Resueltos - Unidad 2, QI

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

]hafnf 4< Mstrugturn Nt÷bagn y Bekmguknr  ‗  Predkmbns  Predkmbns rmsumktes

Predkmbn >  Mh mk mspmgtre fm mbasa÷h fmk îtebe fm jafr÷omhe mxastmh kns fmhebahnfns smrams fm Kybnh, Dnkbmr y Pnsgjmh (kknbnfns nsâ mh jeher n sus fmsgudraferms) qum gerrmspehfmh n snktes mkmgtr÷hages fmsfm havmkms supmraerms jnstn kes havmkms geh h 2 >, h 2 4 y h 2 7, rmspmgtavnbmhtm. Kn mhmroân fm gnfn havmk sm pumfm gnkguknr geh kn sekuga÷h nhnkâtagn fm kn k n mgunga÷h fm Wgjrùfahomr pnrn mk îtebe fm jafr÷omhe (Mg 1). n) Gnkgukm kn mhmroân gerrmspehfamhtm n gnfn havmk (pnrn h2>, 4, 7, 6, =). N pnrtar fm kn Mgunga÷h fm Wgjrùfahomr pnrn îtebes jafreomheafms (îtebes e aehms geh uh ühage mkmgtr÷h) sm tamhm qum<

    2  46  Tmmbpknznhfe kes vnkerms fm kns gehstnhtms ahvekugrnfns sm edtamhm<

 >,9044.>0∔ > >   2  40,=41>??.>0∔   6 :,:=6.>0∔ ∔∔ 

2 4,>:.>0∔  >  Q mbpkmnhfe uhn uhafnf fm mhmroân bîs nprepanfn<

2>7,9  >  h2> h24 h27 h26 h2=

M2->7,9mY M2-7,6mY M2->,=mY M2-0,:=mY M2-0,=6mY

Hetnr qum tefns kns mhmroâns gnkguknfns seh hmontavns. Wm trntn fm mhmroâns petmhgankms y mk vnker 0 fm mhmroân sm ialn nrdatrnranbmhtm pnrn uh mkmgtr÷h ahiahatnbmhtm npnrtnfe fmk hügkme. Pnrn mk mstnfe dnsnk (h2>) sm edtamhm mk bmher vnker fm mhmroân, mhmroân, ->7,9 mY, fnfe qum ms mk mstnfe bîs mstndkm.

d) Gehstruyn uh fanornbn (n msgnkn) fm mhmroâns fehfm sm vasunkagmh kns trnhsagaehms gerrmspehfamhtms n msns smrams. ]takagm mY gebe uhafnf fm mhmroân.

Pîoahn >

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

g) µMh quá zehns fmk mspmgtre mkmgtrebnohátage gnmh kns trms smrams fmk âtmb nhtmraer5 Mxprmsm sus rmsuktnfes gebe kn kehoatuf fm ehfn (mh hnh÷bmtres y mh Íhostreb) y gebe kn irmgumhgan (mh gb -> ) fm kes ietehms mbatafes. Pnrn edtmhmr kns kehoatufms fm ehfn gerrmspehfamhtm n gnfn trnhsaga÷h, sabpkmbmhtm sm gnkgukn kn faimrmhgan fm mhmroân mhtrm kes havmkms ahvekugrnfes. Fm mstn bnhmrn, pnrn kn smram fm Kybnh, sm gnkgukn mk M fmsfm tefes kes mstnfes mxgatnfes (h8>) jnstn mk mstnfe dnsnk (h2>).

M(h24

h2>)  

M2 -7,6 mY ‗ (- >7,9 mY) 2 >0,4 mY

M(h27

h2>)  

M2 ->,= mY ‗ (- >7,9 mY) 2 >4,> mY

M(h26

h2>)  

M2 -0,:= mY ‗ (- >7,9 mY) 2 >4,: mY

↔

↔

↔

… 

Kumoe, pnrn vasunkaznr mh quá zehn fmk mspmgtre mkmgtrebnohátage gnmh mstns trnhsagaehms, rmgerfmbes qum M 2 j samhfe  kn irmgumhgan fmk iet÷h mbatafe mh kn trnhsaga÷h y j kn gehstnhtm fm Pknhgc (j  2 9,949.>0-76L.s 2 6,>79.>0->=mY.s). Per etre knfe, irmgumhgan y kehoatuf fm ehfn seh ahvmrsnbmhtm prepergaehnkms, samhfe kn gehstnhtm fm prepergaehnkafnf G, kn vmkegafnf fm kn kuz (G 2 7,0.>0: b s->).

M(h24

h2>)  

2 4,= .>0>= s->3  2 >,44.>0-? b

M(h27

h2>)  

2 4,1 .>0>= s->3  2 >,04.>0-? b

M(h26

h2>)  

2 7,> .>0>= s->3  2 1,?.>0-: b

↔

↔

↔

… 

Pîoahn 4

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

Kn smram fm Kybnh gerrmspehfm n kn zehn fmk ]ktrnvaekmtn ( ~ >0-? b)

Mspmgtre mkmgtrebnohá mkmgtrebnohátage tage  ‗  Kehoatuf  Kehoatuf fm ehfn (mh bmtres) Hes pafmh mxprmsnr kes rmsuktnfes gebe  mh hb y mh Í y pnrn kn irmgumhgan mh gb->< > b 2 >01hb 2 >0>0Í

(h24

28

h2>) 2 >,44.>0

↔

 b 2 >44hb2 >,44.>07 Í

-?

Mh kn prîgtagn sm utakazn etrn ierbn fm mxprmsnr kn irmgumhgan, farmgtnbmhtm gnkguknfn gebe >/  mh mk mlmbpke fm mstn prabmrn trnhsaga÷h smrân< (h24↔h2>) 2 >/>,44.>0-? b28(h24↔h2>) 2 :,4.>09 b-> 2 :,4.>0:gb->  ]hn ierbn bîs farmgtn pnrn rmnkaznr mstes gîkgukes, ms mbpkmnhfe kn mgunga÷h fm Dnkbmr, fehfm Ʃ ms kn gehstnhtm fm Tyfdmro (T 2 >,01?7?. >0? b->)<

> 2 Ʃ ( >  > ),∊ 8     Kns smrams fm Kybnh, Dnkbmr y Pnsgjmh gerrmspehfmh n nqumkkns geh h2>,4 y 7 rmspmgtavnbmhtm. Mhtehgms geh mste sm edtamhm<

• 

Wmram fm Kybnh b24

γ2>4>,=hb β2:,49.>0:gb-> 

b27

γ2>04,=hb β21,?=.>0:gb-> 

b26

• 

1

]ktrnvaekmtn

->

γ21?,4hb β2>,07.>0 gb  

Wmram fm Dnkbmr b27 γ29=9,>hb β2>,=4.>0:gb->  b26

• 

:

Yasadkm

->

γ26:9hb β24,09.>0 gb  

Wmram fm Pnsgjmh b26

γ2>:?6,9hb β2=,77.>0?gb-> 

Ahirnrrele

f) Gnkgukm kn mhmroân fm aehaznga÷h fmk îtebe fm J, mxprmsnfn mh cL/bek n pnrtar fmk fanornbn fmk âtmb d) Kn mhmroân fm Aehaznga÷h gerrmspehfm nk pregmse< J(o)  + MHMTOÂN MHMTOÂN    ⎥⎥↔  J+(o)  + m∔  Ms kn mhmroân qum jny qum mhtrmonr n uh mkmgtr÷h mh su mstnfe dnsnk pnrn qum sm smpnrm ahiahatnbmhtm fmk hügkme. Pnrn gnkguknrkn, pefmbes mbpkmnr kn i÷rbukn fm Dnkbmr, yn qum mstm vnker fm mhmroân smrî aounk n kn mhmroân kadmrnfn mh mk pregmse epumste, mh qum uh m ∔ sm uhm n uh gnta÷h J +(o) pnrn fnr uh J (o)  Pîoahn 7

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

(ms fmgar, gerrmspehfmrî nk fmgnabamhte fm uh m∔ fmsfm uh havmk b, fehfm b ↔  ∘ jnstn mk havmk h2>). Mhtehgms, npkagnhfe kn i÷rbukn fm Dnkbmr<

> 2 Ʃ ( >  > )   >   > 2Ʃ2>,01?∔   ℈.℈. ∔    2 ℈ . pnrn 2 uh 2℈..Ʃ24,>:.>0   Mstn gerrmspehfm n kn mhmroân fm aehaznga÷h îtebe fm J.  2 >7>4,?= ⁆  m) Mhgumhtrm mh tndkns e mh ahtmrhmt mk vnker mxpmrabmhtnk fm kn mhmroân fm aehaznga÷h fmk îtebe fm J. Mxprásmkn mh mY y mh cL/bek. Gebpnrm geh g eh kes vnkerms edtmhafes mh mk gîkguke nhtmraer. Mh tndkns sm mhgumhtrn qum mk vnker fm MA pnrn mk J ms fm >7>4cL/bek

Predkmbn 4 n) Msgradn mk hübmre nt÷bage (ke pumfm dusgnr mh uhn tndkn pmra÷fagn), kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn, mk hübmre fm mkmgtrehms tetnkms y kes predndkms mkmgtrehms fm vnkmhgan fm kes saouamhtms mkmbmhtes< jmkae, hatr÷omhe, katae, sefae, bnohmsae, gargehae, sakagae, gedrm y ere. Kn Vndkn pmra÷fagn ms uhn faspesaga÷h fm kes mkmbmhtes quâbages mh ierbn fm tndkn erfmhnfes per hübmre nt÷bage (hübmre fm pretehms), per su gehiaournga÷h fm mkmgtrehms y sus prepamfnfms quâbagns. Mstm erfmhnbamhte bumstrn tmhfmhgans pmra÷fagns qum sm fasgutarîh n ke knroe fm mstn ]hafnf. Pnrn kes mkmbmhtes bmhgaehnfes mh mstm mlmrgagae pefmbes dusgnr mh kn tndkn pmra÷fagn mk hübmre nt÷bage (hübmre fm pretehms), mk gunk ms aounk nk hübmre fm mkmgtrehms, yn qum mstnbes gehsafmrnhfe mkmbmhtes hmutres.

Pîoahn 6

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

Mhtehgms, gebmhgmbes< a)  Jmkae, Jm< hübmre nt÷bage (\) 2 4, hübmre fm mkmgtrehms 2 4 aa)  Hatr÷omhe, H< \ 2 hübmre fm mkmgtrehms 2 ? aaa)  Katae, Ka< \ 2 hübmre fm mkmgtrehms 2 7 av)  Wefae, Hn< \ 2 hübmre fm mkmgtrehms 2 >> v)  Bnohmsae, Bo< \ 2 hübmre fm mkmgtrehms 2 >4 va)  Gargehae, \r< \ 2 hübmre fm mkmgtrehms 2 60 vaa)  Wakagae, Wa< \ 2 hübmre fm mkmgtrehms 2 >6 vaaa)  Gedrm, Gu< \ 2 hübmre fm mkmgtrehms 2 41 ax)  Ere, Nu< \ 2 hübmre fm mkmgtrehms 2 ?1 Njern pnrn msgradar kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn fm mstes mkmbmhtes fmdmbes prabmre fmiahar quá ahierbnga÷h hes fn kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn< kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn hes fn kn fastraduga÷h fm kes mkmgtrehms mh kes erdatnkms nt÷bages behemkmgtr÷hages. Gebe vabes mh mk Predkmbn > mh mk gnse fm îtebes behemkmgtr÷hages, kn mhmroân fm kes erdatnkms nt÷bages s÷ke fmpmhfm fmk hübmre guîhtage prahgapnk (h), per mkke kn mhmroân fm kes erdatnkms 4s y 4p per mlmbpke, ms aounk. Pmre, gunhfe pnsnbes n gehsafmrnr îtebes pekamkmgtr÷hages, fmdafe n kn mxastmhgan fm rmpuksaehms ahtmrmkmgtr÷hagns, kn mhmroân erdatnk fmpmhfm fmk hübmre guîhtage k. Gehsmgumhtmbmhtm, pnrn fmtmrbahnr kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn fm kes mkmbmhtes quâbages pmfafes mh mk predkmbn, hmgmsatnbes gehegmr gebe vnrân kn mhmroân fm kes erdatnkms nt÷bages geh kes vnkerms fm h y k. Mstm erfmhnbamhte tamhm mh gumhtn mk npnhtnkknbamhte, per ke gunk yn jny qum supehmr qum kes îtebes yn tamhmh gamrte hübmre fm mkmgtrehms. Mh kn saouamhtm iaourn sm bumstrn gebe vnrân kn mhmroân fm kes erdatnkms nt÷bages, mh kn gunk sm bumstrnh havmkms suiagamhtms pnrn gehtmhmr jnstn 70 mkmgtrehms<

Njern, mh mk gnse fm tmhmr bîs mkmgtrehms, pefmbes usnr ke qum sm gehegm gebe Tmokn fm kns fanoehnkms, qum fagm g÷be sm vnh kkmhnhfe kes erdatnkms nt÷bages mh îtebes pekamkmgtr÷hages. Pîoahn =

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

Gehsmgumhtmbmhtm, mh kn saouamhtm tndkn pumfmh vmrsm kns gehiaourngaehms mkmgtr÷hagns fm kes mkmbmhtes pmfafes mh mstm predkmbn<

Mkmbmhte

\

Gehiaournga÷h Mkmgtr÷hagn

Jm

4

>s4 

H

?

>s44s44p7 

Ka

7

>s44s> 

Hn

>>

>s44s44p97s> 

Bo \r

>4 60

>s44s44p97s4  >s44s44p97s47p96s47f>06p9=s46f4 

Wa

>6

>s44s44p97s47p4 

Gu

41

>s44s44p97s47p96s>7f>0 

Nu

?1

>s44s44p97s47p96s47f>06p9=s46f>0=p99s>6i >6=f>0 

Fmdm hetnrsm qum mh kes gnses fmk Gu y fmk Nu, pnrmgm jndmr mxgmpgaehnkafnfms mh mk kkmhnfe fm kes erdatnkms nt÷bages, yn qum, per mlmbpke kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn fmk Gu ms >s 44s44p97s47p96s>7f>0 y he >s44s44p97s47p96s47f1. Mste sm fmdm n qum kns gnpns f kkmhns e smbakkmhns jngmh qum kn k n gehiaournga÷h smn bîs mstndkm e smn, fm bmher mhmroân. Njern, pnrn jnkknr gunkms seh kes mkmgtrehms fm vnkmhgan fm kes fastahtes mkmbmhtes, ms fmgar nqumkkes qum vnh n pnrtagapnr fm kn uha÷h quâbagn, pefmbes msgradar kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn fm gnfn mkmbmhte gebe kn fmk ons hedkm bîs pr÷xabe, bîs uhn tárbahe rmstnhtm qum gnrngtmrazn n gnfn mkmbmhte. Mh mk gnse fm kes mkmbmhtes fmk Jm nk Wa, mstn gehiaournga÷h gerrmspehfm n kn gehiaournga÷h fm vnkmhgan (tárbahe rele). Mh mk gnse fmk Gu y fmk Nu, kes mkmgtrehms f y i ierbnh gnpns kkmhns y he gehtraduymh n kes mkmgtrehms fm vnkmhgan. Mh kn saouamhtm tndkn sm bumstrn mk hübmre fm mkmgtrehms fm vnkmhgan pnrn kes mkmbmhtes gehsafmrnfes.

Pîoahn 9

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

Mkmbmhte

\

Gehiaournga÷h Mkmgtr÷hagn

Hübmre fm mkmgtrehms fm vnkmhgan

Jm

4

>s4 

0

H

?

4s44p7  SJmR SJmR4s

=

Ka

7

SJmR 4s> 

>

Hn

>>

SHmR 7s> 

>

Bo

>4

SHmR 7s4 

4

\r

60

SCrR =s46f4 

6

Wa

>6

SHmR 7s47p4 

6

Gu

41

6s>7f>0  SNrR SNrR6s

>

Nu

?1

SZmR SZmR9s 9s>6i >6=f>0 

>

d) Msgradn kns gehiaourngaehms mkmgtr÷hagns fm kns saouamhtms mspmgams< Hm, E 4  , C + y Nr µ^uá mspmgams, mhtrm mkkns, seh asemkmgtr÷hagns5 ∔ 

Mh kn saouamhtm tndkn sm bumstrnh kns gehiaourngaehms mkmgtr÷hagns pmfafns< Hm< >s4 4s4 4p9 E4∔ < >s4 4s4 4p9 +

4

4

9

4

9

C 4p97s 7s4 7p  7p9 Nrs >s4 4s  4s44p Hm y E4- seh asemkmgtr÷hagns, tamhmh kn basbn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn, nk aounk qum C + y Nr.

g) µPer quá kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn fmk mstnfe iuhfnbmhtnk fmk îtebe fm katae ms >s 4 4s>  y he >s 4 4p>5 Gebpnrm geh mk gnse fmk îtebe fm jafr÷omhe, mh knsgehiaourngaehms (mxgatnfns) 4s > y 4p>  Kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn fmk Ka, gebe sm vae mh mk puhte n) ms >s44s>y he >s44p> yn qum mh îtebes pekamkmgtr÷hages, gebe sm fasguta÷ nhtmraerbmhtm, kn mhmroân fm kes erdatnkms nt÷bages fmpmhfm fmk hübmre guîhtage h (nk aounk qum mh mk îtebe fm J), y fmk hübmre guîhtage k. Mhtehgms, kn mhmroân fmk erdatnk 4s ms bmher qum kn fmk erdatnk 4p, per ke gunk kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn fm bmher mhmroân pnrn mk Ka ms >s44s>. Mste yn sm fasguta÷ mh mk puhte n, gunhfe sm bmhgaeh÷ kn Tmokn fm kns fanoehnkms. Mh mk gnse fmk îtebe fm J mh mk mstnfe mxgatnfe, kns gehiaourngaehms mkmgtr÷hagns 4s >  y 4p> tamhmh kn basbn mhmroân, yn qum mh mk îtebe fm J jny uh seke mkmgtr÷h, geh ke gunk he jny rmpuksaehms ahtmrmkmgtr÷hagns y kn mhmroân erdatnk s÷ke fmpmhfm fmk hübmre guîhtage h.

