RESPUESTAS Enzimas 2021
March 30, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Vjspujstls Plddjr Jhzcgls
FKG 6>6<
C. Jhzcgls- Kchãtckl jhzcgìtckl Ld ichldczlr jd tjgl, jd jstu`clhtj `jfj kahakjr das iuh`lgjhtas tjûrckas rjijrc`as l? sust strrlt lta a, sctc sctca a lk lktc tcv va, erup erupas as pr pras astã tãtc tcka kas, s, Lspjk spjkttas gad adj jku kuddlrjs lrjs `j dls rjl jlkkkc kca ahj hjss jh jhzc zcg gìtck ìtckls ls?? su kajhzcgls. Gj Gj`c `c`l `l `j dl lk lktc tcvc vc`l `l` ` jh jhzc zcgì gìtc tckl kl?? @ji @jichc chckcû kcûh h `j jhzcgl jhzcgl,, gãta` gãta`as as `j gj`c`l gj`c`l,, `j `jich ichckc ckcûh ûh `j uhc`l`js.
Kchãtckl `j dls rjlkkcahjs jhzcgìtckls? Kchãtckl quçgckl. Yjdakc`l` chckcld `j rjlkkcûh (v>), `jpjh`jhkcl `j dl vjdakc`l` chckcld kah dl kahkjhtrlkcûh `j jhzcgl y sustrlta. Iarglkcûh `jd kagpdj kag pdjoa oa jhz jhzcgl cgl-su -sust strl rlta. ta. Jkulkc Jkulkcûh ûh `j Gckblj Gckbljdcs dcs-Gj -Gjht htjh. jh. Vjprj Vjprjsjh sjhtlk tlkcah cahjs js erì erìick ickls. ls. [cehci [cehcickl ckl`a `a `j Yglx, MG, y kahstlhtj kltldçtckl Mklt. Jijkta `jd pB y dl tjgpjrlturl safrj dl lktcvc`l` jhzcgìtckl. Erìicka `j `afdj rjkçprakls? `jtjrgchlkcûh `j Yglx y MG. Chbcfc`arjs. Kah Kahtra trad `j dl Lkt ktccvc vc`l `l` ` Jhzc Jhzcgì gìtc tckkl? Ga Ga`u `udl dlkc kcûh ûh ld ldas astã tãrc rckl kl,, kav kavldjh ldjhtj tj y gj`c gj`cl` l`l l pa parr pr prat atjû jûdc dcsc scs. s. Jhzcgls ldastãrckls? vjdakc`l` jh iuhkcûh `j dl kahkjhtrlkcûh `j sustrlta, jij jijkta kta `j das ga`udl`arjs.
Kahkjpta tjûrcka safrj dl vjdakc`l` kltldczl`l par uhl jhzcgl kah kchãtckl `jd tcpa Gckbljdclhl?
uG `j kctrlta. @jichl kûga puj`j `jtjrgchlr dl vjdakc`l` `j dl rjlkkcûh `j glhjrl jxpjrcgjhtld. ^lrl jd klsa `j dl lkahctlsl, jd tufa `j rjlkkcûh l prjplrlr sjrçl? -
[u [usstr trl lta? Kctr ctrlta lta 6>> 6>> uG
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Jhzcgl? Lk Lkahctlsl 2 hG
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Fuii Fuiijrjr- sadukcûh sadukcûh lgartc lgartceul`a eul`arl rl l pB 5.0 plrl plrl scgudlr scgudlr kah`ck kah`ckcahjs cahjs icscadûeckl icscadûeckls. s.
