 4 ’ Os Ospn pnio ioss pr prìe ìelg lgco cort rtlo lo`s `s rì rìog ogss Xrmkult Xrm kult singn singnlro lro
Mrtemjm`ngltì
O kìslj`o kìslj`o u` -ospnio voitmrlog.
↓ Dnalggos mrtem`mrangos ∅ O . Ymlo`t x , y ∅
Kì`ltlm` M` nppoggo prmkult singnlro sur O tmuto nppglintlm` nppglintlm` ϟ 6 O O toggo quo 6 Ú u`o ↓ dmrao clgl`ìnlro 6 • ϟ ost ∅ O ot β ∅ , Xmur tmus x > , x 3 , y ∅ ϟ (β x > + x 3 , y ) 1 βϟ ( x > , y ) + ϟ ( x 3 , y )
|
x ot y ) 1 8. ot y sm`t klts mrtemjm`nux sl ( x y
Go voitour `ug ost go soug voitour mrtemjm`ng è tmus gos nutros. [eìmr [eìmråao åao 6 Xytenjm Xytenjmro ro
Xmur tmus x , y > , y 3 ∅ O ot β ∅ ,
x + y ) 1 8. + y 3 1 x 3 + y 3 ⇘⇓ ( x | y
ϟ ( x , β y > + y 3 ) 1 βϟ ( x , y > ) + ϟ ( x , y 3 )
∅ O , ϟ (x , y ) 1 ϟ( y , x ). • ϟ ost syaìtrlquo 6 ∈ x , y ∅ • ϟ ost kì`lo pmsltlvo 6 ∈x ∅ ∅ O , ϟ (x , x ) 8
Kì`ltlm`
ot ϟ ( x , x ) 1 8 ⇘⇓ x 1 1 8O
Kì`ltlm ` 6 Dna Dnalggos lggos mrtem mrtemjm`ng jm`ngos os ot mrtem` mrtem`mrang mrangos os Kì`ltlm` Ymlt L u` o`soacgo k“l`klio k“l`klioss `l mu l``l. • _`o dnalggo ko voitours (o l l )l ∅L ko O ost klto mrtemjm`ngo sl 6
(O , ϟ ) ost ngmrs nppogì n ppogì ospnio prìelgcortlo` rìog. ouiglklo`. Yl kla O 7 + , O ost qunglì k“ospnio ouiglklo`.
∈(l , f ) ∅ L 3, l 1 f 1⇓ (o l l |o f f ) 1 8.
∐
Oxoapgos Oxoapg os dm`kna dm`knao`tnu o`tnux x k“ospnios k“ospnios prìelgcort prìelgcortlo`s lo`s rìog rìogs s 66
• Oggo ost klto mrtem`mran mrtem`mrango go sl sos voitours sm`t ko pgus u`ltnlros.
`
`
• O 1
au`l ku prmkult singnlro usuog ( x , y ) ↓
↓ >
• O 1 R U Q au`l ko (X , ^ )
8
• O 1 (Rn , c Q, ) au`l ko ( d , j )
x l l y l l .
l 1>
[eìmråao • _`o dnalggo mrtemjm`ngo im`stltuìo ko voitours `m` `ugs ost glcro. • _`o dnalggo mrtem`mrango ost glcro. glcro.
X ^ .
↓
Iogn rovlo`t è klro quo pmur tmut (l , f ) ∅ L 3 , (o l |o f ) 1 λl , f .
c
d j .
n
[
• O 1 A ` () au`l ko ( N , C ) ↓ [r(C N ).
[eìmråao råao 6 L`ìj L`ìjngltì ngltì ko Inui Inuiey-Y ey-Yiewnrz iewnrz [eìm (
Ymlt O ,
( ))
º|º
[eìmråao [eìmrå ao 6 Kìi Kìimap mapmsl msltlm tlm` ` kn` kn`ss u`o CM@ ∅ √ Ymlo`t O u` ospnio ouiglklo` ko klao`slm` ` ∅ ot (o > , . . . , o ` ` ) u`o cnso mrtem`mrango ko O .
u` ospnio prìelgcortlo` rìog. M` n ngmrs 6
∈x , y ∅ ∅ O |(x | y y )| x º y
`
∈x ∅ ∅ O , x 11 ( x |o >)o > + º º º + (x |o ` ` )o ` ` 1
Lg y n ìjng ìjnglt ltìì sl ot ot so sougo ugoao ao`t `t sl x ot ot y sm`t imgl`ìnlros imgl`ìnlros..
G“nppglintlm` x ↓
|
ost u`o `mrao sur O .
( x x ) 1 x
Lko`tltìs roanrquncgos vìrlìos pnr gn `mrao ouiglklo``o 66
∅ O , Xmur tmus x , y ∅ 3 y ). • x + + y 1 x 3 + y 3 + 3( x | y ∓ y 3 1 x 3 + y 3 ∓ 3(x | y • x ∓ y ). • Lko`tltì ku pnrnggìgmjrnaao pnrnggìgmjrnaao 6
|
( x y y ) 1
|
N``ìo 3838/383>
> ∓ x + y 3 + y 3 ∓ x ∓ ;
l 1>
`
( x o l l )( y o l l ) 1 U [ \
x l l y l l 1
l 1>
x
y ) 1 ( x y
| l 1>
3
( x o l l )3 1 U [ U
3
x l 1
1
| l l 1>
|
`
`
• Lko`tltì ko pmgnrlsntlm` 6
( x o l l )o l l
Xrmpmsltlm` Ymlo`t C 1 1 ( o > , . . . , o ` ` ) u`o cnso mrtem`mrango ko O . ∅ O ko M` im`slkåro x , y ∅ ko immrkm``ìos rospoitlvos U 1 ( x > , . . . , x ` ) ot \ 1 ( y > , . . . , y ` ` ` ). M` n ngmrs 6 `
∓ y 3 1 3x 3 + 3 y 3 x ++ y 3 + x ∓
|
l l 1>
>4
Dlieo Dl ieo 4 ’ Os Ospni pnios os pr prìel ìelgco gcortlo rtlo`s `s rìo rìogs gs ∓ ↓
↓ Xrmfoitlm Xrmfoitlm` ` mrtemjm`ng mrtemjm`ngoo ot klstn`io klstn`io
u 3
Kn`s tmuto Kn`s tmuto iot iotto to pnrtlo pnrtlo,, D ostsupp ost suppmsì msìoo ko klao`s klao`slm` lm``l `lo. o. ⊟ D ⊯ . M` n O 1 D ⊟
↓ o o ∓ ↓ o o ∓ |
>
)
>
Kì`ltlm` M` nppoggo prmfoitlm` mrtemjm`ngo sur D gn prmfoitlm` sur D pnrnggågoao`t è D ⊯ .
↓ u u ∓ ∓ ∓ ↓ o 3 ↓ u u ∓ 3
(
3
∓ ↓
u >
∓ ↓
o >
[eìmråao M` `mto p gn gn prmfoitlm` mrtemjm`ngo sur D . • p ( x ) ost o`tlåroao`t inrnitìrlsì pnr 6
( u o ) o
∓↓3 |∓↓> ∓↓> [mut ospnio ouiglklo` nkaot u`o cnso mrtem`mrango, quo g“m g“m` ` pout pout im`str im`strulr ulroo è g“n g“nlko lko ko g“n g“ngjmr gjmrltea lteaoo k“mrte k“mrtem`mr m`mrananglsntlm` ko Jrna-Yiealkt. M` pnrt k“u`o cnso ( u > , . . . , u `` ) quogim`quo ko O ot m` im`strult pns è pns u`o cnso mrtem`mrango (o > , . . . , o `` ) o` pmsn`t 6 b >
o b 1 u b b
∓
∓
|
( u b b o ll )o l l
l 1>
puls o b b 1
o b
o b
p ( x )
∅ D
∓ p (x ) ∅ D ⊯ ot x ∓
• Yl (o > , . . . , o p p ) ostu`o cn cnso so mrtem mrtem`m `mran rango go ko D ngmrs ngmrs
|
º º º + (x |o p p )o p p
p ( x ) 1 ( x o > )o > +
Kì`ltlm` Ymlt x ∅ ∅ O . M` nppoggo klstn`io ko x è D go rìog k ( x , D ) 1 l`d x u
[eìmråao ∅ √ ot (u >, . . . , u `` ) u`o dnalggo glcro ko voiYmlo`t ` ∅ . Lg oxlsto ngmrs u`o dnalggo mrtem`mrango o > , . . .ko , o `` O (tours ) ko O toggo quo 6
∅
u D
∓ ∓
[eìmråao ∅ O . k ( x , D ) 1 x ∓ p ( x ) mü p ost ost gn prmfoi prmfoitlm tlm` ` Ymlt x ∅ mrtemjm`ngo sur D .
Toit(o > , . . . , o `` ) 1 Toit Toit(u > , . . . , u `` )
↓ Yul Yultos tos tmtngos tmtngos ↓ Mrtemjm Mrtemjm`ng `ng k“u`o k“u`o pnrtlo pnrtlo Kì`ltlm` ltlm` 6 Mrtem Mrtemjm`n jm`ngg Kì` Ymlt D u`o pnrtlo ko O . M` nppoggo mrtemjm`ng ko D g“o`soacgo 6 D ⊯ 1 x O
{ ∅ ∅ | | ∈ y ∅∅ D (x | y y ) 1 8}
Kì`lt `ltlm` lm` 6 Yu Yulto lto tmt tmtngo ngo Kì M` kl kltt qu“u` qu“u`oo sult sultoo ko vo voit itou ours rs (o l l )l ∅ ko O ost ost tmtngo tmtngo sl Toit(o l l ) ost ko`so kn`s O , i“ost-è-klro, l ∅
∓ y 7 ∈x ∅ ∅ O , ∈ 0 8, ∉ y ∅ ∅ Toit (o l l ), x ∓ l ∅ [eìmråao
D ⊯ ost u` ospnio voitmrlog.
[eìmråao Ymlt D u` smus-ospnio voitmrlog ko O . ∅ D ⊯ sl ot sougoao`t sl u ost mrtemjm`ng nux • u ∅ voitours k“u`o cnso ko D . ⊟ D ⊯. • Yl D ost ko klao`slm` `lo, O 1 D ⊟ ⊯ • Yl O ost ko pgus u` ospnio ouiglklo`, D ⊯ 1 D ot 6
kla D ⊯ 1 kla(O ) ∓ kla(D )
o l O )l ∅ ot u`o tmtngo k“ìgìYmlo`t ` ∅ ∅ , p ` ` go prmfoitour ao`ts (ko pmursulto tmutmrtem`mrango mrtemjm`ng sur Toit sur Toit(o 8 ,..., o ` ko O , ` ). Ngmrs, pmur tmut x ko (p ` ( x ))` ∅ im`vorjo vors x .
)
x
(
`
p
x
∓
x
)
p` ( x
Toit(o 8 ,..., o ` ` )
Im Imrmg rmggnl gnlro ro 6 L` L`ìjn ìjnglt gltìì ko Co Cosso ssogg Ymlo`t (o > , . . . , o pp ) u`o dnalggo mrtem`mrango ko O ot x O . Ngmrs
∅∅
| p
l 1>
( x o ll )3 x 3 .
∅ Toit Lg y n ìjngltì sl ot sougoao`t sl x ∅ Toit(o > , . . . , o pp ).
Imrmgg Imr mggnlr nlroo 6 Ìjn Ìjnglt gltìì ko Xn Xnrso rsovng vng Yl (o l l )l ∅ u`o sulto mrtem`mrango tmtngo ko O , +∐ ∈x ∅ ∅ O , x 3 1 (x |o l l )3
l 18
N``ìo 3838/383>
AN[EÌA [EÌAN[ N[L^_O L^_OYY 3838 ’ 383> AN
>:
Sìsu Sì suaì aì : ’ O` O`km kmam amrp rpel elsa saos os k“u “u` ` os ospn pnio io ou ouig iglk lklo lo` ` (O , ( )) kìslj`orn pnr gn sulto u` ospnio ouiglklo`.
↓ Yyaìtrlos Yyaìtrlos mrtemjm`ngo mrtemjm`ngoss
O`kmamrpelsaos mrtemjm`nux
⊟ D ⊯. Ymlt D u` smus-ospnio voitmrlog ko O . M` n O 1 D ⊟
º|º
↓ Antrlios mrtemjm`ngos Kì`ltlm` 6 Ant Kì`ltlm` Antrlios rlios mrtem mrtemjm`ng jm`ngos os
∅ A `` () ost u`o antrlio mrtemjm`ngo M` klt quo A ∅ sl ot sougoao`t sl A [ A 1 A A [ 1 L `` . M``mto M `` () g“o`so g“o`soacgo acgo kos antrlios antrlios mrtemjm`ngos mrtemjm`ngos ko A ` (). _`o antrlio mrtemjm`ngo ost l`vorslcgo, k“l`vorso A [ ot ko kìtoral`n`t ¾>. M` `mto Y M ` () g“o`soacgo kos antrlios mrtemjm`ngos ko kìtoral`n`t > (jrmupo spìilng mrtemjm`ng). M `` () ot Y M `` () sm`t kos jrmupos.
[eìmråao råao 6 Inrn Inrnitìrls itìrlsntlm` ntlm` [eìm _`o antrlio ost mrtemjm`ngo sl ot sougoao`t sl g“u`o kos koux im`kltlm`s sulvn`tos ost vìrlìo 6 • sos voitours imgm``os dmrao`t dmrao`t u`o dnalggo mrtem`mrango. • sos voitours glj`os dmrao`t u`o dnalggo mrtem`mrango. _`o antrlio mrtemjm`ngo s“l`torpråto imaao gn antrlio ko pnssnjo k“u`o cnso mrtem`mraìo è u`o cnso mrtem`mraìo. Gmrsquo gos cnsos ko kìpnrt ot k“nrrlvìo m`t aæao mrlo`tntlm`, sm` kìtoral`n`t vnut +>.
↓ Lsmaìtrlos voitmrloggos Kì`ltlm` Ymlt d u` u` o`kmamrpelsao ko O . Gos im`kltlm`s sulvn`tos sm`t ìqulvngo`tos 6 (l) d im`sorvogn`mrao6 ∈ x ∅ ∅ O , d ( x ) 1 x (ll) d im`sorvo go prmkult prmkult singnlro 6
∈ x , y ∅ ∅ O , ( d ( x )| d d ( y )) 1 ( x | y y ) M` klt ngmrs quo d ost ost u`o lsmaìtrlo voitmrloggo ko O (mu u` o`kmamrpelsao mrtemjm`ng). _`o lsmaìtrlo voitmrloggo ost clfoitlvo, i“ost u` nutmamrnutmamrpelsao. Gn imapmsìo k“lsmaìtrlos (pmsltlvos) rosto u`o lsmaìtrlo (pmsltlvo) 6 M (O ) ot Y M (O ) sm`t kos jrmupos.
[eìmråao ∅ M (O ). Ymlt D u` smus-ospnio voitmrlog stncgo pnr d ∅ ⊯ Ngmrs D ost stncgo pnr d . [eì [eìmr mråao åao 6 In Inrni rnitìrl tìrlsnt sntlm` lm` è g“n g“nlko lko k“ k“u`o u`o c.m c.m.`. .`. _` o`kmamrpelsao ost mrtemjm`ng sl ot sougoao`t sl g“u`o kos koux im`kltlm`s sulvn`tos ost vìrlìo 6 • g“lanjo k“u`o c.m.`. c.m.`. ost u`o c.m c.m.`. .`. • sn antrlio kn`s u`o c.m.`. c.m.`. ost mrtemjm`ngo. N``ìo 3838/383>
Kì`ltlm ` 6 Yya Yyaìtrlos ìtrlos mrtemj mrtemjm`ngo m`ngoss Kì`ltlm` • M` nppoggo syaìtrlo mrtemjm`ngo pnr rnppmrt è D gn syaìtrlo pnr rnppmrt è D pnrnggågoao`t è D ⊯ . • _`o rìffioxlm` ost u`o syaìtrlo mrtemjm`ngo pnr rnppmrt è u` eyporpgn`.
[eìmråao åao 6 Inrn Inrnitìrls itìrlsntlm` ntlm` [eìmr _`o lsmaìtrlo voitmrloggo ost u`o syaìtrlo mrtemjm`ngo sl ot sougoao`t sl sn antrlio kn`s u`o cnso mrtem`mrango ost syaìtrlquo.
↓ IIgnssl gnsslintl intlm` m` kos lsmaìtrlos lsmaìtrlos pgn`os pgn`os • Gos lsmaìtrlos pmsltlvos ku pgn` sm`t gos rmtntlm`s. rmtntlm`s. A Y M ()
∅
ims ε
ε tog quo A 1
⇘⇓ ∉ ∅
∓ sl` ε
sl` ε ims ε Ins pnrtliuglors 6 lk O (ε 1 8), ∓lkO (ε 1 ψ). • Gos lsmaìtrlos `ìjntlvos ko g“ospnio sm`t gos rìffioxlm`s. 3
A M 3∓ ( )
∅ ∅
⇘⇓ ∉ε ∅ ∅ tog quo A 1
ims ε sl` ε sl` ε ∓ ims ε
↓ Ignsslin Ignsslintlm` tlm` kos lsmaìtrlos lsmaìtrlos ko g“ospnio g“ospnio • Gos lsmaìtrlos pmsltlvos ko g“ospnio sm`t gos rmtntlm`s. ∅ Y M (9), lg oxlsto u`o cnso ko 9 kn`s gnquoggo 6 Yl d ∅
> 8 8 Ant ( d ) 1 8 ims ε ∓ sl` ε 8 sl` ε ims ε
Ins pnrtliuglors 6 lk O (ε 1 8), koal-tmur (ε 1 1 ψ). • Gos Gos lsmaìt lsmaìtrlos rlos `ìjntlv `ìjntlvos os ko g“o g“ospni spnioo sm`t sm`t gos imapmsì imapmsìos os (imaautntlvos) ko rmtntlm` ot ko rìffioxlm`. ∅ M ∓(9), lg oxlsto u`o cnso ko 9 kn`s gnquoggo 6 Yl d ∅ Ant ( d ) 1
∓
> 8 8 8 ims ε ∓ sl` ε 8 sl` ε ims ε
Ins pnrtliuglors 6 rìffioxlm` (ε 1 8), ∓lkO (ε 1 1 ψ). Xgn` k“lko`tlintlm` 6 M` `mto d g“o`kmamrpelsao g“o`kmamrpelsao ko 9 in`m`lquoao`t nssmilì è gn antrlio N . [
∅
1 L 9 , l.o. N M 9 (). >. d M` vìrlo quo N N 1 ostvìrlo u`o lsmaìtrlo vvoitmrloggo. oitmrloggo.
3. M` ingiugo ingiugo kot( N ). ∅ Y M 9() ot d ost • Yl kot ( N ) 1 >, N ∅ ost u`o rmtntlm` k“nxo klrljì pnr u ot ot k“n`jgo ε . (ins >)
>5
Dlieo Dl ieo : ’ O` O`kma kmamrp mrpels elsaos aos k“ k“u` u` osp ospnio nio oui ouiglk glklo` lo`
∅ M 9∓ () ot d ost • Yl kot( N ) 1 ∓>, N ∅ ost gn imapmsìo k“u`o rmtntlm` k“nxo klrljì pnr u ot ot k“n`jgo ε ot k“u`o rìffioxlm` pnr rnppmrt è To Toit it(u )⊯ . (ins 3) 9. M` kìtoral`o g“nxo Toit(u ) ko gn rmtntlm` o` rìsmgvn`t N NU U 1 U (ins (ins >) mu NU N U 1 ∓ U (ins 3). ;. G“n`jgo ko gn rmtntlm` rmtntlm` ost km``ì pnr 6 • [r( N ) 1 > + 3ims(ε ) (ins >), • [r( N ) 1 ∓> + 3ims(ε ) (ins 3) ∅ Toit Toit(u )⊯ . sl`(ε ) 1 R u , x , d ( x )Q mü x 1 u 1 >, x ∅ Kn`s go kouxlåao ins, sl ε 1 8, d ost ost u`o slapgo rìffioxlm`.
[eì [eìmrå mråao ao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao spo spoitrn itrngg Yl d ost u` o`kmamr o`kmamrpels pelsao ao syaìtrl syaìtrlquo quo ko O ngmrs ngmrs d ost klnjm`nglsncgo kn`s u`o cnso mrtem`mrango. Nutroao`t klt, lg oxlsto u`o cnso mrtem`mrango dmraìo ko voitours prmpros ko d .
[eì [eìmrå mråao ao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao spo spoitrn itrngg ’ vor vorslm slm` ` an antrli trlilog loggo go ∅ A ` ` () syaìtrlquo rìoggo ost kln[muto antrlio A ∅ jm`nglsncgo nu amyo` k“u`o antrlio ko pnssnjo mrtemjm`ngo 6
∉X ∅ ∅ M ` ` () X ∓>A X 1 X [ A X klnjm`ngo. klnjm`ngo.
x K K x
Gos smus-os smus-ospnio pnioss prmpro prmpross k“ k“u`o u`o antrli antrlioo syaìtrl syaìtrlquo quo rìoggo rìoggo sm`t mrtemjm`nux, tmutos sos vngours prmpros sm`t rìoggos.
d ( x )
Yl gn antrlio roprìso`tntlvo k“u` o`kmamrpelsao kn`s u`o iortnl`o cnso ost syaìtrlquo rìoggo, ngmrs lg oxlsto u`o cnso mrtem`mrango im`stltuìo ko voitours prmpros ko iot o`kmamrpelsao. ε
x K
⊯
d ( x K ) ⊯
K ⊯
K 1 Toit(u ) Soprì Sop rìso` so`tntl tntlm` m` k“u k“u`o `o rmt rmtntlm ntlm` ` ko g“ospn g“ospnio io
O`km O`kmamrp amrpelsaos elsaos syaìt syaìtrlquo rlquoss Kì`ltlm` 6 O`km Kì`ltlm` O`kmamrp amrpelsa elsaoo syaìt syaìtrlquo rlquo M` nppoggo o`kmamrpelsao syaìtrlquo tmut o`kmamrpelsao d ko O vìrln`t 6
∈x , y ∅ ∅ O , ( d ( x )| y y ) 1 ( x | d d ( y )) G“o`soacgo Y (O ) kos o`kmamrpelsaos syaìtrlquos ko O ost u` smus-ospnio voitmrlog ko G (O ). Gos prmfoitours mrtemjm`nux sm`t kos o`kmamrpelsaos o`kmamrpelsaos syaìtrlquos, io sm`t aæao gos sougs prmfoitours è g“ætro. Xrmpmsltlm` _` prmfoitour ost mrtemjm`ng sl ot sougoao`t s“lg ost syaìtrlquo. Xrmpmsltlm` ∅ Y (O ). Yl u` smus-ospnio voitmrlog D ko O ost Ymlt d ∅ stncgo pnr d , ngmrs D ⊯ ost stncgo pnr d .. Xrmpms ltlm` m` 6 In Inrni rnitìrl tìrlsnt sntlm` lm` è g“ g“nlk nlkoo k“ k“u`o u`o c.m c.m.`. .`. Xrmpmsltl _` o`kmamrpelsao ost syaìtrlquo sl ot sougoao`t sl g“u`o kos koux im`kltlm`s sulvn`tos ost vìrlìo 6 • pmur u`o (ot (ot aæao tmuto) c.m.`. c.m.`. (o > , . . . , o `` ) ko O ,
∈l , f ∅ ∅
>, ` , ( d ( o l l )|o f f ) 1 (o l l | d d ( o f f ))
• sn antrlio kn`s u`o c.m.` c.m.` ost syaìtrlquo syaìtrlquo..
N``ìo 3838/383>
AN[EÌA [EÌAN[ N[L^_O L^_OYY 3838 ’ 383> AN
><
Sìsu Sì suaì aì 5 ’ Os Ospn pnio ioss vo voit itmrl mrlog ogss `m `mra raìs ìs ot tm tmpm pmgm gmjl jloo _`o pnrtlo N ost ost cmr`ìo sl, ot sougoao`t sl,
Ymlt O u` -ospnio voitmrlog.
@mrao klstn` tn`io io @mrao ot kls
∉A 0 ∅ N , x A 0 8, ∈ x ∅
Kì`ltlm Kì`l tlm` ` 6 @m @mrao rao sur u` osp ospnio nio voi voitmr tmrlog log ↓ + vìrl _`oo `mrao _` `mrao ost u`o nppglin nppglintlm tlm` ` @ 66 O ↓ vìrln`t n`t 6
∅ O , @ (x ) 1 8 ⇘⇓ x 1 8O • ∈ x ∅ ∅ O , @ (βx ) 1 |β| º @ (x ) • ∈β ∅ , ∈ x ∅ ∅ O , @ (x ++ y ) @ (x ) + @ ( y ) • ∈ x , y ∅ (O , @ ) ost u` ospnio voitmrlog `mraì. (O ,
_`o `mrao sur O vìrlo g“l`ìjngltì trln`jugnlro ìto`kuo ìto`kuo 6
∅ | | | | ∅∅ | | | | | º|º ↓
∈ x , y ∅ ∅ O , x ∓ y x ++ y x + y
G“ìqulvngo`io kos `mraos `mrao s ost u`o rogntlm` k“ìqulvngo`io.
`
x l 2
l 1>
l 1>
• @mraos sur
(Rn , c Q, ) ’ pmur d
c
| |
(Rn , c Q, ),
c
d d 2
d > 1
x ∐ 1 anx x l >l `
x l 3 2
x 3 1
d d 3 2
d 3 1
n
n
d ∐ 1 sup d d L
| |
• @mrao ouiglklo``o 6 sl ( O , ( )) ost u` ospnio prìelgcor( x x ) kì`lt u`o `mrao sur O . tlo` rìog, ngmrs x ospnios voitmrlogs, m` • @mrao prmkult 6 sl ( O ll , @ ll ) sm`t p ospnios pout au`lr O > ÚºººÚ O pp ko gn `mrao kì`lo pnr 6
∈x 1 1 ( x > , . . . , x pp ) ∅ O > ÚºººÚ O pp , @ ( x ) 1 sup @ l l ( x l l ) >l p
Kì`l `ltlm tlm` ` 6 Kl Klstn stn`io `io nss nssmil milìo ìo è u`o `m `mrao rao Kì M` nppoggo klstn`io nssmilìo è º g“nppglintlm` 6 k 6 O O ( x , y )
Ú Ú ∓↓ ∓↓ x ∓∓ y +
Xrmpmsltlm` _`o klstn`io k nssmilìo nssmilìo è u`o `mrao º vìrlo 6 • ∈( x , y ) ∅ O 3 , k ( x , y ) 1 k ( y , x ) • ∈( x , y ) ∅ O 3 , k ( x , y ) 1 8 ⇘⇓ x 1 y • ∈( x , y , z ) ∅ O 9 , k ( x , y ) k ( x , z ) + k (z , y )
∅ O ot • gn cmugo muvorto ko io`tro n ∅ ot ko rnym` r 8 ost C (n , r ) 1 x O
{ ∅∅ || x ∓∓ n 7 r }
• gn cmugo doraìo ko io`tro n O ot ot ko rnym` r 8 ost
∅ { ∅∅ || x ∓∓ n r } ∅ O ot gn speåro speåro ko io`tro n ∅ ot ko rnym` r 8 ost ∅ O || x ∓∓ n 1 r } Y (n , r ) 1 { x ∅ C d d ( n , r ) 1 x O
•
N``ìo 3838/383>
Kì`ltlm ` 6 @mra @mraos os ìqul ìqulvngo vngo`tos `tos Kì`ltlm` @ ot ot @ sm` sm`tt ìqulvn ìqulvngo` go`tos tos s“ s“lg lg oxl oxlsto sto ξ, γ 0 8togsquo6
∈x ∅ ∅ O ξ@ (x ) @ (x ) γ @ (x )
Oxoapgos ko `mraos è im``nàtro 6 • @mraos sur ` ’ pmur x 1 1 ( x > , . . . , x `` ) ` , x > 1
Ymlo`t @ ot @ koux `mraos kì`los sur O .