Predkmbn 7 Mh dnsm n kes hübmres nt÷bages fm kes mkmbmhtes mstnþe, nro÷h, gkere y pkebe, nsaohm kes saouamhtms vnkerms fm rnfaes nt÷bages n gnfn uhe fm mses mkmbmhtes< 0,01:3 0,0113 0,>94 y 0,>?= hb. Prabmre fmdmbes nvmraounr mk \ fm gnfn mkmbmhte< \Wh 2 =0

\Nr 2 >:

\Gk 2 >?

\Pd 2 :4

Mstnþe

Nro÷h

Gkere

Pkebe

Pîoahn ?

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

N bnyer \, kns iuhgaehms erdatnkms nt÷bages ndnrgnh mspngaes bîs kmlnhes nk hügkme. Wah mbdnroe, mh mk gnse fmk Nr, mk erdatnk gebpkmte prevmm uhn mstndakafnf nfagaehnk nk sastmbn, y mk rnfae nt÷bage ms bmher qum mk fmk Gk. Per ke tnhte mk erfmh fm kes rnfaes ms< rPd 8 rWh 8 rGk 8 rNr  \mi  fmk  fmk Nr ms bnyer qum mk \ mi  fmk  fmk Gk

Predkmbn 6 Erfmhm kns saouamhtms mspmgams mh erfmh grmgamhtm fm rnfae r nfae mh kes gnses mh qum mkke smn pesadkm< n) Ka+ , Ka, Jm Wa gebpnrnbes kes hübmres nt÷bages fm Ka y fm Jm, \Ka 2 7 y \Jm 2 4, per ke tnhte rKa 8 rJm. Mhtrm Ka+ y Ka, Ka+ tamhm 4 m∔ y 7 pretehms, y Ka tamhm 7 m ∔ y 7 pretehms, mh gehsmgumhgan, kn gnron hugkmnr mimgtavn smrî bnyer mh Ka+ qum mh Ka. Vmhamhfe mh gumhtn mstes fes rnzehnbamhtes, mk erfmh grmgamhtm gr mgamhtm fm rnfaes ms< rJm ; rKa+ ; rKa 

d) E 4- , E Mh mstm gnse, kn gnron mimgtavn hugkmnr smrî bnyer mh mk gnse fmk E qum mh mk fmk E4∔, per ke tnhte mk erfmh ms< rE ; rE4-  Etrn ierbn fm vmrke ms tmhamhfe mh gumhtn qum nk nubmhtnr mk hübmre fm m ∔  mh mk îtebe fm E, nubmhtnh kns rmpuksaehms ahtmrmkmgtr÷hagns, ke qum gnusn qum kes m ∔  sm smpnrmh bîs mhtrm sâ. Q mh gehsmgumhgan mk rnfae fmk nha÷h exe smrî bnyer qum mk fmk îtebe fm exâomhe.

g) Ka, A, E, Td Wa tmhmbes mh gumhtn mk \ fm kes mkmbmhtes (\Ka 2 7, \A 2 =?, \E 2 9>, \Td 2 7?), y mk pmrâefe mh mk qum sm mhgumhtrnh pefmbes niarbnr qum< - Ka y E mstîh mh mk basbe pmraefe (4), per ke tnhte, r Ka 8 rE  - Td m A mstîh mh mk basbe pmrâefe (=), per ke tnhte, r Td 8 rA  Nk gebpnrnr mk Ka geh mk A, mk prabmre sm mhgumhtrn bîs n kn azquamrfn fm kn tndkn, bamhtrns qum mk smouhfe sm mhgumhtrn mh uh pmrâefe bnyer. He mxastm uh gratmrae qum pmrbatn gehegmr n praera mk tnbnþe rmkntave fm mstes îtebes. N su vmz, fmpmhfm tnbdaáh fm g÷be jnyn safe fmtmrbahnfe mk rnfae. Ynkerms mxpmrabmhtnkms< Ka 2 >=?pb (rnfae bmtîkage geh hre. fm geerfahnga÷h >4), A 2 >77pb (rnfae gevnkmhtm).

f) E 4-, A Weh mkmbmhtes fm fastahte orupe y pmrâefe y nfmbîs uhe fm mkkes ms uh nha÷h y mk etre ms uh îtebe hmutre. He mxastm uh gratmrae qum sm pumfn npkagnr pnrn fmtmrbahnr n praera gunk prmsmhtnrn bnyer rnfae. Kes vnkerms mxpmrabmhtnkms seh E4- 2 >60pb, A 2 >77pb Pîoahn :

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

m) Bo 4+ , I  , Gk  , Dm 4+ , W  4 ,- Hn+ ∔ 

∔ 

\ Pmraefe Orupe

Bo4+  >4 7 4

I  1 4 >?

Gk  >? 7 >?

Dm4+  = 4 4

W4  >9 7 >9

Hn+  47 7 >

Vmhonbes mh gumhtn kes saouamhtms puhtes< - Vefes kes aehms nkgnhznh kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn fm sus onsms hedkms bîs gmrgnhes - Wa mk aeh tamhm gnron pesatavn, mhtehgms mk rnfae fasbahuym geh rmspmgte nk îtebe hmutre. Wa kn gnron ms hmontavn, mhtehgms mk rnfae nubmhtn. -mk rDm4+ smrî mk bmher per mhgehtrnrsm mh mk bmher pmraefe y orupe. - Mk rBo4+ ; rHn+ yn qum mk \mi  smrî  smrî bnyer pnrn mk gnta÷h fm bnyer gnron. - Mk rI- ; rGk-, yn qum nk mstnr mh mk basbe orupe, Gk mstî mh uh bnyer pmraefe. - Mk rW4- 8 r Gk-, yn qum sa damh mstîh mh mk basbe pmraefe, mk \ mi  ms  ms bmher mh mk aeh fm gnron 4- qum mh mk fm gnron >-. N pnrtar fm msns prmbasns nhtmraerms edtmhmbes mk saouamhtm erfmh grmgamhtm fm kes rnfaes fm mstns mspmgams< rDm4+ ; rBo4+ ; rHn+; rI- ; rGk- ; rW4- 

Predkmbn = Ahfaqum lustaiagnhfe g÷be vnrânh mh mk orupe A (ymhfe fmk katae nk gmsae) kns saouamhtms prepamfnfms< n) kn prabmrn mhmroân fm aehaznga÷h. Mk pregmse n gehsafmrnr ms< N(o)  ⎥⎥↔  N+(o)+ + > m∔  Fasbahuym nk fmsgmhfmr mh mk orupe. Mxpmrabmhtnkbmhtm pumfm fmtmrbahnrsm per mspmgtresgepan nt÷bagn. Nk dnlnr, sa damh nubmhtn kn gnhtafnf fm m ∔  mhtrm mk hügkme y mk m ∔  fm vnkmhgan (npnhtnkknbamhte, ), tnbdaáh nubmhtn kn gnron fmk hügkme (\), edsmrvîhfesm qum kn gnron hugkmnr mimgtavn (\mi 2 \ - ) sm ahgrmbmhtn kmvmbmhtm. Wah mbdnroe, gebe mk mkmgtr÷h bîs mxtmrhe sm mhgumhtrn mh uh erdatnk fm bnyer mhmroân y n bnyer fastnhgan nk hügkme, kn mhmroân hmgmsnran pnrn qum mk mkmgtr÷h sm fmsprmhfn ms bmher.

d) mk rnfae a÷hage fmk aeh B +. Nubmhtn nk fmsgmhfmr mh mk orupe. Nk aounk qum mh kes îtebes nk gebpkmtnrsm kes havmkms fm mhmroân kes m∔ sm udagnh mh erdatnkms gnfn vmz bîs mxtmrhes nk pnsnr fm uh pmrâefe nk saouamhtm.

g) kn mhmroân fm uha÷h mkmgtr÷hagn. Mk pregmse n gehsafmrnr ms< N(o) + > m∔   ⎥⎥↔  N(o) ∔  Fasbahuym mh b÷fuke (sm jngm gnfn vmz bîs gmrgnhn n 0) nk fmsgmhfmr mh mk orupe. Gebe mk m ∔ qum sm uhm nk îtebe sm mhgumhtrn gnfn vmz bîs kmles fmk hügkme, kn mstndakaznga÷h qum sm prefugm ms bmher y per ke tnhte sm kadmrn bmhes mhmroân.

Pîoahn 1

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

Predkmbn 9 Kes vnkerms mxpmrabmhtnkms fm kn prabmrn mhmroân fm aehaznga÷h (MA) y kn mhmroân fm uha÷h mkmgtr÷hagn (M]M) fm kes mkmbmhtes he bmtîkages fmk smouhfe pmrâefe sm bumstrnh mh kn saouamhtm tndkn<

D G H E I

D G H E I

MA / cL bek ->  :0>,0 >0:9,6 >604,7 >7>7,1 >9:0,0

MA / CL bek->  :0>,0 >0:9,6 >604,7 >7>7,1 >9:0,0

M]M / cL bek ->  -4?,0 ->4>,1 ?,0 ->6>,0 -74:,0

M]M / CL bek->  -4?,0 ->4>,1 ?,0 ->6>,0 -74:,0

Gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn >s 4s 4p 4 4 > 4 4 4 4 4 7 4 4 6 4 4 =

n) Mxpkaqum mh tárbahes fm kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn qum kn MA fm G ms bnyer qum kn fm D. µMs mste mxtrnpekndkm n tefes kes pnrms fm mkmbmhtes5 (MA) fmk  fmk G pumfm mxpkagnrsm Kn bnyer mhmroân fm aehaznga÷h (MA) mh kn bnyer gnron hugkmnr mimgtavn qum samhtmh kes mkmgtrehms fm vnkmhgan fmk G mh gebpnrnga÷h n kes fmk D 4p).. Wa sm gebpnrnh kns MA pnrn mk pnr H-E, he sm (4s 4p) edsmrvn kn basbn tmhfmhgan.

d) Mxpkaqum per quá kn MA fm H ms bnyer qum kn fm E. Wa sm edsmrvn kns mhmroâns fm aehaznga÷h fm tefes kes mkmbmhtes fmk pmrâefe, sm vm qum pnrn mk gnse fmk H, mstns prmsmhtnh uh bîxabe, y ke basbe egurrm mh mk gnse fm kns (M]M) . Mste abpkagn qum kn mhmroân fm uha÷h mkmgtr÷hagn (M]M). gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn fmk H ms pnrtaguknrbmhtm mstndkm gebpnrnfn n kns qum tamhmh uh m-  bîs e uhe bmhes. Wa sm nhnkazn mh bîs fmtnkkm kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn fmk H, sm edsmrvn qum mk sudhavmk 4p sm mhgumhtrn smbakkmhe, nkgnhznhfe mk bîxabe mh kn buktapkagafnf fm spah (rmokn fm Juhf). Vnhte kn párfafn gebe kn onhnhgan fm uh m- per pnrtm fmk îtebe H, abpkagnrn uhn párfafn fm mstndakafnf y per ke tnhte bîs mhmroân pnrn qum sm prefuzgn. Pîoahn >0

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

g) Nhnkaznhfe mstes rmsuktnfes, µquá epahn fm kn irnsm ‛kn MA nubmhtn jngan kn fmrmgjn mh uh pmrâefe‒5  

Mh iuhga÷h fm mste pefmbes fmgar qum kn irnsm ‛Kn MA nubmhtn jngan kn fmrmgjn mh uh pmrâefe‒ ms uhn mxprmsa÷h omhmrnk qum fmsgradm gnsa tefes kes gnses. gnse s. Pmre gebe he gehsafmrn kns ahtmrnggaehms mhtrm kes spahms fm kes mkmgtrehms, prmsmhtn mxgmpgaehms (gebe mk gnse fmk H). H).

f) Mh mk kndernterae ustmf gnkguk÷ kns mhmroâns fm aehaznga÷h pnrn kes mkmbmhtes fmk smouhfe pmrâefe. Gebpnrm kes vnkerms edtmhafes geh kes k es vnkerms tnduknfes y fasgutn kns faimrmhgans. Mkmbmhte Ka

MA tnduknfn >46,4:

MA gnkguknfn >44,00

 

4,4:

Dm

4>6,:1

>:9,4:

4:,9>

D

>1>,4?

>96,>0

4?,>?

G

4=1,6=

4=0,47

1,44

H

776,16

744,9>

>4,77

E

7>7,14

4?4,?1

6>,>7

I

60>,90

7==,77

69,4?

ΖMA

Mh tefes kes gnses sm edsmrvn qum mk vnker gnkguknfe ms sambprm bmher nk mxpmrabmhtnk. N su vmz pnrn mk E y mk I, kn faimrmhgan ms dnstnhtm bnyer qum pnrn mk rmste fm kes mkmbmhtes, mste pumfm fmdmrsm n qum mk ornfe fm nprexabnga÷h qum sm rmnkazn mh gnfn gîkguke fmpmhfm fmk hübmre fm mkmgtrehms.

m) Dusqum mh tndkns (pumfm mhgehtrnrkns mh kn pîoahn wmd fm kn bntmran) kes vnkerms fm kns MA sugmsavns pnrn mk gnrdehe (jnstn kn quahtn). Lustaiaqum kn tmhfmhgan. Mh mk orîiage sm edsmrvn uh nubmhte gnsa kahmnk fm kns MA jnstn mk gunrte mkmgtr÷h y qum mh kn quahtn sm prefugm uh ornh snkte. Mstn üktabn gerrmspehfm n quatnr uhe fm kes mkmgtrehms fmk havmk >s qum yn sm mhgumhtrn gebpkmte, y per ke tnhte sm rmquamrm fm bugjn mhmroân yn qum sm trntn fm uhn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn buy mstndkm.

Predkmbn ?   Fmgafn sa kns saouamhtms niarbngaehms seh vmrfnfmrns e inksns lustaiagnhfe drmvmbmhtm sus rmspumstns>

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

egupnr erdatnkms faimrmhtms, mhtehgms sm udagnrîh npnrmnhfe spahms (prahgapae fm bîxabn buktapkagafnf fm spah) Mlmbpke: mkmgtrehms sa kes jny)3 samhfe mk mimgte fm nþnfar humvns gnpns mkmgtr÷hagns prmfebahnhtm geh rmspmgte nk fmk nubmhte fm \mi, per ke qum kes mkmgtrehms sm fastnhganh gnfn vmz bîs fmk hügkme nt÷bage y mk rnfae nt÷bage ms bnyer gunhfe dnlnbes mh uh orupe.

g) Kns M.].M. fasbahuymh fm azquamrfn n fmrmgjn mh kn tndkn pmra÷fagn. Inkse. Mh uh basbe pmrâefe kns M]M (Mhmroân fm ]ha÷h Mkmgtr÷hagn) nubmhtnh fm azquamrfn n fmrmgjn yn qum nubmhtn kn gnron hugkmnr mimgtavn mh msn farmgga÷h perqum nubmhtn mk hübmre fm pretehms mh mk hügkme bîs rîpafe qum mk mimgte fm npnhtnkknbamhte fm gnron hugkmnr qum mlmrgmh kes mkmgtrehms bîs ahtmrhes sedrm kes mxtmrhes.

f) Kes nhaehms tamhmh sambprm rnfaes a÷hages bnyerms qum kes gntaehms g ntaehms fmk basbe mkmbmhte. Ymrfnfmre. Gunhfe sm normon uh mkmgtr÷h nk îtebe pnrn ierbnr uh nha÷h< N(o) + > m∔   ⎥⎥↔  N(o) ∔  kns rmpuksaehms ahtmrmkmgtr÷hagns nubmhtnh y kes mkmgtrehms sm smpnrnh bîs mhtrm sâ. Nk pmrfmrsm uh mkmgtr÷h n pnrtar fmk îtebe pnrn ierbnr uh gnta÷h< N(o)  ⎥⎥↔  N(o)+ + > m∔  kns rmpuksaehms ahtmrmkmgtr÷hagns fasbahuymh y jny uh bnyer hübmre fm gnrons gnr ons pesatavns qum hmontavns, per ke qum kes mkmgtrehms rmstnhtms sm ngmrgnh bîs nk hügkme y mk rnfae fasbahuym. Pîoahn >4

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

Predkmbn : n) Fmsgradn mk mhkngm qum uhm kes îtebes fm kns saouamhtms bekágukns mbpkmnhfe mk befmke fm Kmwas< I   44 , E 4 , H  4 , GE, GH  , HE. ∔ 

a.