Plgfc lgfcãh ãh sj `j `jfj fj `j `jic ichc hcrr sc pl plrl rl gj`c gj`crr dl vjd jdak akc` c`l` l` sj sc sceu euj j jd kahs kahsug uga a `j das das su susstr trlt ltas as (j (jh h jstj jstj klsa klsa jd kc kctr trl lta) a dl iar arg glkcû lkcûh h `j da dass pr pra` a`u uktas ktas kaga aga jd cs csak akct ctrrlta. Jh jstl klsa lsa jh plr lrtc tcku kudl dlrr tlgf lgfcãh cãh sj puj`j kahsc`jrlr ld pra`ukta chtjrgj`ca kcs-lkahctlta kaga pra`ukta l sjeucr dl rjlkk kkccûh. @j glhj gl hjrrl jxpjr xpjrcg cgjh jhtl tldd sj pu puj` j`j j sj sjeu eucr cr dl kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j kcskcs-lk lkah ahct ctlt lta a yl qu qujp jpuj uj`j `j sj sjrr sj sjeu euc` c`a a jspj jspjkt ktra rask skûp ûpck cklg lgjh jhtj tj.. ^lrl ^lrl `j `jtj tjrg rgch chlr lr dl vj vjda dakc kc`l `l` ` `j dl rj rjlk lkkc kcûh ûh `j `jfj fjga gass kahs kahstr truc ucrr uh erìi erìick cka a jh jd jyj `j dls S `j kcs-lkahctlta jh iuhkcûh `jd tcjgpa (joj `j dls x). ^lrl ãsta gj`cgas dl kah ahkj kjh htr trlk lkcû cûh h `j kc kcss-lk lkah ahct ctl lta l `c `csstc tch htas tc tcj jgpa gpa `j kagj kagjhz hzl` l`l l dl rjlkkc lkkcû ûh y kahs kahstr tru uçgas çgas `c `ckb kba a erìicka. Jd tr trlg lga a rjkt rjkta a chckc chckcld ld `j `jdd er erìi ìick cka a karr karrjs jspa pah` h`j j kah kah dl vjda vjdakc kc`l `l` ` pl plrl rl jsl jsl kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j su sust strl rlta ta y `j jhzcgl.
K. Vjld jldckj ckj uh fas asqu qujo joa a erìic ìicka `j kûga ûga jspj jspjrrl qu quj j klgf lgfcj dl kah ahkj kjh htr trlk lkccûh `j sus sustr trl lta y dl kahkjhtrlkcûh kahkjhtrlkc ûh `j pra`ukta jh iuhkcûh `jd tcjgpa. @jichl jd kahkjpta `j vjdakc`l` chckcld.
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Vjspujstls Plddjr Jhzcgls
FKG 6>6<
Dl vjdakc`l` chckcld karrjspah`j kah dl pjh`cjhtj chckcld `jd trlga rjkta
@. Ztcdczlh`a dl sceucjhtj baol `j kìdkuda (blel uhl kapcl `js`j Lrkbcva)? bttps?//`aks.eaaedj.kag/sprjl` j.kag/sprjl`sbjjts/`/ uG uG)) y `j jhzc jhzcgl gl (2 hg jquc jqucv vldjh ldjhtj tj l >, >,>> >>2 2 uG) uG) jh iu iuhk hkcû cûh h `jd tcjgpa. @jtjrgchj blstl quã tcjgpa jstlgas jh kah`ckcahjs `j vjdakc`l` chckcld plrl dl kah ahkj kjh htrlk trlkcû cûh h `j sus sustrl trlta quj utc tcddcz czû. û. ±\u ±\uã rjpr jprjsjh jsjhttl dl pj pjh` h`ccjht jhtj `j dl pl plrrtj dchjld `jd erìicka1 ±\uã sukj`j kah jd erìicka sc jh jd tufa `j rjlkkcûh ha sj kadakl jhzcgl1 ±S sc sj ka kada dakl kl > >> uG), jh dl kjd`l hlrlhol dl kahkjhtrlkcûh `j jhzcgl >,>>2 uG. [j af afsj sjrv rvl l qu quj j blst blstl l jd gc gchu huta ta 6> lp lpra raxc xcgl gl`l `lgj gjht htj j jxcs jxcstj tj dchj dchjld ldc` c`l` l`,, js `jkcr quj has jhkahtrlgas jh kah`ckcahjs `j vjdakc`l` chckcl kcld. ^astjrca carr l jsj tcjgpa pa`jgas afsjrv rvl lr quj dl pjh`cjhtj ha js dl gcsgl, par da quj yl ha `jfjgas sjdjkkcahlrdl. [c sjdjkkcahl jh jd kul`rl`a raoa `jd scgudl`ar jd puhta quj karrjspah`l kah `ckba tcjgpa (jh jstj klsa puhta 5) pa`rì vcsuldczlr dl rjktl quj plsl par `ckbas puhtas y vjr dl pjh`cjhtj `jd erìicka plrl `ckbas puhtas.
