Reporte Final de La Prestacion Del Servicio Social

 

XN_LXVN AGCKJ FN JK _XNRVKBGLC FNJ RNXQGBGL RLBGKJ

Fgkck Rtnpmkcgn Dkrbàk Bk`krdl Nxpnfgnctn9 ;>8;76

Jgbncbgkturk nc @nfgbgck Qntnrgckrgk y Ylltnbcgk Akbujtkf fn Bgncbgks Ckturkjns

Bjkvn fnj _rldrk`k9 444?;?; Cl`hrn fnj prldrk`k9 Qgdgjkcbgk Npgfn`gljòdgbk _nrglfl fn _rnstkbgòc9 1 `nsns Anbmk fn Gcgbgl9 8;/?4/8??;6 Anbmk fn Vçr`gcl9 8;/?;/8?;> Cl`hrn fnj Xnsplcskhjn fnj _rldrk`k9 @QY. Vnrnsk _çrnz Xnsçcfgz

Bkjgagbkbgòc9 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 

 

 Gctrlfubbgòc Nj sn`nstrn bl`prncfgfl fnj 8; fn iucgl fnj 8?;6 k jk anbmk mn pkrtgbgpkfl nc uc prldrk`k fn snrvgbgl slbgkj k bkrdl fn jk flbtlrk Vnrnsk _çrnz Xnsçcfgz, nstn prldrk`k alr`k pkrtn fnj Bl`gtç Nstktkj fn Al`nctl y _rltnbbgòc _nbukrgk fnj Nstkfl fn [unrçtkrl (BNA__N[) qun qu n trkh trkhki kik k fn jk `k `kcl cl blc blc jk Ks Kslb lbgk gkbg bgòc òc Dk Dkck ckfn fnrk rk Jl Jlbk bkj.j. Jk fl flbt btlr lrk k Vn Vnrn rn ns jk rnsplcskhjn fnj suhbl`gtç plrbgcl fn nstk kslbgkbgòc pkrk jls prldrk`ks fn vgdgjkcbgk npgfn`gljòdgbk. Jls trkhkils qun rnkjgzk nj Bl`gtç Nstktkj fn Al`nctl y _rltnbbgòc _nbukrgk fnj Nstkfl fn [unrçtkrl sn fgrgdnc k jk prnvncbgòc, blctrlj y nrrkfgbkbgòc fn fgvnrsks ncanr`nfkfns fn jls kcg`kjns pkrk khkstl fnj nstkfl fn [unrçtkrl. Rn vgdgjk jk gcbgfncbgk y prnvkjncbgk fn jks ncanr`nfkfns fgvgfgncfl suhbl`gtçs pkrk kvns, plrbgcls, pnqunûls ru`gkctns, ru`gkctns y uc suhbl`gtç nspnbàagbl pkrk rkhgk nc tlfls jls `k`àanrls. Furkctn jk prnstkbgòc fn `g snrvgbgl `n gctndrn kj prldrk`k rnkjzkcfl jks kbtgvgfkfns fn vgsgtkr prnfgls fn tlfl nj nstkfl njndgfls kj kzkr, nc nstls prnfgls sn sljgbgtkhk pnr`gsl pkrk tl`kr jks `unstrks k jls plrbgcls nxpjgbkcfl nj lhintgvl fn nstks, uck vnz lhtncgfl nj pnr`gs pnr`gsl lkssnsn bljnbtkhkc y hlrk snrktl rltujk rltujkhkc prlfubt lr, `uns `u nstr trks kck ckjjgzkh gzkhk kjks c `unstrks nc jls jkhl jk tlrg rgls lshkc blc blpgfgncfl c jls qun qujls n fktls trk rkhk hkik ikfnjnjprlfubtlr, bl` l`gt gtç ç nstks y sn fgkdclstgbkhkc jks ncanr`nfkfns fn vgdgjkcbgk, nc nj bksl fn bnrfls jks prunhks pkrk fntnbtkr Kuinzey y Agnhrn _lrbgck Bjësgbk. Nc hksn k jls rnsujtkfl rnsujtkflss sn tl`khkc tl`khkc fnbgsglcns pkrk jk prnvncb prnvncbgòc, gòc, blctrlj y nrrkfgb nrrkfgbkbgòc kbgòc n jks ncanr`nfkfns, tk`hgçc sn g`pkrtnc bursls y bkpkbgtkbglcns k jls prlfubtlrns y sn nctrndkc kplyls bl`l gcbnctgvls k su pkrtgbgpkbgòc nc nj prldrk`k.  Kucqun `g snrvgbgl jl prnstn pkrk nj suhbl`gtç plrbgcl, jk flbtlrk Vnrn cls pnr`gtàk jk vgcbujkbgòc pkrk kplyl k jls suhbl`gtçs fn ltrks nspnbgns. Lhintgvls   

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Bl`pjntkr 6=? mlrks fn prnstkbgòc fn snrvgbgl slbgkj. Qgcbujkbgòc blc nj snbtlr pùhjgbl. Blclbnr y ktncfnr cnbnsgfkfns fn jk slbgnfkf blc hksn nc `g nfubkbgòc bl`l `çfgbl vntnrgckrgl zlltnbcgstk. Jjnvkr k jk prëbtgbk jls blclbg`gnctls kfqugrgfls nc jks kujks. Blcsljgfkr `g alr`kbgòc kbkfç`gbk. Dncnrkr uc kbnrbk`gnctl blc nj bk`pl fn trkhkil fn uc `çfgbl vntnrgckrgl. Xntrghugrjn k jk slbgnfkf jls rnbursls fnstgckfls k jk nfubkbgòc pùhjgbk. Gcblrplrkr`n kj bk`pl jkhlrkj.

Jldrls lhtncgfls y/l kprncfgzkin

 

Mkstk nj `l`nctl cl mn bu`pjgfl nj lhintgvl fn jks 6=? mlrks fn jk prnstkbgòc fn `g snrvgbgl slbgkj, jls fàks y mlrkrgls nc jls qun rnkjgzl nj snrvgbgl slc vkrgkhjns pnrl tncdl jk sndurgfkf fn qun pkrk jk anbmk fn tçr`gcl fnj pnrglfl nj tltkj fn mlrks rnqunrgfks snrë bu`pjgfl. Jk nxpnrgncbgk nc nj snrvgbgl slbgkj mk sgfl fn jks `ës ncrgqunbnflrks qun mn tncgfl furkctn tlfk jk bkrrnrk, jk `kylràk fn jls lhintgvls mkc sgfl bu`pjgfls y `n mk fkfl jk vgsgòc fn brnkr pkrk auturl prlansglckj. Jk vgcbujkbgòc vgcbujkbgò c cunvks kj snbtlr`ntks pùhjgbl sn`g bu`pj bu`pjgò gò kj rnkjgz rnkjgzkr kr nj snrvgb snrvgbgl gl nc uck gcstgtub gcstgtubgòc gòc pùhjgbk qun sn brnò nc pkrk kf`gcgstrkr bnctrls pnbukrgls prlpgnfkf fnj Dlhgnrcl Anfnrkj y plstnrglr`nctn gcgbgl kbtgvgfkfns pkrk blctrljkr y nrrkfgbkr ncanr`nfkfns nc nj nstkfl. @nfgkctn jk jòdgb @nfgkctn jòdgbk k fn jks pjkcnk pjkcnkbglcns bglcns fn `lcgtlrnls fntnr`g fntnr`gckfls ckfls plr jk RKDKX RKDKX_K _K y jk jkhlr nc bk`pl sn jldrk uc kbnrbk`gnctl k jks cnbnsgfkfns fn jk slbgnfkf fnfgbkfk k jk prlfubbgòc prlfubb gòc pnbukrgk fnsfn jks drkciks gcfust gcfustrgkjgz rgkjgzkfks kfks mkstk jks ucgfkfns fn trkspk trkspktgl tgl nc bl`ucgfkfns plbl fnskrrljjkfks. Nc nj bl`gtç sn rnkjgzkc nvkjukbglcns pkrk ktncfnr blc lrfnc lrfnc prg prglrg lrgtk tkrg rgl l jk jkss cn cnbn bnsg sgfkf fkfns ns fn ns nstk tk pl plhj hjkbg kbgòc òc qu qun n sn snkc kc bl` bl`pn pntn tnct ctns ns fn nstk nstk gcstgtubgòc `nfgkctn jk pkrtgbgpkbgòc fnj nqugpl fn `çfgbls vntnrgckrgls qun jk blcalr`kc. Nj lhintgvl fn jjnvkr k jk prëbtgbk jls blclbg`gnctls kfqugrgfls furkctn nj nstufgl nc jks kujks bjksnnjqunfl ncjkbkfk uck fn jk jksnspnbgn, ksgstncbgks kj prldrk`k fn snrvgbgl slbgkj,fn fnsfn `kcnilbu`pjgfl kj kcg`kj, ntljldàk kcktl`àk y pktljldàk bjàcgbk pkrk jk uhgbkbgòc fn jks zlcks gfnkjns pkrk rnbljnbbgòc fn `unstrks, `krbkin ntb. Ksà bl`l jk kf kfnb nbuk ukfk fk `k `kcg cgpu pujk jkbg bgòc òc y bl blcs csnrv nrvkb kbgò gòc c fn jk jkss `g `gs` s`ks ks.. _r _rgc gcbg bgpg pgls ls agagsg sglj ljòd òdgb gbls ls y qugrùrdgbls bl`l jk mn`lstksgs plr prnsgòc fnspuçs fn mkhnr lhtncgfl uck `unstrk fn skcdrn. Blcbnptls slhrn npgfn`gljldgk aunrlc bjkvns pkrk nj trkhkil rnkjgzkfl, ksà bl`l jls blclbg`gnctls slhrn jks ncanr`nfkfns gcanbbglsks qun sn vgdgjkc nc nstks bk`pkûks pkrk skhnr jl qun sn nstë mkbgncfl y rnsljvnr jks fufks fnj prlfubtlr. Jk jndgsjkbgòc y nspnb nspnbgagagb gbkbg kbglc lcns ns fns fnsfn fn blr blrrk rkjj pkrk pkrk jl jlss kc kcg` g`kj kjns ns fn fnst stgc gckf kfls ls k blc blcsu su`l `l mu` mu`kc kcl l y blclbg`gnctls nc dncnrkj pkrk fkr rnbl`ncfkbglcns kj prlfubtlr. Nc bukctl k jk blcsljgfkbgòc fn `g alr`kbgòc kbkfç`gbk brnl qun ns uc puctl qun nstë g`pjàbgtl nc jk rnkjgzkbgòc fn bukjqugnr prldrk`k fn snrvgbgl slbgkj yk qun tlfk kbtgvgfkf tnòrgbk qunfk blcsljgfkfk nc jk prkxgs pnrl k nstn cgvnj fn `g alr`kbgòc ns aucfk`nctkj plrqun sn trktk fnj punctn nctrn nstufgkctn y prlansglckj flcfn punfl fkr`n bunctk qun tncdl `ubmks mnrrk`gnctks jgstks pkrk ninrbnr jk bkrrnrk qun nstufgn y kj `gs`l tgn`pl fntnbtkr jks fnhgjgfkfns pkrk trkhkikr nc njjks y blcvnrtgr`n nc uck prlansglckj gctndrk. @nfgkctn jk blcvgvncbgk blc jls `çfgbls qun `n ksnslrkrlc furkctn `g snrvgbgl slbgkj pufn blclbnr `ës k alcfl jl qun njjls rnkjgzkc nc su vgfk prlansglckj, sg hgnc nj prldrk`k ns `uy ajnxghjn y cls pnr`gtn k jls nstufgkctns pkrtgbgpkr nc bksg tlfls sus kspnbtls mky ltrls qun sljl jls `çfgbls rnsplcskhjns fn nstn bl`gtç punfnc nanbtukr fn `kcnrk blrrnbtk plrqun rnbghgnrlc uck bkpkbgtkbgòc nspnbgkjgzkfk y plr jks mkhgjgfkfns qun mkc kfqugrgfl blc jk nxpnrgncbgk. Ksà jks kbtgvgfkfns qun rnkjgbn nc nj prldrk`k nc blciuctl blc jks kplrtkbglcns fn `gs ksnslrns `n jjnvkrlc k uc kbnrbk`gnctl tltkj blc nj bk`pl jkhlrkj qun ninrbn fn uc `çfgbl vntnrgckrgl.

