Reportes de Lectura Terminado

 

 

^mpünabeh J`obfbehfh

]FBYM^UBJHJ H]ZÕF@OH JM UHFZ@ J@OBFC@ (]HUJ) IHE]AZHJ JM EBMFEBHU JM AH MJ]EHEBÕF JBYBUBÕF JM W@UZC^HJ@ R MJ]EHEBÕF WM^OHFMFZM Hsbcfhturh. Uupmrvbsbõf Âtbeh y Abjmrhzc` Mjuehtbv`

Zbtua` ^mp`rtms jm Ameturh

Uustmfthftm Hrmabs Hathcrhebh \hahzhr ^`jrïcumz Luhfh Ibcumr`h Khtbh Am`fhrj` ^mfhtdh Ehtdmrbfm Wârmz Omlïh Rmssmfbh Ohrïh Omlïh He`sth

Hsms`r Mjbeth Irïhs

 

Bftr`jueebõf Mtbo`aõcbehomftm supmrvbsbõf sbcfbibeh obrhr mf hat`. Uupmrvbshr ms ufh rmsp`fshnbabjhj jm `rbmfthr y e`ahn`rhr e`f ah i`rohebõf jm ah prèetbeh, yh smh pmjhcõcbeh ` jm `trh ïfj`am. Z`jh `rchfbzhebõf fmemsbth jm supmrvbsbõf jm uf mamomft` duohf` iufjhomftha y `nlmtbv` e`f e`f`ebobmft` jm su èrmh y uf p`e` oès mxpmrbmfebh y abjmrhzc` y rmsp`fshnbabjhj phrh `rchfbzhr jbrbcbr y mlmeuthr ahs hetbvbjhjms. Mf mstm oufj` ca`nhabzhj` ma abjmrhzc` ms eruebha phrh ma jmshrr`aa` jm ahs moprmshs, `rchfbzheb`fms m bfstbtueb`fms mjuehtbvhs yh qum pmrobtmf ma jmshrr`aa` jm msths dhebâfj`ahs oès mibebmftms y ehphems. Ha dhnahr jm bfstbtueb`fms mjuehtbvhs ms bfjbspmfshnam omfeb`fhr h a`s e`fjuet`rms, a`s aïjmrms jm d`y, hqumaa`s qum a`crhf ma âxbt` jm sus `rchfbzheb`fms y qum `rbmfthf h sus sun`rjbfhj`s h e`fsmcubra`. Ah supmrvbsbõf mjuehtbvh ms ma omjb` phrh i`rthamemr jm ohfmrh `p`rtufh a`s pr`namohs mjuehtbv`s, e``rjbfhfj` y mstbouahfj` a`s mamomft`s bftmrrmaheb`fhj`s, mlmeuthfj` y dhebmfj` mimetbv` a`s pr`ems`s qum sm rmqubmrmf phrh a`crhr ah ehabjhj mjuehtbvh. ^msuath eahr` qum ufh jm ahs ehushs jm ah bfsuibebmftm ehabjhj mf a`s pr`ems`s `rchfbzheb`fhams jm ahs mseumahs pünabehs, rmibmrm h ah iufebõf qum jmsmopmøh ma supmrvbs`r mjuehtbv` y su  p`eh e`rrmsp`fjmf e`rrmsp`fjmfebh ebh e`f ahs fumvhs mxbcmfebhs s`ebhams, qum jmohfjh hcmftms jm ehonb` ehphems jm i`rohr ïftmcrhomftm h pmrs`fhs qum chrhftbemf ma numf jmshrr`aa` y  pr`crms` jm ah fhebõf e`o` ms ma abjmrhzc`.  Ah heebõf jm supmrvbshr sm pahftmh mf mstm tbmop` e`f obrhjh rmiamxbvh, erbtbeh, e`f smftbj` duohf` y mfi`qum trhfsi`rohj`r. Dhem rmimrmfebh h pr`ems` jm he`ophøhr, jhr smcubobmft`, o`fbt`rmhr y e`ftr`ahr e`f obrh h i`rthamemr ma jmsmopmø` y ah vha`rhebõf jm a`s mstujbhftms ah oml`rh jm a` obso` Ma abjmrhzc` mjuehtbv` mxbcm euhabjhjms y ehrhetmrïstbehs qum dhemf p`sbnam ufh s`ebmjhj oès duohfh, j`fjm a`s het`rms jma pr`ems` mjuehtbv` cmfmrmf ufh jbfèobeh jm  pr`ymeebõf y, jm vha`rms y jm prbfebpb`s âtbe`s qum sm mfohrqumf mf ma jmshrr`aa` jm ah  pmrs`fh, y euy` pr`ymet` jm vbjh a` aamvm h bftmrr`chrsm s`nrm ma phpma qum jmsmopmøhrè mf ah s`ebmjhj. Ma e`ftmfbj` jm mst`s rmp`rtms jm ameturh qum sm prmsmfthf h e`ftbfuhebõf

 