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Vjspujstls Plddjr Jhzcgls
FKG 6>6<
@. Erìicka. Kahkjhtrlkcûh `j kcs-lkahctlta(joj `j dls ar`jhl`ls (y)) jh iuhkcûh `jd tcjgpa (joj `j dls lfskcsls (x)) plrl uhl kahkjhtrlkcûh `j kctrlta `j 6>> uG y `j jhzcgl `j 2 hG. Dl pjh`cjhtj `j dl rjecûh dchjld `j jstj erìicka, glrkl`l kaga dçhjl raol, sj karrjspah`j l dl vjdakc`l` chckcld.
Dl jkulkcûh `j uhl rjktl karrjspah`j kah S 7 l x + f, scjh`a —l‗ dl pjh`cjhtj `j dl rjktl. Jh jstj klsa klsa pl plrl rl hu hujs jstr tra a jojg jojgpd pda a dl pj pjh` h`cj cjht htj j js 0,;< 0,;< uG/g uG/gch ch,, scjh scjh`a `a `c `ckb kbl l pj pjh` h`cj cjht htj j dl vj vjda dakc kc`l `l` ` ch chck ckcl cldd plrl jsl kahkjhtrlkcûh `j sustrlta y `j jhzcgl. ^lr lrl l dl kah kahkjh kjhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j jhz hzcg cgl l uG y jhzcgl `j 6<
Aftjhcjh`a uh vldar `j pjh`cjhtj ceuld l 2,5< uG/gch. Ld kagp kagplr lrlr lr dls dls er erìi ìick ckls ls pl plrrl dls dls `a `ass kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkca cahj hjss `j jhzc jhzcgl gl pa pa`j `jga gass lp lprj rjkc kclr lr qu quj j dl rj rjkt ktl l `j `jdd lous loustj tj dchj dchjld ld `j das das pr prcg cgjr jras as `lta `ltass js `c `ciijrjh jrjhtj tj.. [j pu puj` j`j j af afsj sjrv rvlr lr qu quj j dl vj vjda dakc kc`l `l` ` `j dl rj rjlk lkkc kcûh ûh js `cr `crjktl jktlgj gjh htj pr prap apar arkc kcah ahld ld l dl kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j jhzc jhzcgl gl,, ld kada kadakl klrr jh jd tu tufa fa `j rj rjlk lkkc kcûh ûh jd `a `afd fdj j `j kah ahkj kjh htr trlk lkcû cûh h `j lkah lkahct ctl lsl sj af afssjrv rvl l jd `a `afd fdj j `j vjdakc dakc`l `l` ` plr plrl dl gcsg csgl kah kahkjh kjhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j sustrlta. Jh jstj klsa ld trltlrsj `j uhl scgudlkcûh quj sj flsl jh vldarjs jxpjrcgjhtldjs ha `l jxlk lktl tlgj gjht htj j jd `a `afd fdj j kaga kaga ak akur urrj rj jh dl dlss pr prìk ìktc tckl kls, s, ld jstl jstlrr jstc jstcgl glh` h`a a jd tcjg tcjgpa pa cgpd cgpdck ckl l l` l`gc gctc tcrr uh uhl l chkjrtc`ugfrj y par jdda dl `cijrjhkcl. Y> ld utcdczlr 2 hG jhzcgl? 0,; uG/gch Y> ld utcdczlr 7 mklt. ]JW. Kaga dl kahstlhtj kltldçtckl js uh vl vlda darr ka kahs hstl tlht htj j qu quj j ha vlrç vlrçl, l, dl vjda vjdakc kc`l `l` ` chckc chckcld ld `j `jpj pjh` h`j j pr prap apar arkc kcah ahld ldgj gjht htj j `j dl ka kahk hkjh jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j jhzcgl.
@c @cvc vc`c `c`a `ass jh er erup upa a jdco jdcol l uh uhl l `j dls dls sceu sceucj cjht htjs js jh jhzc zcgl glss pl plrl rl tr trlf lflol lolrr. Fu Fusq squj uj qu quã ã rj rjlk lkkc kcûh ûh kltl kltldc dczl zl y `j `jtj tjrg rgch chj j bl blst stl l qu quã ã tc tcjg jgpa pa sj js jstì tì jh kah` kah`ck ckca cahj hjss `j vj vjda dakc kc`l `l` ` ch chck ckcl cldd pl plrl rl uh uhl l kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j sustrlta ceuld l 6>> uG y 2 hG `j jhzcgl. @jtjrgchj `ckbl vjdakc`l`. 6L. ^cruvlta klrfaxcdlsl 6F. Fjtl-Eldlktasc`lsl Fjtl-Eldlktasc`lsl 6K. Gldlta @jsbc`raejhlsl Kl`l jhzcgl sj jhkujhtrl jh uhl pjstlül `cijrjhtj jh jd gcsga lrkbcva `jd `rcvj.