Xrmpmsltlm` [muto muto sulto sulto im`vor im`vorjon jon`t `t nu so`s so`s ko @ im`vorjo im`vorjo nussl nu so`s ko @ sl, ot sougoao`t s“lg oxlsto ξ 0 8 tog quo ∅ O , @ (x ) ξ@ (x ). pmur tmut x ∅
º ) kìslj`o kìsmranls u` -ospnio voitmrlog `mraì.
`
Imapnrn Imapn rnlsm lsm` ` ko `mr `mraos aos
[eìmrå ao 6 Ìqu Ìqulvn lvngo` go`io io kos `m `mrao raoss [eìmråao O` klao`slm` `lo, tmutos gos `mraos sm`t ìqulvngo`tos. Xmur am`tror quo koux `mraos `o sm`t pns ìqulvngo`tos, lg sudt ko im`strulro u`o sulto ko voitours toggo quo @ ( u ` ) ξ@ (u ` ) ost lapmsslcgo, o` pnssn`t è gn glalto.
@mtlm`s @mtlm `s jì` jì`ìrn ìrngos gos ko tmp tmpmgm mgmjlo jlo
↓ Tmlsl mlsl`njos `njos,, muvorts muvorts ot doraìs ∅ O . Ymlt N u`o u`o pnrtlo ko O ot x ∅ Kì` Kì`ltlm ltlm` ` 6 Tmlsl mlsl`njo, `njo, muvo muvort, rt, doraì • N ost ost u` vmlsl`njo ko x s“lg oxlsto r 0 8 tog quo C ( x , r ) ⊃ N . • N ost ost u` muvort ko O sl 6
∈x ∅ ∅ N , ∉r 0 0 8, C ( x , r ) ⊃ N • N ost u` doraì ko O sl sm` imapgìao`tnlro N i 1 O WW N ost ost u` muvort. ∏ ot O sm`t kos pnrtlos muvortos ot doraìos ko O .
• [muto rìu`lm` k“muvorts ost u` muvort, tmuto l`torsoitlm` `lo k“muvorts ost u` muvort. • [muto rìu`lm` `lo ko doraìs ost u` doraì, tmuto l`torsoitlm` ko doraìs ost u` doraì.
[eìmråao Inrnitìrls itìrlsntlm` ntlm` sìquo sìquo`tlo `tloggo ggo [eìmråao 6 Inrn N ost ost u`o pnrtlo doraìo ko O sl ot sougoao`t sl gn glalto ko tmuto sulto im`vorjo`to ko N ost ost kn`s N .
Koux `mraos ìqulvngo`tos kì`lsso`t sur u` ospnio gn aæao tmpmgmjlo 6 gos pnrtlos muvortos ot gos pnrtlos doraìos sm`t gos aæaos pmur g“u`o imaao i maao pmur g“nutro.
38
Dlieo 5 ’ Os Dlieo Ospni pnios os voi voitmr tmrlog logss `mr `mraìs aìs ot tmp tmpmgm mgmjlo jlo
Im`tl Im`tl`ul `ultì tì kn` kn`ss u` osp ospnio nio voi voitmr tmrlog log `mr `mraì aì
↓ L`tìrlou L`tìrlourr, nkeìro`io nkeìro`io ot drm`tlåro drm`tlåro Kì` Kì`ltlm` ltlm` 6 Xml Xml`t `t l`tì l`tìrlour rlour,, pml` pml`tt nkeìr nkeìro`t o`t • x ost ost u` pml`t l`tìrlour è N s“lg s“lg oxlsto r 0 8 tog quo C ( x , r ) ⊃ N . • x ost ost u` pml`t nkeìro`t è N sl sl pmur tmut r 0 8, C ( x , r ) ∬ N 1 ∏.
↓ D , mü O ot D kìslj`o`t kos ospn Ymlo`t d 6 O ↓ ospnios ios voitmrlogs au`ls kos `mraos º O ot º D , ot N ⊃ O . ↓ Glaltos Kì`ltlm` d nkaot nkaot imaao glalto c
x >
x 8 x 8 ost u` pml`t l`tìrlour
∅ ∅ D o` n ∅ ∅ N sl, sl, ∈ 0 8, ∉ξ 0 8, ∈ x ∅ ∅ N , x ∓ ∓ n O ξ 1⇓ d ( x ) ∓ c D 7
x > ost u` pml`t oxtìrlour
x 3
x 3 ost u` pml`t nkeìro`t
n
c x
d ( x )
ξ
Kì`ltlm` ltlm` 6 L`tì L`tìrlour rlour,, nkeìr nkeìro`io o`io ot drm`t drm`tlåro låro Kì` • G“l`tìrlour ko N ost ost g“o`soacgo N kos kos pml`ts l`tìrlours è N . • G“nkeìro`io ko N ost g“o`soacgo N kos pml`ts nkeìro`ts è N . • Gn drm`tlår drm`tlåroo ko N ost ost g“o`soacgo Dr( N ) 1 N N .
gla d ( x ) 1 c ⇘⇓ ∈ 0 8, ∉ξ 0 8, d ( C (n , ξ)) ⊃ C (c , ) ↓ ⇘⇓ ∈T ∅ ∅ T (c ), ∉_ ∅ ∅ T (n ), d (_ ) ⊃ T
5
5
W • N ⊃ N ⊃ N .
5
• G“l`tìrlour ko N ost ost gn rìu`lm` ko tmus gos muvorts l`igus kn`s N , i“ost aæao go pgus jrn`k muvort ko N . • G“nkeìro`io ko N ost ost g“l`torsoitlm` ko tmus gos doraìs im`to`n`t N , i“ost go pgus potlt kos doraìs im`to`n`t N .
Xrmpmsltl msltlm` m` 6 Inrn Inrnitìrls itìrlsntlm` ntlm` sìqu sìquo`tlo o`tloggo ggo Xrmp _` pml`t x ko O ost nkeìro`t è N sl sl ot sougoao`t s“lg oxlsto u`o sulto k“ìgìao`ts ko N im`vorjon`t im`vorjon`t vors x .
x n
↓ Im`tl`ultì Gos mpìrntlm`s ignsslquos sur gos glaltos `mus poraotto`t ko am`tror quo 6 • g“o`soacgo ( N , D ) kos dm`itlm`s im`tl`uos sur N ost u` ospnio voitmrlog. • g“o`soacgo ( N , ) kos dm`itlm`s im`tl`uos sur N ot ot è vngours kn`s ost u`o -ngjåcro (go prmkult ko koux dm`itlm`s im`tl`uos ost o` pnrtliuglor im`tl`u). ↓ J sm`t im`tl`uos nvoi d (( N ) ⊃ C , • sl d 6 N ↓ D ot j 6 6 C ↓ ngmrs j ◤◤ d ost ost im`tl`uo sur N .
Xrmpmsltlm` Xrmpmsltlm ` 6 Inrni Inrnitìrlsn tìrlsntlm` tlm` sìqu sìquo`tlo o`tloggo ggo ∅ N sl d ost ost im`tl`uo o` n ∅ sl pmur tmuto sulto ( x ` ` )` ∅ k“ìgìao`ts ko N im`vorjon`t vors n , d ( u ` ` ) ` ∅
∅ ∅ ⇘⇓ ∈r 00 8, C (n , r ) ∬ N 1 ∏ n ⇘⇓ ∉(x `` ) ∅ N , x `` ∓∓∓∓↓ ` ↓ ∐ ⇘⇓ k (n , N ) 1 8
n N
im`vorjo kn`s D . Kn`s io ins, gla d ( u ` ` ) 1 d gla u ` ` 1 d ( n ) ` ↓+∐ ` ↓+∐
+
Yl N ostu`opnrtlocmr`ìoot`m`vlkoko , sup( N ) ot l`d ( N ) nppnrtlo``o`t è N .
Kì`ltlm` Ymlo`t N ot ot C koux koux pnrtlos ko O . • M` klt quo N ost ost ko`so kn`s O sl N 1 1 O . ⊃ N . • M` klt quo N ost ost ko`so kn`s C sl sl C ⊃ Ko dnêm` ìqulvngo`to, N ost ost ko`so kn`s C sl sl ot sougoao`t
∓∓↓
∅ ∅
d ost ost im`tl`uo o` n N ssl ssl d (( x ) x ↓n d ( n ).
Koux nppglint Koux nppglintlm`sim`tl` lm`sim`tl`uos uosqul qul imí`il imí`ilko` ko`tt sur u`o pnrtlo pnrtlo ko`so ko O sm`t ìjngos. Nppglintlm`s glpsieltzlo``os
Kì`ltlm` d ost klto glpsieltzlo``o ko rnppmrt B 8 sl 6
∓ y O ∈x , y ∅ ∅ O , d ( x ) ∓ d ( y )D B ºº x ∓ Xmur d 6 ↓ , glo` nvoi gos niirmlssoao`ts `ls.
sl g“u`o kos nssortlm`s sulvn`tos ost vìrlìo 6 • tmut ìgìao ìgìao`t `t ko C ost ost glalto k“u`o sulto ko N .
Xrmpmsltlm` [muto dm`itlm` glpsieltzlo``o ost im`tl`uo.
∅ C , lg oxlsto r 0 • pmut pmut ttmut mut x ∅ 0 8 tog quo C ( x , r ) ∬ N 1∏
x ∓ ∓ n sm`t im`tl`uos. ↓ x ot x ↓ k (x , N ) 1 l`d n ∅ N
x
N``ìo 3838/383>
Dlieo eo 5 ’ Os Ospni pnios os voi voitmr tmrlog logss `mr `mraìs aìs ot tmp tmpmgm mgmjlo jlo Dli Nppglintlm`s u`ldmraìao`t im`tl`uos
Kì`ltlm` ↓ D ost d 6 O ↓ ost u`ldmraìao`t im`tl`uo sur N sl sl 6
∈ 0 8, ∉ξ 0 8, ∈x , y ∅∅ N , x ∓ ∓ y O 7 ξ 1⇓ d ( x ) ∓ d ( y )D 7 d glpsieltzlo``o glpsieltzlo``o
⇓
d u`ldmraìao`t u`ldmraìao`t im`tl`uo
⇓
d im`tl`uo
1 1
3>
↓ Nppglintl Nppglintlm`s m`s pmgy`maln pmgy`malngos gos ot augtlgl`ìn augtlgl`ìnlros lros • tmuto nppglintlm` pmgy`malngo kì`lo sur u` ospnio voitmrlog `mraì ko klao`slm` `lo ost im`tl`uo. • tmuto nppglintlm` augtlgl`ìnlro kì`lo sur O > ÚºººÚ O ` ` suppmsì ko klao`slm` `lo ost im`tl`uo.
Xnrtlos rtlos imapn imapnitos itos Xn
↓ Kì`l Kì`ltlm` tlm` ot proalåro proalåross prmprlìtìs prmprlìtìs Kì Kì`lt `ltlm` lm` 6 Xn Xnrtlo rtlo ima imapni pnito to
N ost ost imapnito sl tmuto sulto k“ìgìao`ts ko N nkaot nkaot u`o smus-sulto qul im`vorjo kn`s N .
Inrnitì Inr nitìrls rlsntl ntlm`s m`s tmpmgm tmpmgmjlq jlquos uos ko gn im`tl`u im`tl`ultì ltì
⊃ D ot d 6 O ↓ ↓ D , Yl U ⊃ ∅ O || d (( x ) ∅ U } ⊃ O d ∓> ( U ) 1 { x ∅ N ⊃ d ∓> ( U ) sl ot sougoao`t sl d (( N ) ⊃ U .
[eìmr mråao åao 6 La Lanjo njo rìi rìilpr lprmqu mquoo ot im` im`tl` tl`ult ultìì [eì _`oo nppglin _` nppglintlm` tlm` ko O kn`s kn`s D ost ost im im`t `tl`u l`uoo sl ot so soug ugooao`t ao `t sl g“ g“u` u`oo ko koss ko koux ux nssort nssortlm` lm`ss sulvn sulvn`t `tos os os ostt vr vrnl nloo 6 • G“lanjo rìilprmquo ko tmut muvort ko D ost u` muvort ko O . • G“lanjo rìilprmquo ko tmut doraì ko D ost u` doraì ko O .
↓ ost im`tl`uo, Xnr oxoapgo, sl d 6 O ↓ {x ∅ ∅ O , d ( x ) 0 8} 1 d ∓>(√+ ) ost muvort muvort 2 {x ∅ ∅ O , d ( x ) 8} ot {x ∅ ∅ O , d ( x ) 1 8} sm`t doraìs. ↓ Im`tl` Im`tl`ultì ultì k“u`o k“u`o nppglintlm nppglintlm` ` gl`ìnlro gl`ìnlro Gn im`tl`ultì k“u`o nppglintlm` gl`ìnlro so rnaå`o pnr gl`ìnrltì è sn im`tl`ultì o` 8. [eìmråao 6 Im` [eìmråao Im`tl`ul tl`ultì tì k“u k“u`o `o nppgl nppglintlm intlm` ` gl`ì gl`ìnlro nlro ∅ (O , D ) ost im`tl`uo sl, ot G“nppglintlm` gl`ìnlro u ∅ sougoao`t s“lg oxlsto I 0 0 8 tog quo,
∈ x ∅ ∅ O , u (x )D I x O Xmur fustlor gn im`tl`ultì k“u`o nppglintlm` gl`ìnlro, • m` pout l`vmquor u` nrjuao`t ko klao`slm` klao`slm` 6
[eìmråao Yl O ost ko klao`slm` `lo, tmuto nppglintlm` gl`ìnlro ko O kn`s D ost im`tl`uo. tog quo pmur • m` pout anfmror u ( x ) n` ko trmuvor I tog ∅ O , u (x ) I x . tmut x ∅ Xmur fustlor gn `m`-im`tl`ultì, m` pout ieorieor u`o sulto ( x ` )` ∅ tog quo pmur tmut ` ∅ ∅ , u (x ` ) 0 ` x ` . [mut `mynu k“nppglintlm` gl`ìnlro o` klao`slm` `lo ost doraì ot pgus jì`ìrngoao`t 6
[eìmråao [mut smus-ospnio voitmrlog ko klao`slm` `lo k“u` ospnio `mraì ost doraì. N``ìo 3838/383>
[muto sulto k“u` imapnit nkaot km`i nu aml`s u`o vngour k“nkeìro`io.
[eìmråao [muto pnrtlo imapnito ost doraìo ot cmr`ìo. Gos pnrtlos imapnitos k“u` imapnit sm`t gos pnrtlos doraìos ko io imapnit.
Xrmpmsltlm` Ymlt U N mü mü N ost ost u`o pnrtlo imapnito ko O . Ngmrs, ⊃ U ost imapnito sl ot sougoao`t sl U ost doraìo. Xrmpmsltlm` Go prmkult `l ko imapnits k“ospnios `mraìs ost imapnit (pmur gn `mrao prmkult).
↓ IImapn mapniltì iltì ot im`tl`ultì im`tl`ultì [eìmråao G“lanjo k“u` imapnit pnr u`o nppglintlm` im`tl`uo ost imapnito.
Imr Imrmgg mggnlr nlroo 6 [eì [eìmrå mråao ao kos cmr cmr`os `os ntt nttol` ol`tos tos Yl d ost ost u`o nppglintlm` im`tl`uo sur u` imapnit ot è vngours kn`s , d ost cmr`ìo ot nttol`t sos cmr`os. M` pout nl`sl am`tror qu“u`o `mrao ost nttol`to mu fustlor g“oxlsto`io k“u` al`laua/anxlaua.
[eìmråao [eìmrå ao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao ko Eo Eol`o l`o [muto muto nppglin nppglintlm tlm` ` im`tl` im`tl`uo uo sur u` imapni imapnitt y ost u`lu`ldmraìao`t im`tl`uo.
↓ Imapniltì Imapniltì o` klao`slm klao`slm` ` `lo O` klao`slm` `lo, gos pnrtlos imapnitos sm`t gos doraìs cmr`ìs ko g“ospnio.
[eìmråao [eìmrå ao 6 Inr Inrnit nitìrl ìrlsnt sntlm` lm` o` kla klao`s o`slm` lm` `l `loo _`o pnrtlo k“u` ospnio ko klao`slm` `lo ost imapnito sl ot sougoao`t sl oggo ost doraìo ot cmr`ìo.
33
Dlieo 5 ’ Os Dlieo Ospni pnios os voi voitmr tmrlog logss `mr `mraìs aìs ot tmp tmpmgm mgmjlo jlo
[rmls im`sìquo`ios laaìklntos 6 speåroo • O` klao`slm` `lo, gn cmugo u`ltì doraìo ot gn speår u`ltì sm`t imapnitos. • [muto nppglintlm` im`tl`uo sur u` doraì cmr`ì o` klao`slm` `lo ot è vngours kn`s ost cmr`ìo ot nttol`t sos cmr`os. • Go teìmråao ko Cmgzn`m-Zolorstrnss Cmgzn`m-Zolorstrnss s“ìto`k è tmut ospnio voitmrlog ko klao`slm` `lo.
Xnrt nrtlos los im` im``ox `oxos os pn pnrr nr nris is Kì`ltlm Kì`l tlm` ` 6 Im Im``o ``oxlt xltìì pnr nr nris is ∅ N . Ymlo`t N u`o u`o pnrtlo ko O `m` vlko ot n , c ∅ • M` nppoggo ieoal` im`tl`u (mu nri) fmlj`n`t gos pml`ts n ot ot c tmuto tmuto nppglintlm` ι 6 R8, >Q ↓ N im`tl`uo ot vìrln`t ι(8) 1 n ot ot ι(>) 1 c . ∅ N , • N ost ost klto im``oxo pnr nris sl pmur tmus tm us n , c ∅ lg oxlsto u` ieoal` im`tl`u fmlj`n`t n ot ot c .
c ι(t )
n
Gos imapmsn`tos im``oxos ko gn pnrtlo N sm`t sm`t gos ignssos k“ìqulvngo`ioss ko N rogntlvoao`t k“ìqulvngo`io rogntlvoao`t è gn rogntlm` k“ìqulvngo`io « lg oxlsto u` ieoal` im`tl`u ko N fmlj`n`t fmlj`n`t n ot ot c ². ². N ost ost im``oxo pnr nris sl oggo pmssåko u`o sougo imapmsn`to im``oxo. • Gos pnrtlos im`voxos ot gos pnrtlos ìtmlgìos ko O sm`t im``oxos pnr nris. • Gos pnrtlos im``oxos pnr nris ko sm`t gos l`torvnggos.
[eìmråao Ymlo`t d 6 O D u`o u`o nppglintlm` im`tl`uo ot N u`o u`o ↓ pnr nris ko O . Ngmrs d (( N ) ost im``oxo pnrtlo im``oxo pnr nris. Io rìsugtnt poraot ko am`tror qu“u`o pnrtlo ost im``oxo pnr nris. Imrm Imrmggnlr ggnlroo 6 [eìm [eìmråao råao kos vngou vngours rs l`tora l`toraìklnl ìklnlros ros Ymlo`t N u`opnrtloim``oxopnrnrisot d 6 N ↓ u`o nppglintlm` im`tl`uo. Ngmrs d (( N ) ost u` l`torvnggo.
N``ìo 3838/383>
AN[EÌA [EÌAN[ N[L^_O L^_OYY 3838 ’ 383> AN
39
Sìsu Sì suaì aì < ’ Dm` m`it itlm lm`s `s k“u “u`o `o vn vnrln rlncg cgoo rì rìog oggo go È g“oxioptlm` ko gn kor`låro pnrtlo, m` `o im`slkåro quo kos dm`itlm`s kì`los sur u` l`torvnggo L ko ot è vngours kn`s .
Im`tl`ultì
Gn dm`itlm` nrisl` ost kì`lo ot im`tl`uo sur R∓>, >Q ot è vngours kn`s ∓ ψ3 , ψ3 . Oggo ost kìrlvncgo sur Q ∓ >, >R.
∈ ∅ ∅ ∓ ∈ ∅ ∅ ∓ x R >, >,>>Q,
ψ ψ
, , nr nris isl` l`(sl`( x )) 1 x 3 3
x
Im`tl Im`tl`ul `ultì tì o` u` pml`t, pml`t, sur u` l`torvn l`torvnggo ggo
↓
∅ L sl sl gla d ( x ) 1 d (( x 8 ), l.o. sl 6 x ↓ x ∈ 0 8, ∉κ 0 8, ∈x ∅ ∅ L , |x ∓ ∓ x 8| 7 κ 1⇓ | d d ( x ) ∓ d ( x 8 )| 7
d ost ost im`tl`uo o` x 8
8
Gn dm`itlm` nrisl` ost o`` lapnlro 6 ∈x ∅ ∅ R∓>, >Q nrisl`(∓x ) 1 ∓ nrisl`(x )
d ost ost im`tl`uo sur L sl d ost ost im`tl`uo o` tmut pml`t ko L .
ψ
Gn smaao, go prmkult ot gn imapmsìo ko dm`itlm`s im`tl`uos sm`t im`tl`uos.
y 1
[eìmråao råao 6 [eìm [eìmråao råao kos vngo vngours urs l`tor l`toraìkln aìklnlros lros [eìm ∅ L vìrln`t n 7 c . Ymlt d im`tl`uo im`tl`uo sur L nvoi n , c ∅ Ngmrs pmur tmut rìog rìog y imaprls o`tro d (( n ) ot d (( c ), lg ∅ Rn , c Q tog quo y 1 d (( x ). oxlsto x ∅
[eìmråao [eìmr åao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao kos cmr cmr`os `os ntt nttol` ol`tos tos [muto dm`itlm` im`tl`uo sur u` sojao`t ost cmr`ìo ot nttol`t sos cmr`os. G“lanjo k“u` sojao`t pnr u`o dm`itlm` im`tl`uo ost u` sojao`t. M` roanrquorn qu“o` jì`ìrng, d (Rn , c Q) 1 R d ( n ), d ( c )Q.
3 y 1
∓>
>
y 1
∈x ∅ ∅ R∓>, >Q, ∈x ∅ ∅ R8, ψQ ,
Gn dm`itlm` nriims vìrlo o`` 6
∈x ∅ ∅ R∓>,>,>>Q nriims(∓x ) 1 ψ ∓ nriims(x ) y 1
tn`(x)
y 1
nritn`(x)
ψ
3
∓9
∓3
∓>
>
3
9
nrisl`(x)
>
sl`(x)
3
Gn dm`itlm` dm`itlm` nritn` ostkì`lootim`tl`uosur otèvngours kn`s ∓ ψ3 , ψ3 . Oggo ost kìrlvncgo sur .
∈x ∅ ∅ , x
∓ ψ3 Sopr Soprìso ìso`tn `tntlm tlm` ` ko gn dm`itlm dm`itlm` ` nrisl` N``ìo 3838/383>
ims(nriims( x )) 1 x nr nrii iims ms(ims( x )) 1 x
Soprì Sop rìso` so`tnt tntlm` lm` ko gn dm`i dm`itlm` tlm` nritn` y 1
∓>
9
∓ ψ3
3
∓3
3
Gn dm`itlm` nriims dm`itlm` nriims ost ost kì`lo ot im`tl`uo sur R∓>, >Q ot è vngours kn`s R8, ψQ. Oggo ost kìrlvncgo sur Q ∓ >, >,>>R.
↓ Dm`itlm` Dm`itlm`ss ilriugnlr ilriugnlros os rìilprmqu rìilprmquos os ψ
ims(x)
Soprì Sop rìso` so`tntl tntlm` m` ko gn dm`i dm`itlm` tlm` nriims
[eì [eìmr mråao åao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao ko gn clf clfoit oitlm` lm` Yl d ost ostim` im`tl` tl`uo uo ot strlito strlitoao` ao`tt am`mtm am`mtm`o `o sur L ngmrs ngmrs d rìnglso u`o clfoitlm` ko L sur g“l`torvnggo F 1 d (( L ). Ko pgus, gn clfoitlm` rìilprmquo d ∓> 6 F ↓ ↓ L ost ost im`tl`uo ot ko aæao am`mtm`lo quo d .. pnr rnppmrt Go jrnpeo ko d ∓> ost syaìtrlquo è iogul ko d pnr è gn proalåro clssoitrlio. clssoitrlio.
nriims(x)
ψ
G“lanjo k“u` l`torvnggo pnr u`o dm`itlm` im`tl`uo ost u` l`torvnggo. ([TL cls) _`o dm`itlm` im`tl`uo qul ien`jo ko slj`o sur L s“n``ugo (nu aml`s u`o dmls) sur L .
sl`(nrisl`( x )) 1 x
tn`(nritn`( x )) 1 x ψ ψ
,
, nr nrit itn` n`(tn`( x )) 1 x
∈ ∅ ∓ 3
3 Gn dm`itlm` nritn` ost lapnlro ot vìrlo 6
ψ > ∈x ∅ ∅ √ , nr 1 sj`( x ) º nrit itn` n`( x ) + nritn` x 3
3;
Dlieo < ’ Dm Dlieo Dm`it `itlm` lm`ss k“ k“u`o u`o vn vnrlnc rlncgo go rìo rìoggo ggo
Dmra mraugo ugoss ko [nyg nygmr mr
Kìrlvnclgltì d ost ost kìrlvncgo o` x 8 L sl
∅
alto `lo o` x 8 .