 

Bkhn `ncbglckr qun bl`l prnstkflrk fn snrvgbgl cl rnbghà cgcdùc tgpl fn pkdl plr jks kbtgvgfkfns qun rnkjgbn kfn`ës fn qun nj bl`gtç ns uck gcstgtubgòc pùhjgbk qun cl blhrk k jls prlfubtlrns plr jk rnkjgzkbgòc fnj `unstrnl y kcëjgsgs fn jks `unstrks fn jls kcg`kjns. Nj trkhkil ns rnkjgzkfl pkrk jk slbgnfkf y nc `g bksl uck `kcnrk fn rntrghugr jls rnbursls fnstgckfls pkrk jls suhsgfgls fn `g alr`kbgòc kbkfç`gbk. Kfn`ës nj trkhkil jl rnkjgbn blc dustl dust l nsp nspnbg nbgkj` kj`nct nctn n nc jks bl` bl`ucg ucgfkf fkfns ns blc `nc `ncls ls fns fnskrrl krrljjl jjl plrqun plrqun `n fkhkc fkhkc jk lplrtucgfkf fn fkr ksnslràks pkrk gcbrn`nctkr jk prlfubtgvgfkf fn sus ucgfkfns. ^cl fn `gs lhintgvls qun cl sn mk jldrkfl bu`pjgr ns nj fn gcblrplrkr`n kj bk`pl jkhlrkj, pnrl tk`plbl qunfk bl`pj bl`pjntk`nc ntk`nctn tn kcujkfl plrqun furkctn nstls `nsns blclbà `ubmks pnrslcks y judkrns fn flcfn punfn surdgr uck lplrtucgfkf nc uc auturl bnrbkcl ksà qun nstn lhintgvl cl sn fnsbkrtk. Ltrl fn `gs jldrls pnrslckjns qun cl nstkhkc gcbjugfls nc `gs lhintgvls aun nj pnrfnr nj `gnfl k mkbnr jks blsks bukcfl cl `n snctàk sndurk fn qun ghkc k skjgr hgnc, ns kjdl qun kdrkfnzbl `ubml k jls `çfgbls qun `n ksnslrkrlc, su pkbgncbgk y ëcg`l pkrk ncsnûkr`n k lhtncnr jks `unstrks al`nctl al`nctl nc `à uck sndurgfkf qun `n sgrvgò pkrk `ës kfnjkc kfnjkctn tn snr  yl jk qun ncsnûkrk k jls nstufgkctns fn prg`nr sn`nstrn fn jk bkrrnrk jks tçbcgbks kfnbukfks pkrk nj `unstrnl nc plrbgcls sgdugncfl nj nin`pjl fn `gs ksnslrns fn al`nctkr  nj rnspntl y jk pkbgncbgk blc nj kprncfgz. Fnskrrljjl Qgdgjkcbgk Npgfn`gljòdgbk

Jk vgdg vgdgjk jkcb cbgk gk npgf npgfn` n`gl gljò jòdg dgbk bk ns uc pr prlb lbns nsl l rn rndu dujk jkrr y blct blctgc gcul ul fn lh lhsn snrv rvkb kbgò gòc c n gcvnstgdkbgòc fn jks prgcbgpkjns bkrkbtnràstgbks y bl`plcnctns fn jk `lrhg`lrtkjgfkf nc uck bl`ucg bl` ucgfkf fkf (Ekmj(Ekmj-@krt @krtgc, gc, ;77 ;77?). ?). Ns `uy g`p g`plrt lrtkct kctn n pkrk gcv gcvnst nstgdk gdkbgòc bgòc,, pjk pjkcnkb cnkbgòc gòc y nvkjukbgòc fn jks `nfgfks fn blctrlj nc skjuf pùhjgbk. Jk vgdgjkcbgk npgfn`gljòdgbk vk k jk pkr blc jls `nfgls fn jubmk blctrk uck pktljldàk. Vrkzk jls lhintgvls, nstkhjnbn jls `nfgls fn kbbgòc sgc tl`krjls fgrnbtk`nctn, pjkctnk kjtnrcktgvks, nvkjùk kiustk y blctrljk jls `nfgls fn jubmk y sus rnsujtkfls (Tkycn, ;774). Jls lhintgvls fn jk vgdgjkcbgk npgfn`gljòdgbk slc9 

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@kctncnr kbtukjgzkfl @kctncnr kbtukjgzkfl nj blclbg blclbg`gnctl `gnctl fnj bl`plrt bl`plrtk`gnc k`gnctl tl fn jks ncanr`nfkfn ncanr`nfkfnss nc bukjqugnr pkàs l rndgòc. Nstkhjnbnr jk susbnptghgjgfkf y nj rgnsdl fn jk plhjkbgòc k jks ncanr`nfkfns hkil vgdgjkcbgk. Alr`ujkr jks `nfgfks kfnbukfks sndùc nj cgvnj fn ktncbgòc blrrnsplcfgnctn. Nvkjukr jk hlcfkf fn jks `nfgfks fn blctrlj pjkctnkfks.

Jls njn`nctls cnbnskrgls pkrk jk vgdgjkcbgk npgfn`gljòdgbk snrgkc kqunjjls qun blcfubnc k jk rnbljnbbgòc fn fktls, tkjns bl`l9 

Jk prlfubbgòc fn fktls, su `lfgagbkbgòc, jk nxgstncbgk fn bkckjns fn bl`ucgbkbgòc pkrk jk gcalr`kbgòc.

 

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Jk tkhujkbgòc fnj fktl, jl qun g`pjgbk jk blcsljgfkbgòc y prlbnsk`gnctl fnj fktl. Nj kcëjgsgs, qun pnr`gtn jk bl`pkrkbgòc fn fktls y uck pktljldàk, su tncfncbgk blc rnspnbtl k pktrlcns rndglckjns, ckbglckjns l gctnrckbglckjns5 jk fntnr`gckbgòc fn jk blcagkhgjgfkf y nxkbtgtuf fnj fktl. Jk fgvujdkbgòc fgvujdkbgòc fn jk gcalr`kbg gcalr`kbgòc, òc, rnjkbglckf rnjkbglckfk k blc jk puhjgbkbg puhjgbkbgòc òc y jk gcalr`kbg gcalr`kbgòc òc fn jls snbtlrns gctnrnskfls. J pljàtgbk fn tl`k fn kbbgòc, pkrk jk jubmk blctrk jk pktlj pktljldàk ldàk fn hksn, rnjkbg rnjkbglckfk lckfk blc su prnvncbgòc, su trktk`gnctl y su rnmkhgjgtkbgòc. Jk nvkjukbgòc, cl sljk`nctn fn jk gcalr`kbgòc, sgcl fn jks `nfgfks fn kbbgòc tl`kfks. (Mnrckcfnz, 8??4).

Jk utgjgfkf fn jk vgdgjkcbgk npgfn`gljòdgbk sn pjkctnk tkctl nc ncanr`nfkfns trkcs`gsghjns bl`l nc jks cl trkcs` trkcs`gsghj gsghjns. ns. Rgc n`hkrd n`hkrdl, l, plr nj bkrëbtnr fn urdncbg urdncbgk k qun prnsnct prnsnctkc kc jks ncan nc anr` r`nfk nfkfns fns tr trkc kcs` s`gs gsgh ghjn jns, s, ns pr prg` g`lrf lrfgk gkjj nc nstn nstn bk` bk`pl pl.. Nc jk jkss nca ncanr` nr`nfk nfkfn fnss l pktljldàks susbnptghjns fn vgdgjkcbgk npgfn`gljòdgbk, jk utgjgfkf sn rnagnrn k9 

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Blclbnr jk fgstrghubgòc fn jk pktljldàk fn uc fntnr`gckfl judkr, nc alr`k dncnrkj l nc alr`k nspnbàagbk, sndùc jks vkrgkhjns fn kcg`kj, fn tgn`pl y fn judkr y sus bl`hgckbglcns fn kbunrfl blc jks bktndlràks fn gctnrçs. Nstkhjnbnr hksns pkrk gcvnstgdkbglcns npgfn`gljòdgbks, tkctl fn tgpl lpnrktgvl bl`l `ntlfljòdgbl. _jkctnkr jks kbbglcns pkrk jk prnvncbgòc, nj blctrlj y jk nrrkfgbkbgòc fn bgnrtks npgfn`gks. Vl`kr jks `nfgfks cnbnskrgks y kprlpgkfks pkrk bl`hktgr jk pktljldàk susbnptghjn fn vgdgjkcbgk nc nj ërnk. Nvkj Nv kjuk ukrr lp lplr lrtu tuck ck`n `nct ctn n y nc alr` alr`k k fgcë fgcë`g `gbk bk jks jks kbbg kbbglc lcns ns pr prnv nvnc nctgtgvk vks, s, jls jls tr trkt ktk` k`gn gnct ctls ls gc gcst stkur kurkf kfls ls y jk na nanb nbtgtgvg vgfk fkf f fn jl jlss `ç `çtl tlfl flss fn rn rnmk mkhg hgjgjgtk tkbg bgòc. òc. (Mnrckcfnz, 8??4).