Jhzcgl
^cruvlta klrfaxcdlsl
Fjtl-E Fjt l-Eldl ldlkta ktasc` sc`lsl lsl
Gldlt Gldlta a `js `jsbc` bc`rae raejhl jhlsl sl
Pcjgpa jh kah`ckcahjs `j vjdakc`l` chckcld (gch)
gch
6> gch
Ychckcld plrl kahkjhtrlkcûh kahkjhtrlkc ûh `j sustrlta ceuld l 6>> uG
9,5 uG/gch
0,> uG/gch
;,;3 uG/gch
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Vjspujstls Plddjr Jhzcgls
FKG 6>6<
;. Kchãtckl `j Gckbljdcs-Gjhtjh y kchãtckl ha Gckbljdclhl (scegac`j) l.
Afsjrvj jd sceucjhtj erìicka y jxpdcquj quã sj jstì erlicklh`a. Jxpdcquj kûga sj jdlfarl jd gcsga. Jd erìicka rjprjsjhtl dl vjdakc`l` `j uhl rjlkkcûh jhzcgìtckl jh iu iuh hkcûh `j dl kahkjhtrlkcûh `j sustrlta. ^lr lrl l aft ftj jhjr hjr js jsttj erìi erìick cka a sj `jfj jfj `j `jttjrgch rgchlr lr jd vldar ldar `j vjda vjdakc` kc`l` l` chck chckcl cldd jh vl vlrc rcas as tu tufa fass qu quj j ka kaht htcj cjhj hjh h `c `cij ijrj rjht htjs js kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkca cahj hjss `j su susstr trlt lta= a= jd vldar ldar `j vj vjda dakc kc`l `l` ` ch chck ckcl cldd `j kl`l tufa karrjspah`j, kaga vcgas jh jd jojrkckca lht lhtjrc rca ar l `]^W ]^W/` /`tt a -` -`][ ][WW/` /`tt y sj af aftc tcjh jhj j erì erìick icklgjh lgjhttj, l plrtcr `j dl pjh`cjhtj `jd loustj dchjld `jd erìicka `j kahkjhtrlkcûh `j sustrlta a pra`ukta jh iuhkcûh `jd tcjgpa.
[j jdlf jdlfar arl l uh uhl l tl tlfd fdl l `j `l `lta tass ka kah h dl kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j su sust strl rlta ta y dl vjda vjdakc kc`l `l` ` chck chckcl cldd `j `jtj tjrg rgch chl` l`l l pl plrl rl kl`l uhl. Ld erlicklr `ckbas puhtas, aftjhjgas erìickas kaga das quj sj gujstrlh jh jd jojrkckca.
f. @jskrcfl @jskrcfl jd tcpa ` `j j kch kchãtck ãtckl l plrl plrl kl`l uhl `j dls jh jhzcgls. zcgls. Jd erìi erìick cka a ka karr rrjs jspa pah` h`cj cjht htj j l dl jhzc jhzcgl gl ,:.
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Vjspujstls Plddjr Jhzcgls
i.