∓ ∓ x 8 x ∓
d ( x ) d ( x 8 )
pmssåko u`o gl-
[eìmråao ost im`tl`uo o` x 8 . Yl d ost ost kìrlvncgo o` x 8 , ngmrs d ost d ost ost kìrlvncgo o` x 8 sl ot sougoao`t sl,
∅ L . Ymlo`t d u`o u`o dm`itlm` ko ignsso ` +> sur L ot n , c ∅ • Dmraugo ko [nygmr [nygmr nvoi rosto l`tìjrng l`tìjrng
∓ ∓ `
d ( c ) 1
(c
b 18
j
j
[eìmråao [eìmr åao 6 Kì Kìrlv rlvncl nclglt gltìì ko gn clf clfoit oitlm` lm` rìi rìilpr lprmqu mquoo Ymlt d u`o dm`itlm` im`tl`uo ot strlitoao`t am`mtm`o sur g“l`torvnggo L ot d ∓> sn clfoitlm` rìilprmquo. Yl d ost ost kìrlvncgo o` x 8 ot sl d ( x 8 ) 1 8 ngmrs d ∓ > ost kìrlvncgo o` y 8 1 d ( x 8 ) ot >
>
d ∓> ( y 8 ) 1 1 d ( x 8 ) d ( d ∓> ( y 8 ))
Kìrlvìos kos dm`itlm`s ilriugnlros rìilprmquos 6 ∓> 2 nrisl` (x ) 1 > 2 ∈x ∅∅Q ∓ >,> >, >R, nriims ( x ) 1 > ∓ x 3 > ∓ x 3 ∈x ∅ ∅ , nritn` (x ) 1 > +>x 3
[eìmrå [eìm råao ao 6 Gl Glal alto to ko gn kì kìrlv rlvìo ìo Ymlt d u`o dm`itlm` im`tl`uo sur L ot kìrlvncgo sur W {x 8}. Yl d (x ) nkaot u`o glalto ∅ o` x 8, L W{ • d ost ost kìrlvncgo o` x 8 ot d ( x 8 ) 1 2 • d ost ko pgus im`tl`uo o` x 8 . [eìmr mråao åao 6 Dm Dmrau raugo go ko Gol Golc`l c`lzz [eì Ymlo`t d ot j koux koux dm`itlm dm`itlm`s `s ko ign ignsso sso ` sur L .Ngmrs, `
d j ost ìjngoao`t ko ignsso sur L ot ` ` (b ) (` ∓b ) d j . ( d j )(` ) 1 b b 18
[eì [eìmr mråao åao 6 Dm Dmrau raugo go kos nii niirml rmlsso ssoao` ao`ts ts `l `lss Yl d ostim`tl`uosur ostim`tl`uosur Rn , c Q otkìrlvncgosur Qn , c R ngmrs ∅Qn , c R tog quo 6 lg oxlsto i ∅ d ( c ) d ( n ) 1 d ( i )(c n )
∓
`
∓∓
Yl | d d | ost ost anfmr anfmrìo ìo pnru` rìog rìog A sur s ur L , m` n ngmrs ngmrs (l` (l`ìj ìjng ngltì ltì kos niirmlssoao`ts `ls) 6
∈ x , y ∅ ∅ L , | d d ( y ) ∓ d ( x )| A | x ∓∓ y |
c
n
∓ ∓ t ) ` d ` > (t ) kt
( c
( + )
` !
n )b c n ` +> d (b ) (n ) A b ! (` + + >)!
(c
∓ ∓ d d ( c )
b 18
mü A 1 sup | d d (` +>) |. Rn ,c Q
| ∓ |
• Dmraugo ko [nygmr-\ [nygmr-\mu`j mu`j
∓ ∓ `
d ( c ) 1
(c
b 18
n )b (b ) d (n ) + m((c n )` ) b !
∓ ∓
Ios dmraugos sm`t utlgos pmur kìtoral`or u` kìvogmppoao`tglaltì ao`t glaltì,, pmur fustlor fustlor g“oxlsto`io g“oxlsto`io k“u`kìvogmppoao`t k“u`kìvogmppoao`t o` sìrlo o`tlåro, oti.
Kìvogmppoao`ts glaltìs ot rogntlm`s ko imapnrnlsm`
↓ nvoi j `o Ymlo`t d , j 6 6 L ↓ `o s“n``ugn`t pns nu vmlsl`njo ko x 8 , snud ìvo`tuoggoao`t o` x 8 . M` klt quo 6 • d ot j sm`t ìqulvngo`tos nu vmlsl`njo ko x 8 sl 6
d ( x )
∓∓∓↓ >
j ( x ) x ↓ x 8
`mtntlm` 6 d (( x ) ∷ j ( x ) x ↓ x 8
• d ost ost `ìjgljoncgo kovn`t j nu nu vmlsl`njo ko x 8 sl 6 d ( x )
∓∓∓↓ 8
j ( x ) x ↓ x 8
`mtntlm` 6 d (( x ) 1 m(j ( x )) x ↓ x 8
• d ost ost kmal`ìo pnr j nu nu vmlsl`njo ko x 8 sl 6 d ( x )
j ( x ) ost 1x 8 M(j ( x )) ost cmr`ìo `mtntlm` 6 d (( x ) x ↓
Xrmpms pmsltl ltlm` m` 6 Glo Glo` ` o`t o`tro ro ∷ ot m Xrm
d ( x )
[eì [eìmr mråao åao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao ko Smg Smggo go Yl d ost ost im`tl`uo sur Rn , c Q, kìrlvncgo sur Qn , c R ot sl d ( n ) 1 d ( c ) ngmrs lg oxlsto x ∅ ∅Qn , c R tog quo d (x ) 1 8.
• L`ìjngltì ko [nygmr-Gnjrn`jo
d ( x 8 + e ) 1 d ( x 8 ) + e d ( x 8 ) + m(e ) e 8
Gn smaao, go prmkult↓ot gn imapmsìo ko dm`itlm`s kìrlvncgo sm`t kìrlvncgos. d j d ∓ d j 1 2 (j ◤◤ d ) 1 d º (j ◤ d ) 3
n )b (b ) d (n ) + b !
↓∷
x x 8
j ( x )
⇘⇓
d ( x ) 1 j ( x ) + m(j ( x ))
↓
x x 8
Kì`ltlm` Kì`ltlm ` 6 Kìvo Kìvogmpp gmppoao` oao`tt glal glaltì tì M` klt qu“u`o dm`itlm` d nkaot u` kìvogmppoao`t glaltì è g“mrkro ` nu nu vmlsl`njo ko x 8 s“lg oxlsto n 8 , . . . , n ` ∅ togs quo 6
∓
d ( x ) 1 n 8 +n > ( x x 8 )+
↓
x x 8
º º º+n ` ` (x ∓ x 8)` +m((x ∓ x 8)` )
È im``nàtro 6 Mpìrntlm`s usuoggos sur gos kìvogmppoao`ts glaltìs, l`tìjrntlm` torao è torao (sn`s mucglor gn im`stn`to k“l`tìjrntlm`), utlglsntlm` ko gn dmraugo ko [nygmr-\mu`j...
Nppglintlm` è g“ìtuko kos sultos ku ku typo u `` +> 1 d (( u `` ). N``ìo 3838/383>
N``ìo 3838 383>
Dli Dlieo eo < ’ Dm Dm`it `itlm` lm`ss k“ k“u`o u`o vn vnrlnc rlncgo go rìo rìoggo ggo
∓ ∓ `
x b o 1 + m( x ` ) x ↓8 b ! b 18 ` 3b b x ims x 1 ( >) + m( x 3` ) x ↓8 (3b )! b 18 x
`
b
x 3b +>
>
∓ ∓
3?
`
x b + m( x ` ) ↓ > ∓ x b 18 ` > ( >)b x b + m( x ` ) 1 > + x x ↓8 b 18 1
x 8
`
x b
ie x 1 + m( x 3` ) x ↓8 b ( 3 ) ! b 18
g`(> + x ) 1 ( >)b +> + m( x ` ) x ↓8 b b 1> ` ξ(ξ ∓ >) º º º (ξ ∓ b + + >) b x + m( x ` ) (> + x )ξ 1 > + x ↓8 b ! b 1>
se x 1 + m( x 3` +> ) x ↓8 b + >)! b 18 (3b +
+ + m( x ; ) tn` x 1 x + x ↓8 9
3` +>
sl` x 1 ( >) + m( x x ↓8 (3b + + >)! b 18 `
`
)
x 3b
x 9
x 3b +>
Kìvogmppoao` Kìvogm ppoao`ts ts glaltìs glaltìs usuog usuogs s
Dm Dm`itlm `itlm`s `s im`v im`voxos oxos
Xrmpmsltlm` _`o dm`itlm` ost im`voxo sl ot sougoao`t sl sm` ìpljrnpeo ost u`o pnrtlo im`voxo ko 3 .
↓ Jì`ìrngltìs Kì` Kì`ltlm` ltlm` 6 Dm` Dm`itlm` itlm` im`v im`voxo, oxo, dm`it dm`itlm` lm` im`in im`invo vo _`o dm`itlm` d ost ost im`voxo sur g“l`torvnggo L ko sl pmur tmut ( x , y ) ∅ L 3 ot tmut β ∅ R8, >Q 6
∓
d (>
d d
β) x + + β y (> ∓ β) d ( x ) + β d ( y )
_`o nppglintlm` d ost ost klto im`invo gmrsquo d ost ∓ im`voxo.
d ( x ) d ( x )
x
x (>
∓ β) d ( x ) + β d ( y )
∓
d (>
x
(>
y
β) x + + β y
[eìmråao [eìmrå ao 6 Irm Irmlss lssn`i n`ioo ko gn po` po`to to ↓ . d ost Ymlt d 6 L ↓ ost im`voxo sl ot sougoao`t sl pmur tmut x ∅ ∅ L , t ↓
∓ β)x ++ β y
∓ ∓ x t ∓
d ( t ) d ( x )
ost irmlssn`to sur L W{ W {x }.
_`o dm`itlm` ost im`voxo sl ot sougoao`t sl sm` jrnpeo ost nu-kossmus ko tmutos sos imrkos. Xrm Xrmpms pmsltl ltlm` m` 6 L` L`ìjn ìjnglt gltìì ko Fo Fo`so `so` ` ↓ u`o dm`itlm` im`voxo. Ymlt d 6 L ↓ Xmur tmus x > , . . . , x `` ∅ L ot β> , . . . , β` kos rìogs pmsltlds ko smaao >. Ngmrs,
`
d
d ( x ) d ( y )
`
βl x ll
l 1>
d d
βl d ( x l l )
l 1>
d ( z ) x
↓ Inrnitìrlsntlm`s jìmaìtrlquos Kì`ltlm` Ymlt d 6 L . M` nppog nppoggo go ìplj ìpljrn rnpe peoo ko d g“o`soacgo ↓ku pgn` sltuìs nu-kossus ku jrnpeo ko d . . kos pml`ts Nutroao`t klt,
11 {(x , y ) ∅ 3 | y d ( x )}
z
y
Imrmggnlr Imrmgg nlroo 6 L` L`ìjn ìjnglt gltìì kos po` po`tos tos ↓ u`o dm`itlm` im`voxo ot x , y , z ∅ ∅ L Ymlo`t d 6 L ↓ 7 z 7 7 y . Ngmrs, vìrln`t x 7
∓ ∓ ∓
∓ ∓ ∓
∓ ∓ ∓
d ( z ) d ( x ) d ( y ) d ( x ) d ( y ) d ( z ) y z y x z x
N``ìo 3838/383>
34
Dlieo < ’ Dm Dlieo Dm`it `itlm` lm`ss k“ k“u`o u`o vn vnrlnc rlncgo go rìo rìoggo ggo
↓ Inrnitìrls Inrnitìrlsntlm` ntlm` pnr gn kìrlvìo kìrlvìo Gn irmlssn`io ko gn kìrlvìo poraot k“ìtncglr dnilgoao`t gn im`voxltì k“u`o dm`itlm` kìrlvncgo.
[eìmråao Ymlt d u`o dm`itlm` kìrlvncgo sur g“l`torvnggo L . Ngmrs, gos trmls prmprlìtìs sulvn`tos sm`t ìqulvngo`tos 6 (l) d ost ost im`voxo (ll) d ost irmlssn`to (lll) go jrnpeo ko d ost nu-kossus ko tmutos sos tn`tn`jo`tos
↓ L`tìjr L`tìjrntl ntlm` m` sur u` sojao` sojao`tt Yl d 6 Rn , c Q ↓ ost im`tl`uo sur O , o.v.`. ko klao`slm` `lo au`l k“u`o cnso 1 ( o > , . . . , o p p ), m` pmso 6
c
c
d ( t ) k t 1
Dm`it `itlm` lm`ss voi voitmr tmrlog loggos gos ot nr nris is pnr pnrnaì naìtr trìs ìs Dm M` nppoggo dm`itlm` voitmrloggo k“u`o vnrlncgo rìoggo tmuto dm`itl dm` itlm` m` kì`lo kì`lo sur u` l`t l`torvn orvnggo ggo L ko ko ,èvngourskn`su` ospnio voitmrlog `mraì O ko klao`slm` `lo. M` trnvnlggo trnvnlggo nvoi O 1 p , k“mü kos dm`itlm`s ko gn dmrao 6 d 6 L t
∓↓ p ∓↓ ( d >(t ), . . . , d p (t )) Gos dm`itlm`s `uaìrlquos d l 6 L ↓ pmur l ∅ {>, . . . , p }
sm`t nppogìos dm`itlm`s imapmsn`tos mu mu dm`itlm`s immrkm``ìos ko ko d . Yl O ost au`l k“u`o cnso 1 ( o > , . . . , o pp ), m` pout tmufmurs ìirlro d 1 d > o > + º º º + d p o p .
⊃ ↓ O , mü O ost ko klao`slm` p . Ymlt d 6 L ⊃
t
t 8
↓
t
∓
∅ L , ìjngltì trln`jugnlro). Ko pgus, pmur tmus n , c ∅ x • D 6 x ↓ d ( t ) kt ost ko ignsso > sur L ot D 1 d .
8
Gn kìrlvnclgltì ko d ìqulvnut è ioggo ko sos dm`itlm`s imapmsn`tos. Ko pgus, • [muto imacl`nlsm` gl`ìnlro ko dm`itlm`s kìrlvncgos ost kìrlvncgo. • [muto imapmsìo ko dm`itlm`s kìrlvncgos kìrlvncgos ost kìrlvncgo. • Yl d 6 L ↓ D ot j 6 L ↓ J sm`t kìrlvncgos sur L ot C 66 D Ú Ú J ↓ ↓ O ost ost clgl`ìnlro, C ( d , j ) ost kìrlvncgo ot 6 C ( d , j ) 1 C ( d , j ) + C ( d , j )
Nppglintlm` k“u` prmkultignsslquo voitmrlog.6 kìrlvntlm` k“u` prmkult singnlro mu sl oggo ost kìrlG“nppglintlm` d ost klto ko ignsso b sur L sl b L b vncgo dmls sur ot sl sn kìrlvìo -låao, `mtìo d (b ) , ost im`tl`uo sur L .
c
↓ O ost • Yl d 6 L ↓ ost ko ignsso
>,
d (t ) kt 1 d ( c ) d ( n ).
∓
n
Xrmpm Xrmpmsltlm sltlm` ` 6 L`ìj L`ìjngltì ngltì kos niirm niirmlsso lssoao`ts ao`ts `ls ↓ O u`o Ymlt d 6 L ↓ u`o dm`itlm` ko ignsso > , mü L ost u` l`torvnggo ko . Y“lg oxlsto u` rìog A 0 8 tog quo pmur ∅ L , d (t ) A , ngmrs 6 tmut t ∅
∈n , c ∅ ∅ L , d ( c ) ∓ d (n ) A º|º |c ∓ ∓ n | M` rotrmuvo ìjngoao`t gos dmraugos ko [nygmr.
↓ Imurc Imurcos os pgn`os pgn`os ot nris nris pnrna pnrnaìtr ìtrìs ìs _` nri pnrnaìtrì ost u`o nppglintlm` d 6 t ↓ ( x (t ), y (t )) ko ignsso > sur u` l`torvnggo L è vngours kn`s 3 . Go suppmrt ko g“nri ost ngmrs g“o`soacgo 6
{(x (t ), y (t )) ∅ 3 | t ∅ ∅ L } • Xnrnaìtrnjo ko gn krmlto pnssn`t pnr go pml`t A 8 ( x 8 , y 8 ) ot klrljìo pnr go voitour u u 1 1
x 1 x 8 + t n
y 1 y 8 + t c
t
∓ t 8) º d (t 8) + m(t ∓∓ t 8 ) d ( t ) 1 d ( t 8 ) + (t ∓ t ↓t 8
n
M` vìrlo quo g“l`tìjrngo `o kìpo`k pns ko gn cnso iemlslo ot m` rotrmuvo gos prmprlìtìs ignsslquos ko g“l`tìjrngo (gl`ìnrltì, rogntlm` ko Iensgos, smaaos ko Sloan``, l`-
↓ Kìrlv Kìrlvnclgl nclgltì tì k“u`o k“u`o dm`itlm` dm`itlm` voitmrloggo voitmrloggo d ( t ) ∓ d ( t 8 ) d ost ost kìrlvncgo o` t ∅ L sl sl gla oxlsto. Ngmrs, 8
d l (t ) kt o l l
l 1>
l 1>
n
Imrmggnlro Ymlt d u`o u`o dm`itlm` koux dmls kìrlvncgo sur g“l`torvnggo L .Ngmrs d ost im`vox im`voxoo (ro (rosp sp.. im`inv im`invo) o) sl ot sougosougo ao`t sl d 0 8 (rosp. d 7 8).
c
d l (t )o l l k t 1
n
n
p
p
n 6 c
∅ ∅ )
(t
• Xnrnaìtrnjo ku iorigo ko io`tro ℤ(n , c ) ot ko rnym` S 6 6
x (t ) 1 n + ims(t ) + S ims
y ( t ) 1 c + + S sl` sl`(t )
∅ ∅ )
( t
↓ (x (t ), y (t )) ko ign ignsso sso > sur L
Xg Xgn` n` k“ìtuk k“ìtukoo pmu pmurr d 6 t
(l) Kmanl`o ko kì`ltlm` (ll) Soieorieo kos syaìtrlos (pnrltì/pìrlmkliltì) (lll) Ìtuko kos vnrlntlm`s ko x ot ot y (lv) [n`jo`to o` u` pml`t rìjuglor rìjuglor ∓∓↓ kM A x (t 8 ) 1 8, lg klrljo gn tn`jo`to gn (t 8 ) 1 Yl y (t 8 ) k t tn`jo`to è gn imurco o` A (t 8 ).
N``ìo 3838/383>
AN AN[EÌA [EÌAN[ N[L^_O L^_OYY 3838 ’ 383>
3:
Sìsu Sì suaì aì >8 ’ Yul ulto toss `u `uaì aìrlq rlquo uoss ot vo voit itmrl mrlog oggo goss Yultos Yul tos `uaìr `uaìrlquos lquos ignssl ignsslquos quos
[eìmråao [eìmrå ao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao ko gn gla glalto lto am am`mt `mtm`o m`o [muto sulto irmlssn`to ot anfmrìo im`vorjo vors sn cmr`o supìrlouro.
• Yulto nrlteaìtlquo ko rnlsm` r ∅ ∅6
u 8
∅
_`o sulto irmlssn`to ot `m` anfmrìo klvorjo vors +∐.
u `` +> 1 u `` + r
Mutro gos teìmråaos ko imapnrnlsm` ot kos jo`knraos, go teìmråao sulvn`t ost è im``nàtro.
∅ , u `` 11 u 8 + ` r . Ngmrs, pmur tmut ` ∅
[eìmrå ao 6 Yu Yulto ltoss nkf nkfnio nio`to `toss [eìmråao Ymlt ( u ` )` ∅ ot ( v ` )` ∅ koux sultos rìoggos vìrln`t 6 (l) (u ` ` )` ∅ irmlssn`to ot ( v ` ` )` ∅ kìirmlssn`to. (ll) u ` 8. ` ∓ v ` ` ∓∓∓∓↓ ` ↓+∐ Ngmrs ( u ` ` )` ∅ ot ( v ` ` )` ∅ im`vorjo`t vors gn aæao glalto.
∅ • Yulto jìmaìtrlquo ko ko rnlsm` q ∅
u 8
∅
u `` +> 1 q u ``
∅ , u ` 1 q ` u 8. Ngmrs, pmur tmut ` ∅ • Yulto nrlteaìtlim-jìmaìtrlquo
u 8
↓ Yultos Yultos oxtrnltos oxtrnltos ot vngours vngours k“nkeìro k“nkeìro`io `io
∅
u `` +> 1 n u `` + c (n 1 >)
+ c . ( u `` ) M` `mto go pml`t xo ko gn sulto 6 1 n 1 n ` (u 8 ∓ ) + . ∓ ost jìmaìtrlquo ko rnlsm` n ot ot u `` 1 • Yulto rìiurro`to rìiurro`to gl`ìnlro k“mrkro k“mrkro 3
u 8 , u >
∅
u `` +3 1 n u `` +> + c u ``
∓ c 11 8 ko M` rìsmut g“ìquntlm` inrnitìrlstlquo U 3 ∓ n U ∓ klsirlal`n`t nssmilì ∄. (l) Yl ∄ 0 8, koux rnil`os rìoggos klstl`itos r > ot r 3 .
∉(β, ¿) ∅ 3 , ∈` ∅∅ , u ` 1 βr >` + ¿r 3` (ll) Yl ∄ 1 8, u`o rnil`o rìoggo kmucgo r . 3
`
∉(β, ¿) ∅ , ∈` ∅∅ , u `` 1 ( β + ` ¿)r (lll) Yl ∄ 7 8, koux rnil`os imapgoxos ώ o¾l ε .
∉(β, ¿) ∅ 3, ∈` ∅ ∅ , u ` 1 ώ ` (β ims(` ε ε )+¿ sl`(` ε )) Im`vorjo` Im`vor jo`io io kos sul sultos tos `ua `uaìrlq ìrlquos uos (u ` )` ∅ kìslj`o lil u`o sulto è vngours kn`s mu .
Kì`ltlm` M` klt qu“u`o sulto ( u `` )` ∅ im`vorjo vors ∅ sl,
∈ 0 8, ∉@ ∅ ∅ , ∈` @ , u `` ∓ 7 Gn glalto glalto,, gmrsqu gmrsqu“og “oggo go oxl oxlsto sto,, ost u`lquo u`lquo.. [muto muto sulto sulto im`vor im`vor-jo`to ost cmr`ìo, anls gn rìilprmquo ost dnusso.
↓ Ins Ins kos sultos sultos rìoggo rìoggoss Nxlmao ko gn cmr`o supìrlouro 6 tmuto tmuto pnrtlo `m` vlko ot anfmrìo ko nkaot u`o cmr`o supìrlouro.
[muto sulto ko gn dmrao ( u ϟ (` ) )` ∅ nvoi ϟ 6 ↓ strlitoao`t irmlssn`to ost nppogìo sulto oxtrnlto mu smus-sulto ko ( u ` + pulsquo ϟ (` ) ` . ` )` . M` n ϟ (` ) ` + ∅ ↓ ∐ ∓∓∓∓↓ ∐ [eìmråao Yl ( u ` ` )` ∅ im`vorjo vors ngmrs tmuto sulto oxtrnlto im`vorjo vors . [eìmråao åao 6 Cmgz Cmgzn`mn`m-Z Zolors olorstrnss trnss [eìmr Ko tmuto sulto imapgoxo cmr`ìo, m` pout oxtrnlro u`o smus-sulto im`vorjo`to.
Sogntlm`s imapnrnls rnlsm` m` Sogntlm`s ko imapn s m`t koux sultos `uaìrlquos rìoggos Yl ( u ` ` )` ∅ sm`t ` )` ∅ ot ( v ` nvoi v ` 1 8 è pnrtlr k“u` iortnl` rn`j, m` klt quo 6 u ` 1 >. • (u ` ìqulvngo`toss sl sl ` ↓ gla ` )` ∅ ot ( v ` ` )` ∅ sm`t ìqulvngo`to +∐
@mtntlm` 6 u ` `
v ` `
∷ v ` ` 2 ` ↓ ∐ +
u
` ` 1 8. • (u ` ` )` ∅ ost `ìjgljoncgo kovn`t ( v ` ` )` ∅ sl gla ` ↓+∐ v ` ` @mtntlm` 6 u ` m(v ` ` 1 ` ) 2 ` ↓+∐
• (u ` ` )` ∅ ost kmal`ìo pnr ( v ` ` )` ∅ sl
u ` ` v ` `
ost cmr`ì.
@mtntlm` 6 u ` M(v ` ` 1 ` ). ` ↓+∐ Yl ( u ` ` )` ∅ im`vorjo vors u` rìog ot u ` ∷ v ` ` ngmrs ` ↓+∐ (v ` ` )` ∅ im`vorjo vors gn aæao glalto . Ko pgus, sl koux sultos sm`t ìqulvngo`tos, gos toraos jì`ìrnux sm`t ko aæao slj`o è pnrtlr k“u` iortnl` rn`j.
[eìmråao Xmur koux sultos ( u ` ` )` ∅ ot ( v ` ` )` ∅ km``ìos, u ` `
↓∷∐ v ` ` ⇘⇓
` +
u ` ` 1
↓ ∐
` +
v ` ` + m(v ` ` )
N``ìo 3838/383>
35
Dlieo >8 ’ Yu Dlieo Yulto ltoss `ua `uaìrlq ìrlquos uos ot vo voitm itmrlog rloggos gos
Yultos Yul tos voitm voitmrloggos rloggos M` `mto ( O , º ) u` -ospnio voitmrlog `mraì ko klao`slm` quogim`quo.
↓ Im`vorjo Im`vorjo`io `io k“u`o k“u`o sulto Kì`ltlm` Ymlt ( u `` )` ∅ u`o sulto k“ìgìao`ts ko O . M` klt quo 6 • gn sulto ( u `` )` ∅ ost cmr`ìo s“lg oxlsto A 0 8 tog quo pmur tmut ` , u `` A . • gn sulto ( u `` ) ∅ ` ∅ im`vorjo vors ∅ O sl 6
∈ 0 8, ∉@ ∅ ∅ , ∈` @ , u `` ∓ 7 M` klt qu“oggo klvorjo sl`m`. M` roanrquorn quo gn sulto ( u `` )` ∅ im`vorjo vors sl, ot sougoao`t sl, gn sulto `uaìrlquo (u `` ∓ )` ∅ im`vorjo vors 8.
Xrmpmsltlm` (l) Gn glalto k“u`o sulto, gmrsqu“oggo oxlsto ost u`lquo. (ll) [muto sulto im`vorjo`to im`vorjo`to ost cmr`ìo. G“o`soacgo kos sultos ( u im`vorjo`tos ost u` ospnio voitmrlog ot g“nppglintlm` ` ost u`o dmrao ` ` )` ∅ ↓ gla u ` ` ↓+∐ gl`ìnlro sur iot ospnio. Xrmpmsltlm` Ymlo`t p ospnios ospnios voitmrlogs `mraìs ( O l l , @ l l ). M` pmso O 1 O > ÚºººÚ O pp ot m` au`lt O ko gn `mrao prmkult `mtìo @ . _`o sulto u 1 1 ( u > , . . . , u pp ) ko O im`vorjo sl, ot sougoao`t sl, ienquo sulto u l im`vorjo kn`s O l l . Kn`s io ins,
gla u 1 gla u ,..., gla u pp ,` ` ↓+∐ ↓ ∐ `` ` ↓+∐ >,>,`
` +
_`o sulto kì`lo sur u` ospnio voitmrlog `mraì prmkult im`vorjo sl ot sougoao`t sl ieniu`o kos sultos imapmsn`tos im`vorjo. Nl`sl, • pmur ìtuklor u`o sulto è vngours kn`s p , m` so rnaå`orn `orn è g“ g“ìt ìtuk ukoo ko koss p sultos sultos imapmsn imapmsn`to `toss (og (oggos gos,, è vng vngour ourss kn`s ). • pmur kìtoral`or gn `nturo k“u`o sulto è vngours kn`s , m` pmurrn ìtuklor gn im`vorjo`io kos pnrtlos rìoggo ot lanjl`nlro.