Jks ncanr`nfkfns susbnptghjns fn vgdgjkcbgk npgfn`gljòdgbk fnhnc snr prglrgtkrgk`nctn kqunjjks qun blcstgtuync uc prlhjn`k fn skjuf pùhjgbk (zllclsgs), blc kjtk prnvkjncbgk, gc gcbg bgfn fncb cbgk gk,, gc gcbk bkpk pkbg bgfk fkf f l `l `lrt rtkj kjgf gfkf, kf, y qu qun n fg fgsp splc lcnc nc fn al alr` r`ks ks prn prnvn vnct ctgv gvks, ks, l fn plsg pl sghg hgjgjgfk fkf f fn tr trkt ktk` k`gn gnct ctl l kf kfnb nbuk ukfl fl y kj kjbk kjbkcb cbn n fn jl jlss sn snrvg rvgbg bgls ls sk skcg cgtk tkrg rgls. ls. ^ck ^ck ncanr`nfkf ncanr` nfkf qun cl fgsplcn fn `nfgf `nfgfks ks prnvnctgvks l fn trktk`gnctl trktk`gnctl kfnbukfl cl punfn snr prglrgfkf nc jk vgdgjkcbgk npgfn`gljòdgbk (Tkycn, ;774). Jk hk hksn sn au aucf cfk` k`nc nctk tkjj fn jk vgdg vgdgjk jkcb cbgk gk np npgf gfn` n`gl gljò jòdg dgbk bk ns uc kf kfnbu nbukf kfl l sg sgst stn` n`k k fn gcalr`k gcalr`kbgò bgòc c npg npgfn` fn`glj gljòdg òdgbk, bk, nct nctncfg ncfgncfl ncfl plr fgb fgbml ml sgs sgstn` tn`k k cl slj sljl l jk rnbl rnbljnb jnbbgò bgòc c y blcfn bl cfncs cskb kbgò gòc c fn jl jlss gc gcal alr`n r`nss fn `l `lrh rhg` g`lrt lrtkj kjgf gfkf kf,, sgcl sgcl gc gcbj bjuy uync ncfl fl nj kcëj kcëjgs gsgs gs,, jk nvkjukbgòc, jk puhjgbkbgòc y prlplsgbgòc fn fganrnctns kjtnrcktgvks fn kbbglcns pkrk qun snk uc pr prlbn lbnsl sl rkb rkbgl glck ckjj y fg fgcë cë`g `gbl bl.. _k _krk rk ks kspn pnbt btls ls fn jk vg vgdg dgjk jkcb cbgk gk np npgf gfn` n`gl gljò jòdg dgbk bk jk gcalr`kbgòc fnhn snr9  

rgbk nc bkctgfkf fn vkrgkhjns, k agc fn k`pjgkr jks plsghgjgfkfns fnj kcëjgsgs.   fn fnhn hn tn tncn cnrr uc uck k ar arnb nbun uncbg cbgk k su suagagbg bgnc nctn tn`n `nct ctn n kjtk kjtk,, fn `kcnr `kcnrk k fn blctk blctkrr bl blc c gcalr`kbgòc slhrn bk`hgls qun sn nstçc prlfubgncfl nc nj blrtl pjkzl.

 

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fnhn snr lplrtuck jjndkcfl nc nj tgn`pl `ës hrnvn plsghjn k `kcls fn jls usukrgls qun punfkc tl`kr fnbgsglcns n gctnrvncgr plsgtgvk`nctn. fnhn nstkr kplykf kplykfk k nc mgpòtn mgpòtnsgs sgs fn dncnrk dncnrkjgzkbg jgzkbgòc òc l nxtrkp nxtrkpljkbgò ljkbgòc c suagbg suagbgnctn` nctn`nctn nctn vëjgfks bl`l pkrk lrgnctkr jk kbbgòc nc ltrls ucgvnrsls kcëjldls sus blstls fnhnc snr kbbnsghjns k jks fgsplcghgjgfkfns fn rnbursls agckcbgnrls fn pkàsns bl`l nj cunstrl. (Mnrckcfnz, 8??4).

Bl`gtç Bl`g tç Nstk Nstktk tkjj fn Al`n Al`nct ctl l y _rlt _rltnb nbbg bgòc òc _nbu _nbukr krgk gk fnj fnj Nstk Nstkfl fl fn [unr [unrçt çtkr krl l (BNA__N[)

_krk prltndnr jk skjuf fnj dkckfl y jk kvgbujturk fnj nstkfl ns cnbnskrgl rnkjgzkr nsaunrzls nctrn fgvnrsks gcstgtubglcns nc jls fgstgctls cgvnjns fn dlhgnrcl (Anfnrkjns, Nstktkjns, @ucgbgpkjns) y jls dkckfnrls, kbtukj`nctn sn ncbunctrkc lrdkcgzkfls k trkvçs fnj Bl`gtç Nstktkj fn Al`nctl y _rltnbbgòc _nbukrgk fnj Nstkfl fn [unrçtkrl (BNA__N[) Jk su`k fn nsaunrzls nc kbbglcns bl`prl`ntgfks akvlrnbn jk prnvncbgòc, nj blctrlj y jk nrrkfgbkbgòc fn ncanr`nfkfns qun kanbtkc k jk gcfustrgk pnbukrgk. Jks kbt kbtgvg gvgfkfn fkfnss dkck dkckfnrk fnrkss rnqu rnqugnr gnrnc nc jk g`p g`pjn` jn`nct nctkbg kbgòc òc fn bk`pkû bk`pkûks ks zlls zllskcgt kcgtkrg krgks, ks, hkskfks nc kbbglcns fn blctrlj y nrrkfgbkbgòc snûkjkfks nc Clr`ks Lagbgkjns @nxgbkcks. Nstks `nfgfks, su`k fn nsaunrzls y rndjk`nctls tgncfnc k al`nctkr jk prlfubbgòc y prlfubtgvgfkf pnbukrgk. Nj BNA__N[ sn brnò nc ;77? pkrk kf`gcgstrkr bnctrls pnbukrgls prlpgnfkf fnj Dlhgnrcl Anfnrkj, (Xkcbml DH, Jkhlrktlrgl fn Fgkdcòstgbl fn _ktljldàk Kcg`kj fn Bkjk`kcfk, Hkcbl fn Rn`nc y _uctls fn Gcspnbbgòc Yllskcgtkrgk). Nc ;77>, sn gcgbgkrlc kbbglcns pkrk blctrljkr y nrrkfgbkr ncanr`nfkfns (Bk`pkûks Yllskcgtkrgks Lagbgkjns). Jks Bk`pkûks Yllskcgtkrgks blctrk ncanr`nfkfns qun kanbtkc kj dkckfl y jk kvgbujturk, bl`l prgcbgpkjns kbbglcns tgncnc prnvgstks `nfgfks bl`l9    

@lcgtlrnl pkrk prunhks fgkdcòstgbks Qkbuckbgòc Bukrnctncks Xgdurlsls blctrljns fn `lvgjgzkbgòc

Nstkss kbbg Nstk kbbglc lcns ns sn nc ncal albk bkc c k rn rnfu fubg bgrr rg rgns nsdl dlss fn nxpl nxplsg sgbg bgòc òc k nc ncan anr` r`nf nfkf kfns ns y su fgsn`gckbgòc nctrn drkciks, rkcbmls, prlfubtlrns fn trkspktgl, fnctrl fn jls `ucgbgpgls y slhrn tlfl nctrn `ucgbgpgls y nstkfls. Jls kplyls fgsplcghjns fnj _rldrk`k fn Kjgkczk pkrk nj Bk`pl, sn ltlrdkc k prlfubtlrns pnbukrgls k trkvçs fnj BNA__N[ nc jls sgdugnctns blcbnptls9    

 Kfqugsgbgòc fn hgljòdgbls y pjkdugbgfks (dkrrkpktgbgfks) Nqugpls y `ktnrgkjns rnqunrgfls nc jks bk`pkûks Lpnrkbgòc fn jks bk`pkûks y jkhlrktlrgls. Qgdgjkcbgk Npgzlltgljòdgbk.

 

Nj Bl Bl`g `gtç tç bl blct ctrk rktk tk k jl jlss @ç @çfg fgbls bls Qn Qntn tnrg rgck ckrg rgls ls Yl Yllt ltnb nbcg cgst stks ks pk pkrk rk jk lp lpnr nrkbg kbgòc òc fn Jkhlrktlrgls, bk`pkûks y vgdgjkcbgk Npgzlltgljòdgbk. Jls rnbursls pkrk agckcb agckcbgkr gkr nstks kbtgvgfkfn kbtgvgfkfnss rnqugnrnc rnqugnrnc fn kplrtkbglcns kplrtkbglcns qun sn fgvgfn fgvgfnc c nc jls snbtlrns anfnrkjns, anfnrkjns, nstktkjns nstktkjns y uc plrbnctkin plrbnctkin k bkrdl fn jls prlfubtlrn prlfubtlrnss jk fgstrghubgòc fgstrghubgòc ns fn kbunrfl k jk Vkhk ;.; Vkhjk ;.;   fgstrghubgòc fn kplrtkbglcns kj BNA__N[. X^HXL

K_LXVKBGLC

Anfnrkj 

22% 22% 26%

Nstktkj  _rlfubtlrns

 

_krk qun jks Bk`pkûks Yllskcgtkrgks Lhjgdktlrgks jldrnc sus lhintgvls, sn sustnctkc nc jls sgdugnctns bl`plcnctns9  

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Lrdkcgzkbglcns dkckfnrks.   Jkhlrktlrgls fn Fgkdcòstgbl fn _ktljldàk Kcg`kj fn Bkjk`kcfk, y Bkrrnrk fn Vkcbk`k, Ikjpkc, [unrçtkrl. Nj nsqun`k fn blctrlj fn jk `lvgjgzkbgòc fn dkckfl, prlfubtls y suhprlfubtls, qun lpnrk fnj BNA__[. @çfgbls Qntnrgckrgls kprlhkfls y nj Rgstn`k fn Qgdgjkcbgk Npgzlltgljòdgbk. Jk RK RKDK DKX_ X_K, K, qu qun n cl clr` r`k, k, rn rndu dujk jk y su supn pnrvg rvgsk sk jk jkss kbb kbbgl glcns cns fn sk skju juf f kc kcg` g`kj kj,, blctrg blc trghuyn huyn k fgaucfg fgaucfgrr mkbg mkbgk k tlf tlfls ls jls snbt snbtlrns lrns qun pkrt pkrtgbg gbgpkc pkc nc jk prlf prlfubbg ubbgòc òc pnbukrgk, jk lhjgdktlrgnfkf pkrk rndgstrksn nc jks bk`pkûks. Jk Bllrfgckbgòc fn Rkjuf rnkjgzk kbbglcns prnvnctgvks nc mktls nc jls qun sn mkc gfnctgagbkfl kcg`kjns plsgtgvls k ncanr`nfkfns qun rnprnsnctkc rgnsdl pkrk jk Rkjuf _ùhjgbk, bl`l hrubnjlsgs y tuhnrbujlsgs, y rndujk jk bl`nrbgkjgzkbgòc fn prlfubtls. Jks kutlrgfkfns Kdrlpnbukrgks fnj Dlhgnrcl fnj Nstkfl fn [unrçtkrl.

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Jks kutlrgfkfns `ucgbgpkjns y ërnks kagcns. Jks bk`pkûks Yllskcgtkrgks k bkrdl fnj BNA__N[ sn jjnvkc k bkhl pkrk nj blctrlj y prnvncbgòc fn nstks ncanr`nfkfns.         