FKG 6>6<
Afsjrvlr jh jd erìicka kûga js dl vjdakc`l` chckcld kulh`a dl kahkjhtrlkcûh `j sustrlta js ceuld l ][W7 >,: MG, ][W7 MG, ][W7 6 MG, ][W ][W 7 MG y ][W7 6> MG
^lr lrl l uh uhl l kahk kahkj jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j sus sustrl trlta ce ceu uld ld MG dl vjd jdak akc` c`l` l` ch chck ckcl cldd par `j `jic ichc hckc kcûh ûh kar arrrjs jspa pah h`j l dl gctl gctl` ` `j dl vj vjda dakc kc`l `l` ` gìxc gìxcgl gl.. Kulh Kulh`a `a dl kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h js jd `a `afd fdj j (6 (6M MG), dl vj vjda dakc kc`l `l` ` chck chckcl cldd ha js jd `afdj parquj dl vjdakc` c`l l` ha vlrçl `j iargl `crjktlgjhtj praparkcahld l dl kahkjhtrlkcûh `j sustrlta. sustrlt a. ^lrl jd klsa `j >,: MG dl vjdakc`l` jstlr jstlrì ì par `jfloa `j dl gctl` `j dl vjdakc`l` gìxcgl. Ku Kulh lh`a `a ha hass jhka jhkaht htrl rlga gass ka kah h ka kahk hkjh jhtr trlk lkca cahj hjss `j su sust strl rlta ta vjkj vjkjss glya glyarj rjss dl ka kahk hkjh jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j `jdd MG sj ldklhzl uhl vjdakc`l` ch chcckcld cld guy prûxcgl l dl vjdakc`l` gìxcgl `j dl jhzcgl, par da tlhta jh kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkca cahj hjss 6> vj vjkj kjss dl kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j `jdd MG tcjh tcjhj j jd gcsg gcsga a vldar ldar `j vj vjda dakc kc`l `l` ` chck chckcl cldd quj quj l das das MG, yl quj dl vjdakc`l` ha lugjhtl par jhkcgl `jd vldar `j Yglx. L gj`c`l quj lugjhtl dl kahkjhtrlkc kcû ûh `j sustrlta jd vldar `j vjdakc`l` chckcld cld sj lpraxcgl jh iar argl gl lsch lschttût ûtck ckl l ld vld ldar ar gìxc xcga ga (Y (Ygl glx) x).. @js @js`j jd pu puh hta `j vcst cstl jxp xpj jrcgj rcgjh htld pl plrrl jstu tu`c `clr lr uh uhl l jhzcgl l vjdakc`l` gìxcgl sj uslh uhl kahkjhtrlkcûh `j sustrlta glyar glyar a ceuld l MG .
e. ±K ±Kûg ûga a sj sjrç rçlh lh das das vldar ldarjs js `j vjda vjdakc kc`l `l` ` ch chck ckcl cldd plr plrl kl`l kl`l kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j su sust strrlta lta sc dl kahkjhtrlkcûh kahkjhtrlk cûh `j jhzcgl iujrl jd `afdj1 Dl vjda vjdakc kc`l `l` ` js `c `crj rjkt ktlg lgjh jhtj tj pr prap apar arkc kcah ahld ld l dl ka kahk hkjh jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j Jh Jhzc zcgl gl,, kl`l kl`l pu puht hta a `j `jdd erìi erìick cka a qu quj j karrjspah`j l uhl kahkjhtrlkcûh `j sustrlta tjh`rì jd `afdj `j vjdakc`l`. ^ar da tlht lhta, dl vjdak jdakc` c`l l` gìxc xcgl gl jh jstl kah ah` `ck ckcû cûh h sjr jrì ì jd `a `afd fdj j. Ha ga` a`ci cick ckl lh` h`a a jd MG (plrìgjtra kahstlhtj kahstlht j plrl kl`l jhzcgl kah su sustrlta). sustrlta).
0. @jtjrgchlkcûh `j das plrìgjtr plrìgjtras as kchãtckas -
@jskr @jskrcfl cfl jd `csjü `csjüa a jxpjrcg jxpjrcgjhtl jhtldd l utcdczl utcdczlrr plrl plrl `jt `jtjrgch jrgchlr lr das das plr plrìgjtr ìgjtras as kchãtck kchãtckas as
^lrl `jtjrgchlr das plrìgjtras kchãtckas js hjkjslrca blkjr vlrcas tufas kah `cijrjhtjs kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkca cahj hjss `j su sust strl rlta ta y ta ta`a `ass ka kah h dl gc gcsg sgl l ka kahk hkjh jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j jhzc jhzcgl gl,, y `j `jtj tjrg rgch chlr lr l kl`l kl`l uh uha a `j jddas dl vjdakc`l` chckcld. ^ar da quj sj `jfj cr kagpdjtlh`a dl tlfdl karrjspah`cjhtj `j kahkjhtrlkcûh `j kctrlta jh iuhkcûh `jd tcjgpa. Dl pr prcg cgjr jrl l kahs kahsce cehl hl pl plrrl rj rjsa sadv dvjr jr jd jojr jojrkc kckc kca a js rj rjsa sadv dvjr jr quã quã kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkca cahj hjss `j su sust strl rlta ta ut utcd cdcz czlr lr pl plrl rl rjld rjldcz czlr lr jd er erìi ìick cka a `j Gc Gckb kblj ljdc dcs. s. Vj Vjka karr`j `jga gass qu quj j da dass pl plrrìgjt ìgjtra rass kchã kchãtc tcka kass sa sah h MG y dl vjda vjdakc` kc`l` l` gìxcgl. Jd MG lpraxcgl`a quj has `lh js `j 3>> uG, par da quj plrl pa`jr `jtjrgchlr jd erìicka `j Gckb Gckblj ljdc dcss-Gj Gjht htjh jh `j `jfj fjga gass tjhj tjhjrr vlda vldarj rjss `j ka kahk hkjh jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j su sust strl rlta ta pa parr `j `jfl floa oa y pa parr jhkc jhkcgl gl `j `ckb `ckba a vld ldar ar.. ^lr lrl l ld ldkl klhz hzlr lr vj vjda dakc kc`l `l`j `jss gìxc gìxcgl glss sj `j `jfj fj jstl jstlrr vj vjkj kjss dl kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j `jdd vl vlda darr `j MG, js `jkc `jkcrr, ld gjha gjhass `jfjg jfjgas as jdj djec ecrr uh vld ldar ar `j 3> 3>>> >> uG pl plrrl js jsttlr jh kah kah`c `ckc kcah ahj js guy kjr kjrklhls lhls `j vjdakc`l` gìxcgl.