↓ Yultos Yultos oxtrnltos oxtrnltos ot vngours vngours k“nkeìro k“nkeìro`io `io Kì`l `ltlm tlm` ` 6 Yu Yulto lto oxt oxtrnl rnlto to Kì M` nppoggo sulto oxtrnlto mu smus-sulto k“u`o sulto (u `` )` ∅ ko O tmuto sulto ko gn dmrao ( u ϟ (` ) )` ∅ mü ϟ 6 ↓ ost strlitoao`t irmlssn`to. Kì` Kì`ltlm` ltlm` 6 Tngour k“n k“nkeìro keìro`io `io M` nppoggo vngour k“nkeìro`io k“nkeìro`io k“u`o sulto ( u `` )` ∅ ko O tmuto glalto k“u`o o smus-sulto ko ko ( u `` )` ∅ .
Xrmpmsltlm` _`o sulto im`vorjo vors ∅ O sl, ot sougoao`t sl, tmutos sos smus-sultos im`vorjo`t vors . Gn glalto glalto ost km` km`ii g“u g“u`lqu `lquoo vngour vngour k“nkeì k“nkeìro` ro`io io k“ k“u`o u`o sulto sulto im`vor im` vorjo` jo`to. to. Nl`sl, Nl`sl, u`o sulto sulto nyn`t nyn`t nu aml`s aml`s koux koux vngours vngours k“nkeìro`io klvorjo. Yl B ost u`o pnrtlo im imapnito apnito ko O , tmuto sulto nkaot nu aml`s, pnr kì`ltlm`, u`o vngour k“nkeìro`io kn`s B . .
N``ìo 3838/383>
AN[EÌA [EÌAN[ N[L^_O L^_OYY 3838 ’ 383> AN
3<
Sìsu Sì suaì aì >> ’ Yì Yìrlo rloss `u `uaì aìrlq rlquo uoss ot vo voit itmrl mrlog oggo goss Ymaaoss ignssl Ymaao ignsslquos quos
`
b 1 1
` (` + + >)
3
b 18
`
>, Yl q 1
`
`
b 18
3
b 1
> ∓ q ` +> q b 1 ot
Ntto`tlm`, ios ios rìsugtnts `o sm`t sm`t vngncgos quo pmur pmur kos sìrlos è toraos pmsltlds (nu aml`s è pnrtlr k“u` iortnl` rn`j).
` (` + + >)(3` + + >)
4
b 18
`
q b 1 q p
º
> ∓ q ` ∓p +>
b b 1p > ∓ q > ∓ q ` ∓> ` b ` ∓b x y ot x ` ∓ y ` 1 ( x ∓ y ) x b y ` ∓>∓b
b b 18
( x + y )` 1
ot
↓ In Inss ko koss sì sìrl rlos os è tora toraos os pm pmsl sltl tlds ds
b
[eìmråao M` suppm suppmso so quo u ` sìrlo rlo è tora toraos os pmslt pmsltlds lds.. ` ostu`o sì ` )` ∅ ost anfmrìo ngmrs gn sìrlo im`vorjo. Yl gn sulto (Y ` Yl`m`, oggo klvorjo vors +∐.
b 18
[eìmråao [eìmrå ao 6 Så Såjgo jgo ko an anfmr fmrntl ntlm` m` ∅ , 8 u ` ` v ` ` . M` suppmso quo pmur tmut ` ∅ (l) v ` u ` ` im`vorjo 1⇓ ` im`vorjo. +∐ +∐ Ot ngmrs, u ` v ` ` ` .
Im` Im`vor vorjo` jo`io io kos sìr sìrlos los `ua `uaìrl ìrlquo quoss
Gn sulto ( u ` )` ∅ ost suppmsìo è vngours kn`s . M` nppoggo 6
`
• smaao pnrtloggo nu rn`j ` go go torao Y ` 1
u b .
b 18
` 18
• sìrlo ko ko torao jì`ìrng u `` gn sulto (Y `` )` ∅ , `mtìo u `` . • smaao ko gn sìrlo ko torao jì`ìrng gn glalto ko (Y ` )` ∅ Gn sìrlo ko torao jì`ìrng u `` ost klto im`vorjo`to gmrsquo (Y `` )` ∅ im`vorjo. M` nppoggo ngmrs 6 • smaao ko gn sìrlo gn glalto ko (Y ` )` ∅ . +∐
@mtntlm` 6 Y 1 1 gla Y `` 1 u `` . ` ↓+∐ ` 18
∐
+
• rosto rosto nu rn`j ` gn gn klddìro`io S `` 1 Y ∓ Y `` 1
⇓
u b b .
b 1` +>
M` `o amklo pns gn `nturo k“u`o sìrlo o` amkln`t sos proalors toraos. Xotlt pnssnjo o` rovuo kos toie`lquos nu prmjrnaao poraottn`t ko kìtoral`or gn `nturo k“u`o sìrlo.
(ll)
` 18
u ` ` klvorjo 1
v ` ` klvorjo.
[eìmrå ao 6 Så Såjgo jgo kos ìqu ìqulv lvngo ngo`ts `ts [eìmråao M` suppmso v ` ` è toraos pmsltlds ot u ` `
∷
` +
Ngmrs,
u ` ` ot ot
v ` ` .
v ` ` sm`t ko aæao `nturo.↓ ∐
[eìmrå ao 6 Så Såjgo jgo ko k“ k“Ngo Ngoaco acort rt [eìmråao pmsltlds vìYmlt u ` ` u`o sìrlo è toraos strlitoao`t pmsltlds u ` +> ∓∓∓∓↓ . rln`t ko pgus u ` ` ` ↓+∐ • Yl 7 >, gn sìrlo im`vorjo. • Yl 0 >, gn sìrlo klvorjo. • Yl 1 >, m` `o pout rlo` klro.
↓ Klvorjo`io jrmsslåro [eìmr [eìmråao åao 6 Imap Imapnrnls nrnlsm` m` sìrlo sìrloss/l`tìjrngos Yl d 6 Rn , +∐R↓ ost im`tl`uo, pmsltlvo ot kìirmls+∐
[eìmråao Yl u `` im`vorjo ngmrs u `` ∓∓∓∓↓ 8. ` ↓+∐
Nl`sl, sl ( u `` )` ∅ `o im`vorjo pns vors 8, gn sìrlo klvorjo (ko an`låro jrmsslåro). Gn rìilprmquo ost dnusso imaao go am`tro g“oxoapgo
↓ Ingi Ingiug ug klroit klroit
> `
.
[eìmr mråao åao 6 Yìr Yìrlo lo jìm jìmaìt aìtrlq rlquo uo [eì ` ∅ ). x im`vorjoslotsougoao`tsl | x | 7 >(pmur x ∅ > . Kn`s io ins, sn smaao vnut > ∓ x
M` pout ìjngoao`t prmuvor gn im`vorjo`io ko sìrlos è g“nlko ko smaaos tìgosimplquos. Xrmpmsltlm` Gn sulto ( u `` )` ∅ im`vorjo ssl gn sìrlo im`vorjo.
∅
sn`to,
d ( ` ) ot
n
d ( t ) kt sm`t ko aæao `nturo `nturo..
Io teìmråao dmur`lt ko `muvoggos sìrlos ko rìdìro`io.
[eìmrå mråao ao 6 Yìrl Yìrlos os ko Slo Sloan` an`` ` [eì > im`vorjo sl ot sougoao sougoao`t `t sl ξ 0 >. Ymlt ξ . ξ `
[eìmrå [eìm råao ao 6 Så Såjg jgos os ku po potl tltt m ot ku jr jrn` n`k kM Ymlt v ` ` u`o sìrlo è toraos pmsltlds im`vorjo`to. • Yl u ` u ` ` 1 M( v ` ` ), ngmrs ` im`vorjo (ncsmguao`t). • Yl u ` 1 m(v ` ), ngmrs u ` im`vorjo (ncsmguao`t) M` pout imapnror gos rostos ko ko koux sìrlos è toraos pmsl-
( u `` +>
∓ u `` )
Nppglintlm` nu kìvogmppoao`t Nppglintlm` kìvogmppoao`t nsyaptmtlquo nsyaptmtlquo ko gn sìrlo enram`lquo.
tlds im`vorjo`tos 6 6 v ` S . • Yl u ` ` ∷ ` ngmrs S ` ` ∷ ` ↓+∐ ` ↓+∐ ` • Yl u ` m(v ` m S ` . ` 1 ` ) ngmrs S ` ` 1 ` ↓+∐ ` ↓+∐ • Yl u ` M(v ` M S ` . ` 1 ` ) ngmrs S ` ` 1 ` ↓+∐ ` ↓+∐
N``ìo 3838/383>
98
Dlieo >> ’ Yìr Dlieo Yìrlos los `ua `uaìrlq ìrlquos uos ot voi voitmr tmrlog loggos gos
M` pout imapnror gos smaaos pnrtloggos ko ko koux sìrlos è toraos pmsltlds klvorjo`tos 6 6 • Yl u `` ∷ v `` ngmrs Y `` ∷ Y ` . ` ↓+∐ ` ↓+∐ • Yl u `` 1 m(v `` ) ngmrs Y `` 1 m Y ` . ` ↓+∐ ` ↓+∐ • Yl u ` 1 M(v ` ) ngmrs Y ` 1 M Y ` . ` ↓+∐ ` ↓+∐
Yìrl os è vn vngo gour urss kn kn`s `s u` o. o.vv.` .`.. ko kl kla. a. ` `lo lo Yìrlos
↓ Im`vorjo`i Im`vorjo`ioo ncsmguo ncsmguo
im`vorjo.
Ymlt (O , º ) u` osp ospnio nio voitmrl voitmrlog og `mraì `mraì ko klao`sl klao`slm` m` `lo. `lo. Gn `nturo ko gn sìrlo ost nl`sl l`kìpo`kn`to ko gn `mrao iemlslo.
↓ IIm`v m`vorj orjo`i o`ioo k“u`o k“u`o sìrlo sìrlo è vngou vngours rs kn`s kn`s u` o.v.`. o.v.`. M` klt quo u ` ` im`vorjo ncsmguao`t gmrsquo u ` `
Gmrsquo gn sìrlo `“ost pgus è toraos pmsltlds (ins rìog mu imapgoxo), m` ìtuklo sn im`vorjo`io ncsmguo. Kì`ltlm` M` klt quo u `` im`vorjo ncsmguao`t gmrsquo gn sìrlo è toraos pmsltlds |u `` | im`vorjo.
↓ Xrmk Xrmkult ult ko Inuiey Inuiey
[eìmråao _`o sìrlo ncsmguao`t im`vorjo`to k“u` ospnio voitmrlog `mraì ko klao`slm` `lo ost im`vorjo`to.
↓ Oxpm`o`tlo Oxpm`o`tloggos ggos ko antrlios antrlios ot k“o`kmam k“o`kmamrpels rpelsaos aos
(
∓>)` ost soal-im`vorjo`to soal-im`vorjo`to.. `
>l `
`mrao sur A ` ` (). Oggo vìrlo 6
(ξ` )` ∅ pmsltlvo, ( ξ` )` ∅
im`vorjo ncs.
b b ∅ b ! ∅ Yn smaao smaao ost nppogì nppogìoo oxpm`o oxpm`o`tl `tloggo oggo ko N otm` otm` pm pmso6 so6
∐ N b
+
N
oxp( N ) 1 o 1
b 18
b !
∐ d b ∅ (O ) (o` kla. `lo), oxp Ko aæao, pmur d ∅ `lo), oxp( d ) 1 . b ! b 18 +
[eìmr åao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao spì spìiln ilngg kos sìr sìrlos los ngt ngtor` or`ìos ìos [eìmråao Ymlt (∓>)` ξ` u`o sìrlo è toraos rìogs toggo quo 6
∓
|
N b
Xmur tmut N A ` (), gn sìrlo
b 18
↓ Irltår Irltåroo spìiln spìilngg kos sìrlos sìrlos ngtor` ngtor`ìos ìos
n l l , f kì`lt u`o
[eìmråao / Kì Kì`lt `ltlm` lm` 6 Oxp Oxpm` m`o`t o`tlog loggo go ko ant antrlio rlio
` 18
f 1>
∈ N , C ∅ ∅ A ` ` (), NC N º C ∅ , N b N b . Xnr rìiurro`io slapgo, ∈b ∅
prmkult ko Inuiey im`vorjo (ncsmguao`t) ot 6 ` +∐ +∐ +∐ w `` 1 u `` º u b v `` nvoi w `` 1 b v ` ` ∓b ` 18
|
anx ∅ √ . G“nppglintlm` N ↓ Ymlt ` ∅
[eì [eìmr mråao åao 6 Xrm Xrmkul kultt ko Inu Inuiey iey Yl u `` ot v `` im`vorjo`t ncsmguao`t ngmrs gour
` 18
`
[eìm råao ao 6 IT nc ncss 1⇓ IT [eìmrå _`o sìrlo ncsmguao`t im`vorjo`to ost im`vorjo`to. Gn rìilprmquo ost dnusso 6
Xrmpmsltlm` ∅ A ` ` () imaauto`t, Yl N , C ∅
otot ` ↓gla gla ξ` 1 8. ∐ +
Ngmrs ( >)` ξ` im`vorjo ot |S `` | 1 |Y ∓ Y `` | ξ` +> . S `` ost ko pgus ku slj`o ku proalor proalor torao « `ìjgljì ².
oxp( N + C ) 1 oxp( N ) oxp(C ) 1 oxp(C ) oxp( N )
Nppglintlm` è g“ìtuko Nppglintlm` g“ìtuko ko gn im`vorjo`io im`vorjo`io u`ldmrao u`ldmrao ko ioriortnl`os sìrlos ko dm`itlm`s. Yìrlo ngtor`ìo= Im`vorjo`io ncsmguo= mul ` m `
Såjgo ko anfmrntlm` Såjgo kos ìqulvngo`ts
Klvorjo`io jrmsslåro=
`m`
u ` è toraos pmsltlds=
mul
Såjgo ko k“Ngoacort Imapnrnlsm`
/
Såjgo ku potlt m mu M
`m`
=
N``ìo 3838/383>
AN[EÌA [EÌAN[ N[L^_O L^_OYY 3838 ’ 383> AN
9>
Sìsu Sì suaì aì >3 ’ Dna nalg lggo goss sm smaa aanc ncgo goss O`soacgos O`soa cgos kì`ma kì`macrnc crncgos gos
↓ Ins kos dnalgg dnalggos os ko `macro `macross rìogs rìogs mu imapgo imapgoxos xos
Kì`ltlm` 6 O`so Kì`ltlm` O`soacgo acgo kì`m kì`macrnc acrncgo go • _` o`soacgo O ost klt kì`macrncgo s“lg oxlsto u`o clfoitlm` o`tro O ot . • Lg sorn klt nu pgus kì`macrncgo kì`macrncgo s“lg ost `l mu o` clfoitlm` nvoi . Yl O ost kì`macrncgo, m` pout `uaìrmtor sos ìgìao`ts ìgìao`ts 6
Kì`ltlm` Gn dnalggo (u l l )l ∅L ko `macros imapgoxos ost klto smaancgo sl gn dnalggo ko rìogs pmsltlds (|u l |)l ∅L g“ost. [muto imacl`nlsm` gl`ìnlro dnalggos smaancgos ost smaancgo ot pmur u`o dnalggokosmaancgo ( u l l )l ∅L 6
| |
{ | ∅∅ }
O 1 x `` `
u l l
Gos o`soacgos , √ , , 3 , sm`t kì`macrncgos. kì`macrncgos. • Go prmkult inrtìslo` k“u` `macro `l k“o`soacgos k“o`soacgos kì`macrncgos ost kì`macrncgo. kì`macrncgo. • Gn rìu`lm` `lo mu mu kì`macrncgo k“o`soacgos k“o`soacgos kì`macrncgos ost kì`macrncgo. kì`macrncgo. Gos o`soacgos , {8, >} ot `o sm`t pns kì`macrncgos.
Dnal nalggos ggos sma smaanc ancgos gos ko `ma `macr cros os ima imapgo pgoxos xos
∅
↓ Ins Ins kos dnalgg dnalggos os ko rì rìogs ogs pmsltl pmsltlds ds Kì`ltlm` Gn dnalggo ko rìogs pmsltlds ( u l l )l ∅L ost smaancgo sl
| ⊃ ⊃ u ll F
L , F `lo `lo ost anfmrì.
∅
l F
Kn`s io ins, m` pmso 6
u l l 1 sup
∅
l L
⊃
F L l F F `lo
Yl ( u ll )l ∅L `“ost pns smaancgo, m` pmso
[eìmrå mråao ao 6 Yma Ymaant antlm` lm` pnr pnq pnquot uotss (in (inss ima imapgo pgoxo) xo) [eì Ymlo`t ( L ` ` ) u`o pnrtltlm` ko L ot ( u l l )l ∅L u`o dnalggo ko `macros imapgoxos suppmsìo smaancgo. Ngmrs, (l) pmur tmut tmut o`tlor o`tlor ` , ( u l l )l ∅L ` ost smaancgo smaancgo22
| |
(ll) gn sìrlo
u l l
∅
u ll im`vorjo.
∅
∅
ll L `
∐
+
Kn`s io ins,
u ll 1
∅
l L
` 18
u l l .
∅
l L `
im`vorjo.
∅ +∐
l L `
1 l u Ko pgus, l l ∅L ` ` 18
l l l L ` u
.
∅
Imrmggnlr ggnlroo 6 Im` Im`vorjo vorjo`io `io imaa imaautntlv utntlvoo Imrm Yl gn sìrlo u ` im`vorjo ncsmguao`t, pmur tmuto porautntlm` ω ko , u ω(l ) l ∅ ost smaancgo ot 6 +∐ +∐ ` 18
u l l
u ` `
` 18
∅
Nppglintlm` nux sìrlos kmucgos
∐.
u l l 1 +
∅
l L
[eìmr mråao åao 6 Yma Ymaant antlm` lm` pnr pnq pnquot uotss (in (inss pms pmsltl ltldd ) [eì Ymlo`t ( L `` )` ∅ u`o pnrtltlm` ko L ot ( u l l )l ∅L u`o dnalggo ko rìogs pmsltlds. Ngmrs, gn dnalggo (u l l )l ∅L ost smaancgo sl, ot sougoao`t sl, gos koux im`kltlm`s sulvn`tos sm`t vìrlìos 6 (l) pmur tmut o`tlor o`tlor ` , ( u l l )l ∅L `` ost smaancgo2 ` `
l L
u ω(` ) 1
Xrmpms ltlm` m` 6 Glo Glo` ` nv nvoi oi gos sìrl sìrlos os `u `uaìr aìrlqu lquos os Xrmpmsltl Gn dnalggo ko rìogs pmsltlds ( u l l )l ∅ ost smaancgo sl, ot sougoao`t sl, gn sìrlo u `` im`vorjo. +∐ u l 1 u l . Kn`s io ins, l ∅ l 18
(ll) gn sìrlo
∅
l L
`
kìslj`oo u`odnalggoko `macr `macros os imapgox imapgoxos os l`koxì l`koxìoo (u l )l ∅L kìslj` pnr u` o`soacgo kì`macrncgo L .
u l l
[eìmråao [eìmr åao 6 [m`ogg m`oggll klsir klsirot ot Ymlt ( u ` ,p )(` ,p )∅3 u`o dnalggo ko rìogs pmsltlds. Iotto dnalggo ost smaancgo sl, ot sougoao`t sl, gos koux im`kltlm`s sulvn`tos sm`t vìrlìos 6 u ` (l) pmur tmut tmut o`tlor o`tlor ` , ` ,p im`vorjo p ∅ (ll) gn sìrlo
u ` ` ,p im`vorjo
∅
p ∅ ∐ +∐
` +
Yl i“ost go ins,
u ` ` ,p 1
` 18 p 18
∐ +∐
+
u ` ` ,p .
p 18 ` 18
[eìmrå ao 6 Duc Ducl`l l`l kls klsiro irott [eìmråao Yl gn dnalggo ko imapgoxos (u ` ` ,p )(` ,p )∅3 ost sma+∐ +∐ +∐ +∐ u ` u ` ` ,p . ` ,p 1 ancgo, ngmrs
` 18 p 18
p 18 ` 18
M` ro rotrm trmuvo uvo ìjngoa ìjngoao`t o`t go teìmrå teìmråao ao ku prmkul prmkultt ko Inuiey Inuiey..
N``ìo 3838/383>
93
AN[EÌA AN [EÌAN N[L^ [L^_OY _OY 3838 ’ 383>
Sìs ìsua uaìì >9 ’ Yul ulto toss ot sì sìrl rlos os ko dm dm`i `itl tlm` m`ss Yulto Yu ltoss ko dm` dm`itl itlm`s m`s
Aìtemk Aìt emkoo 6 ìtn ìtncgl cglrr gn `m` `m`-im -im`vo `vorjo rjo`io `io u`ldmr u`ldmrao ao
↓ Amkos Amkos ko im`vorjo` im`vorjo`io io
Gs pmsslclgltìs sm`t augtlpgos. M` pout fustlor 6 slapgo pgo (im`kltlm` al`lango ) 2 gn `m`-im`vorjo`io sla go `m`-rospoit kos teìmråaos teìmråaos ko im`tl`ultì ot ko kmucgo glalto.
M` im`slkåro u`o sulto ko dm`itlm`s d ` ` ∅ kì`los sur u` l`torvnggo L ot è vngours kn`s .
Kì`ltlm` 6 Im` Kì`ltlm` Im`vorjo vorjo`io `io slap slapgo go im`vorjoo slapgoao`t slapgoao`t vors M`kltquognsulto d ` ` ∅ im`vorj gn dm`itlm` d sur L sl 6
∈x ∅ ∅ L ,
d ` ( x )
k k“u`o “u`o sulto ( u ` )` ∅ toggo quo 6 | d d ` (u ` ` ) ∓ d ( u ` ` )| ∓∓∓∓↓ 8 ` ↓+∐
↓ Im`vorjo` Im`vorjo`io io u`ldmrao, u`ldmrao, im`tl`ultì im`tl`ultì ot kmucgo kmucgo glalto glalto
∓∓∓∓↓ d ( x ) ` ↓ ∐ +
Ìtncglr gn im`vorjo`io slapgo ko gn sulto d ` ` ∅ rovlo`t è ∅ L . am`tror gn im`vorjo`io ko ( d ` ( x ))` ∅ pmur tmut x ∅
Kì`ltlm` Im`vorjo vorjo`io `io u`ldm u`ldmrao rao Kì`ltlm` 6 Im`
M` klt quo gn sulto d ` ` ∅ im`vorjo u`ldmraìao`t vors gn dm`itlm` d sur L sl d `` ∓ d ost ost cmr`ìo è pnrtlr k“u` iortnl` rn`j sur L ot 6
O`inskoim`vorjo`iou`ldmrao,gnim`tl`ultìsotrn`saot pnr pnssnjo è gn glalto.
[eì [eìmrå mråao ao 6 Im` Im`tl` tl`ult ultìì ko gn gla glalto lto u`l u`ldmr dmrao ao
Ymlt d ` ` ∅ u`o sulto ko dm`itlm`s ko L kn`s ∅ L . im`vorjon`t im`vo rjon`t u`ldmraìao`t u`ldmraìao`t vors d sur L ot ot smlt smlt n ∅ ∅ , d ` ost im`tl`uo o` n , ngmrs d ost Yl, pmur tmut ` ∅ im`tl`uo o` n . Gn im`tl`ultì ìtn`t u`o prmprlìtì gmingo, m` pout so
8,
d ` d
g“oxlsto`io
` ↓ ∐ ∓ ∐ ∓∓∓∓↓ ∓∓∓↓ 8 i“ost i“ost-è-è-klr klroo 6 sup | d d ` ( x ) ∓ d ( x )| ∓∓∓∓↓ ` ↓ ∐ +
+
∅
x L
y d + d d ` d
∓
im`to`tor ko trnvnlggor sougoao`t nu vmlsl`njo ko n . [eìmrå mråao ao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao ko gn kmu kmucgo cgo gla glalto lto [eì
Ymlt d ` ` ∅ u`o sulto ko dm`itlm`s ko L kn`s im`vorjon`t u`ldmraìao`t vors d sur L ot smlt n u` pml`t nkeìro`t è L (mu clo` n 1 ¾∐). Yl, pmur ∅ , d ` nkaot u`o glalto ` o` n , ngmrs ( ` ) tmut ` ∅ nkaot u`o glalto ot d (( x ) ∓↓ . x ↓n Io rìsugtnt jì`ìrnglso go prìiìko`t.
↓ Im`vorjo` Im`vorjo`io io u`ldmrao, u`ldmrao, l`tìjrntlm l`tìjrntlm` ` sur u` sojao`t sojao`t [eìmråao Ymlt ( d ` ) u`o sulto ko dm`itlm`s im`tl`uos sur u` sojx
ao`t Rn , c Q ot è vngours kn`s , im`vorjon`t u`ldmraìao`t sur go sojao`t Rn , c Q. Ngmrs,
Lggust Lggustrn rntlm` tlm` ko gn im`v im`vorj orjo`io o`io u`l u`ldmr dmrao ao
gla ↓ ∐
Yl u`o sulto d ` ` ∅ im`vorjo u`ldmraìao`t vors d sur L , ngmrs oggo im`vorjo slapgoao`t vors d sur L .
Aìtemk Aìt emkoo 6 ìtncgl ìtncglrr gn im`vorj im`vorjo`io o`io u`l u`ldmr dmrao ao
M` imaao`io pnr kìtoral`or gn glalto slapgo d ko ko gn sulto ko dm`itlm`s d ` ` ∅ . Y“mddro`t koux pmsslclgltìs 6 Gn cmr`o supìrlouro sur L ko | d d ` ∓ d | s“mctlo`t pnrdmls pnr slapgo ìtuko ko dm`itlm`. Lg sudt kn`s io ins ko pnssor è gn glalto. Go ingiug oxpglilto ko gn cmr`o sup ost angnlsì, angnlsì, m` anfmro ngmrs o` ieorien`t A `` ∅ + tog quo 6
∈x ∅ ∅ L , | d d ` (x ) ∓ d ( x )| A ``
c
` +
Xrmpms pmsltl ltlm` m` 6 IT_ 1⇓ ITY Xrm
nvoi A `` ∓∓∓∓↓ 8 ` ↓+∐
n
c
d ` ( x ) k x 1 1
n
gla d ( x ) k x ↓ ∐ `
` +
Yl g“l`torvnggo `“ost `“ost pns u` sojao`t, m` oxpgmltorn go teìmråao ko im`vorjo`io kmal`ìo. Xrmpmsltlm ` 6 Im`v Im`vorjo` orjo`io io u`ldm u`ldmrao rao ot prlal prlaltlvo tlvoss Xrmpmsltlm` Ymlt ( d ` ) u`o sulto ko dm`itlm`s im`tl`uos kì`los sur u` l`torvnggo L ot è vngours kn`s , im`vorjon`t u`ldmraìao`t vors d sur sur tmut sojao`t ko L . Ymlt ∅ ot x ∅ ∅ L , x 8 ∅ L . M` kì`lt, pmur ` ∅ x
x
D ` ( x ) 1
x 8
d ` (t ) k t ot D ( x ) 1
x 8
d ( t ) kt
Ngmrs ( D ` ` ) im`vorjo u`ldmraìao`t vors D sur tmut sojao`t ko L .