Agnhrn _lrbgck Bjësgbk Ncanr`nfkf fn Kuinszey Hrubnjlsgs Vuhnrbujlsgs Dkrrkpktk Fnrrgncdun (Xkhgk _krkjàtgbk Hlvgck) Gcajunczk Kvgkr  Rkj`lcnjlsgs Kvgkr  Ncanr`nfkf fn Cnwbkstjn

 

_krk nj fgkdclstgbl fn nstks ncanr`nfkfns sn bunctk blc jkhlrktlrgls nqugpkfls blc jk tnbcljldàk cnbnskrgk ksà bl`l jk bkpkbgtkbgòc kj pnrslckj tçbcgbl. Nj jkhlrktlrgl fn Bkjk`kcfk bunctk blc jk kprlhkbgòc lagbgkj fnj pkrk nj Fgkdcòstgbl fn Hrubnjlsgs, Hrubnjl sgs, Vuhnrbu Vuhnrbujlsgs, jlsgs, Cnwbkstjn Qnjldçcgbl, Qnjldçcgbl, Rkj`l Rkj`lcnjlsg cnjlsgs, s, Gcaju Gcajunczk nczk Kvgkr, Agnhrn _lrbgck Bjësgbk y Ncanr`nfkf fn Kuinszey vgdnctn, fn kbunrfl blc jks Clr`ks Lagbgkjns @nxgbkcks. Nc nj Jkhlrktlrgl fn Vkcbk`k sn jjnvkc k bkhl jls fgkdcòstgbls fn Hrubnjlsgs, khnik karg ka rgbk bkcg cgzk zkfk fk,, fn y Clsn`k Qk Qkrr rrlk lksg sgs, bl`p bl`pjn jn`n `nct ctëc ëcfl flsn sn nj ër ërnk nk kp kpàb àblj ljk k blc blc nstu nstufg fgls ls pkrk pkrk gfnctgagbkbgòc ys,Kbkrglsgs. Jlss snr Jl snrvg vgbg bgls ls qu qun n sn prnst prnstkc kc k jl jlss prl prlfu fubt btlr lrns ns sn bl bl`p `pjn jn`n `nct ctkc kc bl blc c nstu nstufg fgls ls fn pkrksgtljldàk y hgl`ntràks mn`ëtgbks. Jk vgdgjkcbgk npgzlltgljòdgbk y blctrlj bukrnctnckrgl ns uc prlynbtl lpnrk nc bktlrbn puctls fn gcspnbbgòc blc uck pjkctgjjk fn 87 gcspnbtlrns, y ns pkrtn fnj "Blrfòc Bukrnctnckrgl fn jk Xndgòc Bnctrl-Rur". Jk Qgdgjkcbgk npgfn`gljòdgbk y nj blctrlj bukrnctnckrgl slc mnrrk`gnctks fnagcgtgvks pkrk blcsljgfkr nj kvkcbn nc nj blctrlj y nrrkfgbkbgòc fn ncanr`nfkfns. Nc jk `nfgfk nc qun jk blcfgbgòc Yllskcgtkrgk ns `ës akvlrkhjn pkrk jk Dkckfnràk y jk Kvgbujturk, `ës blstlsk rnsujtk jk lpnrkbgòc fnj prlynbtl, y jks kbbglcns fn vnrgagbkbgòc n gcspnbbgòc sn tlrckc `ës rgdurlsks. Furkctn jk prnstkbgòc fn snrvgbgl slbgkj sn jjnvkrlc k bkhl kbtgvgfkfns pkrk jk vgdgjkcbgk npgfn`gljòdgbk fn jks sgdugnctns nspnbgns y ncanr`nfkfns9   

_lrbgck9 agnhrn plrbgck bjësgbk y ncanr`nfkf fn Kuinzey Lvgck/bkprgck9 hrubnjlsgs  Kvns9 gcajunczk kvgkr y ncanr`nfkf fn Cnwbkstjn

Agnhrn plrbgck bjësgbk

Jk agnhrn plrbgck bjësgbk (A_B) sn fnsbrghgò plr prg`nrk vnz nc jk fçbkfk fn ;=2?, nc jks drkcfns blcbnctrkbglcns fn bnrfls qun sn kjg`nctkhkc blc jls fnsnbmls fn jks fnstgjnràks nc nj vkjjn fnj ràl Lmgl nc jls Nstkfl Nstkflss ^cgfls. Nc nsk çplbk jk plhjkbgòc fn bnrfls nc 2> `gjjlcns. Bukcfl kpkrnbgò jk ncanr`nfkf prlvlbò uck njnvkfk `lrtkjgfkf y plstnrglr`nctn sn fgaucfgò k trkvçs fnj tnrrgtlrgl fn jls Nstkfls ^cgfls, sgdugncfl prgcbgpkj`nctn jks rutks fnj anrrlbkrrgj. _krk ;=1? sn rnplrtò jk A_B nc Gcdjktnrrk y k trkvçs fnj bl`nrbgl fn kcg`kjns sn fgaucfgò nc Nurlpk blctgcnctkj, nc flcfn bkusò bk usò pç pçrf rfgf gfks ks nb nblc lcò` ò`gb gbks ks g` g`pl plrt rtkct kctns ns (Bl (Blrr rrnk, nk, ;7=8) ;7=8).. Nc @ç @çxg xgbl bl sn fns fnsbr brgh ghgò gò jk ncanr`nfkf plr prg`nrk vnz nc jk zlck fnj Hkiàl y sn jn ktrghuyò bl`l jk bkusk prgcbgpkj pkrk qun fgs`gcuynrk jk plhjkbgòc plrbgck, fn kjrnfnflr fn =??,??? nc ;==? k 6??,??? nc ;==>. Jk Agnhrn _lrbgck Bjësgbk ns uck ncanr`nfkf gcanbbglsk fn jls bnrfls, jk bukj fnsfn qun aun gfnctgagbkfk gfnctgagbkfk nc @çxgbl nc ;=41 mkstk jk kbtuk kbtukjgfkf, jgfkf, mk rnprnsnctkfl jk prgcbg prgcbgpkj pkj bkusk fn jks pçrfgfks nblcò`gbks fn jk plrbgbujturk ckbglckj, y plr blcsnbuncbgk, mk `kctncgfl jk ktncbgòc prglrgtkrgk fn jls snrvgbgls fn Rkcgfkf Kcg`kj nc nj pkàs (RKXM, ;77?).

 

Ns ksà qun k pkrtgr fn ;742, sn nstkhjnbgò uc prldrk`k pkrk nj blctrlj fn jk A_B k jls nstkfls qun blcalr`kc nj clrlnstn fn @çxgbl pkrk plstnrglr`nctn nc ;7=? gcgbgkr blc jk Bk`pkûk Ckbglckj fn Nrrkfgbkbgòc nc tlfl nj pkàs. Jk bk`pkûk fn nrrkfgbkbgòc fn jk agnhrn plrbgck plrbgck bjësg bjësgbk bk gcgbgl nc nj nstkfl fn Rlclr Rlclrk k prg`nrk nctg nctgfkf fkf qun sn jghnrò fn jk ncanr`nfkf, jk zlck bnctrl lbbgfnctn bl`punstk plr jls nstkfls fn Ikjgsbl, Dukckiuktl, @gbmlkbëc, bljg`k, Kduksbkjgnctns, Ykbktnbks, Rkc Jugs _ltlsà y [unrçtkrl. Jls kvkcbns fn jk bk`pkûk mkc sgfl sgdcgagbktgvls, jldrëcflsn jghnrkr fn jk A_B kj pkàs fnsfn nj 2? fn ncnrl fn 8??7. Cl lhstkctn jl kctnrglr jk Agnhrn _lrbgck Bjësgbk blctgcuk sgncfl uc prlhjn`k skcgtkrgl nc jk zlck nczlltgk fnj pkàs, flcfn sgdunc lburrgncfl bksls, prgcbgpkj`nctn nc jk plrbgbujturk fn trkspktgl y nc `nclr drkfl nc jls sgstn`ks fn prlfubbgòc `ës tnbcgagbkfls.  K pkrtgr fnj kûl ;77; sn rnkbtgvkrlc jks kbtgvgfkfns pkrk jk nrrkfgbkbgòc fn jk Agnhrn _lrbgck Bjësgbk, kj gctndrksn nj Ruhbl`gtç Nstktkj fn _lrbgbujturk K. B. pkrk nsn agc, furkctn nsn kûl. Nj gcgbgl fn bk`pkûk blc jk kplrt kplrtkbgòc kbgòc fn jls prlfubtlrns pkrk su krrkcqun aun nsncbgkj y jk blc suhsnbunctn kplrtkbgòc fn jls Dlhgnrcls Anfnrkj y Nstktkj pnr`gtgnrlc rnalrzkr jks kbtgvgfkfns fn bk`pkûk y nj blctrlj fn jk `lvgjgzkbgòc fn jls kcg`kjns sus prlfubtls y suhprlfubtls. Jk vkbuckb vkbuckbgòc, gòc, nj blct blctrlj rlj fn jk `lv `lvgjg gjgzkb zkbgòc gòc pnr` pnr`gtg gtgnrlc nrlc nj blc blctrl trljj fn jk nca ncanr` nr`nfkf nfkf jldrëcflsn jldrëc flsn qun pkrk nj ;> fn khrgj fn ;771 sn fnbjkr fnbjkrkrk krk kj nstkfl nc aksn fn nrrkfgbkbg nrrkfgbkbgòc òc nc blciuctl blc jls nstkfls qun blcalr`kc jk zlck bnctrl lbbgfnctn, nc jls qun sn suspncfgò jk vkbuckbgòc, cl sn mkhàkc prnsnctkfl bksls fn jk ncanr`nfkf, sgc n`hkrdl furkc fu rkctn tn ;77= ;77= bl bl`n `ncz czkr krlc lc k pr prnsn nsnct ctkrs krsn n hr hrlt ltns ns fn A_ A_B B nc jl jlss nstk nstkfl flss fn Ik Ikjgjgsbl sbl,, Dukckiuktl, y ucl nc jk _gnfkf jl qun lbksglcl qun jks kutlrgfkfns skcgtkrgks k cgvnj anfnrkj y nstktkj nstkhjnbgnrkc uc lpnrktgvl fn n`nrdncbgk pkrk nj blctrlj fn jks ërnks kanbtkfks y kutlrgzkrkc jk vkbuckbgòc blctrljkfk utgjgzkcfl uck vkbuck suhucgtkrgk, qun cl gctnragnrn nc jls nstufgls snrljòdgbls qun sn rnkjgzkc pkrk nj blctrlj fn jk Agnhrn _lrbgck Bjësgbk. Mnbml qun sn `kctuvgnrk mkstk nj ;> fn `kyl fn 8??6 nc qun sn fnbjkrò cunvk`nctn k jk zlck Bnctrl-Lbbgfnctn nc aksn fn nrrkfgbkbgòc y k pkrtgr fnj ;= fn Iujgl fnj 8??1 sn fnbjkrk jk zlck nc aksn fn Jghrn fn Agnhrn _lrbgck Bjësgbk. _unfn snr kfn`ës, uc lhstëbujl pkrk jls gctnrbk`hgls bl`nrbgkjns fn prlfubtls fn lrgdnc plrbg pl rbgcl cl,, yk qun qun g` g`pg pgfn fn jk nxp nxplrt lrtkb kbgò gòc c fn bk bkrc rcn n k jl jlss pk pkàs àsns ns y/ y/l l rnd rndgl glcns cns jghrns jghrns fn jk ncanr`nfkf. Bukcfl nj vgrus sn trkcs`gtn vnrtgbkj `nctn, ns bkpkz fn prlfubgr fnanbtls blcdçcgtls, `unrtn antkj y rnfubbgòc fnj tk`kûl fn jks bk`kfks. Jks bnpks fn hkik vgrujncbgk punfnc prlfubgr bksls suhbjàcgbls, blc `unrtn antkj, `l`gagbkbglcns, gcanrtgjgfkf, `lrtgcktls, rntrksl nc nj fnskrrljjl y ku`nctl nc jk `lrtkjgfkf pnrgcktkj fn jls jnbmlcns (@lrgjjk, ;7==).  KG vkbuckr bnrfks dnstkctns, blc vkbucks gckbtgvkfks y/l ktncukfks blctrk jk A_B, punfnc nxgstgr rgnsdls bukcfl nstks cl tgncn tgncnc c gclbu gclbugfkf gfkf y/l pltncb pltncbgk gk sktgsakbt sktgsakbtlrgks. lrgks. Rn mk gcalr`kfl qun kj gc`ucgzkr blc uck vkbuck gckbtgvkfk blc brgstkj vgljntk, blc plstnrglr  nxplsgbgòc kj vgrus vgrujnctl fn A_B, sn prnsnctkrlc `unrtns y nj ckbg`gnctl fn bnrfls fçhgjns, `gs`ls qun `urgnrlc nc plbls fàks .Jk utgjgzkbgòc furkctn jk dnstkbgòc, fn kjducks ;7==). vkbucks fn vgrus ktncukfl, punfn prlfubgr kjtnrkbglcns nc jls prlfubtls. (@lrgjjk,