Zmoh B Ah supmrvbsbõf e`o` ebmfebhs jma Ubstmoh Mjuehtbv` Ah supmrvbsbõf mse`ahr ms hhsms`rhr sms`rhr ahs hhetbvbjhjms etbvbjhjms mmff WMH. Ah supmrvbsbõf ms ufh ebmfebh prèetbeh prèetbeh p`rqum, pr`eurh qum ma sbstmoh mmjuehtbv` juehtbv` jm uf phïs e`fsbch e`fsbch su rmfjbobmft` õptbo`. Ah supmrvbsbõf j`emftm ms uf smrvbeb` jmo`erètbe` y hyujh phrh ma mjuehj`r ha bcuha qum sus iufeb`fms jm ah supmrvbsbõf jm emftrh mf ah bfspmeebõf. Ah supmrvbsbõf mjuehtbvh mjuehtbvh tbmfm e`o` e`o` iufebõf hpabeh hpabehrr f`rohs, bfstruomft` bfstruomft`s, s, pr`ems`s y  pr`emjbobmft`s mf a`s fbvmams y o`jhabjhjms jma Ubstmoh Mjuehtbv` phrh e`ftr`ahr, vbcbahr , chrhftbzhr y mvhauhr ah cmstbõf mf ahs z`fhs mjuehtbvhs , jbstrbt`s mse`ahrms , smet`r mse`ahr y pahftmams qum e`faamvm ha supmrvbs`r. Ah supmrvbsbõf bftmfth hetuhr s`nrm ah rmhabjhj, yh qum mxpa`rh y hfhabzh hfhabzh trhthfj` jm rm`rbmfthrah y rme`fjuebrah, rme`fjuebrah, e`o` uf smrvbeb` jm `rbmfthebõf `rbmfthebõf qum hyujh h ahs mseumahs h rmhabzhr oml`r su trhnhl` (Irhfsmtd, L.< 829=, 22.) .) W`rqum ah supmrvbsbõf supmrvbsbõf sm hpr`xboh h msth rmhabjhj. Ah ahn`r jm supmrvbs`rh sm rmhabzh p`r omjb` jm ah vbsbth jm ah vbsbth jm ah bfspmeebõf jm ah `rbmfthebõf, `rbmfthebõf, ah euh euhaa sbf jmseubjhr hspmet`s jm ah iufebõf nurõerhth, tmfjrè ma hat` jmsbcfb` jm ah `rbmfthebõf pmjhcõcbeh (Ahrr`y`, I.< 8292, ==5.) Ah supmrvbsbõf ms ufh tm`rïh y phrh su e`fermebõf fmemsbth emftrhrsm mf hacüf ehop` jm ah hetbvbjhj duohfh duohfh mft`fems dh dhnaho`s naho`s jm supmrvbsbõf jm ah me`f`oïh me`f`oïh,, jm a` ahn`rha y jm a` mse`ahr.

E`rrbmftms Dbstõrbehs jm ah supmrvbsbõf Hut`erètbeh y e`rrmetbvh < e`rrmsp`fjm h ah mseumah trhjbeb`fha qum mxbstbõ jurhftm ah Mjhj Omjbh y a`s prbomr`s sbca`s jm ah U`ebmjhj Ehpbthabsth. Ah supmrvbsbõf abnmrha < ms uf o`jma` aahohj` thonbâf e`fstruetbv`s. Ah supmrvbsbõf jmo`erètbeh < ms uf o`jma` jm uf sbstmoh p`aïtbe` jmo`erètbe` yh qum ms ushjh e`o` mstrhtmcbh phrh e`fstrubr ufh mseumah jmo`erètbeh y ufh U`ebmjhj jmo`erètbeh.

E`rrbmftms O`jmrfhs jm ah supmrvbsbõf Ah supmrvbsbõf e`o` abjmrhzc`. Ah supmrvbsbõf e`o` jmshrr`aa` eurrbeuahr.

 

Ah supmrvbsbõf Eaïfbeh. Ah supmrvbsbõf e``pmrhtbvh. Ah supmrvbsbõf e`o` mfsmøhfzh. Ah supmrvbsbõf e`o` abnmrhebõf jma p`tmfebha duohf`. Ah supmrvbsbõf e`o` mfsmøhfzh. mfsmøhfzh.

Ah supmrvbsbõf j`emftm U`f heeb`fms qum hyujhf h a`s j`emftms mf su pr`ems` jm mfsmøhfzh y hprmfjbzhlm. Ma supmrvbs`r j`emftm jmnm smr mibebmftm y e`opmtmftm mf sus pr`emjbobmft`s jbjèetbe`s<  pahfbibehebõf, mlmeuebõf y mmvhauhebõf. vhauhebõf.

Iufeb`fms jm ah supmrvbsbõf j`emftm Oml`rhr ma pr`ems` mjuehtbv`. Jmnm smr cmrmftm jmo`erètbe`. Um rmhabzh mf mqubp` y jm ohfmrh bftmrhetbvh. Bfeauym t`jhs ahs hetbvbjhjms mf ma pr`ems` j`emftm mjuehtbv`. A`crhr ma oml`rhobmft`.

Wr`põsbt`s jm ah supmrvbsbõf j`emftm @rbmfthr a`s pr`ems`s h phrtbr jma hprmfjbzhlm jm a`s mstujbhftms y f` jm ah mfsmøhfzh. Wr`o`vmr ma jmshrr`aa` jm a`s j`emftms jm i`roh pmrohfmftm y e`ftbfüh, ha bcuha qum su  pr`imsb`fhabzhebõff mvhauhfj` ma rmfjbobmft` hehjâobe` y ah hut`mvhauhebõf  pr`imsb`fhabzhebõ hut`mvhauhebõf jm a`s j`emftms.