N``ìo 3838/383>
Dlie ieoo >9 ’ Yu Yult ltos os ot sì sìrlo rloss ko dm dm`i `itl tlm` m`ss Dl
↓ Im`vorjo`i Im`vorjo`ioo u`ldmrao u`ldmrao ot kìrlvntlm` kìrlvntlm`
Gn im`vorjo`io u`ldmrao ko gn sulto kos kìrlvìos s“ìtncgl cglrn rn sur g“l`torv g“l`torvnggo nggo L mu, sl `ìiossn `ìiossnlro lro,, sougoa sougoao`t o`t sur tmut tmut sojao`t l`igus kn`s L . Imrmggnlro Ymlt ( d ` ) u`o sulto ko dm`itlm`s kì`lo sur u` l`torvnggo L ko , è vngours kn`s . M` suppmso quo 6 ∅ , d ` ost ko ignsso p sur L . • Xmur tmut ` ∅ • Xmur tmut b ∅ ∅ 8, p ∓ ∓ > , ( d ` ( b )) im`vorjo slapgoao`t sur L vors u`o dm`itlm` d b b .
p • d ` ( ) im` im`vor vorjo jo u`ldmra u`ldmraìao ìao`t `t sur tmut tmut sojao` sojao`tt ko L vors vors u`o dm`itlm` d pp . Ngmrs ( d ` ) im`vorjo u`ldmraìao`t vors d 1 d 8 sur tmutt sojao` tmu sojao`tt ko L .Gndm`itlm` d ostkopguskoignsso p ∅ 8, p , d (b ) 1 d b . sur L ot pmur tmut b ∅
[eìmråao 6 Im` [eìmråao Im`vorjo vorjo`io `io kmal` kmal`ìo ìo Ymlt ( d ` ) u`o sulto ko dm`itlm`s kì`los sur u` l`torvnggo L ko , è vngours kn`s . M` suppmso quo 6 ∅ , d ` ost im`tl`uo pnr amrionux • Xmur tmut ` ∅ sur L . • Gn sulto sulto ( d ` ) im`vor im`vorjo jo slapgoao`t slapgoao`t sur L vors vors u`o d .. dm`itlm` im`tl`uo pnr amrionux d • Lg oxlsto u`o dm`itlm` ϟ pmsltlvo, im`tl`uo pnr amrionux ot l`tìjrncgo sur L vìrln`t 6
∈` ∅ ∅ , | d d ` | ϟ (eypmteåso ko kmal`ntlm`) Ngmrs, gos dm`itlm`s d ot d ` sm`t l`tìjrncgos sur L ot, gla ↓ ∐
` +
d ` ( x ) k x 1 1
L
M` klt quo gn sìrlo ko dm`itlm`s d ` im`vorjo slapgoao`t (rospoitlvoao`t u`ldmraìao`t) sur L sl gn sulto sulto ko dm`itl dm`itlm`s m`s (Y ` im`vorjo jo slapgoao`t slapgoao`t (ros(ros` )` ∅ im`vor poitlvoao`t u`ldmraìao`t) sur L . O` ins ko im`vorjo`io, m` pmso 6
∐
+
∈ x ∅ ∅ L , Y (x ) 1
`
d b ( x ) 1 gla
↓ ∐
` +
b 18
d b ( x )
b 18
Gn im`vorjo`io u`ldmrao k“u`o sìrlo o`trnà`o sn im`vorjo`io slapgo. Xrmpmsltlm` _`o sìrlo ko dm`itlm`s im`vorjo u`ldmraìao`t sl ot sougoao`t sl oggo im`vorjo slapgoao`t ot sl gn sulto ko sos rostos im`vorjo u`ldmraìao`t vors 8. Lg `“os “ostt pns imaamk imaamkoo ko fustl fustlor or gn im`vor im`vorjo` jo`io io u`ldmra u`ldmraoo k“u`o sìrlo ko dm`itlm`s (è g“oxioptlm` ko ioggos vìrln`t go irltåro spìilng kos sìrlos ngtor`ìos) 6 lg dnut nu prìngncgo am`tror gn im`vorjo`io slapgo pmur o`sulto ìtuklor gn im`vorjo`io u`ldmrao ku rosto vors 8.
Kì`ltlm ltlm` ` 6 Im`v Im`vorjo` orjo`io io `mran `mrango go Kì` d ` im`vorjo `mrM` klt quo sur gn sìrlo ko dm`itlm`s L sl gos cmr`ìos sur angoao`t dm`itlm` dm`itlm`ss d ` sm`t L (è pnrtlr k“u` iortnl` rn`j) ot sl gn sìrlo `uaìrlquo d ` ∐,L im`vorjo.
Xmur fustlor gn im`vorjo`io `mrango, m` ìtncglt smuvo`t gn anfmrntlm` d ` ∐ ξ` nvoi ξ` im`vorjo`to.
↓ Im`vorjo`io kmal`ìo
99
Kì`ltlm` Kì`ltlm ` 6 Im`v Im`vorjo` orjo`io io slap slapgo, go, u`ld u`ldmrao mrao
[eìmråao Ymlt ( d ` ) u`o sulto ko dm`itlm`s kì`los sur u` l`torvnggo L ko , è vngours kn`s . M` suppmso quo 6 ∅ , d ` ost ko ignsso > sur L . • Xmur tmut ` ∅ • ( d ` ) im`vorjo slapgoao`t sur L vors d .. • ( d ` ) im`vorjo u`ldmraìao`t sur (tmut sojao`t ko) L vors vors u`o dm`itlm` j . Ngmrs ( d ) im`vorjo u`ldmraìao`t vors d sur sur (tmut sojao`t` ko) L , d ost ost ko ignsso > sur L ot d 1 j .
[eìmråao Yl gn sìrlo ko dm`itlm`s im`vorjo `mrangoao`t sur L ngmrs oggo im`vorjo u`ldmraìao`t sur L . +∐ +∐ d ` ∐,L . d ` Kn`s io ins, ` 18 ∐,L ` 18 IT `mrango
⇓ 1
IT u` ldmrao
⇓
1
IT slapgo
[muto sìrlo im`vorjon`t u`ldmraìao`t `o im`vorjo pns `ìiossnlroao`t `mrangoao`t. Clo` quo prntlquo, gn im`vorjo`io `mrango `o sorn pns gn rìpm`so è tmut!
↓ Im`tl` Im`tl`ult ultìì ot kmucgo kmucgo glalto glalto
d ( x ) k x
L
[eìmråao Ymlt d ` u`o sìrlo ko dm`itlm`s ko L kn`s im`vor ∅ L . jon`t u`ldmraìao`t vors d sur L ot smlt n ∅ +∐ ∅ , d ` ost im`tl`uo o` n , ngmrs d ` Yl, pmur tmut ` ∅
Yìrlos los ko dm` dm`itl itlm`s m`s Yìr
↓ A Amkos mkos ko im`vorjo` im`vorjo`io io Ymlt ( d ` ) u`o sulto ko dm`itlm`s kì`los sur u` l`torvnggo l`tor vnggo L ot è vngours kn`s . M` nppoggo 6
`
• smaao pnrtloggo nu rn`j ` gn gn dm`itlm` Y `` 1
d b 2
b 18
• sìrlo ko ko torao jì`ìrng d ` gn sulto ko dm`itlm`s (Y `` )` ∅ .
ost im`tl`uo o` n .
` 18
O` prntlquo, gn im`vorjo`io u`ldmrao sur tmut sojao`t l`igus kn`s L nssuro gn im`tl`ultì sur L . Iotto im`kltlm` s“nvåro prntlquo gmrsqu“lg `“y pns im`vorjo`io u`ldmrao (mu aloux, `mrango) sur L .
N``ìo 3838/383>
9;
Dlie Dl ieoo >9 ’ Yu Yult ltos os ot sì sìrlo rloss ko dm dm`i `itl tlm` m`ss
[eìmråao [eìmr åao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao ko gn kmu kmucgo cgo gla glalto lto Ymlo`t d ` u`o sìrlo ko dm`itlm`s ko L kn`s ot n u`pml`tnkeìro`tè L (muclo` (muclo` n 1 1 ¾∐).M`suppmso quo 6 ∅ , d ` nkaot u`o glalto ` o` n . • Xmur tmut ` ∅ • Gn sìrlo d ` im`vorjo u`ldmraìao`t sur L . +∐ Ngmrs gn sìrlo ` im`vorjo, gn smaao d ` nkaot
` 18
∐
∐
+
+
↓n d ` ( x ). ↓n `` 18 d ` ( x ) 1 `` 18 x gla u`o glalto o` n ot ot x gla
↓ Kì Kìrlv rlvntl ntlm` m` ot l`tìjr l`tìjrntl ntlm` m` k“ k“u`o u`o sìrlo sìrlo ko dm`itl dm`itlm`s m`s [eìmråao [eìmr åao 6 Kì Kìrlv rlvntl ntlm` m` tora toraoo è tora toraoo Ymlt d ` u`o sìrlo ko dm`itlm`s kì`los sur u` l`torvnggo L ko , è vngours kn`s . M` suppmso quo 6 ∅ , d ` ost ko ignsso > sur L . • Xmur tmut ` ∅ • d ` im`vorjo slapgoao`t sur L . • d ` im`vorjo u`ldmraìao`t sur tmut sojao`t ko L . +∐ Ngmrs, d ` im`vorjo u`ldmraìao`t sur tmut soj-
` ` 18
∐
` 18
d ` ost ko ignsso
> sur L ot
∐
+
∐
+
1
d `
` 18
d `
` 18
M` jì`ìrnglso ngmrs nux sìrlos ko dm`itlm`s ko ignsso p .
Imrmggnl Imrmg gnlro ro 6 Kìr Kìrlvn lvntlm tlm` ` tor torao ao è tora toraoo Ymlt d ` u`o sìrlo ko dm`itlm`s kì`los sur u` l`torvnggo L ko , è vngours kn`s . M` suppmso quo 6 ∅ , d ` ost ko ignsso p sur L . • Xmur tmut ` ∅ ∅ 8, p ∓ > , d ` (b ) im`vorjo slapgo• Xmur tmut b ∅
∈ ∅ ∅
L ao`t (p )sur . d ` im`vorjo im`vorjo u`ldmraìao u`ldmraìao`t `t sur tmut sojao`t ko L . +∐ Ngmrs, d ` ost ko ignsso p sur L ot,
•
∐
(b )
8, p ,
b
∐
+
d `
1
` 18
(b ) d `
` 18
[eìmråao [eìmr åao 6 L` L`tìj tìjrnt rntlm` lm` tora toraoo è tor torao ao (so (sojao jao`t) `t) Ymlt d ` u`osìrlokodm`itlm`sim`tl`uossuru`sojao`t Rn , c Q ot è vngours kn`s , im`vorjon`t u`ldmr c
aìao`t sur go sojao`t Rn , c Q. Ngmrs
n
im`vorjo ot 6 +
c
` 18
n
∐
c
+
n
` 18
d ` ( x ) k x 1
∐
| |
sur L . • Gn sìrlo d ` im`vorjo slapgoao`t sur L vors u`o dm`itlm` im`tl`uo pnr amrionux. | d d | im`vorjo. • Gn sìr sìrlo lo L ` +∐ Ngmrs, d ` ost l`tìjrncgo sur L ot ` 18
∐
∐
+
` 18
+
d ` ( x ) k x 1
L
L
d ` ( x ) k x
` 18
Ntto`tlm` è `o pns mucglor gn vngour ncsmguo ncsmguo kn`s g“eypmteåso «
d d ` im`vo im`vorjo rjo ².
L
Kì`ltlm` Kì`lt lm` 6 Dm Dm`it `itlm` lm`ss im` im`tl` tl`uos uos pnr amr amrion ionux ux _`odm`itlm` d 6 Rn , c Q ↓ ostkltoim`tl`uopnramrionux ion ux sl pmur pmur u`o iortnl iortnl`o `o sucklv sucklvlslm lslm` ` ( x 8 , . . . , x ` ` ) ko ∅ 8, ` ∓ > , Rn , c Q, pmur tmut l ∅ • d Qx l l ,x l l +> R ost im`tl`uo sur Q x l l , x l l +> R • d Qx l ,x l +> R ost prmgm`joncgo pnr im`tl`ultì o` x l l ot o t
x l l +>
Gn sucklvlslm` ( x 8 , . . . , x ` ` ) ost klto nknptìo è d . Gos dm`itlm`s o` osinglor ot gos dm`itlm`s im`tl`uos sm`t im`tl`uos pnr amrionux.
Xrmpmsltlm` [muto dm`itlm` im`tl`uo pnr amrionux sur u` sojao`t ost cmr`ìo. [eìmr [eìmråao åao 6 Nppr Npprmxl mxlantlm antlm` ` u`ld u`ldmrao mrao (soja (sojao`t) o`t) [muto dm`itlm` im`tl`uo pnr amrionux sur Rn , c Q ost gn glalto u`ldmrao k“u`o sulto ko dm`itlm`s o` osinglor sur Rn , c Q.
` 18
+
[eìmrå ao 6 L`t L`tìjr ìjrntl ntlm` m` tora toraoo è tora toraoo [eìmråao Ymlt ( d ` ) u`o sulto ko dm`itlm`s kì`los sur u` l`torvnggo L ko , è vngours kn`s . M` suppmso quo 6 ∅ , d ` ost im`tl`uo pnr amrionux • Xmur tmut ` ∅
Npprm Npprmxlantlm` xlantlm` u`ldmrao
+
ao`t ko L ,
Gos teìmråaos qu lprìiåko`t sm`t o`imro vngncgos pmur ↓ D nvoi d ` 6 L ↓ nvoi D u`ospnio`mraìkoklao`slm``lo.Gos teìmråaos ko im`tl`ultì ot ko kmucgo glalto sm`t aæao ↓ D nvoi o`imro o`i mro vìrlì vìrlìss pmur pmur d ` 6 N ⊃ O ↓ nvoi N u`o u`o pnrt pnrtlo lo k“ k“u` u` ospnio `mraì O ko klao`slm` `lo.
d ( x ) k x `
d ` ( x ) k x
[eìmrå mråao ao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao ko Zolo olorst rstrns rnsss [eì [muto dm`itlm` im`tl`uo sur u` sojao`t y ost glalto u`ldmrao ko dm`itlm`s pmgy`malngos.
N``ìo 3838/383>
AN[EÌA [EÌAN[ N[L^_O L^_OYY 3838 ’ 383> AN
9?
Sìs ìsua uaìì >; ’ Yì Yìrl rlos os o` o`tl tlår åros os _`o sìrlo o`tlåro ko vnrlncgo rìoggo mu imapgoxo z ost ost u`o ` sìrlo ko gn dmrao n `` z nvoi n `` ∅ . Ym` kmanl`o ko im`vorjo`io go kmanl`o ko kì`ltlm` K ko ko gn dm`itlm` 6 +∐
↓
z
n `` z `
` 18
↓ Mpìrnt Mpìrntlm` lm`ss sur gos sìrlos sìrlos o`tlår o`tlåros os [eì [eìmrå mråao ao 6 Yma Ymaao ao ot prm prmkul kultt ` • (n ` ` + c ` ` )z ost u`o sìrlo o`tlåro ko rnym` ko im`vorjo`io S nvoi nvoi S 1 1 al`(S n n , S c c ) sl S n n 1 S c c mu S S n sl S S . 1 n n n c c
Sny Snym` m` ko im` im`vor vorjo` jo`io io
•
↓ Kì`l Kì`ltlm` tlm` ot prmprlìtìs prmprlìtìs
• Go prmkult ko Inuiey kos koux sìrlos ost ost ko gn
Goaao ao 6 Goa Goaao ao k“ k“Nco Ncogg Goa Ymlt z 8 ∅ . Yl gn sulto ( n `` z 8` ) ` ∅ ost cmr`ìo, ngmrs, pmur tmut `macro imapgoxo z tog quo |z | 7 |z 8 |, gn sìrlo n `` z ` ost ncsmguao`t im`vorjo`to.
Kì`ltlm` M` nppoggo rnym` ko im`vorjo`io ko gn sìrlo o`tlåro ∅ + kì`l pnr 6 n ` z ` g“ìgìao`t S ∅
S 1 1 sup r 8 (n `` r ` )` ∅ ost cmr`ìo
|
Nutroao`t klt, S 1 1 sup r 8
{
|
}
↓ Kì Kìtora toral`n l`ntlm tlm` ` prntlq prntlquo uo ku rnym` rnym` ko im`vor im`vorjo` jo`io io
c `` z ` ko
[eìmråao 6 O`in [eìmråao O`inkroa kroao`t o`t Ymlt z 8 ∅ . • Yl n `` z 8` im`vorjo, ngmrs |z 8 | S • Yl n `` z 8` klvorjo, ngmrs |z 8 | S . • Yl n `` z 8` ost soal-im`vorjo`to, soal-im`vorjo`to, ngmrs |z 8 | 1 S .
[eìmråao råao 6 Ima Imapnrnl pnrnlsm` sm` [eìm • sl |n ` | |c ` | è pnrtlr k“u` iortnl` rn`j, S n S c . • sl |n `` | ∷ |c `` |, S nn 1 S cc . ` ↓+∐ • sl n `` 1 m(c `` ), S nn S cc . ` ↓+∐ M` nppglquorn ìjngoao`t gn råjgo ko k“Ngoacort (pmur u`o sìrlo `uaìrlquo è toraos strlitoao`t pmsltlds). [eìmråao Gos sìrlos n `` z ` ot ` n `` z ` m`t aæao rnym` ko im`vorjo`io.
`
i ` ` z nvoi i ` ` 1 `
b 18
n b sm` ` rn rnym ym` ` b c ` ` ∓b ot sm
ko im`vorjo`io S vìrlo vìrlo S al`(S n , S c ).
Xr Xrmpr mprlìt lìtìs ìs ko gn sma smaao ao (vn (vnrln rlncgo cgo rì rìoggo oggo))
` Ymlo`t kìsmranls gn sìrlo o`tlåro rìoggo n ` 0 8 sm` ` x , S 0 +∐ ` rnym` ko im`vorjo`io ot d 6 x ↓ n ` ` x sn smaao. ` 18
n `` r ` im`vorjo ncsmguao`t
M` im`slkåro koux sìrlos o`tlåros n `` z ` ot rnym`s ko im`vorjo`io rospoitlds S nn ot S cc .
dmrao
d ost kì`lo sur g“l`torvnggo L , mü Q
[eìmråao Ymlt n `` z ` u`o sìrlo o`tlåro ko rnym` ko im`vorjo`io S . • Yl |z | 7 S ngmrs ngmrs n `` z ` im`vorjo ncsmguao`t. • Yl |z | 0 S ngmrs ngmrs n `` z ` klvorjo jrmsslåroao`t. • Yl |z | 1 S ngmrs m` `o pout rlo` klro.
` z ` ost u`o sìrlo o`tlåro ko rnym` ko βn ` 8 mu +∐ sl β 1 8. im`vorjo`io S n n sl β 1
S , S R L
∓
R S , S Q.
⊃ ⊃ ∓
[eìmråao _`o sìrlo o`tlåro im`vorjo `mrangoao`t, km`i u`ldmraìao dmra ìao`t, `t, sur tmut tmut soj sojao` ao`tt l`igus l`igus kn`s kn`s g“l`to g“l`torvng rvnggo go muvort ko ko im`vorjo`io. i m`vorjo`io. Ntto`tlm`, lg `“y n n prlmrl pns pns im`vorjo`io `mrango sur g“l`torvnggo ko im`vorjo`io, sougoao`t sur tmut sojao`t l`igus kn`s g“l`torvnggo muvort ! [eìmråao åao 6 Im`t Im`tl`ul l`ultì tì [eìmr Gn dm`itlm` d ost im`tl`uo sur g“l`torvnggo muvort muvort ko im`vorjo`io. Xmur fustlor gn im`tl`ultì nu cmrk ku kmanl`o, m` s“l`tìro rosso ssorn rn è gn im`vor im`vorjo` jo`io io u`ldmrao u`ldmrao mu `mrango `mrango sur R∓S , S Q.
[eìmrå mråao ao 6 Kìr Kìrlv lvntl ntlm` m` tora toraoo è tora toraoo [eì ` ∓> ost u`o d ost ost ko ignsso ∐ sur Q ∓ S , S R, ` n ` ` x sìrlo o`tlåro ko rnym` ko im`vorjo`io S ot ot 6 +∐ ∈x ∅ ∅Q ∓ S , S R, d (x ) 1 ` n ` ` x ` ∓>
` 1>
[eì [eìmrå mråao ao 6 L`t L`tìjr ìjrntl ntlm` m` tora toraoo è tora toraoo n
` ` M` `mto D u`o prlaltlvo ko d . x ` +> ost u`o ` + + > sìrlo o`tlåro ko rnym` ko im`vorjo`io S ot ot 6 +∐ ` ` ∈ x ∅ ∅Q ∓ S , S R, D (x ) 1 D (8) + ` n + x ` +> + > ` 18
N``ìo 3838/383>
94
Dlieo Dli eo >; ’ Yìrl Yìrlos os o`t o`tlår låros os
Kìvogm Kìv ogmppo ppoao` ao`ts ts o` sìrl sìrloo o`t o`tlår låroo Kì`ltlm` _`o nppglintlm` ost kìvogmppncgo o` sìrlo o`tlåro sur Q ∓ r , r R s“lg oxlsto u`o sìrlo o`tlåro n `` x ` ko rnym` ko im`vorjo`io S nvoi nvoi S r toggo toggo quo 6
∐
+
∈x ∅ ∅Q ∓ r , r R,
d ( x ) 1
n `` x ` .
` 18
[eìmråao Yl d nkaot u` kìvogmppoao`t o` sìrlo o`tlåro sur ost ko igns ignsso so ∐ sur Q ∓ r , r R,sm`kìvoQ ∓ r , r R ngmrs d ost gmppoao`t o` sìrlo o`tlåro ost u`lquo ot ost km``ì +∐ (` ) d (8) ` x . pnr sn sìrlo ko [nygmr 6 ` ! ` 18
Gn rìilprmquo ost dnusso 6 tmuto dm`itlm` ko ignsso ∐ `“ost pns kìvogmppncgo o` sìrlo o`tlåro.
↓ Kìtoral`ntlm` prntlquo • _tlglsntlm` kos kos kìvogmppoao`ts kìvogmppoao`ts usuogs (♯). • Kìrlvntlm` ot l`tìjrntlm` torao è torao. • Dmraugo ko [nygmr [nygmr nvoi rosto l`tìjrng. l`tìjrng. • Kìimapmsltlm` o` ìgìao`ts slapgos k“u`o drnitlm` rntlm``oggo. • _tlglsntlm` k“u`o k“u`o ìquntlm` klddìro`tloggo. klddìro`tloggo.
↓ Kìvogmpp Kìvogmppoao` oao`ts ts o` sìrlo o`tlåro o`tlåro usuogs usuogs
∓ ∓ ∐ z `
+
z
o 1
` 18
` !
∐ x 3` +∐ x 3` +> ie( x ) 1 2 se( x ) 1 (3` )! (3` + + >)! ` 18 ` 18 +∐ +∐ ( >)` x 3` ( >)` x 3` +> +
Q
+ >)! 2 sl`( x ) 1 `` 18 ∓(3` + +∐ (∓>)` +> ` ` ` ( >) x 2 g`(> + x ) 1 x
ims( x ) 1 `` 18 +∐ >
∓ >,> >, >R
1
> + x
(3` )!
` 18
` 1>
∐ ξ(ξ ∓ >) º º º (ξ ∓ ` + + >)
+
Q
∓ >,> >, >R
ξ
(> + x ) 1 > +
` 1>
` !
`
x ` (ξ / )
∅
N``ìo 3838/383>
AN[EÌA [EÌAN[ N[L^_O L^_OYY 3838 ’ 383> AN
9:
Sìsu Sì suaì aì >? ’ Ing ngiu iugg l` l`tì tìjr jrng ng L`tìj L` tìjrn rntlm tlm` ` sur u` soj sojao` ao`tt
• Ien`joao`t ko vnrlncgos ↓ ost im`tl`uo ot ϟ 6 Rn , c Q ↓ F ko ignsso >, Yl d 6 F ↓
↓ Im`strui Im`struitlm` tlm` ot prmprlìtìs prmprlìtìs
ϟ (c )
M` kì`lt g“l`tìjrngo o` npprmien`t sur go sojao`t Rn , c Q tmuto dm`itlm` im`tl`uo pnr amrionux pnr u`o sulto ko ko dm`itlm`s o` osinglor. osinglor. c
Nl`sl, sl d ost im`tl`uo p.a. p.a. sur Rn , c Q, ngmrs
d oxlsto. oxlsto.
n
∅ a a (Rn , c Q2 ) ot β ∅ ) Xrmprlìtìs ko g“l`tìjrngo 6 ( d , j ∅
⇓ ⇓ | |
c
• Gl`ìnrltì 6
c
d +
j
n
n
c
• Sogntlm` ko Iensgos 6
i
d 1
• Xmsltlvlt Xmsltlvltìì 6 d 8 1
c
d +
n c
n
d 8
c
d ( t ) kt 1
ϟ (n )
d ( ϟ (u )) ))ϟ ( u ) k u
n
• Drnitlm`s rntlm``oggos L`tìjrntlm` klroito gmrsqu“oggos gmrsqu“oggos sm`t ku ttypo ypo >
∓ ∓ n )` .
( x
Yl`m`, m` kìimapmso o` ìgìao`ts slapgos. 3 > 3 so prlaltlvo o` x ↓ > nritn` x . x ↓
d (i Rn , c Q)
∅∅
i
(sou (sougo goao ao`t `t pm pmur ur n 7 7 c )
n
n
x + n
c
β d + j 1 β
n
• Drnitlm`s rntlm``oggos rntlm``oggos o` oxp oxp 6 m` pmso u 1 1 o x . • Xrmkult k“u` k“u` pmgy`ûao pnr u`o oxpm`o`tloggo oxpm`o`tloggo M` oddoituo kos l`tìjrntlm`s pnr pnrtlos suiiosslvos fusqu“è ìglal`or go pmgy`ûao. • Xrmkult k“u` pmgy`ûao pmgy`ûao trljm`maìtrlquo pnr u`o oxpm`o`tloggo 6 m` pnsso o` imapgoxo.
n
c
• Irmlssn`io 6 d j 1
c
n c
Gn aìte aìtemk mkoo ko koss ro roit itn` n`jgo jgoss (li (lill « è jnui jnuieo²) eo²) os ostt è im im`` ``nàt nàtro ro..
n
c
d d (lkoa)
d
• L`ìjngltì trln`jugnlro 6
↓ Ingiug npprmieì npprmieì k“l k“l`tìjrn `tìjrngos gos
j (lkoa)
d
n
n
[eìmrå ao 6 Yma Ymaaos aos ko Slo Sloan` an`` ` [eìmråao Ymlt d u`o u`o dm`itlm` im`tl`uo sur Rn , c Q. Ngmrs,
[eìmråao Ymlt d u`o u`o dm`itlm` pmsltlvo ot ot im`tl`uo sur sur Rn , c Q.
∓ ∓
c n `
c
d 1 8
n
⇘⇓ d ost lko`tlquoao`t `uggo sur Rn , c Q.