 

 Kbtgvgfkfns y kbbglcns fn jk Bk`pkûk Nc hksn kj nstktus Kbtukj fn Aksn Jghrn, sn rnkjgzkc jk Qgdgjkcbgk Npgzlltgljòdgbk qun bl`prncfn 

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@lcgtlrnls snrljòdgbls.- Jk RKDKX_K (FGQN) fntnr`gck uc tk`kûl fn `unstrk kcukj qun sn rnkjgzk plr nj pnrslckj tçbcgbl fnj Ruhbl`gtç, nc nj ;??% fn jks drkciks cù`nrl fntnr`gckfl y rkstrls `ucgbgpkjns nstkfl. yJkuc`unstrks rnbljnbtkfksfnsnprnfgls ncvàkcfnk trkspktgl uc Jkhlrktlrgl kutlrgzkfl plrfnj jk RKDKX_K (Jkhlrktlrgl fn Fgkdclstgbl fn Bkjk`kcfk).  Cltgagbkbgòc fn bksls slspnbmlsls.- fn Agnhrn _lrbgck Bjësgbk l fn ncanr`nfkfns rliks fnj bnrfl k jk Fgrnbbgòc, Fnjndkbgòc nstktkj fn jk snbrntkrgk, B_K, kutlrgfkfns nstktkjns, Kslbgkbglcns fn _lrbgbujtlrns. Gcvnstgdkbgòc Npgzlltgljòdgbk.-rnqugsgtl gcfgspncskhjn pkrk gcblrplrkr k zlcks k aksn jghrn, fnhn blctkrsn blc uc drupl nspnbgkj fn vgdgjkcbgk kbtgvk fn A_B blcalr`kfl plr @QY qun sn fnfgqunc k jk vgdgjkcbgk fn A_B.

Fnctrl fn jks aucbglcns qun fnhn rnkjgzkr nj drupl fn vgdgjkcbgk slc9 

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Xnkjgzkr blcstkctn`nctn nj rnblrrgfl nc hksn k rutks prnfntnr`gckfks fn drkciks pgsbàbljks y nxpjltkbglcns rurkjns y fn trkspktgl k agc fn gfnctgagbkr nc su bksl, jk nxgstncbgk fn prlhjn`ks skcgtkrgls bl`pktghjns blc A_B. Xnkjgzkr Xnkjg zkr ncb ncbunstks, unstks, nctrnv nctrnvgstks gstks y pjëtg pjëtgbks bks blc plrbgb plrbgbujtlrn ujtlrnss y pnrs pnrslcks lcks l drupls vgcbujkfls blc jk plrbgbujturk, k agc fn lhtncnr y prlplrbglckr gcalr`kbgòc slhrn jk A_B nc jk zlck. Bljnbtkr `unstrks fn sunrls u òrdkcls, sndùc snk nj bksl, nc kqunjjks lbksglcns nc qun sn sn slsp slspnbm nbmn n fn kjd kjdùc ùc prl prlhjn hjn`k `k skc skcgtk gtkrgl rgl bl`pk bl`pktgh tghjn jn blc A_B A_B l nc jls bksls nc qun sn nstçc rnkjgzkcfl nstufgls blc kcg`kjns bnctgcnjks. Cltgagbkr fn gc`nfgktl k jk Rnbrntkràk l k jks kutlrgfkfns fn Dlhgnrcl fnj Nstkfl bukjqugnr slspnbmk fn A_B. Nstk Ns tkhj hjnb nbnr nr bl bllrf lrfgc gckb kbgò gòc c bl blc c rkstr rkstrls ls,, nst nstkh khjn jnbg bg`g `gnc nctl tlss VG VGA, A, jk jkhlr hlrkt ktlrg lrgls ls fn fgkdcòstgbl y bksntks fn vnrgagbkbgòc fn jk `lvgjgzkbgòc kcg`kj, k agc fn blctkr blc gcalr`kbgòc nc alr`k lplrtuck y rnkjgzkr nj sndug`gnctl qun blrrnsplcfk. Gcalr`kr pnrgòfgbk`nctn k jk Rnbrntkràk slhrn jks kbtgvgfkfns rnkjgzkfks.

Ncanr`nfkf fn Kuinzey

Jk ncanr`nfkf fn Kuinszey (NK), tk`hgçc blclbgfk bl`l psnuflrkhgk, ns uck ncanr`nfkf blct bl ctkd kdgl glsk sk qu qun n kanb kanbtk tk k jl jlss bnr bnrfls fls.. Ns bk bkus uskf kfk k plr plr uc mn mnrp rpnsv nsvgr grus us qu qun n lbks lbksgl glck ck prlhjn`ks nc jls sgstn`ks cnrvglsl, rnspgrktlrgl y rnprlfubtgvl, prgcbgpkj`nctn, nc bnrfls qun sn ncbunctrkc nc jk ntkpk prnfnstntn, blc kjtk `lrhgjgfkf y `lrtkjgfkf. Vk`hgçc punfn prnsnctkrsn nc hlvgcls, pnrrls, dktls, hlrrndls y bkhrks (Xlvgf, 8?;?). Nj vgrus fn jk ncanr`nfkf fn Kuinszey sn punfn trkcs`gtgr k trkvçs fnj blctkbtl fgrnbtl blc bnrfls hltks, gcanbtkrlpk, gcanbtkfls, fls, blc lhint lhintls lskduk, qun mkykc nstkflhnhnfnrls, nc blctkb blctkbtl tljkzk blc trl`pks, bnrfls gcanbt gcanbtkfls, kfls, ltkjns bl`l9 kjg`nctl, bl`nfnrls, inrgcdks, fnj

 

blctkbtl blc akuck clbgvk, bl`l jls rlnflrns, l blc vnmàbujls fn trkcsplrtn sgc jkvkr y fnsgcanbtkr, jls bukjns slc uck aunctn fn blctk`gckbgòc nctrn zlcks gcanbtkfks y zlcks jghrns (Blrrnk, ;7=8). Nstk ncanr`nfkf ncanr`nfkf sn punfn prnvncg prnvncgrr k trkvçs fn `nfgfks fn hglsndurgfkf hglsndurgfkf nc jk drkcik, jks bukjns fnhnc blctn`pjkr9 nj blctrlj fn rlnflrns y kvns sgjvnstrns5 prunhks nc bnrfls fn rnn`pjk rnn` pjkzl zl blc rnsu rnsujtk jtkfls fls cnd cndktg ktgvls5 vls5 nvg nvgtkr tkr jk blmk blmkhgt hgtkbg kbgòc òc blc ru` ru`gkc gkctns tns55 `kc `kctnc tncnr  nr  rnstr rns trgc gcdg dgfl fl nj fn kbb kbbns nsl l k bk bk`g lcns ns k jk jkssy bl`prkflrns gc gcst stkj kjkbg kbglc lcns, ns,fnfgst fgbnrfls strg rghug hugfl flrns `nfg fgbg bgck cks, s, khkstnbnflrns kjg`nctl, fn`glc bl`hustghjn ncrns pgn5fn uskr`n hgljòdgbl fnjktkfl, fnjktk fl, vkbuck `krbkfk qun ku`nctk jk gc`ucgfkf fn jk pgkrk blc nj agc fn prl`lvnr jk rnsgstncbgk ckturkj fn jls bnrfls, y pnr`gtn, plr `nfgl fnj fgkdcòstgbl, fganrncbgkr k jls bnrfls gcanbtkfls blc nj vgrus fn bk`pl, fn jls bnrfls prltndgfls plr jk vkbuckbgòc (Xlvgf, 8?;?). Jk bk`pkûk blctrk jk ncanr` ncanr`nfkf nfkf fn kuinszey nc jk Xnpùhjgbk Xnpùhjgbk @nxgbkck sn ncbunct ncbunctrk rk nc fganrnctns aksns y kvkcbns, fn kbunrfl kj tgn`pl fn gcgbgl fn kbbglcns pkrk su blctrlj y nrrkfgbkbgòc. Jk bk`pkûk blctrk jk ncanr`nfkf fn kuinszey tgncn bl`l agckjgfkf nstkhjnbnr `nfgfks y kbbglcns skcgtkrgks pkrk nj blctrlj y/l nrrkfgbkbgòc fn jk ncanr`nfkf qun kanbtk k jls bnrfls, blc nj lhintgvl fn nvgtkr qun bkusnc fkûls y pçrfgfks k jk plrbgbujturk y k jls plrbgbujtlrns. Vncgncfl bl`l Lhintgvl fntnr`gc Vncgncfl fntnr`gckr, kr, bllrfgckr y nvkjukr nvkjukr kbtgv kbtgvgfkfns gfkfns y kbbglc kbbglcns ns tçbcg tçbcgbks bks y kf`g kf `gcg cgst strk rktgtgvk vkss pkrk pkrk jl jldr drkr kr nj fg fgkdc kdcòs òstgtgbl bl,, pr prnvn nvncbg cbgòc òc,, bl blct ctrlj rlj y nr nrrkf rkfgb gbkbg kbgòc òc fn jk jk,, Ncanr`nfkf Ncanr` nfkf fn Kuinsz Kuinszey, ey, blc hksn nc jks Clr`k Lagbgkj @nxgbkck ??4, blkfyuvk blkfyuvkcfl cfl blc njjl k `nilrkr jk prlfubbgòc plrbgbljk. W fgs`gcugr jls rgnsdls fn su fgsn`gckbgòc. Jk lpnrk lpnrkbg bgòc òc fn jk jkss Bk Bk`p `pkû kûks ks Yl Ylls lskc kcgtgtkrg krgks, ks, ns kp kply lykfk kfk blc blc rnb rnburs ursls, ls, `n `nfg fgkc kctn tn blcvncgls blcvncg ls fn bllrfg bllrfgckbgòc ckbgòc nctrn nj D Dlhgnrcl lhgnrcl Anfnrk Anfnrkj,j, N Nstktkj stktkj y prlfubt prlfubtlrns5 lrns5 gctndrkfls gctndrkfls nc nj Bl`gtç Nstktkj fn Al`nctl y _rltnbbgòc _nbukrgk, qugncns slc jls rnsplcskhjns fn jk lpnrktgvgfkf fn jks kbbglcns prldrk`ks. Nstrktndgks9 Nc zlcks nc blctrlj y nsbksk prnvkjncbgk jk vkbuckbgòc nc plrbgbujturk tnbcgagbkfk y fn trkspktgl blc bnpks fnj vgrus blc fnjnbgòc D;.  Blcstktkbgòc fn pgkrks jghrns fn jk ncanr`nfkf. Blctrlj nc jk `lvgjgzkbgòc fn bnrfls nc pgn. Nc zlcks nc blctrlj, blctrlj, nsbksk prnvkjncbgk, nrrkfgb nrrkfgbkbgòc kbgòc y jghrns jk kbbgòc prgcbg prgcbgpkj pkj ns jk vgdgjkcbgk npgfn`gljòdgbk. 

