Research Chapter 1

ELEMENTS OF 1

RESEARCH

RESEARCH DEFINED 2

It

is the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of  facts that links an individual speculation with reality.

RESEARCH DEFINED 3

 It

is the systematic study of trend or event which involves careful collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of quantitative data or facts that relates man’s thinking with reality.

TYPES OF RESEARCH 4

Basic

 Applied

Developmental

BASIC RESEARCH 5

 also

called “fundamental” or “pure research”  seeks to discover basic truths or principles scientif ic  intended to add to the body of scientific knowledge as well as to discover new  facts  has no immediate practical utility 

 APPLIED RESEARCH 6

 involves

seeking new applications of  scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem  produces new knowledge – a method, a product, or a procedure – of practical use to man

DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH 7

 A

decision-oriented research involving the application of the steps of scientific method in response to an immediate need to improve existing practices.

CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH 8

 Library

 Field

Research

Research

 Laboratory

Research

LIBRARY RESEARCH 9

done

in the library where answers to specific questions or problems of the study are available is applicable to historical method

FIELD RESEARCH 10

is

conducted in a natural setting is applicable to descriptive survey and experimental methods

LABORATORY RESEARCH 11

 aims

to test hypotheses derived from theory, to control variance under research conditions, and to discover the relations between the dependent and independent  variables

LABORATORY RESEARCH 12

 is

conducted in artificial or controlled conditions by isolating the study in a thoroughly specified and equipped area  is applicable to experimental, descriptive, and case study methods

 VALUES OF RESEARCH 13

 It

improves quality of life.  It improves instruction.  It improves students’ achievement.  It improves teachers’ competence.  It satisfies man’s needs.

 VALUES OF RESEARCH 14

 It

reduces the burden of work.  It has deep-seated psychological aspects.  It improves the exportation of food products.

 VALUES OF RESEARCH 15

 It

responds to the economic recovery  and austerity measure of the country.  It trains graduates to become more responsive to the economic development of the country and compete globally.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 16

 Empirical

 Critical

 Logical

 Methodical

 Cyclical

 Replicable

 Analytical

EMPIRICAL 17

 It

is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher  The collection of data relies on practical experience without giving consideration to scientific knowledge or theory.

LOGICAL 18

It

is based on valid procedures and principles. Scientific study is done in an orderly manner enabling the researcher to draw valid conclusions.

CYCLICAL 19

Research

starts with a problem and ends with a problem.

 ANALYTICAL 20

Research

utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental, or case study.

CRITICAL 21

Research

exhibits careful and precise judgment.

METHODICAL 22

Research

is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures.

REPLICABLE 23

Replicability means  Replicability means

using the same instrument, method, and procedure but to different subjects and venue.  The research design and procedures are repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid conclusive results.

QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCHER  24

R   E  S  E   A   R   C  H  E  R  

- esearch-oriented - fficient - cientific - ffective - ctive - esourceful - reative - onest - conomical - eligious

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCHER  25  Intellectual

Curiosity 

 Prudence  Healthy

Criticism  Intellectual Honesty   Intellectual Creativity 

INTELLECTUAL CURIOSITY  26

 A

researcher:

undertakes deep thinking and inquiry  of the things, problems, and situations around him is keen to get information on these problems and situation raises questions to answer 

INTELLECTUAL CURIOSITY  27

 A

researcher:

continues to read the related literature and studies makes use of his/her experience exercises creativeness and inventiveness 

PRUDENCE 28

 The

researcher:

is careful to conduct his/her study at the right time and at the right place wisely, efficiently, and economically  does the right thing at the right time 

HEALTHY CRITICISM 29

 The

researcher is always doubtful as to the veracity of the results.

INTELLECTUAL HONESTY  30

 An

intelligent researcher is honest to collect or gather data or facts in order to arrive at honest results.