` >
∓
d n + + l
l 18
∓ ∓ ∓∓∓∓↓ ` ↓ ∐ `
c n
+
∓∓∓∓↓
b d ` ` b 18
↓ Xrlaltlvos [eìmråao ↓ im`tl`uosurg“l`torvnggo L ot ∅ L . Ymlo`t d 6 L ↓ ot n , c ∅
↓
x
x
d ( t ) kt ost ost u`o prlaltlvo ko d sur L .
n
c
Yl D ostu`oprlaltlvoko d ,
d ( t ) kt 1 D (c ) D (n ).
∓
n
n
>
↓ ∐
` +
d ( t ) k t
8
L`t L`tìjrn ìjrngos gos jì`ìr jì`ìrnglsìo nglsìoss L kìslj`o kìsmranls u` l`torvnggo quogim`quo quogim`quo ko .
↓ Kì`ltlm` Kì`ltlm` ∅ mu c 1 +∐. Ymlt d 6 Rn , c R↓ im`tl`uo, nvoi c ∅
x
Yl
[mutos gos prlaltlvos sur u` aæao l`torvnggo sm`t ìjngos è u`o im`stn`to prås.
d ( t ) k t
Xmur n 1 1 8 ot c 1 >, m` trmuvo 6 > ` ∓>
_`o prlaltlvo k“u`o dm`itlm` im`tl`uo d sur sur u` l`torvnggo L ost u`o dm`itlm` D kìrlvncgo sur L toggo quo D 1 d .
c
↓ ↓ c ∓ , m`
d nkaot u`o glalto `lo gmrsquo gmrsquo x
n
kl kltt quog“l` quog“l`tì tìjr jrngoim`v ngoim`vor orjo jo ot m` `mto `mto
c
d gn gn glalto. glalto.
n
↓ Soieor Soieorieo ieo ko prlaltlvo prlaltlvoss Lg oxlsto ko `macrousos dnêm`s ko ingiugor kos prlaltlvos. • Soim``nlssn`io ko dmraos dmraos usuoggos. Ox. 6 d d ξ so «prl « prl-altlvoo ² o` altlv
d ξ +>
sl ξ 1 >, o` g` d sl ξ 1 >.
∓ | | • L`tìjrntlm` pnr pnrtlos Yl d ot j sm`t sm`t ko ignsso > sur Rn , c Q, ξ+>
∓ c
c
d j 1 d j
n
c c
n
n
d j
∓
Kn`s go ins im`trnlro, m` klt quo g“l`tìjrngo laprmpro klvorjo.
Lg y n koux typos k“l`tìjrngos laprmpros 6 g“l`tìjrngo ko dm`itlm`s `m` cmr`ìos sur u` l`torvnggo cmr`ì ( x g` x ↓ sur Q8, >Q) ot ioggo ko dm`itlm`s im`tl`uos sur u` l`torvnggo ∓ x `m` cmr`ì ( x ↓ o sur R8, +∐R). M`poutìto`krognkì`ltlm`prìiìko`tonuins Qn , c Q nvoi ∅ mu n 11 ∓∐. Xmur u` l`torvnggo ko gn dmrao Qn , c R m` n ∅ kìimupo g“l`tìjrngo o` koux.
N``ìo 3838/383>
95
Dlieo Dli eo >? ’ In Ingiu giugg l`t l`tìjr ìjrng ng
↓ Ìt Ìtuko uko ko gn `ntur `nturoo k“u`o k“u`o l`tìjr l`tìjrngo ngo M` pout quogquodmls ingiugor u`o prlaltlvo ot pnssor è gn glalto pmur prmuvor gn im`vorjo`io/klvorjo`io.
∐
+
>
> t ξ
>
kt IT IT ssl ξ 0 > 2
> t ξ
8
∐
Kos o`inkroao`ts sìrlos-l`tìjrngos poraotto`t o` mutro k“mcto`lr kos ìqulvngo`ts ko smaaos ot k“l`tìjrngos. k“l`tìjrngos. [e [eìm ìmrå råao ao 6 Så Såjg jgoo ku po potl tltt m ot ku jr jrn` n`k kM Ymlo`t d , j 66 Rn , c R↓ . M` suppmso j im`tl`uo, pmsltlvo ot k“l`tìjrngo im`vorjo`to sur Rn , c R.
k t IT IT ssl ξ 7 > 2
∐ >
+
o∓ξt kt IT IT ssl ξ 0 8 2
8
• sl d 1∓ M(j ) ngmrs
8
c
Yl d 6 Rn , c R↓ ost im`tl` im`tl`uo uo sur Rn , c R ot c prmgm`j prmgm`jonc oncgo go pnr im`tl`ultì o` c (ntto`tlm`, (ntto`tlm`, c 1
!),
d im`vorjo. im`vorjo.
n
c
c
d 1
˗ ost go prmgm`joao`t im`tl`u ko d d ˗ mü d
n
n
n
c
g` t kt IT. IT.
[eìmråao [eìmr åao 6 Kl Klvor vorjo` jo`io io jrm jrmssl sslåro åro è g“ g“l` l``l `l Ymlt d 6 Rn , +∐R↓ im`tl`uo pnr amrionux. Yl d nk +∐ aot u`o glalto 1 8 o` +∐, d ( t ) kt klvorjo.
c c
• sl d 1∓ m(j ) ngmrs
d im`vorjo im`vorjo (ncsmguao`t)2
c c
n
d im`vorjo im`vorjo (ncsmguao`t).
Nl`sl, j l`tìjrncgo 1⇓ d l`tìjrncgo (id. il-kossmus).
> Nppglintlm` è d (( t ) 1 m ξ nvoi ξ 0 >. t ↓+∐ t
↓ Ingiu Ingiugg l`tìjrng l`tìjrng M` so pgniorn sur u` sojao`t nvn`t k“utlglsor u`o l`tìjrntlm` pnr pnrtlos, qultto è pnssor è gn glalto.
[eìmråao [eìmrå ao 6 Ien Ien`jo `joao` ao`tt ko vn vnrln rlncgo cgo Ymlo`t d 6Qn , c R↓ im`tl`uo ot ϟ 6Qξ, γ R↓Qn , c R u`o clfoitlm` strlitoao`t irmlssn`to ko ignsso > .
n
Im`trnlroao`t nux sìrlos, m` `o pout rlo` klro gmrsquo gn glalto `“oxlsto pns.
γ
c
d ( t ) k t ot
d ( ϟ (u ))))ϟ (u ) k u sm`t sm`t ko aæao
ξ
n
`nturo ot o` ins ko im`vorjo`io, oggos sm`t ìjngos.
↓ L`tìjrngo L`tìjrngoss ko dm`itlm`s dm`itlm`s pmsltlvo pmsltlvoss M` klspmso ko pguslours aìtemkos gmrsquo gn dm`itlm` ost pmsltlvo (mu tmut ku aml`s ko slj`o im`stn`t).
Lkoa pmur ϟ strlitoao`t kìirmlssn`to (nux cmr`os prås).
↓ Im`vorjo` Im`vorjo`io io ncsmguo ncsmguo ot dm`itlm`s dm`itlm`s l`tìjrncgo l`tìjrncgoss
[eì [eìmr mråao åao 6 Så Såjgo jgo ko anf anfmrn mrntlm tlm` ` Ymlo`t d , j 6 L ↓ koux dm`itlm`s im`tl`uos p.a. sur L toggos toggos quo 8 d j . Ngmrs, (l)
M` klt quo
d im`vorjo. im`vorjo.
Kn`s io ins,
d
j klvorjo. klvorjo.
⇓
c
c
d ot
n
n
d d im`vorjo.
[eìmrå mråao ao 6 IT ncs ncsmgu mguoo 1 IT [eì _`o l`tìjrngo ncsmguao`t ⇓ im`vorjo`to im`vorjo.
LL
[eìmr mråao åao 6 Så Såjgo jgo kos ìqu ìqulvn lvngo` go`ts ts [eì Ymlo`t d , j 6 6 Rn , c R↓ kou kouxx dm`itlm` dm`itlm`ss im`tl` im`tl`uos uos p. p.a. a. sur L , ko slj`o im`stn`t nu vmlsl`njo ko c , toggos quo d ( t ) ∷ j ( t ). Ngmrs, t ↓c ∓
j sm`t ko aæao `nturo. `nturo.
∐
+
8
sl`(t ) ost soal-im`vorjo`to. t
Kì`ltlm` ↓ u`o dm`itlm` im`tl`uo p.a. sur L ost Ymlt d 6 L ↓ klto l`tìjrncgo sl
[eìmråao Imapnrnls nrnlsm` m` sìrlos/l`tìjrngos [eìmråao 6 Imap Ymlt d u`o u`o nppglintlm` im`tl`uo pnr amrionux, pmsltlvo ot kìirmlssn`to sur Rn , + R. ∐ ` `` ∓ > d ( t ) k t ∓∓ d (( ` ) Ngmrs gn sìrlo ko torao jì`ìrng im`vorjo. O` pnrtliuglor, +∐ d ( t ) kt sm`t ko aæao `nturo. `nturo. d ( ` ) ot n
d ost ncsmguao`t im`vorjo im`vorjo`to. `to.
L
n
d ost ncsmguao` ncsmguao`tt im`vorjo im`vorjo`to `to
n
L
d klvorjo klvorjo 1 LL
gmrsquo
j
L
| | c
L
L
c
⇓
j im`vorjo im`vorjo 1
(ll)
Kì`ltlm` Ymlt d 6 Rn , c R↓ im`tl`uo p.a. sur Rn , c R.
Gos prmprlìtìs ko gl`ìnrltì, pmsltlvltì, irmlssn`io, rogntlm` ko Iensgosot Iensgosot l`ìjngl l`ìjngltì tì trln`ju trln`jugnlr gnlroo so vìrlo vìrlo`t `t o`i o`imropmur mropmur kos dm`itlm` l`tìjrncgos sur u` l`torvnggo quogim`quo.
[eìmråao G“o`soacgo > (L ) kos dm`itlm`s im`tl`uos ot l`tì-
↓ | |
jrncgos sur L au`l ko º > 6 d voitmrlog `mraì.
d d ost u` ospnio
L
N``ìo 3838/383>
Dlieo eo >? ’ In Ingiu giugg l`t l`tìjr ìjrng ng Dli
Yl d , j 66 Rn , c R↓ sm`t im`tl`uos ot j ost ko pgus pmsltlvo ot l`tìjrncgo sur Rn , c R,
c
• Yl d (( x ) ∷ j ( x ), x ↓c
x
c
↓
x c
j (t ) kt .
x
c
d ( t ) kt 1 m
↓
x c
x
j (t ) kt .
x
c
• Yl d (( x ) 1 M(j ( x )), x ↓c
c
d ( t ) kt 1 M
↓
x c
x
j (t ) k t .
x
Yl j ost ost suppmsìo pmsltlvo ot `m` l`tìjrncgo sur Rn , c R, x x j ( t ) kt . d ( t ) kt ∷ • Yl d (( x ) ∷ j ( x ), x ↓c x ↓c n n
x
• Yl d (( x ) 1 m(j ( x )), x ↓c
↓
x c
x
d ( t ) kt 1 m
n x
• Yl d (( x ) 1 M(j ( x )), x ↓c
j (t ) k t .
n
x
d ( t ) kt 1 M
n
↓
x c
j (t ) kt .
n
L`tìjrn gos è pnrn pnrnaåtr aåtroo L`tìjrngos M` `mto L ot F koux l`torvnggos ko ot m` im`slkåro 6
↓
d ( x , t ) k t nvoi nvoi d 6 L F
j 6 6 x
ÚÚ ↓ ↓
F
j rovlo`t è ìtuklor Ìtuklor go kmanl`o ko kì`ltlm` kol`tìjrngo. ∅ L g“oxlsto`io pmur ienquo x ∅ k“u`o l`tìjrngo .
↓ Im`vorjo`io kmal`ìo [eìmråao råao 6 Im` Im`vorjo vorjo`io `io kmal` kmal`ìo ìo (oxto` (oxto`slm` slm`)) [eìm Ymlt ( d x ) x ∅L u`o dnalggo ko dm`itlm`s kì`los sur F è vngours kn`s . Ymlt ìjngoao`t x 8 u` pml`t nkeìro`t è L (mu clo` x 8 1 ¾∐). M` suppmso quo 6 ∅ L , d xx ost im`tl`uo • Xmur tmut x ∅ im`t l`uo (p.a) sur F . ∅ F , d xx (t ) ∓∓∓↓ • Xmur tmut t ∅ d ( t ) mü d ost ost u`o dm`ix ↓ x 8 tlm` im`tl`uo pnr amrionux sur F . • Lg oxlsto ϟ 6 F ↓ + im`tl`uo (p.a.) ot l`tìjrncgo sur F to toggoquo ggoquo pm pmur ur tm tmus us ( x , t ) ∅ L Ú F , | d d x (t )| ϟ (t ). sm`t l`tìjrncgos sur F ot Ngmrs, gos dm`itlm`s d x ot d sm`t gla ↓
x x 8
d x (t ) kt 1
F
d ( t ) kt
F
↓ Im`tl`ul Im`tl`ultì tì k“u`o k“u`o l`tìjrngo l`tìjrngo è pnrnaåtro pnrnaåtro
[eìmr mråao åao 6 Im Im`tl `tl`ul `ultì tì smu smuss go slj slj`o `o [eì Ú F ↓ ↓ vìrlo 6 Yl u`o dm`itlm` d 6 L Ú ∅ F , x ↓ d ( x , t ) ost im`tl`uo sur L . • Xmur tmut t ∅ • Xmur tmut x ∅ ∅ L , t ↓ d ( x , t ) ost im`tl`uo pnr amrionux) sur F . ↓ + im`tl`uo (pnr amrionux) ot • Lg oxlsto ϟ 6 F ↓ l`tìjrncgo sur F toggo quo 6 ∈(x , t ) ∅ L Ú Ú F , | d d ( x , t )| ϟ (t )
↓
Ngmrs, x
d ( x , t ) kt ost kì`lo ot im`tl`uo sur L .
F
9<
G“eypmteåso ko kmal`ntlm` pout slapgoao`t ætro vìrlìo sur tmut sojao`t B l`igus kn`s L , i“ost-è-klro 6
c
d ( t ) kt
• Yl d (( x ) 1 m(j ( x )), x ↓c
∷
∈(x , t ) ∅ B Ú Ú F , | d d ( x , t )| ϟB (t ) Gn im`tl`ultì ko j sur tmut sojao`t ko ko L nssuro ngmrs sn im`tl`ultì sur L . Yl F 1 Rn , c Q ost u` sojao`t ot sl d ost ost im`tl`uo sur Ú Rn , c Q, gn kmal`ntlm` sur tmut sojao`t sorn nutmantlL Ú quoao`t vìrlìo (è fustlor).
↓ Kìrlvnclgl Kìrlvnclgltì tì k“u`o k“u`o l`tìjrngo l`tìjrngo è pnrnaåtro pnrnaåtro [eìmråao [eìmrå ao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao ko Gol Golc`l c`lzz Ú F ↓ ↓ vìrlo 6 Yl u`o dm`itlm` d 6 L Ú ∅ F , x ↓ d ( x , t ) ost ko ignsso > sur L . • Xmur tmut t ∅ • Xmur tmut x ∅ L , t ↓ d ( x , t ) ost im`tl`uo (p.a.), l`tìjrncgo ot t ↓
∃ d ( x , t ) im`tl`uo (p.a.) sur F . ∃ x x
↓ + im`tl`uo (p.a.) ot l`tìjrncgo • Lg oxlsto ϟ 6 F ↓ sur F toggo quo 6
∃ d d ( x , t ) ϟ ( t ) ∃ x x
∈(x , t ) ∅ L Ú Ú F ,
> ( ) F F d x , t k t ost ko ignsso sur L ot Ngmrs, j 6 6 x ∃ d d x L , j ( x ) 1 ( x , t ) k t ∃ x x F
↓ ∈ ∅ ∅
M` pout gè o`imro so im`to`tor k“u`o kmal`ntlm` sur tmut sojao`t l`igus kn`s L . G“eypmteåso ko kmal`ntlm` ost nutmantlquoao`t vìrlìo gmrsquo F ost u` sojao`t.
Oxto`slm` nux dm`itlm`s ko ignsso b 6 m` mpåro o` pguslours dmls sur d , d , ...mu clo` m` rnlsm``o pnr rìiurro`io. M` pout ìjngoao`t nppglquor klroitoao`t 6 [eìmråao [eìmrå ao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao ko Gol Golc`l c`lzz ’ vor vorslm slm` ` ` Ú F ↓ ↓ vìrlo 6 Yl u`o dm`itlm` d 6 L Ú • Xmur tmut t F , x d ( x , t ) ost ko ignsso ` sur L .
↓ ∈ ∅ Ú Ú ↓
∃ b d
∅
∅ L , t ↓ ∃ x x b ( x , t ) ost • Xmur tmus b ∅ 8, ` ot x ∅ im`tl`uo (p.a) ot t ↓ d ( x , t ) ost l`tìjrncgo sur F . ∅ >, ` , Lg oxlsto ϟb 6 F ↓ ↓ + im`tl`uo • Xmur tmut b ∅ (pnr amrionux) ot l`tìjrncgo sur F toggo quo 6 ( x , t )
L F ,
∃ b d ( x , t ) ϟb (t ) ∃ x x b
d ( x , t ) kt ost ko ignsso
Ngmrs, j 6 6 x
F
∈x ∅ ∅ L , j ` (x ) 1 ( )
` sur L ot
∃ ` d ( x , t ) kt ∃ x x ` F
Ios eypmteåsos sm`t è snvmlr rotrmuvor.
N``ìo 3838/383>
;8
AN[EÌA AN [EÌAN N[L^ [L^_OY _OY 3838 ’ 383>
Sìsua Sì suaìì >4 ’ Ìq Ìqunt untlm` lm`ss kld klddìr dìro`t o`tlog loggos gos gl` gl`ìnl ìnlro ross Ìqunt Ìqu ntlm` lm`ss gl` gl`ìnl ìnlro ross sin singnl gnlro ross k“ k“mr mrkr kros os > ot 3
↓ Ìquntlm Ìquntlm`s `s klddìro`tl klddìro`tloggos oggos gl`ìnlro gl`ìnlross k“mrkro k“mrkro 3
↓ Ìquntlm Ìquntlm`s `s klddìro`t klddìro`tloggo loggoss gl`ìnlro gl`ìnlross k“mrkro k“mrkro >
M` im`slkåro g“ìquntlm` klddìro`tloggo gl`ìnlro k“mrkro > sulvn`to ot m` `mto (E ) g“ìquntlm` emamjå`o nssmilìo 6 n (t ) y + c ( t ) y + i (t ) y 1 k ( t ) (O )
M` im`slkåro g“ìquntlm` klddìro`tloggo gl`ìnlro k“mrkro > ot g“ìquntlm` emamjå`o nssmilìo 6 y 1 n (t ) y + + c (t ) (O ) y 1 n ( t ) y (E )
[eìmråao ↓ im`tl`uos sur g“l`torvnggo L L . M` suppmso n , c 6 6 L ↓ Ymlt N u`o u`o prlaltlvo ko n sur sur L . • G“ìquntlm` emamjå`o y 1 n (t ) y nkaot pmur smgutlm` jì`ìrngo t ↓ βo N (t ) mü β ∅ . • G“ìquntlm` y 1 n (t ) y + c (t ) nkaot pmur smgutlm` jì`ìrngo t ↓ y pp (t ) + βo N (t ) mü y pp ost u`o smgutlm` pnrtliuglåro ko g“ìquntlm` imapgåto. M` pout aæao ìirlro 6
t
N ( t )
y (t ) 1 βo
N (t )
+o
c ( x )o∓ N ( x ) k x (β
t 8
∅ )
M` im`slk im`slkåro åro anl`to`n`t anl`to `n`temamjå`o g“ìquntlm` g“ìquntlm` klddìro`tl klddì ro`tloggo oggo gl`ìnlro gl`ìnlr o k“mrkro > ot sm` ìquntlm` nssmilìo, mü gos dm`i ↓ sm`t im`tl`uos sur g“l`torvnggo L 6 tlm`s n , c , i 6 6 L ↓ n (t ) y + c (t ) y 1 i (t ) ot n (t ) y + c ( t ) y 1 8
[eìmr åao 6 Xrm Xrmcgå cgåao ao ko In Inuie uiey y [eìmråao Yl n `o s“n``ugo pns sur g“l`torvnggo L , go prmcgåao ko Inuiey
n ( t ) y + c ( t ) y 1 i ( t )
y ( t 8 ) 1 y 8
nkaot u`o u`lquo smgutlm` sur L .
Imrmg gnlro ro 6 Yt Ytruit ruitur uroo ko g“ g“o`s o`soac oacgo go kos smg smgutl utlm`s m`s Imrmggnl ↓ `o s“n``ugo pns sur g“l`torvnggo L , Gmrsquo n 6 6 L ↓ • g“o`soacgo EE kos smgutlm`s ko (E ) ost u`o krmlto voitmrloggo2 • g“o`soacgo O O kos smgutlm`s ko (O ) ost u`o krmlto nd`o ko klroitlm` EE . Xg Xgn` n` ko rìsmg rìsmgutlm utlm` ` 6
• Lko`tlintlm` ko g“ìquntlm`. • Also smus dmrao rìsmguo o` klvlsn`t pnr n (t ) sur gos l`torvnggos mü n `o s“n``ugo pns. • Sìsmgutlm` ko g“ìquntlm` g“ìquntlm` emamjå`o y 1 d (( t ) y . D (t ) y (t ) 1 βo mü D ost u`o prlaltlvo ko d sur L ot β ∅ . • Sìsmgutlm` ko g“ìquntlm` nvoi soim`k aoacro aoacro.. M` roieorieo u`o smgutlm` pnrtliuglåro y 8 ko ( O ). Y“lg `“y n pns ko smgutlm` ìvlko`to, m` utlglso gn aìtemko ko vnrlntlm` ko gn im`stn`to o` pmsn`t y (t ) 1 β(t )oD (t ) . Gn smgutlm` jì`ìrngo ost y (t ) 1 βoD (t ) + y pp (t ). • Soimg Soimggoa goao`t o`t ìvo`tu ìvo`tuog og kos smgutlm` smgutlm`ss (smuvo (smuvo`t `t vln u` KG). KG). • _tlglsntlm` kos im`kltlm`s l`ltlngos.
M` suppmso n , c , i , k 6 6 L
im`tl`uos sur g“l`torvnggo L .
↓ko Inu [eìmrå ao 6 Xrm Xrmcgå cgåao ao Inuiey iey [eìmråao Yl n `o `o s“n``ugo pns sur g“l`torvnggo L , go prmcgåao ko Inuiey
n ( t ) y + c (t ) y + i ( t ) y 1 k ( t )
y ( t 8 ) 1 y 8 2 y ( t 8 ) 1 y 8
nkaot u`o u`lquo smgutlm` sur L .
[eìmrå mråao ao 6 Ytr Ytruit uituro uro ko g“ g“o`s o`soac oacgo go kos smg smgutl utlm` m`ss [eì ↓ `o s“n``ugo pns sur g“l`torvnggo L , Gmrsquo n 6 6 L ↓ • g“o`soacgo EE kos smgutlm`s ko (E ) ost u` pgn` voitmrlog2
O O kos smgutlm`s ko ( O ) ost u` pgn` • g“o`soacgo nd`o ko klroitlm` E E . Xrmpmsltlm sltlm` ` 6 Xrl`i Xrl`ilpo lpo ko supor suporpmsl pmsltlm` tlm` Xrmpm ostsmgutlm` ` ko g“ì g“ìqun quntlm tlm` ` n y + c y + i y 1 k > (t ) Yl y > ostsmgutlm ot y 3 kog“ìquntlm` n y + c y + i y 1 k 3 (t ) ngmrs y > + y 3 ost smgutlm` ko n y + c y + i y 1 k > (t ) + k 3 (t ). Sìsmgutlm` Sìsm gutlm` ko (E ) gmrsqu gmrsquoo gos imod imodilo ilo`ts `ts sm`t sm`t im`stn im`stn`ts `ts 6 6 3 M` rìsmut g“ìquntlm` inrnitìrlstlquo n U + c U + i 1 8 ko
klsirlal`n`t nssmilì ∄. • Yl ∄ 0 8, koux rnil`os rìoggos klstl`itos r > ot r 3 . y ( t ) 1 β> or > t + β3 or 3 t nvoi β> , β3 ∅ . • Yl ∄ 1 8, u`o rnil`o rìoggo kmucgo r . y ( t ) 1 (β> + β3 t )or t nvoi β> , β3 . ∅ im`fujuìos ξ ¾ l γ . • Yl ∄ 7 8, koux rnil`os imapgoxos y ( t ) 1 (β> ims(γ t ) + β3 sl`(γ t ))oξt nvoi β> , β3 ∅ . M` pout kìtoral`or u`o smgutlm` pnrtliuglåro ko (O ) gmrsquo go soim`k aoacro k (t ) ost ko gn dmrao 6 • k (t ) 1 X (t )oa t nvoi X ∅ R U Q, m` ieorieo y 8 smus gn dmrao y 8 (t ) 1 ^ (t )oa t nvoi ^ ∅ R U Q ot koj (^ ) 1 ìtn`t g“mrkro ko augtlpgliltì ko a o` o` tn`t koj(X ) + b , b ìtn`t quo rnil`o ko g“ìquntlm` inrnitìrlstlquo. • k (t ) 1 ims(όt ), m` pnsso o` imapgoxo. M` pmurrn utlglsor go prl`ilpo ko suporpmsltlm`. Sìsmg Sìsmgutl utlm` m` gmr gmrsqu squoo gos imod imodilo ilo`ts `ts `o sm`t sm`t pns im` im`stn stn`ts `ts 6 6
(m` so gnlsso julkor pnr g“ì`m`iì) • Soieorieo ko ssmgutlm`s mgutlm`s pmgy`malngos (m` imaao`io pnr g“ìtuko ku kojrì). • Soieorieo ko smgutlm`s kìvogmppncgos o` sìrlo o`tlåro. • Soieorieo k“u`o k“u`o smgutlm` smus gn dmrao y (t ) 1 z (t ) y 8 (t ) mü y 8 ost u`o smgutlm` kìfè im``uo (aìtemko klto ko Gnjrn`jo). • Ien`joao`t ko vnrlncgos mu k“l`im``uos.
N``ìo 3838/383>
Dlieoo >4 ’ Ìqu Ìquntlm` ntlm`ss klddì klddìro`tl ro`tloggos oggos gl`ìn gl`ìnlros lros Dlie
;>
Yyståaos Yys tåaos klddìr klddìro`tlo o`tlogs gs gl`ìn gl`ìnlros lros
↓ Aìtem Aìtemko ko ko vnrlnt vnrlntlm` lm` kos im`stn im`stn`to `toss
↓ Yyståaos Yyståaos klddìro`tl klddìro`tlogs ogs è imodilo` imodilo`ts ts im`tl`us im`tl`us
Lg s“njlt ko trmuvor gos smgutlm`s ko U 1 N (t ) U + C (t ) im``nlssn`tu`ocnso ( U > , . . . , U ` ) ko g“ìquntlm` g“ìquntlm` emamjå`o emamjå`o U 1 N (t ) U . Gn dnalggo ( U > , . . . , U ` ` ) ost ngmrs qunglìo ko syståao dm`knao`tng kos smgutlm`s.