I4 

av.

GE

aa.

E4 

v.

GH  

aaa.

H4 

va.

HE

∔

d) Ahfaqum guîkms fm mkkns tmhfrîh uh bebmhte fapeknr pmrbnhmhtm. Nqumkkns qum prmsmhtnh uh bebmhte fapeknr pmrbnhmhtm seh av, v y va. Mstns seh kns bekágukns jmtmrent÷bagns y, per mhfm, kes îtebes qum kns gebpehmh prmsmhtnh faimrmhtms mkmgtrehmontavafnfms.

g) Afmhtaiaqum mhtrm mkkns bekágukns asemkmgtr÷hagns. µ^uá pumfm fmgarsm ngmrgn fm sus mstrugturns fm Kmwas5 aaa, av y v seh asemkmgtr÷hagns y prmsmhtnh kn basbn mstrugturn fm Kmwas.

Mlmrgagaes 1 y >0 ‗ Ahtrefugga÷h Mh mstes fes predkmbns, hes ngmrgnrmbes n kn mstrugturn y omebmtrân fm uh gehluhte fm mspmgams, n pnrtar fm kes befmkes fm Kmwas y fm Vmerân fm Tmpuksa÷h fm Pnrms fm Mkmgtrehms fm Ynkmhgan (VTMPMY), rmspmgtavnbmhtm. Gebe vmrmbes furnhtm mk gurse, mk gehegabamhte fm kn mstrugturn bekmguknr ms fm ornh abpertnhgan pnrn ahtmrprmtnr e ahgkuse prmfmgar nkouhns prepamfnfms pre pamfnfms qum prmsmhtnh kes gebpumstes quâbages. Mstes fes befmkes hes pmrbatmh rîpafnbmhtm pefmr tmhmr uhn prabmrn afmn fm nkouhns gnrngtmrâstagns mstrugturnkms fm kns bekágukns. Mk befmke fm Kmwas hes fn ahierbnga÷h sedrm g÷be sm faspehmh kes mkmgtrehms mxtmrhes nkrmfmfer fm kes îtebes qum kns gehierbnh, g ehierbnh, y kes mhkngms mhtrm mkkes. He pefrmbes mxpkagnr mxpka gnr guîk ms kn ierbn fmVnbpege uhn bekágukn geh uhn mstrugturn mkke, usnrmbes kn VTMPMY gebe prabmr befmke smhgakke. pefrmbes mxpkagnr g÷befm smKmwas3 ierbnpnrn uh mhkngm e g÷be sm gebpnrtmh kesuhmkmgtrehms mhtrm îtebes. Etres befmkes hes pmrbatarîh ngmrgnrhes bîs n mste. Ymnbes gebe pmhsnr mstes predkmbns n trnvás fm uh pnr fm mlmbpkes, qum hes fnrîh kn pnutn omhmrnk pnrn nrbnr uhn mstrugturn fm Kmwas y prmfmgar kn omebmtrân bekmguknr.

Mstrugturns fm Kmwas Aeh hatrnte ‗ HE7- 

>.  Prabmre, fmiahabes guîk smrî mk îtebe gmhtrnk fm kn bekágukn, nk gunk sm mhknznrîh kes fmbîs îtebes (qum kknbnrmbes tmrbahnkms). Per ke omhmrnk, mk gmhtrnk ms mk îtebe bmhes mkmgtrehmontave. Faspehmbes nk îtebe gmhtrnk mh mk gmhtre, y kes tmrbahnkms n su nkrmfmfer. Pîoahn >7

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

4.  Kumoe fmdmbes gehtnr kes mkmgtrehms (mxtmrhes) ahvekugrnfes mh kn mstrugturn (e smn, subnr kes mkmgtrehms fm vnkmhgan fm tefes kes îtebes ahvekugrnfes). Wa kn mspmgam ms uh aeh, jny qum subnrkm e rmstnrkm mk hübmre fm gnrons qum tmhon, tmhamhfe mh gumhtn sa ms uh nha÷h (gnron hmontavn) e uh gnta÷h (gnron pesatavn). µG÷be gehtnbes mkmgtrehms fm vnkmhgan5 Ms gehvmhamhtm barnr kns gehiaourngaehms mkmgtr÷hagns mxtmrhns fm kes îtebes ahvekugrnfes.

Mkmgtrehms 4

4

7

H< >s 4s 4p  

=

E< >s44s44p6 

9.72>:

Gnron tetnk< -> Vetnk<

> 46

7.  Njern fmdmbes fmtmrbahnr kn gehmgtavafnf. Gehmgtnbes mk îtebe gmhtrnk n kes tmrbahnkms geh uh mhkngm sabpkm mh gnfn gnse.  Nsaohnbes 4 m- per mhkngm sabpkm. ^umfnh 46 - 4 ß 7 2 >: mkmgtrehms

(Hetmbes qum kes mkmgtrehms seh rmprmsmhtnfes tefes geh mk basbe sâbdeke. Nsâ ahfagnbes qum kes mkmgtrehms seh ahfastahouadkms. He bnrgnbes nk mhkngm refmîhfeke geh uh gârguke e hnfn sabaknr3 nk mstnr mhtrm E y H yn mhtmhfmbes qum uhm n mses fes îtebes. Wâ pefmbes rmmbpknznr mstm pnr fm puhtes per uhn kâhmn, pnrn sabpkaiagnr mk msqumbn.) 6.  Normonbes kes mkmgtrehms sedrnhtms n kn mstrugturn, prabmre n kes îtebes bîs mkmgtrehmontaves, y fmspuás nk îtebe gmhtrnk. Wambprm dusgnbes gubpkar geh kn rmokn fmk egtmte, ms fmgar, trntnbes fm qum gnfn îtebe kkmoum n tmhmr : mkmgtrehms nkrmfmfer.

9 m- pnrn gnfn exâomhe, yn fastraduabes kes 46. 

=.  ]hn vmz qum yn noetnbes kes mkmgtrehms, sa nüh he kkmonbes n gubpkar mk egtmte pnrn tefes kes îtebes ahvekugrnfes, pefmbes ierbnr mhkngms fedkms e trapkms geh ge h mses pnrms fm mkmgtrehms qum normonbes. Mh kn mstrugturn nhtmraer, mk H he gubpkân geh kn rmokn fmk egtmte, nuhqum kes E, sâ. Nk bevmr uh pnr fm m-  fm uh exâomhe pnrn ierbnr uh mhkngm fedkm, tnhte mk H gebe kes E kkmonh nk egtmte. 

9.  Jny nkouhes gnses fehfm jny bîs fm uhn pesadkm mstrugturn fm Kmwas qum gubpkn geh mk egtmte. Fmiahabes kn gnron ierbnk pnrn uh îtebe<

∔ ∔ #  2#  # Kn subn fm kns gnrons ierbnkms fm kes îtebes fm uhn mspmgam tamhm qum smr aounk n kn gnron tetnk fm msn mspmgam. ]hn mstrugturn fm Kmwas ÷ptabn smrî nqumkkn qum gehsaon gubpkar geh kn rmokn fmk egtmte y bahabaznr (mh mk smhtafe fm ngmrgnr n 0, he fm jngmr bîs hmontavn) kns gnrons ierbnkms fm kes îtebes. Vnbdaáh ms prmimradkm qum kns gnrons ierbnkms vnynh fm ngumrfe n kn mkmgtrehmontavafnf fm kes îtebes (gnrons ierbnkms hmontavns sedrm kes bîs mkmgtrehmontaves, y gnrons ierbnkms pesatavns sedrm kes bmhes mkmgtrehmontaves). Pîoahn >6

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

Mh omhmrnk, ierbnr mhkngms büktapkms sarvm pnrn fasbahuar kns gnrons ierbnkms. Kes mkmbmhtes fmk pmrâefe 7 e bnyerms pumfmh mxpnhfar su egtmte pnrn bahabaznr kn gnron ierbnk. Mh mstm gnse, kns gnrons ierbnkms seh dnstnhtm gmrgnhns n 0. Nfmbîs, kns gnrons ierbnkms hmontavns mstîh sedrm kes îtebes fm E, y kn pesatavn gerrmspehfm nk H.

?.  Mh bugjes gnses, bîs fm uhn mstrugturn fm Kmwas ms pesadkm pnrn uhn basbn mspmgam. Mh msm gnse, farmbes qum gnfn uhn fm msns fmsgrapgaehms gehtraduym n uh jâdrafe fm rmsehnhgan. Kns gehiaourngaehms rmsehnhtms seke faiamrmh mh kn kegnkaznga÷h fm sus mkmgtrehms, y he mh kn gehmgtavafnf fm kes îtebes (gunhfe vnrân kn gehmgtavafnf fm kes îtebes sm trntn fm as÷bmres). Hahouhn fm mkkns per sâ sekn rmprmsmhtnrân n tefn kn mspmgam. Wus gehtradugaehms nk jâdrafe pumfmh smr mquavnkmhtms e he. Mste sumkm bnhaimstnrsm n pnrtar fm ahierbnga÷h mxpmrabmhtnk (qum he pefmbes prmfmgar geh Kmwas). Pmre mh omhmrnk, gunhte bîs ÷ptabns smnh kns mstrugturns (smoüh mk gratmrae fm kn gnron ierbnk), bnyer smrî su gehtraduga÷h. Mstn ms kn mstrugturn fmk HE7∔  fmspuás fmk pnse 9. Ngî pefrânbes mkmoafe mk E fm azquamrfn, fm kn fmrmgjn e mkjndmr fm ndnle pnrn ierbnr uh kn mhkngm fedkm geh mk H, sah hahouhn rnz÷h pnrn prmimrar uhe per sedrm mk etre. Fmsfm mk puhte fm vastn quâbage, kes trms E y kes trms mhkngms seh mquavnkmhtms. Mste ke smþnknbes rmprmsmhtnhfe nk aeh hatrnte gebe mk jâdrafe fm rmsehnhgan fnfe per kns trms mstrugturns n gehtahunga÷h, qum tmhfrîh aounk gehtraduga÷h (bestrnbes tnbdaáh kns gnrons ierbnkms mh rele, qum seh sambprm kns basbns, s÷ke qum sedrm faimrmhtms îtebes)<

Mstrugturns fm Kmwas - rmsubmh

>.  4.  7.  6.  =.  9. 

Fmiahar mk îtebe gmhtrnk fm kn bekágukn.  Fmtmrbahnr mk hübmre fm mkmgtrehms fm vnkmhgan fmk sastmbn. Wm uhmh kes îtebes geh mk gmhtrnk geh mhkngms sabpkms. Wa sedrnh mkmgtrehms sm normonh gebe pnrms kadrms, rmspmtnhfe kn rmokn fmk egtmte. Wa he sm gebpkmtn mk egtmte fm nkoüh îtebe sm ierbnh mhkngms fedkms e trapkms. Gehsafmrnr gnrons ierbnkms. Bahabaznrkns. Nþnfar mhkngms pnrn mxpnhfar egtmte (îtebes fmk 7mr  pmrâefe pnrn ndnle). 

?.  Gehsafmrnr pesadkms mstrugturns fm rmsehnhgan. 

Pîoahn >=

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

Omebmtrân bekmguknr< VTMPMY ‗‗‗ Peknrafnf bekmguknr Mstm bátefe pmrbatm, dnle gamrtes supumstes, prmfmgar omebmtrâns y îhoukes fm mhkngm mh bekágukns sabpkms. Mstî dnsnfe mh qum kns rmoaehms fm bnyer fmhsafnf mkmgtr÷hagn (qum kn tmerân kknbn pnrms fm mkmgtrehms) nkrmfmfer fm uh îtebe gmhtrnk sm udagnh ke bîs nkmlnfns pesadkm mh mk mspngae, fm bnhmrn fm bahabaznr kn rmpuksa÷h mkmgtr÷hagn mhtrm mkkns. Mste fmtmrbahn uhn omebmtrân e fastraduga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn, qum hes pmrbatarîfmfugar uhn omebmtrân bekmguknr. Kn fastraduga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn ahfagn g÷be sm fastraduymh kes pnrms fm mkmgtrehms nkrmfmfer fm uh îtebe, bamhtrns qum kn omebmtrân bekmguknr fmpmhfm fm kn faspesaga÷h mspngank fm kes îtebes mh uhn bekágukn. ]h pnr fm mkmgtrehms ahvekugrnfe mh uh mhkngm mhtrm îtebes smrî uh pnr mhknznhtm, bamhtrns qum uh pnr kadrm ms nqumk qum he. Fmsfm mk puhte fm vastn fm kn VTMPMY, uh mhkngm fedkm e trapkm gumhtn gebe s÷ke uh pnr mhknznhtm. Pnrn rmiahnr kn prmfagga÷h fm omebmtrâns y îhoukes fm mhkngm, ms hmgmsnrae gehsafmrnr qum kn rmpuksa÷h mkmgtrestîtagn mhtrm orupes saoum mk erfmh< pnr kadrm/pnr kadrm 8 pnr kadrm/pnr mhknznhtm 8 pnr mhknznhtm/pnr mhknznhtm, y mse gnusnrî fastersaehms rmspmgte n kes îhoukes fm mhkngm prmfagjes per kn tmerân.

 Nbehânge ‗ HJ7 

>.  Prabmre, msgradar kn mstrugturn fm Kmwas, m afmhtaiagnr nk îtebe gmhtrnk (¡mse yn ke jagabes pnrn mk predkmbn nhtmraer!). Wa jny vnrans mstrugturns fm rmsehnhgan, mkmoar uhn< kn omebmtrân bekmguknr fmdmrân smr kn basbn pnrn tefns. 4.  Gehtnr guîhtes pnrms fm mkmgtrehms (pnrms tetnkms) jny nkrmfmfer fmk îtebe gmhtrnk, guîhtes kadrms y guîhtes mhknznhtms (rmgerfnr qum tetnkms 2 kadrms + mhknznhtms). 7.  Fmtmrbahnr kn fastraduga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn, qum mstnrî fnfn per kn gnhtafnf fm pnrms tetnkms, gehsafmrnhfe qum sm nkmlnh ke bîs pesadkm mh mk mspngae.

Pnrms m- tetnkms

4

7

6

=

9

Fastraduga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn

Kahmnk

Vranhouknr

Vmtrnáfragn

Daparnbafnk traoehnk

Egtnáfragn

Îhoukes fm mhkngm nprex.

>:0°

>40°

>01,=°

>40° mgunterank, 10 nxank

10°

4) Nkrmfmfer fmk H< > pnr kadrm 7 pnrms mhknznhtms 28 6 pnrms tetnkms

7) Fastraduga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn< tmtrnáfragn 

6.  Afmhtaiagnr guîhtes fm mstes pnrms mstîh nseganfes n mhkngms geh etres îtebes (pnrms mhknznhtms), yn qum mstes fmtmrbahnrîh kn omebmtrân bekmguknr. Pefmbes usnr kn saouamhtm abnomh gebe rmimrmhgan (iaourn 1 fm kn ]hafnf 4), qum hes bumstrn kns omebmtrâns bekmguknrms bîs jndatunkms. N ms mk îtebe gmhtrnk, Z ahfagn kn gnhtafnf fm kaonhfes e îtebes mhknznfes n ák (Z smrân mk hübmre fm pnrms mhknznhtms, tnbdaáh), y M ms mk hübmre fm pnrms kadrms. Pefmbes hetnr qum sa he jny pnrms kadrms, omebmtrân bekmguknr y mkmgtr÷hagn geahgafmh.

Pîoahn >9

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

Mstn gerrmspehfm nk HJ7, 28 omebmtrân parnbafnk

=.  Geh ke qum jagabes jnstn njern, yn fmtmrbahnbes guîk smrî kn ierbn fm kn omebmtrân bekmguknr. VTMPMY hes pmrbatm tnbdaáh prmfmgar kes îhoukes mhtrm mhkngms, n pnrtar fm gehsafmrngaehms omebátragns (he pefrmbes prmfmgar kehoatufms fm mhkngm u etres ingterms omebátrages). Wa jny pnrms kadrms, mstes ahtrefugmh uhn fastersa÷h mh kes îhoukes fm mhkngm, perqum mk mimgte rmpuksave qum gnusnh ms bnyer qum mk fm uh pnr mhknznhtm. Mh mstm gnse, mk pnr kadrm fmk H omhmrn uhn bnyer rmpuksa÷h sedrm kes pnrms mhknznhtms qum mstes mhtrm sâ, nkmlîhfekes fmk pnr kadrm y ngjagnhfe mk îhouke fm mhkngm. Pefrmbes prmfmgar qum mk îhouke fm mhkngm smrî bmher n >01,=°. Mxpmrabmhtnkbmhtm, mstes îhoukes J-H-J seh fm >0?°, geh ke qum humstrn prmfagga÷h ium gerrmgtn.