 

E`feausbõf Cmfmrha Ah supmrvbsbõf ms ah chrhftm jma iufeb`fhobmft` iufeb`fhobmft` jma sbstmoh mse`ahr y sm mfehrch mfehrch jm su vbcbahfebh, `rbmfthebõf y mvhauhebõf y, mf üatboh bfsthfebh jm bfi`rohr sb ahs fmemsbjhjms dhf sbj` suibebmftmomftm htmfjbjhs, sb ahs f`rohs sm dhf hlusthj` h ahs fmemsbjhjms y sb sm dhf e`fsmcubj` a`s rmsuathj`s mspmrhj`s qum lustbibehf a`s rmeurs`s y a`s omjb`s  pumst`s h su smrvbeb`. ‑Ah iufebõf nèsbeh jm ah supmrvbsbõf ms oml`rhr ma hprmfjbzhlm jm a`s hauof`s. Ah supmrvbsbõf mjuehtbvh ms ufh hetbvbjhj jm smrvbeb`, qum mxbstm phrh hyujhr h a`s ohmstr`s h dhemr oml`r su trhnhl`‟. (Kbonhaa Sbams).   Ma

supmrvbs`r mf iufebõf jm

hsms`rhobmft` hyujh ha pmrs`fha h a`crhr sus `nlmtbv`s, pr`eurh ah e`dmsbõf y ah ufbjhj hp`rthfj` su msiumrz` y a`s rmeurs`s fmemshrb`s phrh ma nmfmibeb` e`ametbv`, phrh maa` jmnmf msthr jmnbjh y pmrohfmftmomftm bfi`rohj`, yh qum smh h trhvâs jm a`s ehfhams `ibebhams ` p`r pr`pbh bfbebhtbvh. 

 

Zmoh BB< Iufjhomft` jm supmrvbsbõf. Ma trhnhl` jm uf bfspmet`r rmqubmrm f` s`a` jm mxpmrbmfebh sbf` jm prmphrhebõf mspmebhabzhjh, ah bfspmeebõf ah vmrjhjmrh bfspmeebõf tbmfm qum e`fsbstbr sbmoprm mf supmrvbsbõf, mstè ms ma puaoõf jma sbstmoh mjuehtbv`, a` qum bfjbeh qum a`s obso`s jmnmf msthr ehphebthj`s jm i`roh pmrohfmftm phrh uf ohy`r jmsmopmø` jm sus iufeb`fms. . Ma tmrobf` supmrvbsbõf e`fsbstm mf ah heebõf p`r ah qum sus hcmftms ah tbmfmf ohrehjh mf ma ohre` jm ah hjobfbstrhebõf mf ufh ebreufsthfebh e`fermth, hyujh ha jbrmet`r h a`s j`emftms y ha emftr` mjuehtbv` jm tha ohfmrh qum mxpmrbomfth su hsbstmfe hsbstmfebh bh tâefbeh. ]fhs jm ahs jmibfbeb`fms oès hftbcuhs ms ah jm Amous (823=), qubmf mftbmfjm ah supmrvbsbõf e`o` mstïoua` y jmsmfv`avbobmft` jm a`s ohmstr`s phrh qum pumjhf hir`fthr bfvmstbchfj` a`s pr`namohs qum sm ams pahftmhf mf ah prèetbeh y pumjhf jmsmfv`avmrsm pr`imsb`fhaomftm h trhvâs jm ufh supmrvbsbõf e`fstruetbvh; dhnah hsbobso` jm ah supmrvbsbõf e`rrmetbvh y prmvmftbvh. Ah supmrvbsbõf mjuehtbvh tbmfm e`o` prbfebpha iufebõf ma e`ftr`a. Ma e`ftr`a sm hsuom jmsjm ufh sbopam e`fsththebõf jm dmed`s ` uf lubeb` jm a` qum suemjm, rmsp`fjbmfj` h uf o`jma` jm cmstbõf trhjbeb`fhabsth qum sm `rbmfth mf uf tbp` jm e`ftr`a ehrhetmrbzhj`  p`r smr e`mrebtbv` y jm crhf bophet` fmchtbv` mf a`s pr`ems`s `rchfbzheb`fhams. `rchfbzheb`fhams. F` `nsthftm, Ohrtïf y Uhft`vmøh (>78:< >:), e`fsbjmrhf qu m ‑ah e`fempebõf hut`erètbeh jma jmsmopmø` supmrvbs`r dh bj` jmsvhfmebâfj`sm mf ah omjbjh mf qum a`s smrvbeb`s jm supmrvbsbõf dhf phshj` h luchr uf phpma iufjhomftha mf a`s msthj`s jmo`erètbe`s‟. Ah

supmrvbsbõf mf ah hetuhabjhj ms oued` oès hopabh y mxtmfsh qum hftms, mst` sm jmnm iufjhomfthaomftm ha jmshrr`aa` jma pr`pb` e`fempt` y fhturhamzh jm ah mjuehebõf, h su rmahebõf e`f ma bfjbvbju` y ah s`ebmjhj y ha o`vbobmft` ebmftïibe` qum sm cmfmrh mf su smf`. Ah supmrvbsbõf ms ehjh vmz oès `nlmtbvh y mxpmrbomftha mf sus oât`j`s y sm e`fvbmrtm ehjh vmz oès mf ufh moprmsh e``pmrhtbvh y jm e``pmrhebõf. Ah supmrvbsbõf, sbf hnhfj`fhr fbfcufh jm sus iufeb`fms, jmnm e`fvmrtbrsm mf ihet`r jm ehabjhj, rmnhshr ah ihsm jm ah supmrvbsbõf ibsehabzhj`rh m bfeaus` jm ah aahohjh supmrvbsbõf e`fstruetbvh ` jmo`erètbeh y haehfzhr ah ihsm jm ah supmrvbsbõf ermhj`rh, qum p`fm ma hemft` mf ma jmshrr`aa` jma thamft` ermhj`r jma ohmstr`, emftrh su prm`euphebõf mf ma mstïoua` y ah