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Vjspujstls Plddjr Jhzcgls
FKG 6>6<
Paglh aglh`a `a jh ku kujh jhtl tl jsta jstass kr krct ctjr jrca cass sj pu puj` j`j j sj sjdj djkkc kkcah ahlr lr y pr praf aflr lr vlrc vlrcls ls kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkca cahj hjs, s, ha bl bly y uh uhl l ÿhckl rjspujstl scjgprj quj sj puj`l vcsuldczlr dl bcpãrfadl rjktlheudlr a dl scegac`j kagpdjtl. Lquç uh jojgpda kah kahkjhtrlkcahjs `j sustrlta sustrlta `cijrjhtjs? [j af afsj sjrv rvl l qu quj j pl plrrl jd klsa klsa `j dl lkah lkahct ctls lsl l dl er erìi ìick ckl l `j Yjdak jdakc` c`l` l` jh iu iuhk hkcû cûh h `j dl kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j kctr kctrlt lta a tcjh tcjhj j iarg iargl l `j bc bcpã pãrf rfad adl l rj rjkt ktlh lheu eudl dlrr, kahi kahicr crgl glh` h`a a qu quj j sj tr trlt ltl l `j uh uhl l jhzc jhzcgl gl kah kah kchã kchãtc tckl kl Gckbljdclhl.
^lr lrl l af aftj tjhj hjrr das das pl plrrìgjt ìgjtra rass kc kchã hãtc tcka kass `j dl jhzc jhzcgl gl (Y (Yjd jdak akc` c`l` l` gìxc gìxcgl gl y MG) rj rjku kurr rrcg cgas as ld erìi erìick cka a `j `a `afd fdjs js rjkçp jkçprrak akas as.. Zt Ztcd cdcz czlh lh`a `a dl tlfdl lfdl 0 pl plrrl rj rjld ldcz czlr lr jstj jstj erìi erìick cka a `j `jfj fjga gass `j ej ejhj hjrl rlrr `a `ass kadu kadugh ghls ls jh dls kuldjs? Jh jd joj `j dls y ? ; >;;6 ;6)) pa` a`j jgas gas `j `jttjrgch rgchlr lr MG y Ygìx, `j dl sceucjhtj glhjrl. Jd erìicka `j `afdjs rjkçprakas sj karrjspah`j kah dl jkulkcûh? <
7
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Kuyl jxprjscûh jxprjscûh js dl jkulkcûh `j uhl rjktl? y 7 l µ x + f @ah @a h`j `j?? l (pj (pjh` h`cj cjh htj) 7
, y f (ar (ar`j `jhl hl`l `l jh jd jd a arc rce ejh jh)7 )7
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Dl jkulkcûh `j dl rjktl aftjhc`l `j dl erìickl? y 7 ;9,< x + >,>;;6 ^rcgjra `jspjolgas YGlx `j dl ar`jhl`l jh jd arcejh? f 7 >,>;;6 7
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Yglx7 ;>,, 0 uG
^lrl dl lkahctlsl? -
Jskr Jskrcf cfl l dl jk jku ulkc lkcûh `j Gckb Gckblj ljddcs y Gjh Gjhtjh ut utccdc dczzlh`a lh`a das pl plrrìg ìgj jtr tra as kc kch hãtck ãtckas as (MG y Ygìx) gìx) aftjhc`as plrl dl jhzcgl y `jtjrgchj uslh`a dl jkulkcûh?