Peknrafnf bekmguknr Gehegmr kn omebmtrân bekmguknr hes pmrbatm sndmr sa uhn bekágukn ms peknr e he. Mste he ms uhn gehsmgumhgan fm VTMPMY, sa he, uhn npkagnga÷h fm mstm befmke. ^um uhn bekágukn smn peknr quamrm fmgar qum jnyn uhn nsabmtrân mh kn fastraduga÷h fm gnrons mkágtragns mh kn bekágukn, nuh gunhfe kn gnron tetnk smn hmutrn. Wa fes îtebes tamhmh faimrmhtms mkmgtrehmontavafnfms, mk bîs mkmgtrehmontave ntrnmrî bîs kes mkmgtrehms fmk mhkngm Pîoahn >?

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

jngan sâ, grmnhfe uhn zehn fm fmhsafnf fm gnron hmontavn nkrmfmfer suye, y uhn zehn fm fmhsafnf fm gnron pesatavn nkrmfmfer fmk etre. Pnrn qum uhn bekágukn he smn peknr, pumfm pnsnr qum he jnyn mhkngms peknrms (tefes kes îtebes seh aounkms e geh mkmgtrehmontavafnfms buy sabaknrms), e qum gehsafmrnhfe tefns kns peknrafnfms fm mhkngms (gehgrmtnbmhtm, kes bebmhtes fapeknrms), mstns sm gnhgmkmh mhtrm sâ. Mste pumfm pmhsnrsm gebe fes pmrsehns qum tarnh fm knfes epumstes fm uh edlmte< sa jngmh kn basbn iumrzn, y mstîh mh uhn kâhmn, mk edlmte he sm bevmrî. Pmre sa mh vmz fm mstnr mh kâhmn, mstîh ierbnhfe uh îhouke, mk edlmte smhtarî uhn iumrzn hmtn. Mhtehgms, kn omebmtrân smrî fmtmrbahnhtm pnrn sndmr sa kes bebmhtes fapeknrms fm kes mhkngms rmsuktnh mh uh fapeke hmte e he. Vnbdaáh pefrânbes fmgar qum fes pmrsehns qum jngmh fastahtn iumrzn fm gnfn knfe bevmrîh nk edlmte. Wa kes îtebes mhknznfes nk gmhtrnk seh fastahtes, jndrî qum tmhmr mh gumhtn msn nsabmtrân n kn jern fm fmtmrbahnr kn peknrafnf. Kn prmsmhgan fm îtebes tmrbahnkms fmsaounkms tnbdaáh pumfm fastersaehnr kes îhoukes fm mhkngm, nþnfamhfe uhn gebpkagnga÷h mxtrn n kn jern fm prmfmgar kn peknrafnf. 9.  Pnrn fmtmrbahnr kn peknrafnf fm kn bekágukn, gehsafmrnbes sa kes mhkngms mhtrm îtebes seh peknrms e he, n pnrtar fm sus faimrmhtms mkmgtrehmontavafnfms. Wa jny mhkngms peknrms, tmhmbes qum gerredernr qum he sm nhukmh mhtrm sâ. (Hetmbes qum, mh omhmrnk, mste pefrân sugmfmr pnrn bekágukns sabátragns nkrmfmfer fmk îtebe gmhtrnk, sah pnrms mkmgtr÷hages kadrms). MH< H< 7,063 J< 4,40 28 mhkngms H-J peknrms. Bebmhte fapeknr rmsuktnhtm λ ≠ 0  28 bekágukn peknr

Mh mstm gnse, H ms bugje bîs mkmgtrehmontave qum J. Mhtehgms, kes trms mhkngms H-J smrîh peknrms. Gebe jny uh pnr fm mkmgtrehms kadrms, y hahoüh mhkngm qum gebpmhsm kn subn fm bebmhtes fapeknrms fm msm knfe, kn rmsuktnhtm hmtn smrî fastahtn fm gmre y kn bekágukn fm nbehânge smrî peknr (pefrânbes abnoahnr qum he sm gebpmhsn ke qum ‛tarnh pnrn nrradn‒ kes trms mhkng ms H-J, mh mk fadule). VTMPMY y peknrafnf bekmguknr - rmsubmh

>.  4.  7.  6.  =.  9.  ?. 

Jngmr kn mstrugturn fm Kmwas, fmiahar mk îtebe gmhtrnk.  Gehtnr pnrms fm mkmgtrehms kadrms y mhknznhtms nkrmfmfer fmk îtebe gmhtrnk.  Fmtmrbahnr kn fastraduga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn n pnrtar fmk hübmre fm pnrms tetnkms. Fmtmrbahnr kn omebmtrân bekmguknr gehsafmrnhfe kn fastraduga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn y kes pnrms mhknznhtms. Prmfmgar îhoukes fm mhkngm, gehsafmrnhfe fastersaehms per pnrms kadrms. Dusgnr mhkngms peknrms, tmhamhfe mh gumhtn kes faimrmhtms îtebes ahvekugrnfes. ahvek ugrnfes.  Ymraiagnr sa sm gnhgmkmh nk subnr kes bebmhtes fapeknrms (bekágukn he peknr) e he (bekágukn peknr), gehsafmrnhfe kn omebmtrân bekmguknr. 

Pîoahn >:

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

Predkmbn 1 (Mstrugturns fm Kmwas)  Mh kn pîoahn fm kn bntmran mhgehtrnrî uhn ouân fm g÷be pmhsnr mstm predkmbn y nkouhes mlmbpkes rmsumktes. Pregurm rmsekvmrke pnrn mk rmste fm kns mspmgams. Pnrn mk saouamhtm gehluhte fm mspmgams< GJ 6 , J  4E, H  4E, HE7  , ZmI 6 , HJ 7 , HE 4 , HE 4  , DI 7 , GE 4 ,  ∔ 

∔ 

n) Fmsgradn kes mhkngms mbpkmnhfe mstrugturns fm Kmwas. Gunhfe gerrmspehfn, utakagm kns mstrugturns mh rmsehnhgan qum gehsafmrm hmgmsnrans.

Inktnh uh pnr fm mstrugturns fm rmsehnhgan pnrn mk GE 4  (µg÷be pefrânh smr5 µgehtraduarîh mh aounk bmfafn qum kn fadulnfn nk jâdrafe fm rmsehnhgan5), y pumfmh trntnr fm dusgnr mk hübmre tetnk fm mstrugturns fm rmsehnhgan mquavnkmhtms fmk WE64-. Vnbdaáh ms rmgebmhfndkm prngtagnr kn nsaohnga÷h fm gnrons ierbnkms, per mlmbpke, mh kns mspmgams fm H y E.

d) Ahfaqum mh tefes kes gnses sa sm gubpkm kn rmokn fmk egtmte. µ^uá pumfm fmgarsm fm kn mstndakafnf fm kes gebpumstes qum he gubpkmh fagjn rmokn5 Mk ZmI6y mk WE64- tamhmh egtmte mxpnhfafe bamhtrns qum mk HE 4 y mk DI7 prmsmhtnh uh egtmte ahgebpkmte (mk HE4, nfmbîs, ms uhn mspmgam rnfagnk< prmsmhtn uh mkmgtr÷h fmsnpnrmnfe). Vefes kes gebpumstes seh naskndkms. Pnrtaguknrbmhtm mk WE64- ms uhn mspmgam buy mstndkm3 kes fmbîs rmnggaehnh geh noun. 6 Fntes sedrm mses gebpumstes< Mk ZmI mk yprabmr fm nbdamhtm onsms hedkms (¡rmgaáhfmmhgeker >197!), sm edtamhm gnkmhtnhfe Zm y I4 n  ium 900C =ntb. Ngebpumste tmbpmrnturn ms uhnasknfe s÷kafe dknhge qum sudkabn n >>=°G.Mk DI7  sm edtamhm per rmngga÷h fm D4E7  geh JI. Vamhfm n ierbnr

Pîoahn >1

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

gebpumstes, fmhebahnfes nfugtes, geh bekágukns qum tmhonh pnrms mkmgtr÷hages kadrms (per mlmbpke, HJ7). Mk HE4 ms uh ons fm geker bnrr÷h qum n dnlns tmbpmrnturns rmnggaehn geh sâ basbe pnrn fnr H 4E6  (gebe sm pumfm vmr per mlmbpke  mlmbpke  nquâ ). Mk sukinte ms uh aeh prmsmhtm mh bugjns snkms gebuhms (per mlmbpke, kn kmgjm sumkm tmhmr sukinte imrrese gebe nfatave).

Predkmbn >0 n) Fmtmrbahm kn omebmtrân fm tefns kns bekágukns bek águkns fmk Predkmbn 1 utakaznhfe mk bátefe fm VTMPMY. d) Mh dnsm n kn peknrafnf fm kes mhkngms ahfavafunkms, ahfaqum guîkms bekágukns tmhfrîh bebmhte fapeknr  pmrbnhmhtm. Bekágukn

Pnrms tetnkms

Pnrms kadrms

Pnrms mhknz.

Fastraduga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn

Omebmtrân bekmguknr

Bebmhte fapeknr

GJ6 

6

0

6

Vmtrnáfragn

Vmtrnáfragn

He

J4E

6

4

4

Vmtrnáfragn

Nhouknr

Wâ

H4E

4

0

4

Kahmnk

Kahmnk

Wâ

HE7- 

7

0

7

Vranhouknr

Vranhouknr

He

ZmI6 

9

4

6

Egtnáfragn

Pknhn Gunfrnfn

He

HJ7 

6

>

7

Vmtrnáfragn

Parnbafnk

Wâ

HE4 

7

>

4

Vranhouknr

Nhouknr

Wâ

HE4- 

7

>

4

Vranhouknr

Nhouknr

Wâ

DI7 

7

0

7

Vranhouknr

Vranhouknr

He

GE4 

4

0

4

Kahmnk

Kahmnk

He

WE64- 

6

0

6

Vmtrnáfragn

Vmtrnáfragn

He

Nkouhns edsmrvngaehms< -  Gebpnrnhfe H4E y GE4 pefmbes hetnr nkouhns sabakatufms. Kns fes bekágukns seh kahmnkms, y sus mstrugturns fm Kmwas seh pnrmgafns (faiaramhfe mh kns mstrugturns pesadkms fm rmsehnhgans). Mste sm rmkngaehn gehyqum asemkmgtr÷hagns (tamhmh aounk mkmgtrehms). Wah mbdnroe, uhn ms peknr etrnseh he,bekágukns fmdafe n qum mk ÷xafe hatrese tamhm feshübmre îtebesfm tmrbahnkms fastahtes, uhe fm H y uhe fm E. Mk GE 4 ms sabátrage, geh ke qum kes bebmhtes fapeknrms fm kes mhkngms sm gnhgmknrîh, bamhtrns qum mh mk H4E, he. -  Vnhte HE4 gebe HE4- seh mspmgams nhouknrms, geh kn basbn fastraduga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn tranhouknr. Wah mbdnroe, mk îhouke he smrî mk basbe mh nbdes gnses. Mk fa÷xafe fm hatr÷omhe gumhtn geh uh mkmgtr÷h fmsnpnrmnfe (samhfe mstm mk ‛pnr‒ kadrm nkrmfmfer fmk îtebe gmhtrnk) , bamhtrns qum mk aeh hatrate tamhm fes mkmgtrehms kadrms. Mste jnrî qum kn rmpuksa÷h m - fmsnpnrmnfe  ‗ pnr mhknznhtm smn bmher qum kn prmsmhtm mhtrm pnrms mhknznhtms e pnr kadrm y pnr mhknznhtm. Mhtehgms mk îhouke fm mhkngm E-H-E mh HE4  ms bnyer qum mk prmfagje fm >40°, bamhtrns qum mh HE4-  ms bmher (kes vnkerms mxpmrabmhtnkms seh fm >76° y >>=°, rmspmgtavnbmhtm).

Pîoahn 40

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

Predkmbn >> Kn bekágukn fm J  4W tamhm uh bebmhte fapeknr pmrbnhmhtm fm 0.1? Fmdym. Mh dnsm n mstm fnte, µpumfm edtmhmrsm nkouhn ahierbnga÷h ngmrgn fm kn omebmtrân fmk J   44W5 Mh uh prabmr pnse ms hmgmsnrae gehstruar kn mstrugturn fm Kmwas fm kn bekágukn fm J4W<

N pmsnr fm qum mk befmke fm Kmwas per sa basbe he fagm hnfn ngmrgn fm kn omebmtrân fm kns bekágukns, mk jmgje fm qum λ≠0 saohaiagn qum kes bebmhtes fapeknrms fm kes fes mhkngms J-W he sm nhuknh mhtrm sâ. Per ke tnhte, ms abpesadkm qum kn omebmtrân bekmguknr smn kahmnk. ]h befmke qum nprmhfabes qum sa prmfagm kn omebmtrân bekmguknr ms VTMPMY. Kn omebmtrân mkmgtr÷hagn fm fagjn bekágukn ms tmtrnáfragn y per gehsaouamhtm kn omebmtrân bekmguknr qum prmfagm mstm befmke ms nhouknr. Mste geahgafm geh mk jmgje fm qum λ≠0 

Predkmbn >4 Tmspehfn sa kns saouamhtms niarbngaehms seh vmrfnfmrns e inksns lustaiagnhfe drmvmbmhtm< n) Mk befmke fm Kmwas prmfagm qum tefns te fns kns bekágukns seh pknhns. Inkse. Mk befmke fm Kmwas he prmfagm ha fagm hnfn ngmrgn fm kn mstrugturn bekmguknr, seke jndkn fm kn gehmgtavafnf y fm kn udagnga÷h fm kes mkmgtrehms. 

d) Mk befmke VTMPMY he prmfagm kehoatufms fm mhkngm. Ymrfnfmre.  Mk befmke VTMPMY prmfagm ühagnbmhtm omebmtrân bekmguknr y îhoukes mh bekágukns e irnobmhtes bekmguknrms geh îtebe gmhtrnk. 

g) Mk befmke VTMPMY prmfagm qum tnhte mk HE 4  gebe mk HE 4  seh bekágukns kahmnkms. + 

∔ 

Inkse.

f) Mk befmke VTMPMY pumfm prmfmgar kn mstrugturn tmrganran fm uhn pretmâhn. p retmâhn. Inkse.  VTMPMY pmrbatm prmfmgar kn omebmtrân bekmguknr mh terhe n uh îtebe gmhtrnk, ÷smn kn eramhtnga÷h kegnk fm gnfn îtebe geh kes qum mstn uhafe farmgtnbmhtm. He fagm hnfn sedrm mk pkmonbamhte mspngank fm uhn pretmâhn.

m) Kn prmfagga÷h fmk bebmhte fapeknr rmquamrm mk gehegabamhte fm kn omebmtrân bekmguknr.   Ymrfnfmre. Ms hmgmsnrae gehegmr kn farmgga÷h y mk smhtafe fm kes bebmhtes fapeknrms fm gnfn mhkngm pnrn fmtmrbahnr sa sm nhuknh e he. Pnrn mkke ms hmgmsnrae gehegmr kn omebmtrân bekmguknr

Pîoahn 4>

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

Predkmbn >7 - Ahtrefugga÷h  Vmerân fm mhkngm fm vnkmhgan (VMY) Kn tmerân fm mhkngm fm vnkmhgan dusgn mxpkagnr mk gehgmpte fm mhkngm quâbage tmhamhfe mh gumhtn gehgmptes fm bmgîhagn guîhtagn, pmre gehsmrvnhfe kns afmns prmsmhtms mh mk befmke fm Kmwas. ]h mhkngm mstnrî gehstatuafe per uh pnr fm mkmgtrehms gebpnrtafe mhtrm fes îtebes, y surom n pnrtar fmk seknpnbamhte fm erdatnkms nt÷bages geh uh mkmgtr÷h gnfn uhe. Pnrn nhnkaznr uhn mspmgam mh mk gehtmxte fm mstn tmerân, fmdmbes gehegmr su omebmtrân (gebe yn jagabes, n pnrtar fm kn VTMPMY). Kn tmerân fm mhkngm fm vnkmhgan sm nfnptn n msn omebmtrân yn gehegafn. Wa ms hmgmsnrae, sm gebdahnrîh erdatnkms nt÷bages fmk îtebe gmhtrnk pnrn ierbnr erdatnkms jâdrafes mquavnkmhtms, qum npuhtmh mh kns farmggaehms hmgmsnrans fmk mspngae. Per mlmbpke, sa qumrmbes npkagnr mk befmke n uhn bekágukn gebe mk J4E, geh fastraduga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn tmtrnáfragn, edsmrvnbes qum kes erdatnkms nt÷bages fmk E he tamhmh kn sabmtrân nfmgunfn. Mk erdatnk 4s ms msiárage, bamhtrns qum kes trms erdatnkms 4p npuhtnh n ke knroe fm kes mlms gnrtmsanhes, smpnrnfes per uh îhouke fm 10°. Hahouhe fm mstes fn uhn ‛ierbn‒ fm tmtrnmfre. Pmre sa gebdahnbes mstes guntre erdatnkms (n trn vás fm epmrngaehms bntmbîtagns qum he jngm inktn fmsnrrekknr, ke ühage qum hes abpertn ms kn ierbn iahnk), edtmhfrmbes guntre erdatnkms mquavnkmhtms sp 7, fastraduafes sabátragnbmhtm nkrmfmfer fmk îtebe fm E. Wambprm qum gebdahmbes erdatnkms edtmhmbes mk basbe hübmre qum pusabes nk prahgapae< mh mstm gnse, uh s bîs trms p hes fnh guntre sp7 (y mk hebdrm sp 7 jngm rmimrmhgan n quá erdatnkms e rdatnkms gebdahnbes pnrn edtmhmrkes).