 

 pr`o`ebõf jm ahs p`tmfebhabjhjm p`tmfebhabjhjmss jm a`s mjuehj`rms mjuehj`rms sbf jmlhr jm e`ftr`ahr y mvhauhr ah hetbvbjhj mjueheb`fha. Um pumjm hibrohr qum ehsb t`j`s sbstmohs mjueheb`fhams jm d`y dhf a`crhj` n`rrhr, ha omf`s mf tm`rïh, ah ihsm mxeausbvhomftm ibsehabzhj`rh jm ah supmrvbsbõf. Ouy p`e`s sbf monhrc` dhf a`crhj` bfstbtubr ufh supmrvbsbõf ermhj`rh. Mf su crhf ohy`rïh sm `rbmfthf jmftr` jma e`fempt` jm supmrvbsbõf e`fstruetbvh. Ms msmfebha qum ma hjobfbstrhj`r mjuehtbv` e`o` supmrvbs`r tmfch eahr` qum su phpma ms jm jbrmeebõf y jm e`ahn`rhj`r, jm e`fsmlmr`, sbf `nabchr h qum sm hemptmf sus bjmhs, sbf ohfbpuahr m bftbobjhr. Ah supmrvbsbõf jmnm cmfmrhr ahs e`fjbeb`fms phrh qum sm jâ ah bftmcrhebõf pmrohfmftm e`f ma j`emftm, a` qum e`faamvh h pahfmhr, pr`nhr y rmvbshr su qumdhemr y hp`rthr ha pr`ems` mjuehtbv`. W`r a` thft` supmrvbshr jmohfjh ehphebjhj jm abjmrhzc` phrh o`tbvhr, hfbohr, e``rjbfhr, ehphebthr, cmfmrhr phrtbebphebõf m bftmcrhebõf jm mqubp`s jm trhnhl`, jhr smcubobmft` ha supmrvbshj` y rmhabzhr smsb`fms qum bopuasmf mstrhtmcbhs qum pmrobthf a`crhr ah ehabjhj mjuehtbvh. Ah supmrvbsbõf ms rmsp`fshnam jm  pr`o`vmr y ihebabthr a`s ehonb`s qum sm rmqubmrmf phrh oml`rhr a` eurrbeuahr y a` hjobfbstrhtbv`.

 

E`feausbõf Ma supmrvbs`r, e`o` hjobfbstrhj`r mjuehtbv` ms rmsp`fshnam jm pahfbibehr , e`fjuebr, trhnhlhr mf mqubp`, rms`avmr e`fiabet`s, jmibfbr mstrhtmcbhs, phrtbebphr mf hetbvbjhjms bftmrpmrs`fhams, pr`o`vmr heeb`fms jm bfvmstbchebõf, mvhauhebõf y ehphebthebõf, qum  pmrobth jbsmøhr heeb`fms, e`f`emr hvhfems, a`cr`s y abobtheb`fms. E`o` jmeïh hftmrb`romftm ah supmrvbsbõf, supmrvbsbõf, ah mvhauhebõf mvhauhebõf ms ma puaoõf jma sbstmo sbstmohh mjuehtbv` y msth rmsp`fshnbabjhj rmehm s`nrm ma supmrvbs`r a` qum bfjbeh qum a`s obso`s jmnmf msthr ehphebthj`s jm i`roh pmrohfmftm phrh uf ohy`r jmsmopmø` jm sus iufeb`fms. Ha o`omft` jm rmhabzhrsm ah supmrvbsbõf jmnm dhemrsm jm i`roh pahfbibehjh, f` jmnm dhnmr bopr`vbshebõf, yh qum phrh p`jmr mxbcbr ma supmrvbs`r jmnm prmjbehr e`f ma mlmopa`, sm jmnm utbabzhr ufh omt`j`a`cïh mimetbvh, eahrh y prmebsh. Ah supmrvbsbõf jmnm jmnm msthr jbrbcbjh ha a`cr` jjmm i`rthamemr a`s emftr` mju mjuehtbv` ehtbv` ah obsoh tbmfm qum smr erïtbeh y iamxbnam, mf msth jmnm mxbstbr ah vmrbibehebõf, bff`vhebõf, omjbhebõf, bfi`rohebõf y mvhauhebõf phrh su oml`r jmshrr`aa`. Ah supmrvbsbõf ms uf` jm a`s pr`ems`s oès bop`rthftms qum rmhabzh ma sbstmoh mjuehtbv`, yh qum crhebhs h mstm sm vbsuhabzh jm i`roh jbrmeth ma trhnhl` rmhabzhj` p`r a`s j`emftms, sm pumjm vmrbibehr ma  pr`ems` jm mfsmøhfzh-hprmfjbzhlm y ha obso` tbmop` qum sm rmhabzh r mhabzh uf pahf mstrhtâcbe`  phrh ma oml`rhobmft` oml`rhobmft` jm mstm pr`em pr`ems`. s`. E`fsbjmrho`s qum ah supmrvbsbõf mse`ahr ms ma üfbe` mlm qum bopuash ha oml`rhobmft` jma sbstmoh mjuehtbv` yh qum su phpma prbfebpha ms ma jm jmtmrobfhr sbtuheb`fms, hfèabsbs y mvhauhebõf mvhauhebõf e`fthstm e`fthstm.. Msth tbmfm ah rmsp`fsh rmsp`fshnbabjhj nbabjhj jm oml`rhr ah ehabjhj jm a`s smrvbeb`s, p`r a` qum jmnm smr `nlmtbvh, phrh p`jmr jmtmethr a`s pr`namohs y ahs fmemsbjhjms mjuehtbvhs jma j`emftm, hp`rtèfj`am e`f`ebobmft`s y shnmrms e`o`  pmrs`fhs prmphrhjhs. prmphrhjhs. Yham ah pmfh rmshathr qum ah vmrjhjmrh rhzõf jma irhehs` jm ahs p`aïtbehs mjuehtbvhs rhjbeh mf f` aamvhr h ehn` ma smcubobmft` qum rmqubmrm ah supmrvbsbõf, mf fumstr` phïs d`y mf jjïh ïh euhaqubmrh euhaqubmrh p`r p` p`aïtbeh aïtbeh y hobcubso` pumjm smr supmrvbs`r, supmrvbs`r, p`r a` qum ouedhs vmems sm mft`rpmem ma trhnhl` jm a`s j`emftms y emftr` mjuehtbv` , supmrvbs`rms sbf e`opmtmfebhs ,msh e`opmtmfebh rmaheb`fhjh e`f ah ehphebjhj jm hprmfjbzhlm e`ftbfu` shnmr dhemr dhnbabjhjms y prhetbehs vha`rms y hetbtujms y `tr`s e`op`fmftms s`ebhams qum hyujhf h ah mibehebh y ha âxbt` mse`ahr.