Vjspujstls Plddjr Jhzcgls
FKG 6>6<
Y> 7 Yglx . ][W /Mg + ][W ----- sustctuyjh`a par das plrìgjtras aftjhc`as?
7 (;> ;>,, 0 + ]W >
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Dl vjdak vjdakc`l c`l` ` chckcl chckcldd plr plrl l uhl kkahk ahkjh jhtr trlkc lkcûh ûh `j 0 0:> :> uG ` `j j kctrl kctrlta ta..
[ustctuyjh`a jh dl jkulkcûh?
7 ;>, ;>, 0:> (( )) / 06 06,, >0 () () + 0:> 0:> ( ()) 7 3, >2 / / . >
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±L quã kahkjhtr kahkjhtrlkcûh lkcûh `j kctr kctrlta lta sj a aftcjh ftcjhj j uhl uhl vjdakc vjdakc`l` `l` `j 6: 6: uG/gch uG/gch1 1
[ustctuyjh`a dl vjdakc`l` chckcld jh dl jkulkcûh?
6: / / 7
;>,0 ()+ ]W
@jspjolh`a,
6: 6:/ / 7 (;>, (;>, 0 + ]W
6: 6:/ / * (0 (06, 6, >0 + ]W) 7 (;>, :< + 6:]W 7 ;>, < :< 7
∖ 6: ]W) + ;> ;>, :< 7 :]W ]W 7 69>:7 mklt ]J[W y quj par da tlhta? kahkjhtrlkcûh kahkjhtrlkc ûh `j jhzcgl jh jd jhslya js 2 hG
Yglx7 mklt ]JtW. sc dl
^lrl jd klsa `j dls jhzcgls quj sceujh jd ga`jda `j Gckbljdcs-Gjhtjh dl m6 ka karr rrjs jspa pah` h`j j ld pl plsa sa dcgctlhtj (plsa gìs djhta) y par da tlhta js dl quj `jic ich hj dl vjdakc`l` `j dl rjlkkcûh eda edafld. Js par jsa, quj jh jstj ga`jda m6 karrjspah`j l mklt. Blfcjh`a kldkudl`a dl Yglx y slfcjh`a dl kahkjhtrlkcûh kahkjhtrlkcûh `j jhzcgl pa`jgas `jtjrgchlr dl mklt ?
ì
7
µ ] W ⇖
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7
;>, 3>> > gadã gadãku kudl dlss `j `jdd su sust strl rlta ta pa parr sjeuh`a. (plrl jstj kìdkuda gudtcpdcklgas ;.59: gch- plrl plslrda l sjeuh`as) sjeuh`as)
Jh erupa? @jtjrgchj das plrìgjtras kchãtckas plrl su jhzcgl? -
Vjldckj jd erìicka `j vjdakc`l` jh iuhkcûh `j dl kahkjhtrlkcûh `j sustrlta plrl dl jhzcgl sjdjkkcahl`l jh jd jojrkckca 6 y jd erìicka `j `afdjs rjkçpraka rjkçprakas. s.
Vjsugjh
Jhzcgl
Lkahctlsl
^cruvlta klrfaxcdlsl
Fjtl-eldlktasc`lsl
Gldlta `jsbc`raejhlsl
MG (uG)
06
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YGlx (uG/gch)
;>, δG δG/g /gch ch,, `jt `jtjr jrgc gchj hj dl vjda vjdakc kc`l `l` ` ch chck ckcl cldd (v>) `j dl rjlkkcûh plrl das sceucjhtjs vldarjs `j kahkjhtrlkcûh `j sustrlta? ][W7 0 MG. ^lrl jstj prafdjgl sj `jfj kahsc`jrlr dl jkulkcûh `j Gckbljdcs-Gjhtjh y quj jd vldar `j MG karrjspah`j l uhl kahkjhtrlkcûh `j sustrlta, par da tlhta dl kahkjhtrlkcûh `j sustrlta puj`j rjijrcrsj jh iuhkcûh `j jsj vldar.
Ztcdczlh`a dl jkulkcûh `j Gckbljdcs-Gjhtjh?
7
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[ustctuyjh`a jh dl jkulkcûh.
7
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, ld sug suglr lr MG + 0 MG 7 : MG?
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pu pu`c `cãh ãh`a `asj sj `j jstl jstl ia iarg rgl l jd jdcg cgch chlr lr jd tãrgc ãrgcha ha MG yl quj sj ufckl tlhta jh jd
`cvc`jh`a kaga jh jd `cvcsar.