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Nc jk `nfgfk nc jk qun sn kvkczk nc jls prldrk`ks fn vkbuckbgòc, y nj nstkhjnbg`gnctl fn `nfgfks fn hglsndurgfkf nc jks drkciks plrbgcks, sn rnfubnc jks pçrfgfks kslbgkfks k ncanr`nfkf y sn khrnc pnrspnbtgvks k jk bl`nrbgkjgzkbgòc fn bnrfls, sus prlfubtls y suhprlfubtls. Aksns fn jk Bk`pkûk9

 

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Blctrlj Nsbksk _rnvkjncbgk Nrrkfgbkbgòc Aksn Jghrn

NRVKV^R RKCGVKXGL CKBGLCKJ9 ;= nstkfls nstkfls nc aksn jghrn 1 nc nrrkfgbkbgòc (Blkmugjk, Furkcdl, Ckykrgt, [unrçtkrl, Bmgkpks y Vkhksbl) = nc aksn aksn fn nsb nsbksk ksk prnvkjn prnvkjncbg cbgk k ( Blj Bljg`k g`k,, Ikj Ikjgsb gsbl, l, @gbmlkb @gbmlkbëc, ëc, Duk Dukcki ckiukt uktl, l, Nstkfl fn @çxgbl, F. A., @lrnjls, Lkxkbk )  (RNCKRGBK ·, 8?;2) Qçksn agdurk ;.; 

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Agdurk ;.; Rgtukbgòc kbtukj fn ncanr`nfkf fn  Kuinzey nc @çxgbl. (RNCKRGBK (RNCKRGBK ¸, 8?;6)

Nstktus Rkcgtkrgl Nstktkj9 [unrçtkrl sn ncbunctrk nc jk AKRN FN NXXKFGBBGLC. Jk bk`pkûk sn gcgbgk blc nj Ruhbl`gtç Nstktkj n _lrbgbujturk, kj ksgdcërsnjn rnbursls plr pkrtn fnj prldrk`k fn Kjgkczk pkrk nj bk`pl nc nj kûl fn ;77>, `gs`ls qun sn utgjgzkc nc jk vgdgjkcbgk npgzlltgljldgbk, bu`pjgncfl su tk`kûl fn `unstrk kcukj qun sn ksgdck kj nstkfl.  Kbtgvgfkfns y Kbbglcns fn bk`pkûk Nc hksn k jk Clr`k lagbgkj CL@-??4-YLL-;7765 _uctl >.8. Aksn fn nrrkfgbkbgòc. Jks zlcks blcsgfnrkfks nc nstk aksn sn rnblclbnrëc lagbgkj`nctn bukcfl bu`pjkc blc jls sgdugnctns rnqugsgtls9      

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[un nxgstk l sn alr`n uc Bl`gtç l Ruhbl`gtç nspnbàagbl pkrk jk Bk`pkûk. Blctkr blc uc prldrk`k blctgcul fn prl`lbgòc fn jk Bk`pkûk. _kfròc nstktkj fn plrbgbujtlrns kbtukjgzkfl. Blctkr blc nj Rgstn`k fn Gcalr`kbgòc y Qgdgjkcbgk Npgzlltgljòdgbk. Blctkr blc jk gcarknstrubturk fn snrvgbgls fn fgkdcòstgbl. Blctkr blc jk gcarknstrubturk pkrk nj blctrlj fn jk `lvgjgzkbgòc, blcalr`n k jl fgspunstl nc tlfl nj puctl ;6. fn nstk Clr`k. _rnvkjncbgk cl `kylr kj >% fn drkciks plsgtgvks k jk NK.

 

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Jks drkciks plsgtgvks fnhnrëc bukrnctnckrsn n gcblrplrkrsn kj pjkc H fn prunhk y njg`gckbgòc blc vkbuckbgòc utgjgzkcfl vkbucks blc fnjnbgòc DG, kutlrgzkfks plr jk Rnbrntkràk. Qgdgjkcbgk npgzlltgljòdgbk y `lcgtlrnl pnrgòfgbl nc drkciks cndktgvks fn kbunrfl k jl snûkjkfl nc nj puctl ;?.8.

Bukc Bu kcfl fl jks jks drkc drkcik ikss pl plsg sgtgtgvk vkss fn uc uck k zlck zlck nc aksn aksn fn nsbk nsbksk sk pr prnv nvkj kjnc ncbg bgk k snkc snkc fnsplhjkfks, fnsplhj kfks, zlck plfrë kvkczkr k jk aksn jghrn fnspuçs fn uc nj pnrglfl pnrglf fnbjksgagbkrë 1 `nsns fnspuçs fn jkfgbmk fnsplhjkbgòc fn jk ùjtg`k drkcik plsgtgvk, jkpsl furkctn bukjlsn nc aksn fn nrrkfgbkbgò nrrkfgbkbgòc. c. Jks drkciks fnsplh fnsplhjkfks jkfks plfrëc rnplhjkr rnplhjkrsn sn 2 `nsns fnspuçs fn mkhnr skjgfl nj ùjtg`l bnrfl fn sus gcstkjkbglcns. Nstk aksn agckjgzkrë bukcfl tlfks jks drkciks plsgtgvks lhtncdkc su blcstkcbgk fn pgkrk jghrn l qun çstks snkc fnsplhjkfks hkil supnrvgsgòc lagbgkj. Nc bksl fn qun nc uck zlck nc aksn fn nsbksk prnvkjncbgk sn gcbrn`nctn nj cù`nrl fn drkciks plsgtgvks k jk NK plr krrghk fnj ;>%, fgbmk zlck sn bjksgagbkrë nc aksn fn blctrlj. Qgdgjkcbgk npgfn`gljòdgbk. Jk Rnbrntkrgk fntnr`gcknc uc nj tk`kûl kcukj quncù`nrl rnkjgzk nj _nrslckj fnj Nstktkj fn _lrbgbujturk ;??% fn fn`unstrk jks drkciks y uc fntnr`gckfl fnRuhbl`gtç prnfgls y `unstrks prnfgls fn trkspktgl Jk vgdgjkcbgk sgc g`plrtkr jk aksn fn Bk`pkûk ns lhjgdktlrgk9   

Jk cltgagbkbgòc Fgkdcòstgbl Blctrlj y sndug`gnctl fn tlfl bksl slspnbmlsl fn jk NK.

Qkbucks y vkbuckbgòc Vlfks jks vkbucks utgjgzkfks nc jk Bk`pkûk snrëc blc fnjnbgòc DN, kutlrgzkfks plr jk Rnbrntkràk, fn kbunrfl vkbucks blctrk jk NK. kj puctl >. fn jk CL@-?6=-YLL-;771, Xnqugsgtls `àcg`ls pkrk jks Jks vkbucks fnhnrëc kpjgbkrsn fn kbunrfl k jk vàk fn kf`gcgstrkbgòc gcfgbkfk plr nj jkhlrktlrgl akhrgbkctn. Nj `kcn `kcnil il fn vkbu vkbuck ckss y kc kctà tàdn dncl clss fn fnhn hnrë rë rn rnkj kjgz gzkr krsn sn hk hkil il nstr nstrgb gbtk tkss `n `nfg fgfk fkss fn blcsnrvkbgòc fn jls hgljòdgbls, k trkvçs fn uck nagbgnctn lpnrkbgòc fn jk bkfnck aràk5 sgncfl çstk uck rnsplcskhgjgfkf bl`pkrtgfk nctrn prlfubtlrns y tncnflrns fn bnrfls, `çfgbls vntnrgckrgls kprlhkfls, n`prnsks prlfubtlrks, bl`nrbgkjgzkflrks fn prlfubtls hgljòdgbls y ltrls fntnr`gckfls plr jk Rnbrntkràk. Jk vgdg vgdgjkcbgk jkcbgk fn jks blcfgbglcns fn kpjgb kpjgbkbgòc kbgòc y `kcni `kcnil l fnj hgljòdgbl snrë rnsplcskhgj rnsplcskhgjgfkf gfkf fnj @çfgbl Qntnrgckrgl lagbgkj l kprlhkfl qun vnrgagqun l kpjgqun jk vkbuckbgòc.

 

Jls jkh jkhlrkt lrktlrg lrgls ls prlf prlfubt ubtlrns lrns y/l g`p g`plrt lrtkflr kflrns ns fn vkbucks vkbucks blc blctrk trk jk NK, fnhnrëc fnhnrëc snr  kutl ku tlrg rgzkf zkfls ls plr jk Fg Fgrnb rnbbg bgòc òc n gc gcal alr` r`kr kr `n `ncs csuk ukj` j`nct nctn n sl slhr hrn n sus sus vnc vnctk tkss fn vk vkbu buck ck (RNCKRGBK ·, 8?;2). Hrùbnjk