Ymlt go syståao gl`ìnlro è imodilo`ts im`tl`us sulvn`t 6
x > (t ) 1 n >> >> ( t ) x > (t ) +
º º º + n >` t x `` (t ) + c >(t ) x 3 (t ) 1 n 3> 3> ( t ) x > (t ) + º º º + n 3` (t ) x ` ` ( t ) + c 3 ( t ) .. .
( )
...
x ` (t ) 1 n `` > (t ) x > (t ) + º º º + n ``` ` ( t ) x ` ` (t ) + c ` ` ( t )
Lg so rììirlt smus gn dmrao U (t ) 1 N (t ) U (t ) + C (t ) nvoi 6
∅ (L , ` ) ∅∅ >(L , ` ) 2 N ∅ (L , A `` ()) 2 C ∅
U
x 1 n (t )( x ) + c (t ) nvoi n
∅ ∅ (L , (O )) ot c ∅∅ (L , O )
[eìmråao råao 6 Inui Inuiey-G ey-Glpsi lpsieltz eltz gl`ì gl`ìnlro nlro [eìm Ymlo`t L u` l`torvnggo ko , t 8 ∅ L ot U 8 ∅ A ` ,> (). ↓ A `` () ot C 6 L ↓ ↓ A `` ,>() sm`t im`tl`uos Yl N 6 6 L ↓ sur L , go prmcgåao ko Inuiey U 1 N (t ) U + C (t ) U (t 8 ) 1 U 8
[eìmr mråao åao 6 Yt Ytruit ruitur uroo ko g“ g“o`s o`soac oacgo go kos smg smgutl utlm`s m`s [eì ↓ A `` () ot C 66 L ↓ ↓ ` sm`t im`tl`uos Gmrsquo N 6 6 L ↓ sur g“l`torvnggo L , • g“o`soacgo EE kos smgutlm`s ko U 1 N (t ) U ost u` s.o.v. ko > (L , ` ) ko klao`slm` ` 2 • g“o`soacgo kos smgutlm`s ko U 1 N (t ) U + C (t ) ost u` smus-ospnio nd`o ko > (L , ` ) ko klroitlm` EE .
↓ Ìquntlm` Ìquntlm`ss klddìro`t klddìro`tloggo loggoss gl`ìnlro gl`ìnlross singnlros singnlros
.. .
y (` ∓>)
º º º+n `` ∓>(t ) y ` ∓> ⇘⇓ \ 1 N (t )\ (
)
8
> 8 ººº 8 . . . . . . .. . . . 8 . . ot N 1 1 . ... ... ... 8 . . 8 ººº 8 8 > n 8 n > º ºººº º ºººº n ` ∓>
• G“o`soacgo kos smgutlm`s ko g“ìquntlm` \ 1 N\ sur u` l`torvnggo ost km`i u` o.v. o.v. ko klao`slm` ` . • Go prmcgåao prmcgåao ko ko Inuiey Inuiey
y
(` )
∓>) ` ` ∓> (t ) y
1 n (t ) y + n (t ) y + º º º + n 8
y > (t ) y 3 ( t ) 1 y > (t ) y 3 (t ) y 3 (t ) y > (t ) y > ( t ) y 3 (t )
∓
Ymlo`t y > ot y 3 koux smgutlm`s ko g“ìquntlm` n (t ) y + `o s“n``ugn`t pnr sur L . c (t ) y + i (t ) y 1 8, nvoi n `o Gos nssortlm`s sulvn`tos sm`t ìqulvngo`tos 6 (l) ( y > , y 3 ) ost u` syståao dm`knao`tng ko smgutlm`s
∅ L , Z ((t ) 1 8 (lll 8 (ll) ∈t ∅ lll) ∉t 8 ∅ L , Z (( t 8 ) 1
>
(`
y (t 8 ) 1 y 8 , y (t 8 ) 1 y > , . . . , y (` ∓>) ( t 8 ) 1 y `` ∓>
nkaot u`o ot u`o sougo smgutlm`.
[eìmråao ∅ A ` ` (). G“ìquntlm` emamjå`o U 1 N NU U nkYmlt N ∅ aot pmur smgutlm` jì`ìrngo U 6 t ↓ ot N I mü I ∅ ∅ ` . [eìmråao 6 Ins klnjm [eìmråao klnjm`ngl `nglsncgo sncgo Ymlt N ∅ A ` ` () u`o antrlio klnjm`nglsncgo. Lg oxlsto ngmrs u`o cnso ( U > , . . . , U ` ` ) ko voitours prmpros nssmilìs nux vngours prmpros β> , . . . , β` , ìvo`tuoggoao`t augtlpgos. Gos smgutlm`s ko g“ìquntlm` U 1 NU sm`t ko gn dmrao 6 U (t ) 1 I > oβ> t U > +
M` pout trn`sdmraor trn`sdmraor u`o ìquntlm` gl`ìnlro singnlro singnlro k“mrkro ` o` o` u` syståao klddìro`tlog gl`ìnlro k“mrkro >.
nvoi \ 1
↓
Gmrsquo go syståao klddìro`tlog gl`ìnlro ost è imodilo`ts im`stn`ts, m` snlt go rìsmukro oxpgliltoao`t.
nkaot u`o ot u`o sougo smgutlm`.
y y
Kì` Kì`ltlm ltlm` ` 6 Zr Zrm`sb m`sblo` lo` M` nppoggo wrm`sblo` ko koux smgutlm`s y > ot y 3 ko n (t ) y + c ( t ) y + i (t ) y 1 8, g“nppglintlm` 6
↓ Sìsmg Sìsmgutl utlm` m` kos syståa syståaos os è imodi imodilo` lo`ts ts im`stn im`stn`ts `ts
⇘ ⇘⇓ ⇓ β >(t ) U >(t )+ º º º + β` (t ) U ` (t ) 1 C (t )
↓ Zrm`sb Zrm`sblo` lo` k“u`o k“u`o ìquntlm` ìquntlm` gl`ìnlro gl`ìnlro k“mrkro k“mrkro 3
Z 6 t
Ko an`låro ìqulvngo`to,
y (` ) 1 n 8 ( t ) y +n > (t ) y +
U 1 N ( t ) U + + C (t )
º º º + I ` ` oβ t U ` ` nvoi I >, . . . , I ` ` ∅ `
Gmrsquo go syståao ost è imodilo`ts rìogs ot quo g“m` klnjm`nglso N kn`s kn`s , lg sudt k“oxtrnlro gos pnrtlos rìoggos ot lanjl`nlros ko oβt U pmur trmuvor gos smgutlm`s. M` rotrmuvo go rìsugtnt ku teìmråao o` ìirlvn`t 6 U 1 NU
⇘⇓ U 1 X K X ∓> U ⇘⇓ X ∓> U 1 K X ∓> U ⇘⇓ \ 1 K \ nvoi \ 1 X ∓> U
Go ingiug ko X ∓> ost l`utlgo. Iotto aìtemko dm`itlm``o ìjngoao`t gmrsquo N ost ost sougoao`t trljm`nglsncgo mu clo` gmrsquo go syståao imapmrto u` soim`k aoacro. aoacro.
N``ìo 3838/383>
;3
AN[EÌA AN [EÌAN N[L^ [L^_OY _OY 3838 ’ 383>
Sìsu Sì suaì aì >: ’ Ing ngiu iugg kld klddì dìro ro`t `tlog log Nppglintlm`s ko ignsso >
↓ D mü O ot D kìslj`o`t koux o.v.`. sur Ymlt d 6 ⊃ O ↓ ko klao`slm`s rospoitlvos p ot ot ` ot ot u` u` muvort ko O .
Xrmpmsltlm` Yl d ost ost klddìro`tlncgo o` n ngmrs ngmrs d ost ost kìrlvncgo o` n ∅ O ot sogm` u pmur pmur tmut tmut voi voitou tourr u ∅ ot K u u ( d )( n ) 1 k d n ( u ). M` au`lt kìsmranls O k“u`o cnso (o > , . . . , o p p ).
↓ Klddìro`tloggo Kì`ltlm Kì`l tlm` ` 6 Kl Klddìr ddìro`t o`tlog loggo go o` u` pml pml`t `t ∅ s“lg G“nppglintlm` d ost klto klddìro`tlncgo klddìro`tlncgo o` n ∅ s“lg oxlsto ϟ ∅ (O , D ) tog quo 6
Kì`ltlm` Kì`ltlm ` 6 Kìrlv Kìrlvìos ìos pnrtlo pnrtloggos ggos ∅ >, p , m` nppo Xmur f ∅ nppoggokìrl ggokìrlvì vìoo pnrtl pnrtlog oggo go o` n k“l` k“l`klio f gn kìrlvìo ko d o` n sulvn`t sulvn`t o f f , i“ost-è-klro 6
d ( n + + e ) 1 d ( n ) + ϟ (e ) + m(e )
d ( n + + t o f ∃ d d f ) ∓ d ( n ) (n ) 1 gla t ↓8 ∃ x x f f t
e 8
↓
G“nppglintlm` ost ngmrs u`lquo, m` g“nppoggo klddìro`tloggo ko ko d nu nu pml`t n . M` gn `mto k d n mu k d ( n ).
↓ D ot (e ) ∓∓∓↓ 8D . @mtntlm` 6 m(e ) 1 e (e ) mü 6 O ↓ e ↓8O
Yl d ost ost klddìro`tlncgo o` n , ngmrs gos kìrlvìos pnrtloggos oxlsto`t ot 6
∈ f ∅ ∅
d ( n + + e ) 1 d ( n ) + k d n (e ) + m(e ) e 8
↓
Xrmpmsltlm` Yl d ost klddìro`tlncgo klddìro`tlncgo o` n , d ost ost im`tl`uo o` n .
>, p ,
∃ d d (n ) 1 k d n (o f f ) ∃ x x f f
k d n (e ) 1 k d n
e f f o f f 1
k(β d + ¿j )n 1 βk d n + ¿kj nn • Yl d ost klddìro`tlncgo klddìro`tlncgo o` n ot ot j o` d (( n ), ngmrs j ◤◤ d ost klddìro`tlncgo o` n ot ot 6
◤ d )n 1 kj d (n ) ◤ k d n k(j ◤ Kì`ltlm` Klddìro` ìro`tlogg tloggo, o, nppg nppglintl lintlm` m` ko ignss ignssoo > Kì`ltlm` 6 Kldd • d ost ost klto klddìro`tlncgo sur sl d ost ost klddìro`tlncgo o` tmut pml`t ko . M` nppoggo ngmrs klddìro`tloggo ko d g“nppglintlm` g“nppglintlm` 6 k d 6
O n
(O , D ) d ( k n ) 1 k d n
⊃ ∓↓
↓ D ost • G“nppglintlm` d 6 ⊃ O ↓ ost klto ko ignsso > sur sl d ost klddìro`tlnc klddìro`tlncgo go sur ot ot sl sn klddìr klddìro`o`tloggo k d ost ost im`tl`uo sur . Yl d ost ost ko ignsso > sur , m` klrn nussl quo d ost ost im`tl`òao`t klddìro`tlncgo sur .
↓ Kì Kìrlv rlvìo ìo sogm` sogm` u` voitou voitourr ot kìrlv kìrlvìos ìos pnrtlo pnrtloggo ggoss Kì`l `ltlm tlm` ` 6 Kì Kìrlv rlvìo ìo sog sogm` m` u` voi voitou tourr Kì ∅ O . G“nppglintlm` d ost Ymlt u ∅ ost klto kìrlvncgo o` n + t u ) ost sogm` go voitour u sl gn dm`itlm` t ↓ d ( n + kìrlvncgo o` 8. M` pmso kn`s io ins 6 K uu ( d )( n ) 1 gla t 8
↓
∓
d ( n + + t u ) d ( n ) t
^un`k u`o dm`itlm` ost klddìro`tlncgo, oggo ost kìrlvncgo kn`s tmutos gos klroitlm`s.
e f f k d n (o f f ) 1
e f f
f f 1>
f f 1>
f f 1>
• Yl d ot j sm`t klddìro`tlncgos o` o` n , βj + + ¿j nussl nussl ot 6
p
p
p
e f f , O` `mtn`t k x f f gos nppglintlm`s e ↓
∃ d d
(n ).
x f ∃ x
p
∃ d d ∃ d d ∃ d d (n )k x f (n )k x p (n )k x > + º º º + k d n 1 f p 1 ∃ x x f f ∃ x x p ∃ x x > p f 1>
[eìmråao Inrnitìrls itìrlsntlm` ntlm` [eìmråao 6 Inrn ↓ D . d ost sl ot Ymlt d 6 ⊃ O ↓ ost ko ignsso > sur sl sougoao`t sl gos kìrlvìos pnrtloggos ko d oxlsto`t oxlsto`t ot sm`t im`tl`uos o` tmut pml`t ko .
∅ , ngmrs 6 Yl d ost ost ko ignsso > sur ot n ∅ p
d ( n + + e ) e 1 ↓8 d ( n ) +
f 1>
∃ d d e f f ∃ x x (n ) + m(e ) f f
Xmur ingiugor gn klddìro`tloggo o` u` pml`t, m` pout rovo`lr è gn kì`ltlm` mu clo` ingiugor gos kìrlvìos pnrtloggos.
↓ Fnimclo``o M` au`lt kìsmranls D k“u`o cnso ( o > , . . . , o ` ). M` nppoggo fnimclo``o ko d nu nu pml`t x 1 ( x > , . . . , x p p ) gn antrlio roprìso`tntlvo ko k d x kn`s gos cnsos (o f f )> f p ot (o l )>l ` 6
F d d ( x ) 1
∃ d d l ( x ) ∃ x x f f
>l ` > f p
∃ d d > ∃ d d > ( x ) . . . ( x ) ∃ x x > ∃ x x p p
.. .
1
∃ d d ` ∃ d d ` x ( ) ( x ) . . . ∃ x ∃ x x > x p p
∅ , Yl d ost ost ko ignsso > sur , pmur tmut x ∅ F j j ◤ d ( x ) 1 F j j ( d ( x )) F d inr d ( x ) in
Ú
...
k(j ◤◤ d ) x 1 kj d d ( x ) ◤ k d x
N``ìo 3838/383>
Dlieo ieo >: ’ Ing Ingiu iugg kld klddìr dìro`t o`tlog log Dl
Ymlo`t u` u` muvort ko 3 ot L u` l`torvnggo ko . M` >
im`slkåro gos koux nppglintlm`s ko ignsso 6 ϟ 6 L ∓↓
ot d 6 ∓↓ ∓↓ (x (t ), y (t )) ( x , y ) ∓↓ d ( x , y ) G“nppglintlm` t ↓ d ( x (t ), y ( t )) ost ko ignsso > sur L ot ∅ L , pmur tmut t ∅ t
( d ϟ ) (t ) 1 x (t )
◤
∃ d d ∃ d d ( x (t ), y (t )) ( x (t ), y (t )) + y (t ) ∃ y y ∃ x x 3
3
↓ , ϟ 6 ↓ ot
M` im`slkåro gignsso os nppglintlm`s 6 6 3 ot υ 6 3 ↓ ko gos > sur d D 6 3 ( x , y )
∓↓ ∓↓ d (ϟ (x , y ), υ(x , y )) Ngmrs D ost ko ignsso > sur 3 ot pmur tmut ( x , y ) ∅ 3 , ∃ d d ∃ ϟ ∃ D ( ϟ ( x , y ), υ( x , y )) ( x , y ) º ( x , y ) 1 ∃ x x ∃ x x ∃ x x ∃ d d ∃υ ( ϟ ( x , y ), υ( x , y )) ( x , y ) º + ∃ y y ∃ x x ∃ d d ∃ϟ ∃ D ( ϟ ( x , y ), υ( x , y )) ( x , y ) º ( x , y ) 1 ∃ x x ∃ y y ∃ y y ∃ d d ∃υ ( ϟ ( x , y ), υ( x , y )) ( x , y ) º + ∃ y y ∃ y y
↓ Jrnkl Jrnklo`t o`t nssmil nssmilìì è u`o dm`itl dm`itlm` m` `uaìrl `uaìrlquo quo dm`itlm` `uaìrlquo,, quo g“m` Ymlt d 6 ⊃ O ↓ u`o dm`itlm` `uaìrlquo
suppmso klddìro`tlncgo o` n . M` pout ngmrs kì`lr go jrnklo`t ko d nu nu pml`t n pnr pnr sos immrkm``ìos 6
∊ d ( n ) 1
∃ d d (n ) ∃ x x >
.. .
∃ d d (n ) ∃ x x ``
M` pout nussl nvmlr n vmlr roimurs nu teìmråao ko Slosz.
[eìmråao 6 Sop [eìmråao Soprìso rìso`tntl `tntlm` m` kos dmraos gl`ì gl`ìnlro nlross Ymlt ( O , ⌬º, º⌦) u` ospnio ouiglklo`. Xmur tmut dmrao
∅ O tog gl`ìnlro ϟ , lg oxlsto u` u`lquo voitour u ∅ tog quo 6 ∈x ∅ ∅ O , ϟ (x ) 1 ⌬u , x ⌦ Kì`ltlm` 6 Jrnk Kì`ltlm` Jrnklo`t lo`t M`nppoggojrnklo`tko d o` n otm` otm` `mto `mto ∊ d ( n ) govoi∅ O , tour nssmilì è gn dmrao gl`ìnlro k d n . Xmur tmut e ∅ k d n (e ) 1 ∊ d ( n ) º e
Kì`ltlm Kì`l tlm` ` 6 Xm Xml` l`tt irl irltlq tlquo uo Ymlt d 6 ⊃ O ↓ ↓ ko ignsso > sur g“muvort . M` ∅ ost klt quo n ∅ ost u` pml`t irltlquo ko d sl 6
k d n 1 8 (O ,) i“ost-è-klro ∊ d ( n ) 1
d (n ) ∃ d ∃ x x >
.. .
∃ d d (n ) ∃ x x `
18
;9
d nkaot nkaot u` anxlaua o` x 8 O sl ot sougoao`t s“lg oxlsto u` vmlsl`njo ko x 8 tog quo 6
∅
∈x ∅ ∅ ,
d ( x ) d ( x 8 )
[eìmrå ao 6 I@ k“ k“oxl oxlsto sto`io `io k“ k“u` u` oxt oxtro roaua aua [eìmråao ↓ ko ignsso > sur g“muvort nkaot Yl d 6 ⊃ O ↓ nkaot ∅ ngmrs u` oxtroaua nu pml`t n ∅ ngmrs x ost u` pml`t . irltlquo. Iogn rovlo`t è klro quo ∊ d ( n ) 1 88. Gn prmprlìtì ost dnusso nlggours quo sur u` muvort. Ko pgus, tmut pml`t irltlquo `o imrrospm`k pns `ìiossnlroao`t è u` oxtroaua (ins kos pml`ts soggos).
↓ Kìrlv Kìrlvìos ìos go gm`j gm`j k“u` k“u` nri ot voitou voitours rs tn`jo` tn`jo`ts ts Xrm Xrmpms pmsltl ltlm` m` 6 Kìr Kìrlv lvntl ntlm` m` go gm` gm`jj k“ k“u` u` nri ↓ D ot ι 6 L ⊃ ⊃ ↓ O sm`t Yl d 6 ⊃ O ↓ sm`t ko ignsso > , ngmrs d ◤◤ ι ost ko ignsso > sur L ot 6
∈t ∅ ∅ L , ( d ◤ ι) (t ) 1 k d ι t (ι(t )) ( )
Xrmpms pmsltl ltlm` m` 6 L`t L`tìjr ìjrntl ntlm` m` go gm` gm`jj k“ k“u` u` nr nrii Xrm ↓ D ot ι 6 R8, >Q ⊃ ↓ O sm`t Yl d 6 ⊃ O ↓ sm`t ko ignsso > ot sl ι(8) 1 n ot ot ι(>) 1 c , ngmrs 6
>
∓
d ( c ) d ( n ) 1
k d ι(t ) (ι (t )) kt
8
Yl ost u` muvort im``oxo pnr nris ot d 6 ⊃ O ↓ ↓ D , d ∅ , k d n 1 8 (O ,D ) . ost im`stn`to sur ssl ssl pmur tmut n ∅
Kì`ltlm` Yl U ost u`o pnrtlo ko O ot x u` u` pml`t ko U , u` voitour v ko ko O ost ost tn`j tn`jo` o`tt è U o` x s“lg s“lg oxlsto 0 8otu` nri ι kì`l sur Q ∓ , R kìrlvncgo o` 8 è vngours kn`s U , togs quo ι(8) 1 x , ι (8) 1 v .
Nppglintlm`s ko ignsso
b
M` kì`lt pnr rìiurro`io gos kìrlvìos pnrtloggos k“mrkr k“mrkros os supìrlours 6
∃ b ∓> d ∃ ∃ b d 1 ºººº ∃ x x l l > ∃ x x l l b ∃ x x l l b ∓> º º º ∃ x x l l > ∃ x x l l b ºº
Kì`lt lm` 6 Np Nppgl pglint intlm` lm` ko ign ignsso sso b Kì`ltlm` _`o nppglintlm` ost klto ko ignsso b sur u` muvort sl sl tmutos sos kìrlvìos pnrtloggos k“mrkro b oxlsto`t oxlsto`t ot sm`t im`tl`uos. [eìmråao [eìmrå ao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao ko Yie Yiewnrz wnrz ↓ D u`o Ymlt d 6 ⊃ O ↓ u`o nppglintlm` ko ignsso 3 sur u` muvort ko 3 . Ngmrs,
∈n ∅ ∅ ,
∃ 3 d ∃ 3 d ( n ) ( n ) 1 ∃ y y ∃ x x ∃ x x ∃ y y
N``ìo 3838/383>
;;
AN[EÌA AN [EÌAN N[L^ [L^_OY _OY 3838 ’ 383>
Sìsu Sì suaì aì >5 ’ Xr Xrmc mcnc nclg lglt ltìs ìs kl klsi sirå råto toss Kì`macroao`t
∅ 8, ` . Xnr gn sulto, ℤ ost u` o`soacgo è ` ìgìao`ts ìgìao`ts ot p ∅
Kì`ltlm` • _` p -upgotmuu`o p -gls -glsto to ko ℤ ostu`odnalggoko p ìgìao`ts ko ℤ. • _` _` nrrn`joao`t nrrn`joao`tko ko p ìgìao`ts ìgìao`tsko ko ℤ ostu` p -upgot im`stltuì k“ìgìao`ts ko ℤ klstl`its. • _`o porautntlm` ko ℤ ost u` nrrn`joao`t ko ℤ è ` ìgìao`ts. ìgìao`ts. • _`o imacl`nlsm` ko p ìgìao`ts ìgìao`ts ko ℤ ost u` smuso`soacgo ko ℤ im`to`n`t p ìgìao`ts. ìgìao`ts.
M` amkìglso gos tlrnjos suiiosslds nvoi roalso è g“nlko ko glstos, gos tlrnjos suiiosslds sn`s roalso nvoi kos nrrn`joao`ts ot gos tlrnjos slaugtn`ìs nvoi kos imacl`nlsm`s. [eìmråao • Lg y n ` p p -glstos ko ℤ. ` ! • Lg y n nrrn`joao`ts ko p ìgìao`ts ìgìao`ts ko ℤ. (` ∓ p )! • Lg y n ` ! porautntlm`s ko ℤ.
`
• Lg y n
p
imacl`nlsm`s ko p ìgìao`ts ìgìao`ts ko ℤ.
∅ . Ymlo`t ` , p , a ∅ •
∓ ∓ `
8
1 >,
`
1 `
>
•
` > • p • 1 ` p > p `
`
•
b 18
` b
1 3`
∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ` p
`
` p
` ` > ` > 1 + p p > p
p
•
1
b 18
`
a
b
p b
1
` + + a p
Xrmcncl cnclgltìs gltìs klsir klsiråtos åtos Xrm
↓ [rlcus [rlcus ot prmcnclgl prmcnclgltìs tìs Kì`ltlm` M` nppoggo u`lvors g“o`soacgo kos rìsugtnts pmsslcgos k“u`o oxpìrlo`io ngìntmlro km``ìo. Gos ìgìao`ts ko g“u`lvors ℤ sm`t qunglìs ko pmsslcgos (mu (mu ko rìsugtnts rìsugtnts pmsslc pmsslcgos gos ). ).
Kì` Kì`ltlm` ltlm` 6 Sìu Sìu`lm` `lm` ot l`tor l`torsoitl soitlm` m` kì`m kì`macrnc acrncgos gos sulto ko pnrtlos pnrtlos ko g“o g“o`so `soacg acgoo ℤ. M` Ymlt ( N ` )` ∅ u`o sulto kì`lt gos o`soacgos N `` ot N `` pnr 6 ` ∅ ` ∅
ό ∅ `` ∅ N `
⇘⇓ ∉` ∅∅ ό ∅ N `
ό
⇘⇓ ∈` ∅∅ ό ∅ N ``
∅ ∅
N ``
`
Kì` Kì`ltlm ltlm` ` 6 [rlcu _`o trlcu trlcu sur ℤ os ostt u` u`oo pnrtlo pnrtlo ko ko (ℤ) qul qul vì vìrl rloo 6 (l) ℤ ∅ 2 2 (ll) Yl N ∅ ngmrs ngmrs N ∅ +∐ , ngmrs N (lll) Yl ( N ) ` ` ∅ ∅ ` ` 18 ` ∅
Gn km``ìo k“u` u`lvors ℤ ot k“u`o trlcu kì`lt kì`lt u` ospnio prmcnclglsncgo (ℤ, ) 2 tmut ìgìao`t ko ost ost nppogì ìvì`oao`t ko ℤ. Ymlt (ℤ, ) u` ospnio prmcnclglsncgo.
Kì`ltlm` Kì`ltlm ` 6 Yys Yyståao tåao imap imapgot got k“ìv k“ìvì`oa ì`oao`ts o`ts M` nppoggo syståao imapgot k“ìvì`oao`ts tmuto dnalggo `lo mu kì`macrncgo ( N l )l ∅L k“ìvì`oao`ts toggo quo 6 (l) Xmur tmus l ot ot f klstl`its, N l ∬ N f 1 ∏ 2 (ll)
N l l 1 ℤ.
∅
l L
Kì`ltlm ltlm` ` 6 Xrmcn Xrmcnclglt clgltìì Kì` M` nppoggo prmcnclgltì sur (ℤ, ) tmuto nppglintlm` X 6 ↓ R8, 8,>>Q vìrln`t 6 • X(ℤ) 1 > • Xmurtmutosulto ( N ` ` )` ∅ k“ìvì`oao`tskouxèkoux l`imapntlcgos,
∐
X
N ` ` 1
` 18
∐
+
+
X( N ` ` ) (ω-nkkltlvltì)
` 18
Go trlpgot (ℤ, , X) ost nppogì ospnio prmcnclglsì. _`o prmcnclgltì ost u`o nppglintlm` qul vn mpìror sur gos ìvì`oao`ts. Gn ω-nkkltlvltì nssurorn gn im`vorjo`io kos sìrlos qul sorm`t an`lpugìos.