INTELLECTUAL CREATIVITY  31

 A

productive and resourceful researcher: always creates new researches enjoys inventing unique, novel, and original researches considers research as his hobby  is innovative 

RESEARCH PROCESS 32

1. PROBLEM/OBJECTIVES PROBLEM/OBJECTIVES 2. HYPOTHESES 3. THEORETICAL/CONCE THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL PTUAL FRAMEWORK  4. ASSUMPTIONS 5. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

RESEARCH PROCESS 33

6. RESEARCH DESIGN 7. DATA COLLECTION 8. DATA PROCESSING AND STATISTICAL TREATMENT 9. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION INTERPRETATION 10. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CHAPTER 1 PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 34

 STATEMENT

OF THE PROBLEM  HYPOTHESES  THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY   SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY   DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 35

 Factors

to Consider:

The problem is existing in the locality but there is no known solution  The solution can be answered by using statistical methods and techniques  There are probable solutions but they are not yet tested. 

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 36

 Factors

to Consider:

The occurrence of phenomena requires scientific investigation to arrive at precise solution. It is a serious need/problem of the people. 

CHARACTERITICS OF A  RESEARCH37 PROBLEM SPECIFIC MEASURABLE

CHIEVABLE  A CHIEVABLE EALISTIC R EALISTIC TIME-BOUND

CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH38 PROBLEM  INTERESTING  INNOVATIVE  COST-EFFECTIVE  RELEVANT  MEASURABLE

BOUND

AND TIME-

HYPOTHESES 39

are wise guesses that are formulated and temporarily adopted to explain the observed facts covered by the study   guide the researcher by describing the procedure to follow in conducting the study   tell the researcher what to do and how to go about solving a research problem 

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS 40

 NULL

a denial of an existence of a trait, characteristic, quality, value, correlation or difference of the result.  is always stated in negative form 

 ARTIFICIAL 

opposite extreme of the null hypothesis

THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL41FRAMEWORK   Provide

clear explanation regarding the relationships of variables

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK  42

 shapes

the justification of the research problem/objectives in order to provide the legal basis for defining its parameters  identifies key concepts for better understanding

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK  43



a symbolic construction using abstract concepts, facts or laws, variables and their relations that explain the phenomenon

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK  44

presents specific and well-defined concepts which are called constructs



 VARIABLES 45

a

quantity (numerical values or categories) susceptible of  fluctuation or change in value or magnitude under different conditions

TYPES OF VARIABLE 46

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT MODERATOR  CONTROL INTERVENING

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 47

the

stimulus variable chosen by  the researcher to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon

DEPENDENT VARIABLE 48

The

response variable observed and measured to determine the effect of the independent  variable

MODERATOR VARIABLE 49

 A

secondary or special type t ype of  independent variable chosen by the researcher to determine if it changes or modifies the relationships between the independent and dependent  variables

CONTROL VARIABLE 50

is

controlled by the researcher in which the effects can be neutralized by eliminating or removing the variable

INTERVENING VARIABLE 51

 interferes

with the independent and dependent variables, but its effects can either strengthen or  weaken the independent and dependent variables

 ASSUMPTIONS 52

 are

presumed to be true statements of facts related to the research problem  give readers foundation to form conclusions

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY  53

 The

explanation of the significance of  the study is presented either in the inductive or deductive perspective.  The researcher should prove that the study has important contributions in : solving the problem and need  bridging a knowledge gap 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY  54

improving social, economic and health conditions  enriching research instruments, methods and strategies, and  supporting government thrusts 

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS 55

 includes

the coverage of the study area, the subjects, the research apparatus, equipment or instrument, the research issues and concerns, the duration of the study, and the constraints that have direct bearing on the result of the study 

DEFINITION OF TERMS 56

 TWO

WAYS OF DEFINING THE KEY  TERMS 

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION is based on concepts or hypothetic ones  which are usually taken from dictionary, encyclopedia, and published journals.

DEFINITION OF TERMS 57

 TWO

WAYS OF DEFINING THE KEY  TERMS 

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION is based on observable characteristics and how it is used in the study  is preferable when defining technical terms