Jk hrubnjlsgs ns uck ncanr`nfkf gcanbtl-blctkdglsk fn lrgdnc hkbtnrgkcl bkuskfk plr  blb blblhk lhkbg bgjl jls s Dr Drk` k` fn cn cndk dktg tgvl vlss fn fnjjfl`çstgbls dçcn dçcnrl rl Hr Hrubn jjk k qun qun (Xlvgf, kanbt ka nbtk k 8?;?). kj mu mu`k `kcl cl ksà bl bl`l `l k fganrnctns nspnbgns `k`àanrls yubnjj sgjvnstrns Jk fg fgst strg rghub hubgò gòc c fn jk hr hrubn ubnjl jlsg sgss ns `ucf `ucfgk gkjj y nc @ç @çxg xgbl bl ns bl blcsg csgfn fnrkf rkfk k bl` bl`l l uc uck k ncanr`nfkf ncfç`gbk (Aljjntl tçbcgbl cl. 8, 8?;;). Nc jk vgrujncbgk fn Hrubnjjk ns fn su`k g`plrtkcbgk tl`kr nc bunctk su mkhgjgfkf pkrk slhrnvgvgr y `ujtgpjgbkrsn fnctrl fn jks bçjujks mlspnfnrks. Jks bnpks vgrujnctks fn Hrubnjjk kj snr ak akdlb dlbgtgtkf kfks ks plr nj `k `kbr bròa òakdl kdl,, `n `nbk bkcg cgs` s`l l pl plrr nj bu bukj kj nc tn tnlr lràk àk fnhnrà fnhnràkc kc sn snr  r  fnstrugfks kj alr`krsn nj akdljgslsl`k, tgncnc jk bkpkbgfkf fn nvgtkr jk `kfurkbgòc fnj akdlsl`k y brnkr su cgbml gctrkbnjujkr nc nj rntàbujl ncflpjës`gbl, sgtgl nc nj qun sn kjlikc y sn `ujtgpjgbkc. Nc bkhrks jk hrubnjlsgs bkusk khlrtl prgcbgpkj`nctn nc nj ùjtg`l tnrbgl fn jk dnstkbgòc, qun bks bksg g sg sgn` n`prn prn ns sndug sndbkctgfkfns ugfl fl pl plrr pkrt pk ls clr` clr`kj kjns ns Nc ncnjjl jls s bu bukj kjns ns jkssrkrk mn` mn`hr hrks ks blc tgcù cùkc kc njg`gckcfl drkcfns fnrtls jk hkbtnrgk. `kbml `uyjk vnz sn blctg prnsnctk lrqugtgs l npgfgfg`gtgs plr nstk `gs`k bkusk. Jks snbrnbglcns qun krrlikc jks bkhrks gcanbtkfks furkctn nj pkrtl l nj khlrtl blctk`gckc nj kjg`nctl y nj kduk, qun kj snr  gcdnrgfls plr jls kcg`kjns susbnptghjns pncntrkc kj lrdkcgs`l plr vàk lrkj, l plr vàk blciuctgvkj `nfgkctn knrlsljns. Jk trkcs`gsgòc vnrtgbkj fn jk hrubnjjk k jks bràks lburrn furkctn nj pkrtl l jk jkbtkbgòc. Nc @çxgbl jk snrlprnvkjncbgk vkràk nctrn rndglcns, jjndkcfl k kjbkczkr vkjlrns mkstk fnj 6?%, pnrl sgc bkuskr `unrtns. Nc lvgcls jk hrubnjlsgs ns bkuskfk plr H. lvgs  y H. `njgtncsgs. Nstk gcalr`kbgòc ns `uy g`plrtkctn plrqun jls sgdcls bjàcgbls qun prnsnctkc jls kcg`kjns, jk prlhjn`ëtgbk qun bkuskc, nj fgkdcòstgbl, jk vkbuckbgòc y jks `nfgfks fn blctrlj, slc fganrnctns. Jk prg`nrk, H. lvgs, bkusk prgcbg prgcbgpkj`n pkj`nctn ctn jk npgfg npgfgfg`gt fg`gtgs gs blctkdglsk fnj bkrcnrl y rkrk vnz kanbt kanbtk k k jks mn`hrks, `gnctrks qun jk H. `njgtncsgs prlvlbk khlrtl y `uy rkrk vnz kanbtk k `kbmls (Xlvgf, 8?;?). Jk sgtukbgòc kbtukj fn jk Hrubnjlsgs nc nj pkàs, sn ncbunctrk nc Aksn fn Blctrlj k kbnpbgòc fn @çrgfk qun sn ncbunctrk nc Aksn fn Nrrkfgbkbgòc y Rlclrk qun sn ncbunctrk jk pkrtn clrtn fnj nstkfl nc Aksn jghrn y uck pnqunûk pkrtn fnj sur nc Aksn fn Nrrkfgbkbgòc. Qnr  agdurk 8.; Agdurk 8.; Rgtukbgòc kbtukj fn ncanr`nfkf fn Hrubnjk nc @çxgbl. (RNCKRGBK ¸, 8?;6)

 

 Kctnbnfnctns Nstktkjns9 Jk sgtukbgòc kbtukj fn jk Hrubnjlsgs nc nj nstkfl fn [unrçtkrl, sn ncbunctrk nc Aksn fn Blctrlj.  Kbtgvgfkfns y Kbbglcns fn Bk`pkûk9     

@unstrnl Rnrljòdgbl fn jls Kcg`kjns k _krtgr fn jls 2 @nsns fn Nfkf Gfnctgagbkbgòc fn jls Kcg`kjns _runhks fn Jkhlrktlrgl @krbkfl blc Agnrrl Bkjgnctn Kcg`kjns _lsgtgvls y Rkbrgagbkfls Qkbuckbgòc k _krtgr fn jls 2 @nsns fn Nfkf

Nstktus y Ylcks fn Vrkhkil Nj nstkfl sn ncbunctrk nc blctrlj, jks zlcks fn trkhkil fn jk Bk`pkûk Blctrk jk Hrubnjlsgs Bkprgck y Lvgck ns jk tltkjgfkf fnj nstkfl. Jk Clr`k qun kpjgbk pkrk jk Bk`pkûk Blctrk jk Hrubnjlsgs Bkprgck y Lvgck nc @gbmlkbëc ns jk, Cl Clr` r`k k Lagb Lagbgk gkjj @n @nxg xgbk bkck ck CL CL@@-?6 ?6;;-YL YLLL-;7 ;77> 7> Bk Bk`p `pkû kûk k Ckbg Ckbglc lckj kj Bl Blct ctrk rk jk Hrubnjlsgs nc jls Kcg`kjns (Aljjntl tçbcgbl cl. 8, 8?;;). Gcajunczk kvgkr 

Jk gcajunczk kvgkr punfn `kcganstkrsn k trkvçs fn fganrnctns sàctl`ks nc pljjls y pkvls, fnsfn uc gcanbbgòc sgc `unstrks bjàcgbks mkstk uck fn drkc `lrtkjgfkf. Nj vgrus, plr clr`k dncnr dn cnrkj kj,, sn fgvg fgvgfn fn nct nctrn rn kqun kqunjjjjls ls qu qun n pr prlvl lvlbk bkc c prg prgcb cbgpk gpkj` j`nc nctn tn uc uck k gc gcan anbbg bbgòc òc fn jk jkss `ublsks l uck gcanbbgòc rnspgrktlrgk, blclbgfl bl`l gcajunczk kvgkr fn hkik pktldncgbgfkf. Nstls vgrus sn kàsjkc blc arnbuncbgk nc kvns, y nj plsghjn khkcgbl fn sgdcls bjàcgbls khkrbk fnsfn gcanbbglcns ksgctl`ëtgbks mkstk bkàfks nc jks prlfubbgòc fn munvls y ncanr`nfkfns rnspgrktlrgks `lfnrkfks, kucqun kjducks bnpks fn hkik pktldncgbgfkf punfnc prlvlbkr jk `unrtn, clr`kj`nctn plr uck blgcanbbgòc blc pktòdncls snbucfkrgls (Blrrnk, ;7=8). Nj vgrus fn gcajunczk kvgkr fn kjtk pktldncgbgfkf prlvlbk kjtk `lrhgjgfkf y kjtk `lrtkjgfkf y sn blcsgfnrk uck ncanr`nfkf nxòtgbk nc jls Nstkfls ^cgfls y @çxgbl. Gcajunczk kvgkr nc @çxgbl Nc lbtuhrn fn ;772, sn kslbgkrlc sàctl`ks rnspgrktlrgls y jk fgs`gcubgòc fn jk prlfubbgòc fn munvl nc plcnflrks bl`nrbgkjns nc @çxgbl k jk nvgfncbgk snrljòdgbk fn jk GK tgpl M>. Nj vgrus sn kgsjò prg`nrl nc `kyl fn ;776 nc pljjls fn ncdlrfk y cl prlvlbò cgcdùc sgdcl fn

 

jk nca ncanr` nr`nfk nfkf f bukcfl bukcfl sn gclbuhò gclbuhò nxp nxpnrg` nrg`nct nctkj` kj`nct nctn n nc plj pljjls jls jghrns jghrns fnj pktòdnc pktòdncls ls nspnbàagbls. _krk bukcfl nj suhtgpl cl pktldçcgbl M>C8 sn kgsjò nc @çxgbl, nj vgrus yk sn mkhàk prlpkdkfl `ubml y jk lpbgòc fn nrrkfgbkr jk bnpk vgrujnctk fn jk plhjkbgòc fn pljjls `nxgbkck mkhàk yk slhrnpkskfl jls rnbursls fn jk gcfustrgk. Nc ncnrl fnfn;77>, nj nc vgrus fn kjtk ypktldncgbgfkf M>C8 ncgclbujkfks, rnprlfubtlrks bl`nrbgkjns pljjlssnfnfntnbtò ncdlrfk [unrçtkrl `ktò k tlfks jks kvns blc sgdcls bjësgbls fn pnstn kvgkr. Fnhgfl k qun jk nrrkfgbkbgòc fnj M>C8 fn jk gcfustrgk fn pljjl `nxgbkck nctrn ;776 y ;77> `nfgkctn `çtlfls fn fnsplhjkbgòc cl nrk nblcò`gbk`nctn vgkhjn, @çxgbl aun nj prg`nr  pkàs nc kflptkr jk vkbuckbgòc bl`l uc `çtlfl fn rnfubbgòc fn jk prlpkdkbgòc, blc nj lhintgvl agckj fn jk nrrkfgbkbgòc. Rn nstkhjnbgò uc prldrk`k fn vkbuckbgòc blctrk jk GK nc ;776. Nc prgcbgpgl, nj prldrk`k sn gcstgtuyò pkrk blctrljkr nj hrltn fnj vgrus fn kjtk pktldncgbgfkf M>C8 qun sn prlfuil nsn kûl. Rn prlf prlfui uil l uc uck vk vkbuc buck k njbl bl`n `nrbg rbgkj kj kjtk blct bl ctrk rk jk GK uskc uskcfl flnrrkfgbò jk bn bnpk pkfnfn fnj j vg vgrus rus ku kutl tlrg rgzkf zkfk k lagbgkj`nctn. Ncknsn kûl, vgrus fn pktldncgbgfkf sn tlfk jk gcfustrgk fnj pljjl `nxgbkck y sn fnbgfgò blctgcukr blc nj prldrk`k fn vkbuckbgòc pkrk prltndnr  pkrvkfks bl`nrbgkjns fn jls vgrus fn hkik pktldncgbgfkf M>C8. Fnspuçs fn bksg fls fçbkfks uskcfl jk vkbuck blctrk jk GK nc @çxgbl, jks drkciks bl`nrbgkjns qunfkrlc jghrns fnj vgrus fn kjtk pktldncgbgfkf. Qnr agdurk 2.; (B_K, 8?;;) Agdurk 2.; Rgtukbgòc kbtukj fn Gcajunczk Kvgkr  nc @çxgbl. (RNCKRGBK ¸, 8?;6)

 K pnskr fn jk vkbuckbgòc nc `ksk, sn mkc lhsnrvkfl sgdcls fn ncanr`nfkf rnspgrktlrgk nc pkrvkfks vkbuckfks, fnhgfl k uc fnskaàl fn bk`pl blc vgrus fn GK fn hkik pktldncgbgfkf.  K pnskr fnj mnbml fn qun `gjjlcns fn pljjls sn mkc vkbuckfl blctrk nj vgrus fn jk GK fn hkik pktldncgbgfkf, nstls vgrus sn nstëc `lvgncfl k trkvçs fn jks drkciks fn pljjls y kanbtkc k jls pkrë`ntrls fn prlfubtgvgfkf.