[eìmråao Ymlo`t ℤ 1 {ό` }` ∅ kì`macrncgo ot u`o dnalggo ko oxlst lstoo u` u`oo pr prmc mcnc nclg lglt ltìì X sur (ℤ, (ℤ)) rìogs p ` ` ` ∅ . Lg ox ∅ , X({ό` }) 1 p ` ssl 6 toggo quo pmur tmut ` ∅ ∅ , p ` ` 8 2 (l) pmur tmut ` ∅ +∐ (ll) gn sìrlo p ` im`vorjo ot p l 1 >.
` 18
X ost ngmrs u`lquo ot pmur tmut N ∅ (ℤ), X( N ) 1
p ` `
∅ ∅
` ό` N
Kn`s go ins `l, m` nppoggo prmcnclgltì u`ldmrao sur ℤ g“u`lquo prmcnclgltì qul pro`k gn aæao vngour pmur ienquo ìvì`oao`t ìgìao`tnlro ìgìao`tnlro..
N``ìo 3838/383>
Dlieo eo >5 ’ Xr Xrmcn mcnclg clgltì ltìss kls klsir iråto åtoss Dli
Xrmpmsltlm` ∅ . Ymlo`t (ℤ, , X ) u` ospnio prmcnclglsì ot N , C ∅ • X(∏) 1 8 ot X( N ) 1 > ∓ X( N ). • Yl N ⊃ C ngmrs ngmrs X( N ) X(C ). • X( N ∦ C ) 1 X( N ) + X(C ) ∓ X( N ∬ C ). (ℤ,
, X) kìslj`orn pnr gn sulto u` ospnio prmcnclglsì.
Xrmp Xrmpmsltl msltlm` m` 6 Im`t Im`tl`ul l`ultì tì irml irmlssn`t ssn`too Yl ( N `` )` ost u`o sulto irmlssn`to k“ìvì`oao`ts (nu so`s ko ∅g“l`iguslm`), ngmrs 6 +∐ N `` 1 gla X( N `` ) X ` ↓+∐ ` 18
Ko aæao, sl ( N `` )` ∅ ost u`o sulto kìirmlssn`to k“ìvì`o+∐ N ` 1 gla X( N ` ). ao`ts (nu so`s ko g“l`iguslm`), X ` ↓+∐ ` 18
Xrmpmsltl m` 6 Ymus Ymus-nkkl -nkkltlvlt tlvltìì Xrmpmsltlm` • Yl ( N > , . . . , N `` ) ost u`o dnalggo k“ìvì`oao`ts, ngmrs 6
`
`
X
b 18
X( N b )
N b
b 18
∐
X
∐
+
N `
` 18
X( N ` )
` 18
↓ Im`kltlm` Im`kltlm``oao` `oao`tt ot l`kìpo`kn l`kìpo`kn`io `io [eìmråao / Kì` Kì`ltlm` ltlm` 6 Xrmc Xrmcnclgl nclgltì tì im`kl im`kltlm` tlm``oggo `oggo Ymlt N u` u` ìvì`oao`t tog quo X( N ) 1 8. G“nppglintlm` X N 6
∓↓ X( N ∬ C ) C ∓↓ X( N )
ost u`o prmcnclgltì sur ℤ. M` g“nppoggo prmcnclgltì im`kltlm``oggo rogntlvo è N (mu (mu snien`t N )).. O` tn`t quo prmcnclgltì, X prmcnclgltì, X N vìrlo tmutos gos prmprlìtìs ì`m`iìos prìiìkoaao`t. [eì [eìmr mråao åao 6 Dm Dmrau raugo go kos prm prmcnc cnclgl lgltìs tìs ima imapms pmsìos ìos Ymlo`t ` 3 ot ( N > , N 3 , . . . , N `` ) u`o dnalggo k“ìvì`oao`ts toggo quo X( N > ∬ººº∬ N `` ∓> ) 1 8. Ngmrs, X( N > ∬ººº∬ N `` ) 1 X( N > )X N > ( N 3 ) ÚºººÚ X N > ∬ººº∬ N `` ∓> ( N `` ) [eìmr åao 6 Dm Dmrau raugo go kos prm prmcnc cnclgl lgltìs tìs tmt tmtngo ngoss [eìmråao Ymlt ( N `` )` u` syståao imapgot k“ìvì`oao`ts. Xmur tmut∅ìvì`oao`t C , gn sìrlo ko torao jì`ìrng ∬ N `` ) ost im`vorjo`to ot 6 X(C ∬
∐
+
X(C ) 1
` 18
∐
+
∬ N `` ) 1 X(C ∬
` 18
;?
[eìmråao [eìmrå ao 6 Dm Dmrau raugo go ko Cny Cnyos os Ymlo`t N ot ot C koux koux ìvì`oao`ts, X( N |C ) 1
X ( N ) Ú X(C | N N ) X(C )
Kì`ltlm` Kì`lt lm` 6 L`k L`kìpo ìpo`kn `kn`io `io ko kou kouxx ìv ìvì`o ì`oao` ao`ts ts Koux ìvì`oao`ts ko g“ospnio prmcnclglsì (ℤ, , X) sm`t klts l`kìpo`kn`ts sl X( N ∬ C ) 1 X( N ) º X(C ). M` klt ngmrs kos ìvì`oao`ts N > , . . . , N ` ` qu“lgs sm`t koux è koux l`kìpo`kn`ts sl 6
∈l , f ∅ ∅
>, ` , l 1 f 1⇓ X( N l l ∬ N f f ) 1 X( N l l )X( N f f )
Kì` Kì`ltlm ltlm` ` 6 Au Autuoggo tuoggo l`kì l`kìpo`kn po`kn`io `io M` klt kos ìvì`oao`ts N > , . . . , N ` ` qu“lgs sm`t autuoggoao`t l`kìpo`kn`ts sl 6
`
X( N > ∬ N 3 ∬ººº∬ N ` ` ) 1
X( N l l )
l 1>
G“l`kìpo`kn`io autuoggo k“u`o dnalggo k“ìvì`oao`ts la-
• Yl ( N ` )` ∅ ost u`o sulto k“ìvì`oao`ts ot sl gn sìrlo X( N `` ) im`vorjo, ngmrs 6 +
X(C | N N `` )X( N `` )
pglquo sm`t koux è koux l`kìpo`kn`ts anls a nls gn rìilprmquoqu“lgs ost dnusso.
N``ìo 3838/383>
;4
AN[EÌA AN [EÌAN N[L^ [L^_OY _OY 3838 ’ 383>
Sìsua Sì suaìì >< ’ Tnrln nrlncgo cgoss ngì ngìntm ntmlr lros os kls klsir iråto åtoss (ℤ,
, X) kìslj`o u` ospnio prmcnclglsì.
Tnrlncgos nrlncgos ngìntmlros klsiråtos T Kì`ltlm` 6 Tnrlncg Kì`ltlm` nrlncgoo ngìn ngìntmlr tmlroo klsir klsiråto åto M` nppoggo vnrlncgo ngìntmlro rìoggo klsiråto tmuto nppglintlm` U 6 ℤ ↓ toggo quo 6 • U (ℤ) ost u` o`soacgo `l mu kì`macrncgo2 ∅ U (ℤ) ngmrs ( U 1 x ) ∅ . • Yl x ∅ U kìslj`o kìsmranls u`o vnrlncgo ngìntmlro klsiråto.
Kì` Kì`ltlm ltlm` ` 6 Tnrln` nrln`io io ∓ O( U ))3 ost Yl U nkaot u` amao`t k“mrkro 3, ( U ∓ k“ospìrn`io `lo. M` nppoggo vnrln`io ko U ot m` `mto T ( U ) go rìog pmsltld 6 T ( U ) 1 O ( U O( U ))3 1
∓
x U (ℤ)
∅
X U 6 U (ℤ) x
∓↓ ∓↓
X( U 1 x )
Yo km``or u`o u`o dnalggo kì`macrncgo ko rìogs pmsltlds ko smaao ìjngo è > rovlo`t è so km``or u`o vnrlncgo ngìntmlro sur (ℤ, , X).
Amao`ts k“u`o `o vnrln vnrlncgo cgo ngìnt ngìntmlro mlro Amao`ts k“u Kì`ltlm` Kì` ltlm` 6 Ospì Ospìrn`io rn`io U ost klto k“ospìrn`io `lo sl
º
x `` X( U 1 x `` )
∅
`
im`vorjo ncsmguao`t. Kn`s io ins, m` nppoggo ospìrn`io ko U go rìog 6
∐
+
O( U ) 1 `` 18 x ` º X( U 1 x ` )
Xgus jì`ìrngoao`t, sl U r nkaot u`o ospìrn`io `lo, m` ∅ go rìog O( U r ). nppoggo amao`t k“mrkro k“mrkro r ∅
[eì [eìmr mråao åao 6 [eì [eìmr mråao åao ko trn` trn`sdo sdort rt Ymlt d 6 U (ℤ) ↓ . d ( U ) ost k“ospìrn`io `lo ssl d ( x ` ) º X( U 1 x ` ) im`vorjo ncsmguao`t ot, ngmrs, ` ∅ +∐ O( d ( U )) 1 d ( x `` ) º X( U 1 x `` )
` 18
∓
Xrmpmsltlm sltlm` ` 6 Dmra Dmraugo ugo ko Bř Bř`lj`lj-Euyj Euyjo`s o`s Xrmpm Yl U nkaot u` amao`t k“mrkr k“mrkroo 3,
{ | ∅∅ }
Kì Kì`l `ltlm tlm` ` 6 Gml k“ k“u`o u`o vn vnrln rlncgo cgo ngì ngìntm ntmlro lro M` nppoggo gml ko prmcnclgltì ko U g“nppglintlm` 6
O( U ))3 X( U 1 x )
M` nppoggo ìinrt typo ko U go rìog ω( U ) 1 T ( U ).
U (ℤ) 1 x ` `
Gn dnalggo (( U 1 x `` ))` ∅ ost u` syståao imapgot k“ìvì`oao`ts.
( x
T ( U ) 1 O( U 3 ) ∓ O( U )3
Toitours oitours ngìntmlros klsirots T M` ìto`k gn kì`ltlm` ko vnrlncgo ngìntmlro è vngours rìoggos nux vnrlncgos è vngours kn`s ` . ( U , \ ) ) kìslj`o u` imupgo ko vnrlncgos ngìntmlros klsiråtos.
Kì Kì`lt `ltlm` lm` 6 Gml Gmlss im` im`fml fml`to `to ot anr anrjl` jl`ngo ngoss • Gn gml im`fml im`fml`to `to ko ko U ot ko \ ost g“nppglintlm` X ( U ,\ ) ) 6 U (ℤ)
Ú \ ((ℤ) ∓↓ ∓↓ R8, >Q ( x , y ) ∓↓ X U 1 x , \ 1 y
• Gos gmls anrjl`ngos ko ( U , \ ) ) sm`t ioggos ko U ot \ . .
Gn dmraugo kos prmcnclgltìs tmtngos poraot ko trmuvor gos gmls anrjl`ngos è pnrtlr ko gn gml im`fml`to. Kì`ltlm ltlm` ` 6 Gmls im`kl im`kltlm`` tlm``oggos oggos Kì` • M` nppoggogml nppoggogml im`klt im`kltlm` lm``og `oggo go ko U snien`t snien`t (\ 1 y ) X( U 1 x |\ 1 y ) 2 g“nppglintlm` x ↓ \ snien`t ( U 1 x ) • M` nppoggo nppoggo gml6 y im`klt im` oU ko ↓kltlm`` y | U g“nppglintlm` Xlm``ogg (\ 1oggo 1 x ).
Jì`ìrnglsntlm` ku teìmråao ko trn`sdort 6 Yl V 1 d ( U , \ )) ost k“ospìrn`io `lo,
O(V ) 1
( x , y ) U (ℤ) \ ( ( ℤ)
∅
d ( x , y )X U 1 x , \ 1 y
Ú
Kì`ltlm` Kì`ltlm ` 6 L`kì L`kìpo`kn po`kn`io `io Gosvnrlncgos U ot ot \ sm`tkltosl`kìp sm`tkltosl`kìpo`k o`kn`t n`tos os sl pmur pmur tmut ( x , y ) ∅ U (ℤ) Ú \ ((ℤ),
G“ospìrn`io ost gl`ìnlro, pmsltlvo ot irmlssn`to.
X U 1 x , \ 1 y 1 X ( U 1 x ) Ú X \ 1 y
Yl U ost è vngours kn`s ot k“ospìrn`io `lo, +∐ O( U ) 1 X( U ` )
U ot d ( U ) ot j (\ ) ) sm`tl`kìYl ot \ sm`tl`kìpo`kn`tos,ngmrs po`kn`tos. Xgus jì`ìrngoao`t (goaao kos imngltlm`s) 6 sl gosvnrlncgos U > , . . . , U ` sm`tautuogg autuoggoao`t oao`tl`kìpo l`kìpo`kn`t `kn`tos, os, ` sm`t d ( U > , . . . , U p ) ot j ( U , . . . , U ) sm`t l`kìpo`kn`tos. p p p +> ` `
` 1>
N``ìo 3838/383>
Dl Dlieo ieo >< ’ Tnrl nrlncg ncgos os ngì ngìntm ntmlro lross kls klsirå iråtos tos
Goaao 6 L` Goaao L`ìjn ìjnglt gltìì ko An Anrbm rbmv v Yl U ost è vngours pmsltlvos ot nkaot u`o ospìrn`io, O( U ) ∈n 0 0 8 X( U n ) n
imv ( U , \ ) ) 1 O (( U ∓ ∓ O( U ))(\ ∓∓ O(\ ))) )))
M` suppmso quo U ot \ nkaotto`t u` amao`t k“mrkro k“mrkro 3. [eìmråao 6 Dmra [eìmråao Dmraugo ugo ko Bř Bř`lj-E `lj-Euyjo` uyjo`ss
Xrmpmsltlm ` 6 L`ìj L`ìjngltì ngltì ko Clo` Clo`nyaìnyaì-[ieoc [ieocyieov yieov Xrmpmsltlm` Yl U nkaot u` amao`t k“mrkr k“mrkroo 3,
imv ( U , \ )) 1 O( U \ )) ∓ O( U ) º O(\ )).
x y X U 1 x , \ 1 y
∅ ∅
x U (ℤ) y \ ( ( ℤ)
Xrmpmsltlm` ∅ , Xmur tmus n , c ∅
∈ 0 8 X (| U U ∓ ∓ O( U )| ) T ( U 3 ) [eìmrå ao 6 Gml dnl dnlcgo cgo kos jrn jrn`ks `ks `ma `macro cross [eìmråao Ymlt ( U ` ` )` > u`o sulto ko vnrlncgos l`kìpo`kn`tos ot ko aæao gml, nkaottn`t u` amao`t k“mrkro k“mrkro 3.
∈ 8, X
Xmur n 1 1 c 1 1 >, T ( U + \ )) 1 T ( U ) + T (\ ) ) + 3imv ( U , \ )) . Ins pnrtliuglor 6 T (n U + c ) 1 n 3 T ( U ). L`ìjngltì ko Inuiey-Yiewnrz 6 |imv ( U , \ ))| ω( U ) º ω(\ ))
[eìmråao Yl U ot \ sm`t l`kìpo`kn`tos, ngmrs 6 O( U \ )) 1 O( U )O(\ )) 2 imv( U , \ )) 1 8 2
Gmlss usu usuoggo oggoss Gml @ma Cor`muggl
T ( U + \ ) ) 1 T ( U ) + T (\ ))
Dm`itlm`s Dm`itlm `s jì`ìr jì`ìrntrli ntrlios os
_`ldmrao
Kì`ltlm` 6 Dm` Kì`ltlm` Dm`itlm` itlm` jì`ìr jì`ìrntrlio ntrlio Yl U ost è vngours kn`s , gn dm`itlm` jì`ìrntrlio ko gn vnrlncgo U ost kì`lo pnr 6
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U l l ,
@mt mtnt ntlm lm` ` U (ℤ) X( U 1 b ) O( U ) T ( U )
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Gn rìilprmquo ost dnusso.
`
O` `mtn`t a g“ospìrn`io g“ospìrn`io imaau`o ot Y ` ` 1
T (n U + c \ )) 1 n 3 T ( U ) + c 3 T (\ )) + 3n c imv ( U , \ ))
J U 6 t
;:
L`ìjn ìjnglt gltìs ìs ko im` im`io` io`trn trntlm tlm` ` ot im` im`vor vorjo` jo`io io L`
Kì`ltlm` Yl U ot \ nkaotto`t u` amao`t k“mrkro k“mrkro 3, ngmrs gn ∓ O( U ))(\ ∓∓ O(\ )))) nkaot u`o vnrlncgo ngìntmlro ( U ∓ ospìrn`io. M` nppoggo ngmrs imvnrln`io ko U ot \ ot m` `mto imv ( U , \ )) go rìog 6
imv ( U , U ) 1 T ( U ) ot O( U \ )) 1
`
[eì [eìmr mråao åao 6 Dm Dm`it `itlm` lm` jì` jì`ìrn ìrntrl trlio io ot ama amao`t o`tss Ymlt U u`o vnrlncgo ngìntmlro è vngours kn`s . (l) Gn vnrlncgo ngìntmlro U nkaot u`o ospìrn`io O( U ) sl ot sougoao`t sl J U ost kìrlvncgo o` >. Yl tog ost go ins, O( U ) 1 J U (>). (ll) Gn vnrlncgo ngìntmlro U nkaot u`o vnrln`io sl ot sougoao`t sl J U ost koux dmls kìrlvncgo o` >. [eì [eìmr mråao åao 6 Yma Ymaao ao ko vn vnrln rlncgo cgoss l` l`kìp kìpo`k o`kn`t n`tos os Yl U ot \ sm`t è vngours kn`s ot l`kìpo`kn`tos, l`kìpo`kn`tos, ∅Q ∓ S , S R mü S al`(S U , S \ \ ), ngmrs, pmur tmut t ∅
U +\ J U 1 O t U O t \ 1 J U U +\ ( t ) 1 O t U (t )J \ \ ( t )
• Yl U > , . . . , U ` ` ↓ (a l l , p ) sm`t autuoggoao`t l`kìpo`kn`tos, ngmrs U > + º º º + U ` ` ↓ (a > + º º º + a ` ` , p ). • Yl U > , . . . , U ` ` ↓ (βl ) sm`t autuoggoao`t l`kìpo`kn`tos, ngmrs U > + º º º + U ` ` ↓ (β> + º º º + β` ). ∅ √ , U ` ↓ (` , p ` ` ) ot ` ↓gla • Yl pmur tmut ` ∅ ` p ` ` 1 β, +∐ b
β ∈b ∅ ∅ , X( U ` ` 1 b ) ∓∓∓∓↓ o ∓β ` ↓ ∐ b ! +
• Yl U (ℤ) 1 √ , ngmrs U ↓ (p ) sl ot sougoao`t sl 6
∈(b , ` ) ∅ 3, X( U 0 ` + U 0 ` ) 1 X( U 0 b ) + b | U
N``ìo 3838/383>
;5
AN[EÌA AN [EÌAN N[L^ [L^_OY _OY 3838 ’ 383> >> Yìrlos `uaì `uaìrlquo rlquoss ot voitm voitmrlogg rloggos os ignsslquos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N Ymaaos ignsslquos . C Im`v Im`vorjo orjo`io `io kos sìrlo sìrloss `uaìr `uaìrlquos lquos . . . . . I Yìrl Yìrlos os è vngo vngours urs kn`s u` o.v o.v.`. .`. ko kla. `lo
[ncg ncgoo kos an antlå tlåro ross
3< 3< 3< 98
> Ytrui Ytruitur turos os ngj ngjìcr ìcrlqu lquos os N Ytruituro ko jrmupo jrmupo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Yt Ytrui ruitur turos os k“ k“n`` n``onu onu ot ko imr imrps ps . . . . . . . . . I Yt Ytrui ruitur turoo k“ k“ngj ngjåc åcro ro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> > 3 9
Dnalggoss smaa smaancgos ncgos 9> >3 Dnalggo N O`soacgos kì`macrncgos kì`macrncgos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9> C Dna Dnalggo lggoss smaan smaancgos cgos ko `macr `macros os imapgo imapgoxos xos 9> Nppgli glintl ntlm` m` nux sìr sìrlos los kmu kmucgo cgoss . . . . . . . . . 9> I Npp
3 Xm Xmgy` gy`ûao ûaoss ot drn drnitl itlm`s m`s rntl rntlm`` m``ogg oggos os
;
Yultos >9 Yult os ot sìr sìrlos los ko dm` dm`itl itlm` m`ss
N C
Xmgy`ûaos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xmgy`ûaos . Drnitl Dr nitlm`s m`s rnt rntlm` lm``og `oggos gos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
; ?
9 Antrl Antrlios ios,, osp ospnio nioss vo voit. it. ot npp nppgli glintl ntlm`s m`s gl` gl`ìnl ìnlro ross 4 N Antrlios Antrlios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 C Yys Yyståaos tåaos k“ì k“ìquntlm quntlm`s `s gl`ìn gl`ìnlro lross . . . . . . . . . 4 I Os Ospn pnio ioss vo voitm itmrl rlog ogss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : K Npp Nppgli glintlm ntlm`s `s gl` gl`ìnl ìnlro ross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ; Kìtora Kìtoral`n l`n`t `t inrrìo . . . . . . . . N Kìtoral`n`t k“u`o antrlio inrrìo C Kìtor Kìtoral`n` al`n`tt k“u k“u`o `o dnalg dnalggo go ko voito voitours urs . . . I Kìtor Kìtoral`n` al`n`tt k“u k“u` ` o`kma o`kmamrpels mrpelsao ao . . . . . . . K Mrlo` Mrlo`tntlm` tntlm` ko g“osp g“ospnio, nio, prmku prmkult lt voitm voitmrlog rlog . .
>8 >8 >8 >> >>
? N SìkuÌgìao`ts Sìkuitlm` itlm` k“o` k“o`kmam kmamrpels rpelsaos prmpros prmpros . . . .aos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >3 >3 C Xmgy Xmgy`ûaos `ûaosk“o` k“o`kmamrp kmamrpelsaos elsaosot ot ko antrlio antrlioss >3 I Kl Klnj njm` m`ng ngls lsnt ntlm lm` ` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >9 K [rl rljm jm`n `ngl glsn sntl tlm` m` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >9 4 Ospni Ospnios os pr prìel ìelgco gcortl rtlo`s o`s rìo rìogs gs >? N Xrmkult singnlro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >? C Mr Mrte temj mjm` m`ng nglt ltìì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >? : O`kma O`kmamrp mrpels elsaos aos k“ k“u` u` osp ospnio nio oui ouiglk glklo` lo` >: N O`kmamrpelsaos mrtemjm`nux . . . . . . . . . . >: C O`k O`kmam mamrpe rpelsa lsaos os sya syaìtr ìtrlqu lquos os . . . . . . . . . >5 5 Ospni Ospnios os vo voitm itmrlo rlogs gs `m `mraì raìss ot tmp tmpmgm mgmjlo jlo N @mrao ot klstn`io . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Imapn apnrnl rnlsm` sm` ko `mra `mraos os . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Im I @mt @mtlm`s lm`s jì`ì jì`ìrngos rngos ko tmpmgm tmpmgmjlo jlo . . . . . . . . . . K Im`tl Im`tl`ultì `ultì kn`s u` ospnio voitmr voitmrlog log `mraì O Xnr nrtl tlos os ima imapn pnito itoss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xnrtl Xn rtlos os im`` im``oxo oxoss pnr nr nris is . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
>< >< >< >< 38 3> 33
< Dm`it Dm`itlm` lm`ss k“ k“u`o u`o vn vnrln rlncgo cgo rì rìogg oggoo N Im`tl`ultì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Kì Kìrl rlvn vncl clgl gltì tì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Dm Dmrau raugos gos ko [nyg nygmr mr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K Kìv Kìvogmpp ogmppoao` oao`ts ts glaltìs ot rogntlm`s rogntlm`s ko imapnrnlsm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O Dm` m`itl itlm` m`ss im im`v `vox oxos os . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D Dm`itlm`s Dm` itlm`s voitmr voitmrloggo loggoss ot nris pnrna pnrnaìtrì ìtrìss . .
39 39 3; 3;
>8 Yultos Yultos `uaì `uaìrlquo rlquoss ot voitm voitmrlogg rloggos os N Yultos `uaìrlquos ignsslquos ignsslquos . . . . . . . . . . C Im`v Im`vorjo orjo`io `io kos sultos `uaì `uaìrlquos rlquos . . . . . I So Sogntl gntlm`s m`s ko ima imapnr pnrnls nlsm` m` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yulto ltoss voi voitmr tmrlog loggos gos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K Yu
3: 3: 3: 3: 35
3; 3? 34
N C I
93
Yultos ko dm`itlm`s . dm`itlm`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Yìrl Yì rlos os ko dm dm`i `itl tlm` m`ss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Npprm Npp rmxla xlantl ntlm` m` u`l u`ldmr dmrao ao . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9;
>; Yìrlos o`tlå o`tlåros ros N Snym` ko im`vorjo`io . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Xrmp Xrmprlìtì rlìtìss ko gn smaao (vnrl (vnrlncgo ncgo rìo rìoggo) ggo) . . . Kìvogm ogmppo ppoao` ao`ts ts o` sìr sìrlo lo o`t o`tlår låroo . . . . . . . . I Kìv
9? 9? 9? 94
>? Ingiug l`tìj l`tìjrng rng N L`tìjrntlm` sur u` sojao`t . sojao`t . . . . . . . . . . . . C L`t L`tìjr ìjrngo ngoss jì` jì`ìr ìrngl nglsìo sìoss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L`tìjr ìjrngo ngoss è pnr pnrnaå naåtro tro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I L`t
9: 9: 9: 9<
Ìquntlm`ss klddìr klddìro`tl o`tloggos oggos gl`ìn gl`ìnlros lros ;8 >4 Ìquntlm` N Ìquntlm`s gl`ìnlros singnlros singnlros k“mrkros k“mrkros > ot 3 ;8 C Yyst Yyståaos åaos kldd klddìro ìro`tlog `tlogss gl`ìn gl`ìnlro lross . . . . . . . . . ;> Ingiug ug klddìr klddìro`tlo o`tlogg ;3 >: Ingi > N Nppglintlm`s ko ignsso . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;3 Nppgli glintl ntlm`s m`s ko ign ignsso sso b . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;9 C Npp
>5 Xrmcnclglt Xrmcnclgltìs ìs klsir klsiråtos åtos ;; N Kì`macroao`t Kì`macroao`t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;; Xrmcn mcnclg clgltì ltìss kls klsir iråto åtoss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;; C Xr >< Tnrlnc nrlncgos gos ngìnt ngìntmlro mlross klsir klsiråtos åtos N Tnrlncgos ngìntmlros ngìntmlros klsiråtos . klsiråtos . . . . . . . . . . . C Amao Amao`ts `ts k“u` k“u`oo vnrlnc vnrlncgo go ngìntm ngìntmlro lro . . . . . . . . I Toitour oitourss ngìntm ngìntmlros lros klsir klsirots ots . . . . . . . . . . . . . K Dm Dm`it `itlm` lm`ss jì` jì`ìrn ìrntrl trlios ios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O L`ìj L`ìjngltìs ngltìs ko im`io` im`io`trntlm trntlm` ` ot im`vo im`vorjo`i rjo`ioo D Gmls Gm ls us usuo uogg ggos os . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
;4 ;4 ;4 ;4 ;: ;: ;:
N``ìo 3838/383>
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