 

ZMOH BBB

AH U]WM^YBUB@F CMFM^HA R WMJHC@CBEH

Mtbo`aõcbehomftm ah phahnrh supmrvbsbõf jmrbvh jm j`s v`ems ahtbfhs; "süpmr", qum qubmrm jmebr s`nrm, mxems`, ` crhj` suo`, y "vbsuo", qum sbcfbibeh heebõf y mimet` jm vmr, mft`fems supmrvbsbõf sbcfbibeh obrhr jmsjm a` hat`. E`fempt` jm supmrvbsbõf< Ybcbahfebh ` jbrmeebõf jm ah rmhabzhebõf jm ufh hetbvbjhj jmtmrobfhjh p`r phrtm jm ufh pmrs`fh e`f hut`rbjhj ` ehphebjhj phrh maa`. Ah supmrvbsbõf ms ufh hetbvbjhj tâefbeh y mspmebhabzhjh qum tbmfm e`o` ibf iufjhomftha utbabzhr rheb`fhaomftm a`s ihet`rms qum dhemf p`sbnam ah rmhabzhebõf jm a`s pr`ems`s jm trhnhl`< ma d`onrm, ah ohtmrbh prboh, a`s mqubp`s, ohqubfhrbhs, dmrrhobmfths, jbfmr`, mftrm `tr`s mamomft`s qum mf i`roh jbrmeth ` bfjbrmeth bftmrvbmfmf mf ah e`fsmeuebõf jm  nbmfms, smrvbeb`s smrvbeb`s y pr`juet`s. Jmsjm ufh pmrspmetbvh cmfmrha ah supmrvbsbõf dhem rmimrmfebh h pr`ems`s e`oufms qum sm jhf mf euhaqubmr pr`imsbõf u `euphebõf. Uupmrvbshr, mf mstm smftbj`, f` ms `trh e`sh qum ma e`ftr`a qum sm mlmrem mf euhaqubmr pr`ems` jm pr`jueebõf, ihnrbehebõf ` hetbvbjhj jm ehrh h e`fsmcubr fbvmams õptbo`s jm ehabjhj y/` rmfthnbabjhj. Mvbjmftmomftm ah supmrvbsbõf hetuha, huf euhfj` mxbstmf hftmemjmftms f`thnams h a` ahrc` jm ah dbst`rbh, surcm vbfeuahjh h a`s imfõomf`s jm bfjustrbhabzhebõf. A`s o`jma`s i`rjbsths jm `rchfbzhebõf jma trhnhl`, pr`pb`s jm ah pr`jueebõf mf ehjmfh, f`s rmomo`rhf ah bohcmf b ohcmf jma supmrvbs`r e`ftr`ahfj` ahs hetbvbjhjms y rbto`s jm a`s trhnhlhj`rms. Mf ma èonbt` mjuehtbv` momrcm e`f ah ermhebõf jm a`s sbstmohs mjuehtbv`s fheb`fhams y s`nrm t`j` e`f ah bftr`jueebõf, mf a`s hø`s vmbftm jma sbca` phshj`, jm ah cmstbõf ebmftïibeh h ah mjuehebõf. Ah supmrvbsbõf tbmfm ibfms sbobahrms qum lustbibehf su mstujb` y euatbv` mf euhaqubmr hetbvbjhj duohfh pmr` ah supmrvbsbõf pmjhcõcbeh mse`ahr t`oh mst`s prbfebpb`s cmfmrhams y a`s trhfsp`rth ha èonbt` mjuehtbv` `rchfbzhfj` y hp`yhfj` ma sbstmoh mjuehtbv`. Umcüf Fârbeb (823=) ‑ah supmrvbsbõf mse`ahr ms ah mxprmsbõf oèxboh jma abjmrhzc`

mjueheb`fha mf heebõf. Ah supmrvbsbõf mse`ahr hpufth ha oml`rhobmft` jma pr`ems` jm mfsmøhfzh-hprmfjbzhlm, mfsmøhfzh -hprmfjbzhlm, phrh a` euha tb tbmfm mfm qum t`ohr mf eumfth t`jh ah mstrueturh tmõrbeh, t mõrbeh, ohtmrbha y duohfh jm ah mseumah‟. Mst` ms, ah supmrvbsbõf pr`eurh ufh trhfsi`rohebõf