Pnrn ierbnr mhkngms, gehsafmrnbes njern n kes fmbîs îtebes mh kn bekágukn, y g÷be sm fastraduymh kes mkmgtrehms. Mh mk gnse fmk noun, jny fes jafr÷omhes mhknznfes nk exâomhe. Kes îtebes tmrbahnkms he ierbnh erdatnkms jâdrafes, perqum he mstîh rmstrahoafes per kn omebmtrân n su nkrmfmfer. Geh uh erdatnk fm sabmtrân nfmgunfn (‛npuhtnh‒ gerrmgtnbmhtm) seknpnh geh kes erdatnkms fmk îtebe gmhtrnk. Per mlmbpke, mh mk noun kes 7

jafr÷omhes geh psunfmgunfe erdatnk >spnrn kes seknpnr erdatnkmsy sp   fmk exâomhe. Wa Pefmbes iumrnh îtebes fmk smouhfe pmrâefe, pefrânh usnrseknpnh uh erdatnk ierbnr uh mhkngm. rmprmsmhtnrke orîiagnbmhtm gebe saoum< Per sabpkagafnf, he fadulnbes kes k÷dukes bmherms fm kes erdatnkms sp7. Mk exâomhe tamhm 4 pnrms kadrms fm m-3 mstes iumreh nsaohnfes n 4 erdatnkms sp7. Mh kes etres 4 erdatnkms nsaohnbes > m-  fm vnkmhgan fmk exâomhe. Mstes sm seknpnh geh kes erdatnkms >s fm kes îtebes fm jafr÷omhe, geh > m - gnfn uhe, pnrn ierbnr fes mhkngms tape χ. Mhtehgms, mstn bekágukn tamhm 4 mhkngms χE(sp7)-J(>s). Mh mstm gnse, tefes kes mhkngms prmsmhtms seh fm tape saobn, χ. Mste quamrm fmgar qum tamhm uhn gamrtn sabmtrân< sabmtrân fm retnga÷h gakâhfragn. Nk oarnr sedrm su mlm, sambprm sm vmh aounk (ms gebe sa km gknvnrn uh pnkate n uhn snkgjagjn n trnvás fmk mlm bîs knroe. Gunhfe kn jnoe oarnr, sm vm aounk. Ms saobn geh s fm snkgjagjn). Kes mhkngms χ sm udagnh sedrm mk mlm qum uhm kes fes îtebes mh kns puhtns fmk mhkngm. Pîoahn 44

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

Pumfm jndmr tnbdaáh mhkngms tape pa, π. Mstes tamhmh sabmtrân fm retnga÷h fm >:0 ornfes, e sabmtrân fm

rmikmxa÷h< rmspmgte nk pknhe hugkmnr (qum gehtamhm n kes hügkmes fm kes îtebes), sus k÷dukes seh aounkms nrradn y ndnle. Mstm pknhe hugkmnr tnbdaáh ms uh pknhe hefnk pnrn uh erdatnk tape π< njâ kn fmhsafnf mkmgtr÷hagn ms gmre. Mk erdatnk π ms kes fes k÷dukes luhtes, he uhe e mk etre (gebe uh pnh fm p nhgjes, qum sm favafm mh fes pnrtms aounkms qum seh mk rmikmle uhn fm kn etrn, uh pknhe kes smpnrn, pmre mk pnh ms kns fes pnrtms luhtns, he uhn e kn etrn. Ms pa geh p fm pnh fm pnhgjes). Kes mhkngms π sm pumfmh ierbnr per seknpnbamhte fm fes erdatnkms p, per mlmbpke, qum npuhtmh pnrn nrradn y ndnle fmk pknhe hugkmnr.

Per mlmbpke, mh mk GE4, qum tamhm uhn omebmtrân kahmnk, mk îtebe gmhtrnk fm G ierbnrî fes erdatnkms jâdrafes sp, pnrn qum sm fastraduymh smpnrnfes >:0° npuhtnhfe mh smhtafes epumstes, n ke knroe k nroe fm, faonbes, mk mlm z (ms ahfastahte quá mlm ms, km fnbes uh hebdrm pnrn bnyer gknrafnf). Pnrn ierbnr mstes erdatnkms jâdrafes gebdahnbes mk erdatnk 4pz  (perqum ms mk qum npuhtn n ke knroe fmk mlm z) geh mk 4s. Q kes erdatnkms 4p x, 4py  qumfnh sah gebdahnr.

Fastraduabes kes mkmgtrehms. Mk G tamhm 6, uhe mh gnfn erdatnk sp y p. Kes E tamhmh 9, fes mh mk erdatnk s (mk fm bmher mhmroân), uhe mh mk p z qum seknpnrî geh uh erdatnk sp fmk G, fes mh uh erdatnk p y uhe mh mk etre. Msm erdatnk p pumfm seknpnr geh uh erdatnk p fm eramhtnga÷h era mhtnga÷h nfmgunfn fmk G pnrn ierbnr uh mhkngm π (fn ke basbe sa mkmoabes px e py mh uh E fnfe, sambprm qum mkalnbes mk gerrmspehfamhtm p mh mk G).

Mhtehgms njern qumfn gebpkmtn kn fmsgrapga÷h. Vmhmbes fes mhkngms χ G(sp) -E(4pz), y fes mhkngms π, π

G(px)-E(px) y π G(py)-E(py) (e pefmbes fmgar 4 mhkngms π  G(p)-E(p)). Pefrân pnsnr qum bîs fm fes erdatnkms geh kn ierbn nfmgunfn mstî faspehadkm pnrn seknpnrsm n kn vmz. Per mlmbpke, sa tuvaárnbes vnraes erdatnkms p nfyngmhtms npuhtnhfe vmrtagnkbmhtm rmspmgte n uh pknhe. Mh mstm Pîoahn 47

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

gnse, tefes mses erdatnkms sm supmrpehmh n kn vmz, fnhfe kuonr n uh mhkngm qum he mstî gmhtrnfe mhtrm fes îtebes. Kes mkmgtrehms prmsmhtms mh msm mhkngm sm fagm qum mstîh fmskegnkaznfes. Mh omhmrnk, mste vn n mstnr rmkngaehnfe n kn npnraga÷h fm mstrugturns fm rmsehnhgan, ahtmhtnhfe lustaiagnr per quá fes îtebes seh quâbagnbmhtm mquavnkmhtm, gebe jngm kn rmsehnhgan. Mste sugmfm per mlmbpke mh mk aeh hatrnte. Wu omebmtrân tranhouknr hes ahfagn qum mk hatr÷omhe ierbn trms erdatnkms jâdrafes sp4, fmlnhfe uh p sah gebdahnr<

Mh mstm gnse, sabpkaiagnbes nk bîxabe mk fanornbn. Ebatabes kes erdatnkms qum he ierbnh pnrtm fm kes mhkngms. Pefmbes vmr qum kes erdatnkms jâdrafes sp 4 seknpnh geh erdatnkms p nfmgunfes fm kes exâomhes pnrn ierbnr 7 mhkngms χ H(p)-E(p). Kes erdatnkms p (faonbes pz, n ke knroe fmk mlm vmrtagnk rmspmgte nk pknhe fmk aeh, qum ms tranhouknr pknhe) fm H y E mstîh udagnfes pnrn seknpnrsm mhtrm sâ, ierbnhfe uh mhkngm πH(p) -E(p) fmskegnkaznfe sedrm kes guntre îtebes.

Pîoahn 46

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

Predkmbn >7 n) Mh dnsm n kn omebmtrân mkmgtr÷hagn fm gnfn uhn fm kns mspmgams fmk Predkmbn 1 nsaohm kn jadrafnga÷h fmk îtebe gmhtrnk. d) Fmsgradn kes mhkngms mh mses gebpumstes mh tárbahes fm kn tmerân fm mhkngm vnkmhgan, mbpkmnhfe kes erdatnkms nt÷bages qum gehsafmrm nfmgunfes. Ahfaqum mh tefes kes gnses hübmre y tape fm mhkngms, erdatnkms nt÷bages qum kes gehierbnh, y prmsmhgan fm pnrms p nrms kadrms, sa kes judamrn. judamrn.   Mspmgam

n) Jadrafnga÷h fmk îtebe gmhtrnk

d) Mhkngms

GJ6 

sp7 

6 χ G(sp7)-J(s)

J4 E

sp7 

4 χ E(sp7)-J(s)

H4E

sp

> χ H(sp)-H(p), > χ H(sp)-E(p), 4 π H(p)-H(p)

HE7- 

sp4 

7 χ H(sp4)-E(p), > π H(p)-E(p)

ZmI6 

sp7f4 

HJ7 

sp7 

7 χ H(sp7)-J(s)

HE4  HE4- 

sp4  sp4 

4 χ H(sp4)-E(p), > π H(p)-E(p) 4 χ H(sp4)-E(p), > π H(p)-E(p)

DI7 

sp4 

7 χ D(sp4)-I(p)

GE4 

sp

4 χ G(sp)-E(p), 4 π G(p)-E(p)

WE64- 

sp7 

6 χ W(sp7)-E(p), 4 π W(f)-E(p)

6 χ Zm(sp7f4)-I(p)

Predkmbn >6 Gehsafmrm kns bekágukns fm J   44 y fm J  4+. ]takaznhfe mk befmke fm erdatnkms bekmguknrms< n) Gehstruyn kes fanornbns fm mhmroân gerrmspehfamhtms. Pnrn gehstruar uh fanornbn fm EB-GKEN (erdatnkms bekmguknrms  ‗  gebdahnga÷h kahmnk fm erdatnkms nt÷bages), fmsfm uh puhte fm vastn tm÷rage, fmdmbes mvnkunr tefns kns gebdahngaehms kahmnkms (subns y rmstns) fm kes erdatnkms nt÷bages. Wndmbes, mh omhmrnk, qum seke kns gebdahngaehms kahmnkms fm erdatnkms fm mhmroân sabaknr seh he hukns, y qum n ke sube tmhfrmbes pedknfns kns gebdahngaehms fm kes erdatnkms pedknfes sa kes îtebes mstuvamrnh sumktes. Tmgerfmbes, tnbdaáh, qum kes erdatnkms sambprm sm kkmhnh fmsfm nqumkkes fm bmher mhmroân jngan nqumkkes fm bnyer.

Pîoahn 4=

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

Hre. m- (J4+) 2 >

Hre. m- (J4) 2 4

(Hetn3 E.M. (J4+) 2 ∔ 2     

f) Dusqum mh tndkns kns kehoatufms y mhmroâns fm mhkngm gerrmspehfamhtms y gebpnrm kes vnkerms mhtrm sâ, rmkngaehîhfekes geh mk âtmb g). J4 

J4+ 

Kehoatuf fm mhkngm (Í)

0,?6

>,09

Mhmroân fm mhkngm (cL / bek)

67>

4==

Kn kehoatuf fm mhkngm fm J 4 ms bmher qum kn fm J 4+. N su vmz, kn mhmroân fm mhkngm (fmiahafn gebe kn mhmroân hmgmsnran pnrn rebpmr kn uha÷h quâbagn) fm J4 ms bnyer qum kn fm J 4+. Nbdns faimrmhgans seh gehsastmhtms geh mk jmgje fm qum E.M. (J4) 8 E.M. (J4+), qum pmrbatm ahimrar bnyer mstndakafnf fm J4  rmspmgte fm J4+. (Pnrn vmr uh pege bîs nk rmspmgte, barnr mk âtmb o).

m) µGuîk ms mk gebpertnbamhte fm J  4 y fm J  4+ mh uh gnbpe bnohátage5 Nkouhes gebpertnbamhtes fm uhn bekágukn irmhtm n uh gnbpe bnohátage mstîh fmtmrbahnfes per mk mspâh mkmgtr÷hage (uh hübmre guîhtage sah uh vmrfnfmre nhîkeoe gkîsage). Mstm pumfm vnkmr +² e -², ke qum rmprmsmhtnbes gebe  e  mh mk fanornbn fm EBs. Mh omhmrnk, sa tefes kes mkmgtrehms mstîh npnrmnfes, kn subn fm tefes kes mspahms mkmgtr÷hages ms 0 y kn bekágukn ms kmvmbmhtm rmpmkafn per kes gnbpes bnohátages (prîgtagnbmhtm he ahtmrngtün). Mstm

Pîoahn 49

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

gebpertnbamhte sm kknbn fanbnohmtasbe. Mh gnbdae, sa kn subn fm tefes kes mspahms mkmgtr÷hages ms ≠ 0, kn bekágukn smrî ntrnâfn per mk gnbpe, y jndknbes fm pnrnbnohmtasbe. Mh mstm gnse, pefmbes vmr qum J 4  tamhm seke 4 mkmgtrehms qum mstîh npnrmnfes, y sa subnbes kes mspahms vmrmbes qum -² + ² 2 0   J4 ms fanbnohátagn. Mh gnbdae, J4+  tamhm seke > mkmgtr÷h fmsnpnrmnfe, per ke qum sa subnbes kes mspahms (mk saohe qum mkalnbes ms ahfastahte) tmhmbes ² ≠ 0  J4+ ms pnrnbnohátagn.

⇔

⇔

 i) µPnrn quá mspmgams pefrân npkagnrsm mk basbe (e sabaknr) fanornbn fm fm EBs5 Fes mspmgams geh fanornbns sabaknrms seh Jm 4+ y Jm44+.

 o) µ^uá gehsmgumhgans tmhfrân ahtrefugar mkmgtrehms mh mk erdatnk nhtakaonhtm nhtakaonhtm fmk J45 Wa barnbes mk orîiage fm EBs fmk âtmb n), pefmbes edsmrvnr qum mk erdatnk nhtakaonhtm tamhm bîs mhmroân qum kes erdatnkms nt÷bages guyn gebdahnga÷h kahmnk kms fn eraomh. Fm mste sm fmsprmhfm qum, nk normonr mkmgtrehms njâ, kn bekágukn pmrfmrî mstndakafnf (rmgerfmbes qum, mh tárbahes mhmroátages, kes mstnfes fm bmher mhmroân seh bîs mstndkms). Mste abpkagn, mh omhmrnk, uhn bnyer fastnhgan y uhn bmher mhmroân fm mhkngm. Vnk rmsuktnfe ms gehsastmhtm gehqum normonr mkmgtrehms nhtakaonhtms fasbahuyn mk E.M. Wa normoîrnbes 4 mkmgtrehms mh mk erdatnk nhtakaonhtm, mk E.M. smrân 0, y kn bekágukn he sm ierbnrân.

Predkmbn >= n) ]takaznhfe mk befmke fm erdatnkms bekmguknrms, nhnkagm y lustaiaqum kns vnrangaehms fm erfmh, kehoatuf y mhmroân fm mhkngm mh kn smram E 4 , E 4  y E 4 4 . ∔ 

∔ 

Mbpmgmbes gmhtrîhfehes mh mk Exâomhe bekmguknr, E 4. N faimrmhgan fmk mlmrgagae nhtmraer, nquâ fmdmbes gehstruar mk fanornbn pnrn uhn bekágukn fant÷bagn jebehugkmnr pmre qum pesmm mkmgtrehms fm vnkmhgan tnhte s gebe p. Tmgerfmbes qum uh gehluhte fm erdatnkms er datnkms nt÷bages sm bmzgknrîh pnrn ierbnr Erdatnkms Bekmguknrms sa< -  Pesmmh mhmroâns pnrmgafns. -  Pesmmh afáhtagn sabmtrân. -  Prmsmhtnh dumh seknpnbamhte.

Mh mk Gnse fmk E4, kes erdatnkms nt÷bages fm gnfn uhe fm kes exâomhes qum mbpkmnrmbes smrîh kes erdatnkms fm vnkmhgan< tmhamhfe mh gumhtn qum kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn fmk exâomhe ms GM(E) 2 > s4  4s4  4 p6, kn vnkmhgan mhtehgms mstî fnfn per kes erdatnkms 4 s  y 4 p (kes gunkms fmiahmh kn Gehiaournga÷h Mkmgtr÷hagn Mxtmrhn, GMM).

Pîoahn 4?