7
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2> ºG/gch.
9. [j `jsj `jsjl l `jtj `jtjrg rgch chlr lr jd jijk jijkta ta `j uhl uhl gadã gadãku kudl dl O sa safr frj j das das plr plrìg ìgjt jtra rass kc kchã hãtc tcka kass `j dl jhzc jhzcgl gl (J) (J) quj kltldc ldczl dl rjlkk jlkkccûh `j L↖ ^. L kaht kahtch chul ulkc kcûh ûh sj gujs gujstr trl l jd er erìi ìick cka a `j `a `afd fdj j rj rjkç kçpr prak aka a af aftj tjhc hc`a `a jh prjsjhkcl y lusjhkcl `j uhl kahkjhtrlkcûh `j ]OW 7 >,6: gG.
l. @jtj @jtjrg rgch chlr lr M y Y G
jh dls kah`ckcahjs `jd `jd jstu`ca jh lusjhkcl y jh pr prjsjhkcl jsjhkcl `j O.
glx
Kah Kah dl jkul jkulkc kcûh ûh `j dl rj rjkt ktl l `j `jdd erìi erìick cka a `j `a `afd fdjs js rj rjkç kçpr prak akas as,, `j kl`l kl`l uh uhl l `j dls dls kah` kah`ck ckca cahj hjss sj pu puj` j`j j `jtjrgchlr dl vjdakc`l` gìxcgl y jd MG. Jh prjsjhkcl `j O? ⇖
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7
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⇖ 7 ( ( )) µ
Jh lusjhkcl `j O? ⇖
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⇖ 7 ( ( )) µ
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7 , 225 µ ,923
7 , ;:< µ , :<
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f. ±Kuìd js jd jijkta `j O safrj das plrìgjtras kchãtckas jvldul`as1 ±L quã tcpa `j ga`udl`ar karrjspah`j O1 Kah Kah das das vld ldar arjs js af aftj tjhc hc`a `ass `j da dass pl plrrìgjt ìgjtra rass kc kchã hãtc tcka kass pa pa`j `jga gass af afsj sjrv rvlr lr qu quj j Ygìx ha vlrçl vlrçl gcjht gcjhtrls rls quj MG lugjhtl. O js uh chbcfc`ar kagpjtctcva.
k.
±Kuìd sjrçl jd jijkta jijkta `j lugjht lugjhtlr lr dl kahkjhtr kahkjhtrlkcûh lkcûh `j O safr safrj j dl Yglx1
Ld sj sjrr O uh ch chbc bcfc fc`a `arr `jd `jd tcpa tcpa ka kagp gpjt jtct ctcv cva, a, kulh kulhta ta glya glyarr js dl kahk kahkjh jhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j `jdd chbc chbcfc fc`a `arr, glya glyarr sjrì sjrì jd MG lplrjhtj, pjra ha lijktl dl vjdakc`l` gìxcgl.
`. ±\uã sukj`j sc sj lugjhtl dl kahkjhtrlkcûh kahkjhtrlkcûh `j sustrlta y sj glhtcj glhtcjhj hj O1 Ld sjr uh chb chbcf cfc` c`ar ar kag agpj pjtc tctc tcv va, ld lug lugjhtlr da suic suickc kcjh jhttj dl kah kahkjh kjhtr trlk lkcû cûh h `j sustr ustrl lta js pa passcfdj cfdj rjvjrtcr dl chbcfckcûh ejhjrl`l par O yl quj kagpctj jd sctca lktcva kagpctj jd sustrlta par jd chbcfc`ar.
Jhzcgls kah kchãtckl scegac`j (Ha Gckbljdclhls)
5. Lhldckj dl rjlkkcûh quj kltldczl dl jhzcgl Iasiairuktaquchlsl -< (^IM- uG, y plrl jstls jhzcgls pa`rjgas jstcglr ÿhcklgjhtj jd plrìgjtras plrìgjtr as l `cijrjhkcl `j dls Gckbljdclhls.
[j `jsj `jsjl l `jtj `jtjrg rgch chlr lr jd jijk jijkta ta `j das das sceu sceucj cjht htjs js gj gjtl tlfa fadc dcta tass sa safr frj j das das plr plrìgjt ìgjtra rass kc kchã hãtc tcka kass `j dl jhzcgl ^IM-
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