 

 p`sbtbvh bftmcrhfj` y vha`rhfj` a`s rmeurs`s ohtmrbhams y duohf`s e`f qum eumfth ma sbstmoh. ‑Ah cmstbõf supmrvbs`rh ms uf pr`ems` qum e`ftmopah ah pr`jueebõf, hjqubsbebõf,

ohftmfbobmft`, pr`o`ebõf, e`ftr`a y ufbibehebõf jm rmeurs`s thft` duohf`s e`o` ohtmrbhams, jurhftm ma euha, a`s `rchfbzh i`roha m bfi`rohaomftm y a`s p`fm h iufeb`fhr jmftr` jma sbstmoh mjuehtbv` phrh qum sm euopahf a`s `nlmtbv`s mjueheb`fhams smøhahj`s mf a`s bfstruomft`s amchams‟ (C`fzèamz ]rjhfmth, >773).  ‑Ah supmrvbsbõf mjuehtbvh ms ma mlm qum bopuash ahs heeb`fms jm oml`rhobmft` y

 pmrimeeb`fhobmft`  pmrimeeb`fhobm ft` jma eurrïeua`; su phpma iufjhomftha ms ma jm tmrobfhr sbtuheb`fms, jmseunrbrahs y mobtbr lubeb`s, s`nrm eõo` jmnm pr`emjmrsm mf ehjh ehs`. Ms ma oml`rhobmft` jm ah bfstrueebõf, ah mvhauhebõf jma j`emftm, m abjmrhzc` jma eurrïeua` y ah hjobfbstrhebõf mse`ahr‟ (Amfbfem jma Yhaam). 

Umcüf Wha`p Wha`p (8245) ah supmrvbs supmrvbsbõf bõf i`roh phrtm jm ah ahs ebmfebhs jm ah mjuehe mjuehebõf bõf y thonbâf sm rmaheb`fh e`f ahs ebmfebhs ebmfebhs duohfhs yh qu qumm ms jm smftbj` `ft`aõcbe` y trhth jm a` duohf` y p`r `trh phrtm ms mpbstmo`aõcbe` jmnbj` h qum utbabzh pr`ems`s y oât`j`s phrh haehfzhr su ibf. Ms p`r a` thft` qum p`jmo`s dhnahr jm ah mjuehebõf bfstbtueb`fhabzhjh, a` euha trhfsi`roh ah mjuehebõf `rchfbzèfj`ah y oml`rèfj`ah. Ah supmrvbsbõf mse`ahr e`fsth jm hspmet`s mstètbe`s y jbfèobe`s< 8.

Ybsbõf prmvbh ` mamomftha< mstè i`rohj` p`r a` rmimrmftm h ah mstrueturh y ahs

e`fjbeb`fms jm iufeb`fhobmft` jma sbstmoh mse`ahr. >.

Ybsbõf rmha< sm mfehrch jm a`s ihet`rms pr`pbhomftm mse`ahrms mf ma o`omft` mf

qum he`ftmemf. 5.

Ybsbõf prèetbeh< sm iufjhomfth mf su v`ehebõf jm smrvbeb` h ah mjuehebõf y dhsth

su rhzõf jm smr. Um `euph jm e`f`emr ahs mstrueturhs mse`ahrms m bftmrprmthrahs. Ah supmrvbsbõf erïtbeh dhem rmimrmfebh h uf pr`emjbobmft` p r`emjbobmft` sbstmoètbe` jm heebõf s`nrm ma sbstmoh mse`ahr. Mst` e`faamvh ha trhnhl` nhshj` mf ah erïtbeh trhfsi`rohtbvh, ah euha ms ehphz jm pr`o`vmr y ohftmfmr hetbvh ah rmiamxbõf mf ma sbstmoh mjuehtbv`. Mxbstm ufh hopabh choh jm mfufebhj`s h trhvâs jm a`s euhams p`jmo`s jmabobthr ma ehop` jma shnmr qum mfca`nh ah supmrvbsbõf mse`ahr. Ubf monhrc`, uf` jm a`s

 

mfufebhj`s jm vbtha bop`rthfebh e`fsbstm mf ahs iufeb`fms jm ah supmrvbsbõf. Msths iufeb`fms s`f< 8.

Ybcbahfebh y e`ftr`a

>.

Hsms`rhobmft` y `rbmfthebõf

5.

Mvhauhebõf rmimrbjh ha sbstmoh mse`ahr mf su e`fluft`

 

E@FEA]UB@F

Ah supmrvbsbõf pmjhcõcbeh mstè abchjh h mst`s e`fempt`s nèsbe`s<

h)  Ah iufebõf nèsbeh jm ah supmrvbsbõf pmjhcõcbeh ms a`crhr ma oml`rhobmft` jm a`s rmsuathj`s jma pr`ems` jm mfsmøhfzh-hprmfjbzhlm mfsmøhfzh-hprmfjbzhlm..  n)  Ah supmrvbsbõf pmjhcõcbeh ms ufh hetbvbjhj jm smrvbeb`, jm hyujh, jm hsbstmfebh h a`s mjuehj`rms mf ma jmsmopmø` jm su ahn`r. e)  Hthøm h t`jhs ahs hetbvbjhjms y h t`jhs ahs pmrs`fhs qum e`feurrmf mf ma pr`ems` mjuehtbv`. j)  Jmnm smr sucmrmftm y phrtbebphtbvh, fufeh bopmrhtbvh fb hut`rbthrbh. m)  Um rmhabzh mf mqubp`, s`nrm ah nhsm jm a`s pr`emjbobmft`s jma tr trhnhl` hnhl` mf crup`.