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

Vmhmbes, iahnkbmhtm, 6 erdatnkms n mbpkmnr per gnfn îtebe fm exâomhe< 4 s  4 p x   4 py   y 4 pz, per ke qum gehstruarmbes : erdatnkms bekmguknrms (Tmgerfnr qum sa pnrtabes fm HEN  fmdmbes edtmhmr hmgmsnranbmhtm HEB). Kes erdatnkms bekmguknrms kes gehstruarmbes rmnkaznhfe kns saouamhtms supesagaehms y/e rnzehnbamhtes< -  Kes erdatnkms nt÷bages fm tape s  mstîh buy smpnrnfes mhmroátagnbmhtm rmspmgte fm kes erdatnkms nt÷bages fm tape  p  per ke qum he sm bmzgknrîh butunbmhtm. Mste abpkagnrî qum mk fanornbn gebpkmte gehtmhfrî uh ‛sudfanornbn ‛sudfanornbn s‒ s‒ y uh ‛sudfanornbn ‛sudfanornbn p‒ p‒    Kes erdatnkms p sm bmzgknrîh mh gebdahngaehms fm > gehtrn > fmdafe n abpesagaehms fm kn sabmtrân fm kes basbes<  p x  geh   geh  p x ,  py  geh   geh  py ,  pz geh  pz. Fm msns gebdahngaehms, s÷ke uhn sm prefugm sedrm mk mlm fmk mhkngm fnhfe kuonr n erdatnkms     y   *, bamhtrns qum kns rmstnhtms 6 sm prefugmh fm ierbn trnhsvmrsnk nk mhkngm, ierbnhfe erdatnkms fm tape ta pe    y   *. -  Mk seknpnbamhte fm erdatnkms per vân    ms bîs miagamhtm qum mk seknpnbamhte per vân   , geh ke gunk mk fmsfedknbamhte    smrî bnyer qum mk fmsfedknbamhte   . Mh mk fanornbn, mste sm trnfugm mh qum kn fastnhgan mhmroátagn mhtrm kes erdatnkms    y   * ms bnyer qum kn smpnrnga÷h mhtrm    y   *. -  Gnfn îtebe fm exâomhe npertn 9 mkmgtrehms nk fanornbn, per ke qum uhn vmz rmnkaznfe mk basbe gekegnrmbes >4 mkmgtrehms mh tetnk.

Mk fanornbn fm EB pnrn mk E4 ms, mhtehgms<

Nk aounk qum ke rmnkaznfe mh mk mlmrgagae nhtmraer, mk erfmh fm mhkngm sm gnkgukn gehtnhfe mkmgtrehms mh erdatnkms mhknznhtms y nhtamhknznhtms< E.M. 2 (: ‗ 6) / 4 2 4 Geh mstm rmsuktnfe, rmgupmrnbes mk inbese ‛fedkm mhkngm fmk exâomhe‒.  

Pîoahn 4:

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

N kn jern fm nhnkaznr mk gebpertnbamhte fmk E 4 gebpnrnfe nk fm kns mspmgams rmkngaehnfns supmr÷xafe (E4-) y pmr÷xafe (E44-), tmhmbes mk trndnle yn gnsa jmgje. Kn ühagn faimrmhgan mhtrm mstns bekágukns smrî kn gnhtafnf fm mkmgtrehms qum pesmmh, geh ke qum gnbdanrî mk erfmh fm mhkngm. Kn gehstatuga÷h fmk fanornbn, kes erdatnkms nt÷bages qum sm gebdahnh y kn afmhtafnf fm kes erdatnkms nt÷bages ierbnfes he gnbdanrî rmspmgte n E4.

E4 (faexâomhe)

E4- (supmr÷xafe)

E44- (pmr÷xafe)

>,4> Í

>,4: Í

>,61 Í

616cL/bek

790cL/bek

>64cL/bek

E.M.2 4

E.M.2 >,=

E.M.2 >

Nk nubmhtnr kn gnhtafnf fm m-, mstes sm udagnh mh kes erdatnkms π*, ke qum prefugm uhn fasbahuga÷h mh mk E.M. y per ke tnhte kn iumrzn fmk mhkngm. Gebe gehsmgumhgan, kn kehoatuf fmk mhkngm E-E nubmhtn y kn mhmroân fm mhkngm fasbahuym. Kes fntes prmsmhtnfes fm fastnhgans y mhmroâns fm mhkngm seh dadkaeorîiages y sarvmh pnrn bestrnr g÷be kn tmerân fm erdatnkms bekmguknrms pmrbatm prmfmgar gerrmgtnbmhtm kn tmhfmhgan mh nbdes pnrîbmtres mxpmrabmhtnkms.

d) Mh su mstnfe iuhfnbmhtnk, mk E 4  ms ntrnâfe per uh gnbpe bnohátage3 sah mbdnroe mxastm uh mstnfe mxgatnfe, fmhebahnfe sahoukmtm, mh mk gunk mxpmrabmhtn uhn kmvm rmpuksa÷h per mk gnbpe. Lustaiaqum mstn edsmrvnga÷h prepehamhfe uhn fastraduga÷h fm mkmgtrehms nfmgunfn pnrn nbdes mstnfes. Kn gehiaournga÷h kknbnfn ‛sahoukmtm‒ pnrn E4, sm prmsmhtn fm büktapkms ierbns, samhte kn bîs mstndkm kn qum sm bumstrn n gehtahunga÷h, kknbnfn >Ζo  (Hetnmr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

Kn faimrmhgan iuhfnbmhtnk rnfagn mh qum mh mk exâomhe trapkmtm (mk mstnfe iuhfnbmhtnk vaste mh mk âtmb nhtmraer) kes mkmgtrehms gekegnfes mh mk erdatnk   * mstîh fmsnpnrmnfes, y mh mk exâomhe sahoukmtm sm mhgumhtrn npnrmnfes. Per mstn rnz÷h, mspmrnbes qum mk exâomhe trapkmtm smn pnrnbnohátage bamhtrns qum mstm sahoukmtm smrî fanbnohátage. Gebe fntes fm geker nfagaehnkms, mk E4  sahoukmtm ms uhn mspmgam mxtrmbnfnbmhtm rmngtavn. Kn omhmrnga÷h fm mstn mspmgam sm mhgumhtrn nbpkanbmhtm mstufanfn pnrn mk fmsnrrekke fm trntnbamhtes irmhtm nk gîhgmr m ahimggaehms rmsastmhtms n nhtada÷tages. Kn faimrmhgan fm mhmroân mhtrm mk 7E4 y mk >E4 ms fm 16,7cL/bek, ke qum gerrmspehfm n uhn kehoatuf fm ehfn fm >4?0hb (mh mk ahirnrrele gmrgnhe).

g) µPefrânh mxpkagnrsm mstes imh÷bmhes mh dnsm nk befmke fm Kmwas5 Mk pnrnbnohmtasbe fmk E4  he pumfm mxpkagnrsm mbpkmnhfe mstrugturns fm Kmwas. Nk gehstruar kn mstrugturn fm Kmwas fmk E4  kes mkmgtrehms he mhknznhtms qumfnh ierbnhfe pnrms, per ke qum he sm pumfm prmfmgar mk gnrîgtmr fm darnfagnk fm kn bekágukn ( W 2 >)<

Mstm ms uh dumh sastmbn pnrn mlmbpkaiagnrn g÷be, sa damh kns mstrugturns fm Kmwas rmsuktnh mxtrmbnfnbmhtm pefmresns pnrn mk quâbage per kn ingakafnf geh qum sm gehstruymh y per g÷be nyufnh n fmtmrbahnr uhn abnomh ahagank fm kn fmsgrapga÷h fm kes mhkngms mh uhn bekágukn, pumfmh he smr suiagamhtms n kn jern fm fmsgradar e prmfmgar gamrtes imh÷bmhes. Gehstruar kn Mstrugturn fm Kmwas fmk E 4 kkmvn bugjâsabe bmhes tambpe qum mk rmqumrafe pnrn gehstruar mk fanornbn fm EBs. Pnrn mstm üktabe tuvabes qum rmnkaznr büktapkms supesagaehms, nhnkaznr seknpnbamhtes y smpnrnga÷h mhmroátagn mhtrm erdatnkms, jngmr uh gîkguke fm erfmh fm mhkngm iahnk y rmgaáh njâ kkmonbes nk erfmh fm mhkngm 2 4, qum ms ke qum prmfagm uhn mstrugturn fm Kmwas fm bnhmrn bugje bîs vmkez. µF÷hfm mstî kn rmgebpmhsn per jndmr ahvmrtafe tefe msm tambpe mh kn rmnkaznga÷h fmk fanornbn fm EBs5 Mh qum kn gnhtafnf fm ahierbnga÷h edtmhafn ms bugje bnyer, gebe sm bumstrn nk tmhmr prmsmhtm qum sm prmfagm mk pnrnbnohmtasbe edsmrvnfe mxpmrabmhtnkbmhtm pnrn mk E4.

Predkmbn >9 Pîoahn 70

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

Wupehamhfe qum mk aeh GH   tamhm erdatnkms bekmguknrms sabaknrms n kes fm uhn bekágukn fm H   44 , msqumbntagm mk fanornbn fm mhmroâns y fmtmrbahm mk erfmh fm mhkngm. Vmhon mh gumhtn qum kns mhmroâns fm kes erdatnkms nt÷bages fm G y H seh fastahtns. ∔ 

Mh mstm predkmbn sm hes pafm rmnkaznr mk fanornbn fm Erdatnkms Bekmguknrms fm uhn bekágukn fant÷bagn tnk y gebe jagabes nhtmraerbmhtm. Kn hevmfnf ms qum mstn bekágukn ms jmtmrehugkmnr . µMh quá nimgtn mste5 Mh prabmr kuonr, nk mbpkmnr faimrmhtms îtebes fmdmbes smr guafnfeses nhnkaznhfe kes erdatnkms qum ahvekugrnrîh gnfn uhe mh kn ierbnga÷h fm EBs, yn qum he tamhmh per quá smr kes basbes. Kn rmokn omhmrnk ms qum kes îtebes ierbnrîh mk mhkngm quâbage n pnrtar fm kes mkmgtrehms fm vnkmhgan y gehsmgumhtmbmhtm, n pnrtar fm kes erdatnkms mh kes qum mstes sm mhgumhtrmh. Mh mk gnse fmk a÷h ganhure, GH-, kes erdatnkms fm vnkmhgan fm kes îtebes seh< GM(G) 2 >s4 4s4 4 p4 ↔ Erdatnkms geh mkmgtrehms fm vnkmhgan< 4s y 4 p. GM(H) 2 >s4 4s4 4 p7 ↔ Erdatnkms geh mkmgtrehms fm vnkmhgan< 4s y 4 p. Mk tape y kn gnhtafnf fm erdatnkms nt÷bages qum mbpkmnrîh kes îtebes smrî kn basbn< kn gehstrugga÷h fmk fanornbn abpkagnrî mk use fm 6 erdatnkms nt÷bages npertnfes per gnfn îtebe, qum mh nbdes gnses smrîh fm tape 4s, 4 p x  , 4 py  y  y 4 pz. µF÷hfm mstî kn faimrmhganga÷h fm kes basbes5 Mh fes ingterms< -  Kn gnhtafnf fm mkmgtrehms qum npertnrî gnfn îtebe n kn bekágukn smrî faimrmhtm.

e rdatnkms nt÷bages smrî faimrmhtm. -  Kn mhmroân fm kes erdatnkms Fm mstes ingterms, mk smouhfe ms mk bîs predkmbîtage… µG÷be sá fm bnhmrn rmkntavn, mk pesagaehnbamhte mhmroátage fm kes erdatnkms fmk G rmspmgte n kes fmk H5 Kn rmspumstn mstî mh kn Mkmgtrehmontavafnf fm nbdes îtebes. Gebe rmokn omhmrnk, kn mkmgtrehmontavafnf fm uh îtebe fmiahm kn pesaga÷h mhmroátagn fm sus erdatnkms  irehtmrn. Fm msm befe, uh îtebe bîs mkmgtrehmontave pesmmrî sus erdatnkms irehtmrn n bmher mhmroân qum uh îtebe bmhes mkmgtrehmontave. Mlmbpke<   Mk I ms bîs mkmgtrehmontave qum mk J, per ke qum kes erdatnkms 4 p  fmk I (su irehtmrn) sm mhgehtrnrîh mhmroátagnbmhtm fmdnle fmk erdatnk > s fmk J (su irehtmrn). Kes havmkms fm mhmroân fm kes erdatnkms fmk H sm mhgumhtrnh per fmdnle mh mhmroân qum kes fmk G fmdafe n su bnyer mkmgtrehmontavafnf. Mste saohaiagn qum kn gehtraduga÷h fm kes E.N. fmk H ms bnyer n kes erdatnkms nt÷bages mhknznhtms y kes E.N. fmk G gehtraduymh mh bnyer preperga÷h n ke E.B. nhtamhknznhtms. Mste pumfm vmrsm mh mk fanornbn fm EB, qum qumfn fmsgrapte fm kn saouamhtm bnhmrn.

Pîoahn 7>

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

..2 ∔ 2 7  Predkmbn >?   Fnfn kn bekágukn fm J  4Dm, guye fanornbn fm EB -gehstruafe n pnrtar fm kes EN >s fm kes îtebes fm J y fm kes EN 4s y 4p fmk îtebe fm Dm  sm msqumbntazn mh kn iaourn fm kn k n fmrmgjn< ∔ 

n) Ahfaqum kn egupnga÷h fm kes EB y msgradn kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn fm J   44Dm y fm SJ  4DmR   ∔ 

Mh mstm mlmrgagae sm hes pafm kn egupnga÷h fm kes EB y kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn fm uhn bekágukn pekant÷bagn fm bîs fm fes îtebes. Pmre n he prmegupnrsm fmbnsanfe, perqum mk prahgapae fm gehstrugga÷h pnrn fmtmrbahnr mk erfmh fm kkmhnfe ms mk basbe nk mbpkmnfe jnstn njern. Jny qum tmhmr mh gumhtn qum mh mk fanornbn fmk mlmrgagae, kn udagnga÷h fm kes EB he ms gnsunk. Ndnle mstîh kes fm bmher mhmroân y jngan nrradn sm udagnh mh erfmh grmgamhtm fm mhmroân. Etrn gesns abpertnhtm n tmhmr mh gumhtn ms qum mh mk mhuhganfe hes ngknrnh qum kes EB iumreh gehstruafes gehstruafes geh kes EN >s fmk J, 4s y 4p fmk Dm. Mste abpkagn qum fmdmbes gehtmbpknr seknbmhtm kes mkmgtrehms fm vnkmhgan pnrn mk J y pnrn mk Dm. Ms fmgar uh tetnk fm 6 m-, uhe per gnfn J y fes per mk Dm. Mhtehgms kn egupnga÷h fm kes EB y kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn qumfn fm kn saouamhtm bnhmrn< EB9 EB= EB7, EB6 EB4 EB> SJ4DmR- 

J4Dm (EB>)4 (EB4)4 

(EB>)4(EB4)4(EB7)> e (EB>)4(EB4)4(EB6)>

d) µPefrân jndknr fm mhkngms kegnkaznfes mhtrm pnrms fm îtebes5 Nk gehstruarsm kes EB gebe uhn gebdahnga÷h kahmnk fm kes EN, kn afmn fm uha÷h gevnkmhtm mhtrm pnrms fm mkmgtrehms fmln fm smr mstragtnbmhtm vîkafn. Q gebe pefmbes edsmrvnr per kn ierbn fm kes EB, sm mhgumhtrnh fastraduafes mhtrm tefes kes îtebes fm kn bekágukn. Per ke qum jndknr fm mhkngms kegnkaznfes mhtrm pnrms fm îtebes tnbdaáh t nbdaáh fmln fm tmhmr uhn vnkafmz mstragtn.

g) Ahfaqum mk gebpertnbamhte bnohátage fm kns fes mspmgams. J4Dm ms fanbnohátagn nk tmhmr tefes kes pnrms fm mkmgtrehms npnrmnfes. Bamhtrns qum SJ 4DmR-  ms pnrnbnohátagn, nk tmhmr uh mkmgtr÷h fmsnpnrmnfe.

Predkmbn >: Kn iaourn saouamhtm fmsgradm mk fanornbn fm EB pnrn kn bekágukn fm J   44E gehstruafe n pnrtar fm kes erdatnkms nt÷bages fmk îtebe fm exâomhe y kes îtebes fm jafr÷omhe Pîoahn 74

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

n) Ahfaqum sa g/u fm kns saouamhtms niarbngaehms ms vmrfnfmrn e inksn, lustaiagnhfe drmvmbmhtm< a) Kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn (>n> ) 4 (4n> ) 4 (>d 4 ) 4 (7n> ) 4 (>d> ) 4 rmprmsmhtn nk mstnfe iuhfnbmhtnk fm kn bekágukn fm J  4E. Ymrfnfmre. Mh mstm gnse kes EB sm gehstruymh gebe subn fm kes EN >s, 4s y 4p fmk E y > s fm J. Per ke qum sm gehtmbpknh >0 m∔, : m∔  per mk E y uhe per gnfn J tmhamhfe mh gumhtn mk prahgapae fm gehstrugga÷h.

aa) Kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn (>n > ) 4 (4n> ) 4 (>d 4 ) 4 (7n> ) 4 (>d> )> rmprmsmhtn nk mstnfe iuhfnbmhtnk fm kn mspmgam (J  4E)   ∔ 

Inkse. Tmprmsmhtn nk mstnfe iuhfnbmhtnk fm kn mspmgam (J 4E)+.

aaa) Kn gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn (>n > ) 4 (4n> ) 4 (>d 4 ) 4 (7n> ) 4 (>d> )> (6n> )> rmprmsmhtn uh mstnfe mxgatnfe fm kn bekágukn fm J  4E Ymrfnfmre.  Kn gnhtafnf fm mkmgtrehms gerrmspehfm n kn mspmgam hmutrn y nfmbîs uh mkmgtr÷h sm mhgumhtrn mh uh EB fm bnyer mhmroân (6n >) bamhtrns qum mk EB (>d>) fm bmher mhmroân he mstî gebpkmte.

d) Ahfaqum guîk e guîkms fm kns mspmgams nhtmraerms ms pnrnbnohátagn. Fm kns mspmgams bmhgaehnfns nhtmraerbmhtm tnhte (J4E)+  gebe (J4E)-, nk tmhmr uh mkmgtr÷h fmsnpnrmnfe seh pnrnbnohátages. Bamhtrns qum mk mstnfe mxgatnfe fmk puhte aaa pumfm smr pnrnbnohátage sa kes fes mkmgtrehms fm kes EB supmraerms mstîh geh mspahms pnrnkmkes, e fanbnohátage sa kes mspahms mstîh npnrmnfes.

g) Nhnkagm kn hnturnkmzn fmk erdatnk >n >. Gebe sm pumfm edsmrvnr mh mk msqumbn, kn gehtraduga÷h iuhfnbmhtnk fmk EB (>n >) ms kn fmk EN >s fmk îtebe fm E, bamhtrns qum he jny uhn gehtraduga÷h g ehtraduga÷h saohaiagntavn fm kes EN >s fm kes fes J e fm kes etres e tres EN fmk E. Mste sm smþnkn orîiagnbmhtm geh kn nusmhgan fm uhn kâhmn qum gehmgtm n mstes EN geh mk EB. Nfmbîs qumfn tnbdaáh bnrgnfe per kn ierbn msiáragn fmk EB, prîgtagnbmhtm afáhtagn n kn fmk EN > s fmk E.

Predkmbn >1 Tmspehfn sa kns saouamhtms niarbngaehms seh vmrfnfmrns e inksns. Lustaiaqum drmvmbmhtm. n) Mk gehgmpte fm rmsehnhgan ms uhn afmn buy abpertnhtm mh mk m k befmke fm EB. Inkse. Jmbes vaste qum mxastmh nkouhes befmkes smhgakkes pnrn tmhmr fmsgrapgaehms ngmptndkms fm kes mhkngms gevnkmhtms. Mh pnrtaguknr, mk Befmke fm Kmwas, fm eraomh mkmgtrestîtage, afmhtaiagn uhn uha÷h quâbagn geh uh pnr fm mkmgtrehms gebpnrtafes mhtrm fes îtebe s m ahtrefugm kn ‛rmokn fmk egtmte‒. Wah mbdnroe, gebe tefe befmke, prmsmhtn kabatngaehms. Per mlmbpke, kns fastnhgans fm mhkngm mhtrm mk G y mk E seh mquavnkmhtms pnrn mk a÷h GE 74-, per ke gunk uhn ühagn mstrugturn fm Kmwas geh mhkngms he mquavnkmhtms he rmsuktn uhn fmsgrapga÷h ngmptndkm. Mstes gnses pumfmh snkvnrsm (ms fmgar, sm npkagn uhn gerrmgga÷h nk befmke) ahtrefugamhfe mk gehgmpte fm rmsehnhgan, bmfanhtm mk gunk sm gehsafmrn qum kn mstrugturn rmnk ms uhn ‛bmzgkn‒ fm tefns kns pesadkms mstrugturns fm Kmwas. Per etrn pnrtm, mh mk befmke

fm EB, kes EBs sm gehstruymh gebe gebdahnga÷h kahmnk fm kes EN fm tefes kes îtebes qum ierbnh pnrtm fm kn bekágukn (kes EB sm mhgumhtrnh fastraduafes mh tefn kn bekágukn), kn afmn fm uha÷h Pîoahn 77

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

gevnkmhtm nseganfn n pnrms fm mkmgtrehms fmln fm smr mstragtnbmhtm vîkafn y mk gehgmpte fm rmsehnhgan he ms hmgmsnrae mh mstm gehtmxte. BETNKMLN< EB he hmgmsatn y he gehsafmrn kn gerrmgga÷h fmk gehgmpte fm rmsehnhgan. Ms bmzgknr pmrns geh bnhznhns.

d) Kn fmskegnkaznga÷h fm EB ms fmdafn n kn mxastmhgan fm bugjes jâdrafes fm rmsehnhgan. Inkse.  Mh mk Âtmb n) yn nderfnbes qum mk gehgmpte fm rmsehnhgan he tamhm kuonr mh kn tmerân fm erdatnkms bekmguknrms. Mh kn nprexabnga÷h EB-GKEN, ms pesadkm omhmrnr mhkngms quâbages qum prevamhmh fm EB fmskegnkaznfes, ms fmgar, mxtmhfafes n rmoaehms fm kn bekágukns qum ahvekugrnh vnraes îtebes. Nsâ, kn fmskegnkaznga÷h prevamhm fm kn gebdahnga÷h kahmnk fm EN fm tefes kes îtebes, y he tamhm hnfn qum vmr geh kes jâdrafes fm rmsehnhgan.

g) Kn omebmtrân egtnáfragn fmk WI 9 sm pumfm lustaiagnr nsaohnhfe uhn jadrafnga÷h sp7 nk îtebe fm nzuirm. Inkse. Nhtms fm gehtmstnr mspmgâiagnbmhtm ke qum sm hes prmouhtn, gehvamhm rmpnsnr mh quá gehsastm kn jadrafnga÷h. Per fmiahaga÷h, uh erdatnk nt÷bage jâdrafe ms uhn gebdahnga÷h kahmnk fm erdatnkms nt÷bages gerrmspehfamhtms n uh basbe îtebe. Kn jadrafnga÷h HE fmtmrbahn kn omebmtrân fm uhn bekágukn y seknbmhtm pmrbatm lustaiagnrkn mh mk gehtmxte fmk befmke fm mhkngms fm vnkmhgan. Fagje mste, vmnbes< sa mk îtebe fm nzuirm tuvamrn uhn jadrafnga÷h sp 7, kn omebmtrân mkmgtr÷hagn smrân tmtrnáfragn y he egtnáfragn gebe sâ egurrm mh mk WI9. Pnrn mkke, ms hmgmsnrae nsaohnrkm uhn jafrafnga÷h sp 7f4 nk îtebe gmhtrnk fm nzuirm. He fmdmbes ekvafnr qum kn gnhtafnf fm erdatnkms qum jadrafnh fmdm geahgafar geh kn gnhtafnf fm mhkngms saobn qum ierbnrî msm îtebe (9 mh mstm gnse).

f) Kn omebmtrân pknhn fmk mtakmhe (J   44G2GJ  4 ) sm pumfm lustaiagnr supehamhfe jadrafnga÷h sp 4 pnrn kes îtebes fm gnrdehe. Ymrfnfmre. Mh mstm gnse, sa gnfn G jadrafn gebe sp 4, pumfm geh msm erdatnk jâdrafe ierbnr uh mhkngm saobn G-G y fes mhkngms  G-J (uhe geh gnfn jafr÷omhe, vmr iaourn). Nsabasbe, mk erdatnk p kadrm fm gnfn G sm utakazn pnrn ierbnr uh mhkngm  G-G. Nsâ, sm tamhm uhn fedkm kaonfurn G2G, gebe sm vm mh kn iaourn.

Predkmbn 40 Pumfm fmsgradarsm kn omebmtrân fmk a÷h J 7+ udagnhfe kes 7 hügkmes fm J mh kes vártagms fm uh traîhouke mquakîtmre gebpnrtamhfe uh ühage pnr fm mkmgtrehms mk mgtrehms mhtrm mkkes. N pnrtar fm mstn ahierbnga÷h<

n) µPumfm fmsgradar mk mhkngm mhtrm kes 7 hügkmes geh uh seke pnr fm mkmgtrehms mbpkmnhfe mk befmke fm Kmwas5 µBmlern su fmsgrapga÷h mbpkmnhfe mstrugturns fm rmsehnhgan5 Pîoahn 76

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

He ms pesadkm fmsgradar kn mstrugturn fmk J 7+  n pnrtar fm uhn ühagn mstrugturn fm Kmwas geh uh pnr mkmgtr÷hage.

d) Msgradn kn iuhga÷h fm ehfn fmk EB kaonhtm per nhnkeoân geh mk gnse fm kn bekágukn fm J   44 , gebe gebdahnga÷h kahmnk fm kes EN >s fm kes trms îtebes fm J. µ^uá vmhtnlns prmsmhtn mstm trntnbamhte geh rmspmgte nk befmke fm Kmwas geh rmsehnhgan5 Nk aeh J7+ ms pesadkm fmsgradarke per erdatnkms bekmguknrms perqum, gebe kes EB seh uhn gebdahnga÷h kahmnk fm EN, pumfm ahvekugrnr vnraes îtebes ahtmrvahamhtms, ahgkuymhfe gnses fm fmskegnkaznga÷h fm mkmgtrehms, sah hmgmsafnf fm gehsafmrnr uh mhkngm quâbage mhtrm fes îtebes. Mk gehgmpte fm rmsehnhgan tnbpege ms hmgmsnrae mh mstm gehtmxte. Etres mlmbpkes< dmhgmhe, D 4J9 (fadernhe) Gebe jny 7 EN mh tetnk, edtmhfrmbes 7 EB, > mhknznhtm y 4 nhtamhknznhtms (mstes üktabes, fmomhmrnfes)< Mhknznhtm  + 2        Erdatnk Mhknznhtm  Erdatnkms Erdatnkms   ++ 22         Nhtamhknznhtms Nhtamhknznhtms   Mh mk befmke fm Kmwas sambprm jny uh îtebe fm J he mhknznfe mh kns mstrugturns fm rmsehnhgan. Mh gnbdae, mh mk befmke fm EB kes fes m- sm udagnh mh mk E.B. mhknznhtm.

Nbdes K]BEs tamhmh kn basbn mhmroân (mstîh fmomhmrnfes) y tamhmh mk basbe gebpehmhtm nhtamhknznhtm gebe he-mhknznhtm. Kn mspmgam J7+ jn safe fmtmgtnfn mh mk mspngae y sm ierbn per kn rmngga÷h mhtrm J4+ geh J4, fehfm mk J4+  sm ierbn per aehaznga÷h fmk J 4  per ngga÷h fm kes rnyes g÷bages. Mh kndernterae pumfm edtmhmrsm npkagnhfe fmsgnrons mkágtragns sedrm J4 n nktn prmsa÷h, kn rmngga÷h trnhsgurrm per mk basbe bmgnhasbe.

Pîoahn 7=

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

Predkmbn 4> Fmsgradn gnfn uhn fm kns saouamhtms bekágukns e mspmgams a÷hagns smoüh su tape fm mhkngm y omebmtrân. ]takagm mk befmke qum fmsmm (Kmwas-VTMPMY, mhkngms fm vnkmhgan u EB) pnrn gnfn gnse (mh nkoüh gnse jîonke geh fes e trms befmkes nktmrhntavnbmhtm). Mh kes gnses qum km rmsuktm hmgmsnrae, utakagm kn nyufn fm uh kadre. n) H  4E7 3 d) DnGE7 3 g) H  4 3 f) P 6 3 m) W : 3 i) HJ 6HE7 3 o) HE3 j) CEJ. n) H  4E7 

H>,= >,?0?  WdJ 7  n) µMstîh fm ngumrfe mstes vnkerms geh mk befmke VTMPMY5 He, mstes vnkerms he sm mhgumhtrnh fm ngumrfe geh mk befmke fm VTMPMY. Ástm befmke tamhm mh gumhtn kn gnhtafnf fm pnrms fm mkmgtrehms nkrmfmfer fmk îtebe gmhtrnk, qum mh tefes kes gnses bmhgaehnfes gerrmspehfm n 6, ke qum prmfagm uhn omebmtrân tmtrnáfragn geh îhoukes fm >01,=°(sa tefes kes pnrms seh mhknznhtms e gebpnrtafes) e îhoukes bmherms pmre sabaknrms n >01,=° mh gnse fm jndmr uh pnr kadrm gebe ms humstre gnse. Mh kn iaourn sm prmsmhtn nk HJ 7 n befe fm mlmbpke.

d) µ^uá jadrafnga÷h km nsaohnrân nk îtebe gmhtrnk mh gnfn gnse5 Mh mk gnse fmk H, su gehiaournga÷h mkmgtr÷hagn ms 4s 44p7. Vmhamhfe 7 mkmgtrehms fmsnpnrmnfes mh kes 7 erdatnkms px, py  y pz  qum faiamrmh mh 10° mhtrm sâ. Fnfe qum mste he rmprmsmhtn ke mxpmrabmhtnk sm 7

pknhtmn uhn jadrafnga÷h sp  pnrn mk îtebe gmhtrnk, mh f÷hfm kes 6 erdatnkms edtmhafes sm eramhtnh mh kes vártagms fm uh tmtrnmfre geh îhoukes kmvmbmhtm bmherms n >01,=° per mhgehtrnrsm mk pnr kadrm fmk Pîoahn 71

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

hatr÷omhe qum omhmrn bnyer rmpuksa÷h sedrm kes etres. Mstes erdatnkms jâdrafes sp 7  seknpnh geh kes erdatnkms >s fm kes jafr÷omhes rmspmgtaves.

Pnrn mk gnse fmk P, Ns y Wd prmsmhtnh gehiaourngaehms mkmgtr÷hagns fmk tape hs4hp7  (geh h2 7, 6 y = rmspmgtavnbmhtm), tmhamhfe 7 mkmgtrehms fmsnpnrmnfes mh kes 7 erdatnkms px, p y y p z qum faiamrmh mh 10° mhtrm sâ y qum pumfmh ierbnr uh mhkngms geh kes mkmgtrehms fmk erdatnk >s fm kes îtebes fm J. Mstn fastraduga÷h mspngank gehgumrfn geh kes vnkerms mxpmrabmhtnkms edtmhafes per ke qum he ms hmgmsnrae nsaohnr hahouhn jadrafnga÷h mh kes îtebes gmhtrnkms.

g) µWm km egurrm nkouhn mxpkagnga÷h pnrn mstn tmhfmhgan5 Nk nhnkaznr kn tmhfmhgan sm edsmrvn qum kes J sm ngmrgnh nhouknrbmhtm mhtrm sâ, pmre sm nkmlnh mh fastnhgan, yn qum kes erdatnkms p ahvekugrnfes mh mk mhkngm seh fm bnyer havmk, y per ke tnhte bîs mxtmhfafes mh mk mspngae. Kes J, mhtehgms, yn sm mhgumhtrnh ke suiagamhtmbmhtm nkmlnfes mhtrm sâ gebe pnrn vmhgmr kns rmpuksaehms per abpmfabmhte mstárage qum mh bekágukns bîs pmqumþns gebe mk HJ 7  nubmhtnh kn mhmroân fm kn bekágukn, y pumfmh udagnrsm n îhoukes bmherms.

Predkmbn 47 Ahfaqum sa kns saouamhtms niarbngaehms seh vmrfnfmrns e inksns. Lustaiaqum nfmgunfnbmhtm. n) Mk rnfae a÷hage fm kns saouamhtms mspmgams grmgm mh mk erfmh< Bo 4+ ; C + ; Dr . Ymrfnfmre.  He sm pumfm gerrmkngaehnr farmgtnbmhtm C +  geh Bo4+, yn qum gnbdanh fes vnrandkms mh sabuktîhme. Ms hmgmsnrae jngmr mk nhîkasas perknpnses. Tmgerfmbes qum pnrn mkmbmhtes e aehms fm basbn gnron, mk rnfae vnrân fm fm kn saouamhtm bnhmrn<

rHn+ 8 rBo4+, yn qum seh asemkmgtr÷hages, y mk Bo tamhm bîs pretehms. r + 8 r +, yn qum nk dnlnr mh mk orupe nubmhtn mk npnhtnkknbamhte y tamhmh kn basbn gnron. C Hn Mh gehsmgumhgan, rC+ 8 rBo4+  Pîoahn 60

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

Ke basbe egurrm nk qumrmr gebpnrnr mk rnfae fmk Dr ∔, prabmre ke gebpnrnbes geh uhn tmhfmhgan gehegafn 79 m∔  Dr  7= p+ 

8 

7= m∔  Dr 7= p+ 

79 m∔  Cr   79 p+ 

8

>1 m∔  C >1 p+ 

8

>: m∔    Nr + >: p  

8

>: m∔  C+    >1 p+ 

Per ke tnhte, gebe mk r Cr 8 rNr, mhtehgms rDr- 8 rC+  Vmhamhfe mh gumhtn tefns mstns prmbasns sm gehgkuym mhtehgms qum rBo4+ ; rC+ ; TDr-.

d) Kn mhmroân fm aehaznga÷h fmk iküer ms bmher qum kn fmk dmrakae, yn qum nk nubmhtnr mk hübmre fm mkmgtrehms ástes sm rmpmkmh y invermgmh kn aehaznga÷h. Inkse. Nk nubmhtnr mk hübmre fm mkmgtrehms y fm pretehms mh mk basbe havmk, mstes he npnhtnkknh, y per pe r ke tnhte kes mkmgtrehms sm samhtmh bîs ntrnâfes per mk hügkme, ms fmgar, samhtmh bnyer \mi. Mh gehsmgumhgan, jny qum mhtrmonr bnyer mhmroân pnrn quatnrke fmk I. Etrn ierbn fm vmrke ms pmhsnr qum M4s ; M4p gebe gehsmgumhgan fm kn gehsafmrnga÷h fm vnraes mkmgtrehms. Per ke tnhte sm rmquamrm bmhes mhmroân pnrn mxtrnmr uh mkmgtr÷h fmk erdatnk 4p qum fm uhe 4s.

g) Mk tragkerure fm dere (DGk 7 ) ms uhn bekágukn he peknr, pmre mk tradrebure fm nhtabehae (WdDr 7 ) y mk faikuerure fm exâomhe (EI  4 ) sâ ke seh. Ymrfnfmre. 