Ah ohy`rïh jm a`s hut`rms e`bfebjmf mf qum ah ahn`r jm ah supmrvbsbõf sm rmhabzh mf trms mthphs< pahfmhobmft`, smcubobmft` y e`ftr`a. Ibfhaomftm, ebthfj` h Fârbeb (823=)< ‑Ah supmrvbsbõf pumjm sbftmtbzhr sm sm e`o` hsbstmfebh

h ahs hetbvbjhjms j`emftms, jm ohfmrh jm jhrams e``rjbfhebõf, ufbjhj y e`ftbfubjhj, phrh qum ah mseumah haehfem e`f ohy`r mibebmfebh sus `nlmtbv`s".

 

Zmoh BY Abjmrhzc` phrh ah Ehabjhj  Ma abjmrhzc` phrh ah ehabjhj ms ah i`roh jm e`fjuebr ufh `rchfbzhebõf jm a` hetuha h ufh sbtuhebõf iuturh `nvbhomftm oml`r; j`fjm ahs pmrs`fhs s`f ma prbfebpha ihet`r jm ehonb`. Ma mamomft` eahvm eahvm ms ma aïjmr f` uf lmim, pumst` qum, qum, ma aïjmr ms qubmf pr`vmm a`s ebobmft`s phrh ufh numfh bopahfthebõf jm ah ehabjhj, e`o` jbem Utmpdmf E`vmy "Ma aïjmr ms ma emomft` qum ohftbmfm ufbjh h ah ehabjhj Z`tha, ` ah bfirhmstrueturh s`nrm ah euha e`fstrubo`s ah ehabjhj ` bfeaus` âa pmrobtm qum t`j` ma rmst` jm ah Ehabjhj iufeb`fm." Ma aïjmr jm ehabjhj e`femftrh ah htmfebõf mf ahs pmrs`fhs, mf sus fmemsbjhjms fmemsbjhjms y nbmfmsthr, e`fiïh mf ah cmftm, bfspbrh e`fibhfzh, tbmfm vbsbõf jm ahrc` pahz` y pmrspmetbvh ca`nha,  nuseh s`aueb`fms , nuseh s`aueb`fms, pr`oumvm bjmhs ermhtbvhs, hp`yh ma ehonb`, mstbouah ahs heeb`fms jm `tr`s, jh oès bop`rthfebh h a` qum a`s e`ahn`rhj`rms dhemf  nbmf y mjueh mjueh mf a` qum mmss p`sbnam dhem dhemrr oml`r. Ma e`fempt` jm abjmrhzc` ms e`oüfomftm hs`ebhj` e`f pmrempebõf jm p`jmr, pmr` sm e`fsbjmrh aïjmr h ufh pmrs`fh e`f hut`rbjhj, p`jmr y smcubj`rms hspmet`s qum s`f iufjhomfthams jm ah cmstbõf phrh ah ehabjhj. Hjmoès uf aïjmr jm ehabjhj jmnm e`femftrhrsm mf ma jmshrr`aa` jm euhabjhjms mf sbmtm èrmhs mspmeïibehs< ihebabthj`r, mvhauhj`r, vbsb`fhrb`, e`fsmlmr`, o`tbvhj`r, hsmrtbv` y htmft` h mseuedhr ahs fmemsbjhjms fmemsbjhjms jm a`s jmoès. Msths s`f euhabjhjms qum hyujhf h qum sm pr`oumvh uf mimetbv` eaboh ahn`rha ma euha ms iufjhomftha phrh e`fsmcubr ah ehabjhj.

Ehabjhj mf mjuehebõf y shtbsiheebõf jm a`s usuhrb`s. Ah ehabjhj hnhreh t`jhs ahs i`rohs h trhvâs jm ahs euhams ah mjuehebõf shtbsihem ahs fmemsbjhjmss y mxpmethtbvhs jm sus eabmftms (hauof` y su ihobabh), jm su pmrs`fha y jm ahs fmemsbjhjm mftbjhjms bfv`auerhjhs, Ah ehabjhj ms ma rmsuathj` jm uf pr`ems` bftmcrha qum hnhreh t`jh ah `rchfbzhebõf y msth e`obmfzh mf ma abjmrhzc` qum bfeauym ma e`opr`obs` y rmsp`fshnbabjhj jm ehjh pmrs`fh qum bftmrvbmfm mf ma pr`ems`. Ah mjuehebõf ms boprmsebfjbnam p`r qum h trhvâs jm msth sm jmshrr`aahf a`s bfjbvbju`s y ma pr`crms` jm a`s phïsms. A`s hauof`s s`f a`s sulmt`s oès bop`rthftms b op`rthftms mf mstm pr`ems`, yh qum h trhvâs jm mst`s ms qum sm objm ah ehabjhj jm ah mjuehebõf p`r msth rhzõf ha o`omft` jm hpabehr euhaqubmr

 

mv`auebõf ` rmhabzhr hacufh pahfbibehebõf pahfbibehebõf sm tbmfm qum e`f`em e`f`emrr ouy nbmf h a`s hauof`s. Ahs bfstbtueb`fms y a`s pr`ims`rms f` hfhabzhf e`f irmeumfebh ahs fmemsbjhjms jm sus hauof`s y mst` f` sm jmnm h su ihath jm bftmrâs sbf` h ah i`rohebõf pr`imsb`fha qum rmebnmf mf a` pmjhcõcbe` mf ahs ufbvmrsbjhjms, yh qum ah tmfjmfebh ms ah e`femftrhebõf mf ahs hsbcfhturhs. Wmr` ah prmcufth ms °Eõo` p`jrïho`s shtbsihemr ahs fmemsbjhjms jm a`s hauof`s0 Wums sm p`jrïhf rmhabzhr pahfms jm hetbvbjhjms jm hemrehobmft` y hp`y` jm ah hjobfbstrhebõf y a`s pr`ims`rms e`f a`s hauof`s, pahfms jm hp`y` ahn`rha phrh ihebabthr ah trhfsheebõf jma pr`ems` mjuehtbv` ha pr`ems` pr`juetbv`.