Pknhn traoehnk

Parîbafm fm dnsm gunfrnfn

Nhouknr

Dnstn geh nhnkaznr kn omebmtrân fm kns bekágukns per VTMPMY y vmr fehfm sm nhuknh kes bebmhtes fapeknrms fm kes mhkngms.

f) Mh kn Vmerân fmk Mhkngm fm Ynkmhgan, mk aeh hatrnte (HE7  ) sm fmsgradm nsaohnhfe uhn jadrafnga÷h sp7  nk îtebe gmhtrnk. Inkse.  Ymr mh mk predkmbn 1 kn mstrugturn fm Kmwas. Mk H ierbn 7 mhkngms χ geh kes E y uh mhkngm π. Per ke qum sm hmgmsatnh 7 erdatnkms geh sabmtrân χ y uh erdatnk geh sabmtrân π. Pnrn ierbnr kes 7 erdatnkms geh sabmtrân χ jny qum gebdahnr 7 erdatnkms (> erdatnk s y 4 erdatnkms p) edtmhaáhfesm 7 erdatnkms sp 4 y mk erdatnk p rmstnhtm ms mk qum tamhm sabmtrân π. Per VTMPMY ms Pknhn Vraoehnk (sp4)

m) Kn edsmrvnga÷h mxpmrabmhtnk fm qum mk aeh GD + ms pnrnbnohátage ms gebpntadkm geh qum su fanornbn fm erdatnkms bekmguknrms tmhon mk saouamhtm erfmh fm mhmroân<   >s ;   >s* ;    4s ;    4s* ;    4p ;    4p ;    4p* ;     4p*. +

∔

+

tamhm >0 m  sus mhmtetnk. Geh kn fastraduga÷h Inkse.  Mk GD  yn fanbnohátage qum tefes  sm mhgehtrnrânh npnrmnfes prepumstn (jngmrke). fm erdatnkms mk a÷h GD   smran Mk erfmh gerrmgte fm kes erdatnkms pnrn mxpkagnr su pnrnbnohmtasbe ms< Pîoahn 6>

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

χ>s ; χ*>s ; χ4s ; χ*4s ;π4p ;χ4p ; π*4p ; χ*4p (vmr msqumbn, mh mk gunk he sm bumstrnh kes fes

prabmres erdatnkms)

 i) Mk befmke fm Erdatnkms Bekmguknrms prmfagm qum kns mspmgams Jm 4+ y Jm 4  seh mstndkms, pmre Jm 4 he.  Ymrfnfmre. Vnhte mk Jm4+ (7m-) gebe mk Jm4∔ (=m-) tamhmh E.M. 2 0,=. Pmre mh mk Jm4 (6m-) mk E.M. 2 0 yn qum tamhm mk basbe hübmre fm mkmgtrehms mhknznhtms gebe nhtamhknznhtms. Hetnmr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

VTNDNLE PTÎGVAGE 4.>< Yasunkaznga÷h fm prepamfnfms ntebage-bekmguknrms ntebage-bekmguknrms Pnrn ahstnknr mk preornbn Nveonfre, jnon gkagc  gkagc  nquâ  pnrn edtmhmr mk nrgjave mlmgutndkm. Mh mstn gnrpmtn mhgehtrnrî tefes kes nrgjaves fmk VP (nquâ )  Pnrn sndmr g÷be utakaznr mk preornbn, smouar kes pnses fm kn ouân fm VP, e mk bnhunk fmk basbe jttps.> Îtebe fm jafr÷omhe  4.7.>.7.>.>.> GMM 2 >s>  Wm pumfm edsmrvnr kn sabmtrân rnfank fm kes erdatnkms s y mh pnrtaguknr, mk hefe rnfank fmk 4s.

 4.7.>.7.>.4.> Îtebe fm ikuer GMM 2 >s4 4s4 4p=  Wm pumfm edsmrvnr kn sabmtrân fm kes erdatnkms s, p y f. Nfmbîs sm pumfm gebpnrnr mk tnbnþe fm kes basbes. Per mlmbpke, mk >s ms uh erdatnk mxtrmbnfnbmhtm ahtmrhe nk gebpnrnrke geh kes etres erdatnkms s. N su vmz, sm pumfm gebpnrn kn fastraduga÷h y mk nkgnhgm rnfank fm kes erdatnkms p y f. Pnrn erdatnkms nhîkeoes mhtrm mk J y H/I, mstes üktabes seh bîs gebpngtes.

Pîoahn 67

Mhmroan(mY) 

->7.9

Wubn MEN(mY) 

-?,==

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

EN  

Hebdrm  

M(J)/mY 

M(H)/mY 

M(I)/mY 

>

>s

-?,==

-7:7,61

-994,00

4

4s

=,:9

->1,90

-70,04

7

4p

74,60

-:,07

->4,::

6

4p

74,60

-:,07

->0,64

=

4p

74,60

-:,07

->0,64

9

7s

=9,64

>7,>7

44,4=

Vndkn fm mhmroâns fm erdatnkms.

 4.7.>.7.4. Mhmroâns fm aehaznga÷h M(B)) (cL/bek) M(B (cL/be k)   M(B M(B+) +) (cL/bek ) 

MA (cL/bek) 

MA dad (cL/bek)  

Ka  

->1900,4==

->109>,=4=

=7:,?70

=40,4

Dm  

-7:674,>:0

-7?=97,>?6

:91,009

:11,=

D 

-969=4,177

-97:>?,::6

:7=,061

:00,9

G 

-1141>,94>

-1:>:0,6?9

>>>>,>6=

>0:9,=

H 

->674=9,9>:

->6>:7:,1=6

>6>?,996

>604,7

E 

->1?06>,9:6

->1=91?,?79

>767,16:

>7>7,1

I 

-49>:>6,070

-490>46,664

>9:1,=::

>9:>,0

Hm 

-77:6:=,669

-7796>>,167

40?7,=07

40:0,?

=>9,1?6

619,0

Dnsm<  

9-7>>O**

Hn  Bátefe<  

-649049,00:

-64==01,076

PDMPDM

Pîoahn 66

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

Iaourn.4.>.7 Mh mk gnse fmk J, su mhmroân ndsekutn ms aounk n su mhmroân fm aehaznga÷h yn qum mk gîkguke tebn gebe gmre fm mhmroân nk hügkme ahiahatnbmhtm smpnrnfe fmk mkmgtr÷h.

 4.7.>.6.>. Gurvns fm Mhmroân petmhgankms  4.7.>.6.>.>. Jafr÷omhe.

J-J >.> Í 2 -41??.:99 cL/bek J-J 4.0 Í 2 -49>9.=?7 cL/bek J-J 6.0 Í 2 -47??.100 cL/bek

 4.7.>.6.>.7.

Pîoahn 6=

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

 4.7.>.6.>.6.

Edsmrvnr kn prmsmhgan fmk bâhabe mh kn gurvn fm J4, J4+,J4-. He sm edsmrvn bâhabe mh mk gnse fm Jm 4.

 4.7.>.6.4. ]haehms bekmguknrms  4.7.>.6.4.>. Mhmroân fm uha÷h H4 

E4 

I4 

M(B4) M(B 4) (cL/bek ) 

-4:?=>:,?97

-7169:4,7>9

--=47:64,691 =47:64,691

M(B)) (cL/bek ) M(B

->674=9,9>:

->1.06>,9:6

-49>:>6,070

M] (cL/bek)

->00=,=4?

-=1:,16:

-4>6,601

M] (dad) (cL/bek)

169,000

61:,760

>=9,100

Fastnhgan (Í)

>,>0:

>,44

>,64=

Edsmrvnr kn prmsmhgan fmk bâhabe mh kn gurvn fm J 4. He sm edsmrvn bâhabe mh mk gnse fm Jm 4. Nk rmbevmr uh mkmgtr÷h, mk Jm4+ sa prmsmhtn uh pmqumþe bâhabe. Kn faimrmhgan mh mk erfmh fm uha÷h mhtrm mk Jm4+ y mk Jm4 pumfm usnrsm gebe mxpkagnga÷h pnrn mstn edsmrvnga÷h.

Pîoahn 69

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

 4.7.>.6.7. Yasunkaznga÷h fm erdatnkms bekmguknrms Wm pumfm edsmrvnr kes erdatnkms kaonhtms y nhtakaonhtms χ y π. Fmstngnr kes hefes ahtmrhugkmnrms mh mk gnse fm kes erdatnkms nhtakaonhtms y kes hefes mh sedrm mk mlm ahtmrhugkmnr mh mk gnse fm kes erdatnkms pa.

Kes erdatnkms bekmguknrms pumfmh smr ahtmrprmtnfes mh tárbahes fm erdatnkms nt÷bages. Mstn nsaohnga÷h sm rmnkazn mh tárbahes fm erdatnkms nt÷bages fm mhmroân sabaknr y sabmtrân gebpntadkm. Mh mstes trms gnses kes erdatnkms qum seh gebpntadkms per sabmtrân seh per uh knfe mk >s, 4s, 4pz (z farmgga÷h fmk mhkngm), per etre kes 4py y iahnkbmhtm kes 4px. Hetnr qum mh omhmrnk kn mhmroân fm kes EB fmsgamhfm nk pnsnr fm H4 n I4. Mste sm pumfm ntraduar n qum kn basbn tmhfmhgan sm edsmrvn mh kes erdatnkms nt÷bages (âtmb >.>.4). Pnrn mk gnse fmk I4 kn smpnrnga÷h mhtrm sus EB kaonhtms y sus gerrmspehfamhtms nhtakaonhtms pumfm smr ahtmrprmtnfn mh tárbahes fmk seknpnbamhte fm EN. Hetnr qum kes erdatnkms >s seh kes bîs gebpngtes, per ke tnhte seknpnh buy pege y kn faimrmhgan mhtrm χ>s y χ>s* ms buy pmqumþn. Mh mk gnse fm kes EN 4s mk seknpnbamhte ms nkoe bnyer fnhfe uhn bnyer smpnrnga÷h. Iahnkbmhtm mh mk gnse fm kes EN 4p, nqumkkes eramhtnfes mh kn farmgga÷h fmk mhkngm tamhmh uh seknpnbamhte nprmgandkm, bamhtrns qum nqumkkes eramhtnfes pmrpmhfaguknrbmhtm pesmm uh seknpnbamhte bîs msgnse. Kn faimrmhgan fm mhmroân mhtrm kes erdatnkms nt÷bages >s, 4s, 4pz  bnrgnrî gunkms sm ‛gebdahnrîh‒ pnrn ierbnr uh EB. Mh omhmrnk kn gebdahnga÷h fm EN ms bîs iumrtm sa sus mhmroâns seh sabaknrms. Wa kn faimrmhgan fm mhmroân mhtrm EN ms bnyer n >mY kn gebdahnga÷h ms prîgtagnbmhtm hukn. Gunhfe kn smpnrnga÷h fm mhmroân mhtrm EN s y p ms pmqumþn, kes EB seh uhn bmzgkn tnhte fm EN s gebe p. N bmfafn qum nubmhtn kn smpnrnga÷h fm mhmroân mhtrm kes EN s y p, kes EB sm vumkvmh bîs purnbmhtm gebdahnga÷h fm EN s e fm EN p.

Pîoahn 6?

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

Gebe vabes nhtmraerbmhtm kn faimrmhgan fm mhmroân mhtrm kes erdatnkms 4s y 4p ms bmher pnrn mk H qum pnrn mk I ke gunk lustaiagn uhn bnyer gehtraduga÷h fm kes EN 4s mh kes χ4p mxpkagnhfe nsâ kn ahvmrsa÷h fm EB.

 4.7.>.6.7.7. Bekágukn fm GH    ∔ 

Pnrn mk GH∔ fnfn kn mkmgtrehmontavafnf fm gnfn îtebe, kes mkmgtrehms mstîh bîs gmrgn fmk H qum fmk G, mste pumfm edsmrvnrsm vasunkaznhfe kn fmhsafnf mkmgtr÷hagn.

 4.7.>.6.6.Omebmtrâns bekmguknrms Fastnhgan  Mhkng. HJ7  PGk= 

GE74 

Gnkguknfn (Í)

Nhoukes  Vnduknfn (Í)

Mhkngm

Gnkguknfe

H-J

>,046

J-H-J

P-Gknx 

4,0?:

Gknx-P-Gknx 

>40

P-Gkmg 

4,>::

Gknx-P-Gkmg 

10

Gkmg-P-Gkmg 

>:0

G-E> 

>,74>

E-G-E

>40

G-E4 

>,74>

G-E7 

>,74>

VTMPMY

Vnduknfe

>0=,=

Vndkn pnrn gebpkmtnr furnhtm kn gknsm pnrn mk gîkguke fm kns mhmroâns fm uha÷h. Ms ahtmrmsnhtm hetnr qum mk befmke fm VTMPMY pmrbatm prmfmgar rnzehndkmbmhtm kns omebmtrâns bekmguknrms dnle uh befmke sabpkm y iîgak fm utakaznr. Wah mbdnroe, he pumfm prmfmgar fm ierbn gunhtatntavn kn fastnhgan fm mhkngms. Per etre knfe, kes bátefes dnsnfes mh kn bmgîhagn guîhtagn seh gnpngms fm rmnkaznr prmfaggaehms gunhtatntavns, pmre geh uh havmk fm tmerân bugje bîs gebpkmle y uh geste fm gîkguke n havmk jubnhe ahnkgnhzndkm. Edsmrvnr kn sabmtrân fm kns bekágukns. Mh pnrtaguknr kn sabmtrân fm kes mhkngms fmk GE 74-, mh fehfm tefes kes mhkngms seh aounkms. 

Pîoahn 6:

 

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040  

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

 4.7.>.6.=.4.6 Jadrafnga÷h Bekágukns fm GJ 7GJ 7 , GJ  4GJ  4 y GJGJ GJ7GJ7

GJ4GJ4

GJGJ

G-G (Í)

>.=7>

>.77=

>.401

G-J (Í)

>.>0>

>.017

>.0?>

J-G-J J-G-G

>0?.6 >>>.6

>>9.6 >4>.:

>:0 >:0

Pumfm edsmrvnrsm gebe kn fastnhgan G-G fasbahuym nk pnsnr fm sp7  n sp. Afmb pnrn mhkngms G-J. Nbdns tmhfmhgans sm ahtmrprmtnh fmdafe n qum nubmhtn mk gnrîgtmr s fmk erdatnk jâdrafe. Pnrn edsmrvnr kes erdatnkms sp7, ms hmgmsnrae subnr y rmstnr ahtmkaomhtmbmhtm kes erdatnkms qum snkmh fmk gîkguke ahagank. Kes erdatnkms HDE sm gehstruymh fm ierbn fm rmsnktnr kn fmhsafnf mkmgtr÷hagn mhtrm kes îtebes, geh kn afmn fm bestrnr ‛mhkngm quâbage‒.  Erdatnkms sp7 fmk gnrdehe ahtmrngtunhfe geh erdatnkms W fmk J (nrradn x7) y geh mk sp7 fmk etre gnrdehe (ndnle). Weke sm bumstrnh kes erdatnkms kaonhtms. Hetnr kn sabmtrân fm kes trms mhkngms geh mk G-J y kn faspesaga÷h mspngank jngan kes vártagms fm uh tmtrnmfre mh kes guntre erdatnkms bestrnfes.

Erdatnkms sp4-sp4  mhtrm kes gnrdehe (ndnle), sp4-s geh mk jafr÷omhe y p-p pnrn ierbnr erdatnk pa. Weke sm bumstrnh kes erdatnkms kaonhtms. Edsmrvnr kn sabmtrân tranhouknr pknhn pnrn kes trms erdatnkms bîs dnles y mk erdatnk pa.

Pîoahn 61

 

^uâbagn Omhmrnk m Aheroîhagn A ‗  Kagmhganturns mh ^uâbagn y mh Omekeoân

Erdatnkms sp-sp mhtrm kes gnrdehe (ndnle), sp-s geh mk jafr÷omhe (bmfae) y p-p fm kes gnrdehes pnrn ierbnr fes erdatnkms . Weke sm bumstrnh kes erdatnkms kaonhtms. Edsmrvnr erdatnkms sp (mhtrm gnrdehes y mhtrm gnfn gnrdehe y mk jafr÷omhe). N su vmz edsmrvnr kes fes erdatnkms .

Pîoahn =0

>mr Guntrabmstrm 4040