Ehabjhj y jmshrr`aa` jmshrr`aa` jm pr`ims`r pr`ims`rms ms y hjobfbstrh hjobfbstrhj`rms j`rms Ahs pmrs`fhs qum phrtbebphf mf ma pr`ems` pr`juetbv`, s`f jm crhf bop`rthfebh mf ma o`jma` jm ah cmstbõf, p`rqum mst`s jmtmrobfhf ma eaboh jm ah `rchfbzhebõf y a`s rmsuathj`s mjueheb`fhams. ]f honbmftm jm trhnhl` crht` j`fjm ahs pmrs`fhs mstâf e`ftmfths y trhnhlmf trhfqubahs, ms e`fjbebõf fmemshrbh phrh e`fsmcubr hat`s mstèfjhrms jm pr`juetbvbjhj ahn`rha y ehabjhj mjueheb`fha. Ah hetbtuj ms uf ihet`r qum jmtmrobfh ma fbvma e`opr`obs` qum cuhrjhf a`s sulmt`s jm ah mjuehebõf, yh qum jm msth jmpmfjmf a`s hprmfjbzhlms jm a`s mstujbhftms.

 

E`feausbõf Ma abjmrhzc` mse`ahr ms uf` jm a`s ihet`rms eahvms phrh ma jmshrr`aa` jm ufh mjuehebõf jm ehabjhj. Ma mlmrebeb` jm mstm abjmrhzc` rmehm prbfebphaomftm s`nrm ma jbrmet`r ` jbrmet`rh jma emftr` mjuehtbv`. ]f numf abjmrhzc` mse`ahr e`fsbstm mf trhfsi`rohr a`s smftbobmft`s, hetbtujms y `pbfb`fms, hsï e`o` ahs prèetbehs, e`f `nlmt` jm oml`rhr ah euaturh jm ah mseumah. Ah ehabjhj jm ahs mseumahs jmpmfjm mf crhf omjbjh jm ah e`opmtmfebh, jmjbehebõf y mstba` jm abjmrhzc` jma mqubp` jbrmetbv`. Ma abjmrhzc` mse`ahr  ms  ms uf ihet`r eahvm phrh a`crhr  prmebshomftm msth msth mimetbvbjhj y eehabjhj, habjhj, ` ma hp`y` qum nrbfjmo`s e`o` e`oufbjhj `  phjrms jm ihobabh, hsï e`o` a`s obso`s hauof`s, ms uf ihet`r bop`rthftm qum hp`yh ma  numf abjmrhzc` abjmrhzc` phrh mspmrhr uufh fh ehabjhj mju mjuehtbvh ehtbvh mimetbvh mimetbvh.. Ma abjmrhzc` mjuehtbv` sm hp`yh mf t`jh ah tm`rïh jma abjmrhzc`, pmr` jmnm hsuobr ahs ehrhetmrïstbehs pr`pbhs jm su fhturhamzh y jm su e`ftmfbj`. Mf msm smftbj` s`stmfmo`s qum ma aïjmr mjueheb`fha ms msmfebhaomftm uf j`emftm qum jmnm j`obfhr ahs iufeb`fms y thrmhs jm ehjh pumst` jm trhnhl`, e`o` ufh e`fjbebõf phrh ma abjmrhzc` mimetbv`, ha jmo`strhr su e`opmtmfebh pr`imsb`fha, y su bftmrâs pr`imsb`fha qum ms oml`rhr ah mjuehebõf, ma ehonb` pmrohfmftm jma emftr` mjueheb`fha, jm heumrj` h ahs jbomfsb`fms jm ah thrmh jbrmetbvh mjueheb`fha. Ahs `rchfbzheb`fms mjuehtbvhs tbmfmf uf sbstmoh emftrha jm vha`rms e`ophrtbj`s qum e`fstruymf ah mstrhtmcbh. Ubf monhrc`, s`f ahs pmrs`fhs qubmfms ah dhemf p`sbnam e`f su abjmrhzc`, qum `t`rch p`jmr y hut`rbjhj, y cmfmrh oès bff`vhebõf, bfbebhtbvh y e`opr`obs`. Um pumjm e`feaubr jbebmfj` qum ma abjmrhzc` mjuehtbv` tbmfm qum vmr e`f ahs pmrs`fhs y sus e`op`rthobmft`s irmftm h sus euhabjhjms, ehrhetmrïstbehs y e`opmtmfebhs jm a`s aïjmrms h fbvma bfjbvbjuha, a` euha sm pr`ymeth mf t`jh ah `rchfbzhebõf mjuehtbvh.

 

^mimrmfebhs -Hrr`y`, I. (8292)< Ah ebmfebh jm ah mjuehebõf, mjuehebõf, W`rrüh, Oâxbe`, 88· 88· mjbebõf. -Irhfsmtd , L. (829=)< Uupm Uupmrvbsbõf rvbsbõf mse mse`ahr `ahr e`o` cuïh, Zrbaahs, Oâxbe`, 88· mjbebõf mjbebõf.. -Lboâfmz y Aèzhr` Ohrtïfmz H. (8249) Ah iufebõf s`ebha jm ah supmrvbsbõf `rbcmf y  pmrspmetbvh. -Amous (822=) Hjobfbstrhebõf Jbrmeebõf y Uupmrvbsbõf jm Mseumah .Numf`s Hbrms U`abs t`rrms, hfh ohremah (>779) Ah supmrvbsbõf mse`ahr. ^meupmrhj` jm >.  

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