 

Nc jl jlss pl pljjjjls ls fn nc ncdl dlrfk rfk,, jk `l `lrt rtkj kjgf gfkf kf mk ku ku`n `nct ctkf kfl l mks mkstk tk nc fls y tr trns ns vnb vnbns ns,, hësgbk`nctn fnhgfl k prlhjn`ks rnspgrktlrgls plrqun nj vgrus prlvlbk jk lhstrubbgòc fn jls hrlcqugls, jl qun fnsn`hlbk nc jk ksagxgk fn jls pljjls. Jls fnbl`gsls ku`nctkrlc fnhgfl k qun nj vgrus sn kslbgk blc jk hkbtnrgk lplrtucgstk N.bljg, qun bkusk bljgsnptgbn`gk.   @çxgbl tgncn jk bk`pkûk fn skjuf kcg`kj `ës k`pjgk qun bukjqugnr ltrl pkàs nc nj `ucfl nc bukctl M>C8 fnj vgrus fn jk gcajunczk kvgkr. Dlhgnrcl mk mnbml bk`hglsnc l kiustns nckjjksuhtgpl bk`pkûk lrgdgckj y nctrkrlc nc vgdlr ncNj8?;;. Nj pkàs nstë fgvgfgfl bl`pkrtg`nctls sndùc su nstktus skcgtkrgl. Nxgstnc rnstrgbbglcns kj trksjkfl fn kcg`kjns l prlfubtls fnrgvkfls nctrn njjls. Ltrl Ltrl bk bk`h `hgl gl ns qu qun n yk cl sn pn pnr`g r`gtn tn qun qun jk jkhl hlrk rktl tlrg rgls ls prg prgvk vkfl flss mk mkdkc dkc pru prunh nhks ks fn kgsjk`gnctl vàrgbl l fn kgsjk`gnctl fn mn`kdjutgckbgòc. Kmlrk, tlfks jks `unstrks pkrk vnrgagbkr qun uck pkrvkfk nstë jghrn fn GK sn kckjgzkc nc jkhlrktlrgls duhnrck`nctkjns. Ncanr`nfkf fn Cnwbkstjn

Mkstk jk anbmk sljk`nctn sn mk fn`lstrkfl nj blctkdgl nc mu`kcls bukcfl nxgstn blctkbtl kbbgfnctkj fnj vgrus blc jks `ublsks lbujkrns, nc flcfn bkusk blciuctgvgtgs blc fgvnrsls drkfls fn kanbtkbgòc, clr`kj`nctn blc rnsljubgòc akvlrkhjn k jls plbls fàks. Rn trkcs`gtn k trkvçs fnj blctkbtl fgrnbtl blc kvns gcanbtkfks, ksà bl`l fnj blctkbtl blc `ktn `k tnrg rgk k an anbk bkjj l snb snbrnb rnbgl glcns cns lrl lrlcks ckskj kjns ns fn kvn kvnss gc gcan anbt btkf kfks ks.. Nj vg vgru russ tk tk`h `hgç gçc c pu punf nfn n slhrnvgvgr nc fgvnrsls `ktnrgkjns tkjns bl`l9 bësbkrks fn munvl, `ktnrgkj gclrdëcgbl, hksurk, bunrpls fn kduk nstkcbkfk, ksà bl`l nc jk pgnj l jk `çfujk òsnk fn kvns skbrgagbkfks. Rn blcsgfnrk qun uc kcg`kj l uck drkcik nstëc gcanbt gcanbtkfls, kfls, bukcfl çstk sn mk ncblctrkfl plsgtgvk k jk prunhk fn kgsjk`gnctl vgrkj n gfnctgagbkbgòc fn bnpks vnjldçcgbks fn jk ncanr`nfkf ncanr` nfkf fn Cnwbk Cnwbkstjn5 stjn5 kfgbglckj kfgbglckj`nctn, `nctn, jk gcvnst gcvnstgdkbgò gdkbgòc c npgfn` npgfn`gljòdg gljòdgbk bk qun gcfgqu gcfgqun n jk nxplsgbgòc fn jks kvns blc nj vgrus fn Cnwbkstjn y prunhks fn fgkdcòstgbl plr tçbcgbks fn XV-_BX, blcagr`krëc nj fgkdcòstgbl plsgtgvl (Blrrnk, ;778). Nc @ç @çxg xgbl bl jkncprn prnvn cbgò gòc cfnsnprlfubbgòc, jjjjnvk nvk k bk bkhl hl bl blc c njqun nst nstkh khjn jnbg bg`g `gnc nctl tlsgjvnstrns fn uc sg sgst n`k k fn hglsndurgfkf jk vncb ucgfkf g`pgfgncfl nctrnc kvns lstn` bukjqugnr  kvn prlvncgn prlvncgnctn ctn fn ltr ltrks ks nxp nxpjlt jltkbgl kbglcns cns qun rnpr rnprnsn nsnctn ctnc c rgns rgnsdl dl (pnrslc (pnrslcks, ks, bk`glc bk`glcns, ns, `çfgbls vntnrgckrgls, fgstrghugflrns fn `nfgbgcks y kjg`nctl, punfnc blcstgtugr uc akbtlr fn rgnsdl pkrk jk fgsn`gckbgòc fnj vgrus). Nxgstnc vkbucks qun ku`nctkc jk rnsgstncbgk ckturkj fn jks kvns, jk bukjns slc `uy sndurks y punfnc prltndnr blctrk fganrnctns bnpks fn bk`pl. Bk`pkûk Ckbglckj blctrk jk Ncanr`nfkf fn Cnwbkstjn Fnsfn ;77> nxgstn nc @çxgbl jk Bk`pkûk Ckbglckj blctrk jk Ncanr`nfkf fn Cnwbkstjn buyl lhintgvl ns nrrkfgbkr jk ncanr`nfkf nc nxpjltkbglcns kvàbljks. Nstk bk`pkûk ns lhjgdktlrgk y ns rnkjgzkfk fn `kcnrk bllrfgckfk nctrn jls trns ë`hgtls fn dlhgnrcl y jls prlfubtlrns nc tlfl nj pkàs. Jk lhjgdktlrgnfkf fn jk `gs`k sn hksk nc uck Clr`k Lagbgkj

 

@nxgbkck CL@-?;2-YLL-;776 Bk`pkûk Ckbglckj blctrk jk Ncanr`nfkf fn Cnwbkstjn _rnsnctkbgòc Qnjldçcgbk, jk bukj rndjk`nctk jk Jny Anfnrkj fn Rkcgfkf Kcg`kj (JARK). Jk bk`pkûk sn hksk nc jls prgcbgpgls y rnbl`ncfkbglcns skcgtkrgks nstkhjnbgfks plr jk Lrdkcgzkbgòc @ucfgkj fn Rkcgfkf Kcg`kj (LGN), jks bukjns sn ncbunctrkc pjks`kfks fn `kcnrk nspnbàagbk nspnbàagbk nc jk CL@-?;2-YL CL@-?;2-YLL-;776 L-;776 y jk JARK. Nj Dlhgnrcl Anfnrkj Anfnrkj,, k trkvç trkvçss fn jk Fgrnbbgòc fn Bk`pkûks Yllskcgtkrgks, qun fnpncfn fn jk Fgrnbbgòc Dncnrkj fn Rkjuf  Kcg`kj fnj kutlrgfkf nctlssjk `ktnrgk, sn ncbkrdk fnbàagagbl nstkhjnbnr jgjgcn cnk` k`gn gnct ctls ls,RNCKRGBK, , kbt kbtgv gvgf gfkf kfns nsns yjk prl prlbn bnfg fg`g `gnc nctl tç tçbc bcgb gbl l ysk skcg cgtk tkrg rgls ls nspn nspnbà blss pk pkrk rk jls jk nrrkfgbkbgòc fn jk ncanr`nfkf5 jls prlfubtlrns sn ncbkrdkc fn rnkjgzkrjls, blc jk agckjgfkf fn fntnbtkr rëpgfk`nctn jks ucgfkfns fn prlfubbgòc kanbtkfks, njg`gckr kqunjjls albls plsgtgvls y fgs`gcugr jk plsghgjgfkf fn qun jk ncanr`nfkf sn fgsn`gcn. Nxgstn nj blctrlj fn nctrkfk fn kcg`kjns gcanbtkfls plr punrtls, knrlpunrtls y arlctnrks y uc prldrk`k `ksgvl fn prl`lbgòc fn jks `nfgfks fn hglsndurgfkf y rnplrtn fnsfn jk slspnbmk fn kcg`kjns ncanr`ls.  Kbtukj`nctn nxgstnc 87 nstkfls y jk Xndgòc Jkducnrk, qun bl`prncfn vkrgls `ucgbgpgls, jghrns fn jk ncanr`nfkf bl`l sn `unstrk nc jk agdurk 6.; Agdurk 6.; Rgtukbgòc kbtukj fn ncanr`nfkf fn Cnwbkstjn nc @çxgbl. (RNCKRGBK ¸, 8?;6)

Xnbljnbbgòc fn `unstrks

_krk jk bljnbbgòc fn skcdrn fnhn tncnrsn nc bunctk nj sgtgl fn pucbgòc y nj bkjghrn fn kduik k utgjgzkr pkrk bkfk nspnbgn (Qnr Vkhj. 8.8) Rgn`prn utgjgzkr kduik y tuhl vkbutkgccnr  (sgstn`k kj vkbgl), cl inrgcdugjjk yk qun nstk prlpgbgk qun sn fkûn jk `unstrk plr mn`ljgsgs y kfn`ës rnprnsnctk uc kjtl rgnsdl fn hglsndurgfkf pkrk jks pnrslcks qun jks trkcsplrtkc l jks `kcnikc nc nj jkhlrktlrgl (JGHN]JKH, 8??7) Vkhjk 8.8 pucbgòc y bkjghrn fn kduik (JGHN]JKH, 8??7)

 

_krk jk kfnbukfk rnbljnbbgòc, blcsnrvkbgòc y ncvàl fn jks `unstrks, ns gcfgspncskhjn tncnr prnsnctns jks sgdugnctns clr`ks9 

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Vlfk `unstrk fnhn snr rn`gtgfk blc su mgstlrgk bjàcgbk bl`pjntk y pnranbtk`nctn gfnctgagbkfk. Jks `unstrks gfnkjns sn lhtgncnc fn kcg`kjns vgvls nc fgstgctls nstkfgls fn jk ncan nc anr` r`nf nfkf kf.. Rg ns cn cnbn bnsk skrg rgk k jk cn cnbr brlp lpsg sgk, k, çstk çstk fn fnhn hn du dukr krfk fkrr uc lr lrfn fnc c y `ntlfljldàk kfnbukfls5 kfn`ës, fnhn rnkjgzkrsn kj `nclr tgn`pl plsghjn fnspuçs fn jk `unrtn fnj kcg`kj (; mlrk). Jks `u `uns nstr trks ks pk pkrk rk ns nsttufgl ufglss hk hkbt btnr nrggljòd ljòdgb gbls ls fn fnhn hnc c tl`k tl`krs rsn n kc kcttns fn jk kf`gcgstrkbgòc fn `nfgbk`nctls y n`pjnkcfl sgn`prn `ktnrgkj nstçrgj. _krk nvgtkr  qun jk `unstrk sn snqun y jldrkr uck kfnbukf kfnbukfk k blcsnrvkbgò blcsnrvkbgòc, c, nc kjducl kjduclss bksls ns cnbnskrgl utgjgzkr `nfgls fn trkcsplrtn. _krk jk rnbljnbbgòc fn bukjqugnr ltrl tgpl fn `unstrk, utgjgzkr `ktnrgkj jg`pgl y snbl. Jlss nc Jl ncvk vksn snss utgj utgjgz gzkf kfls ls pk pkrk rk nj nc ncvà vàl l fn `uns `unstr trks ks fn fnhn hnc c snr snr nc jl pl plsg sghj hjn n grrl grrl`p `pgh ghjn jns, s, mn mnr` r`çt çtgb gbls ls y fn fg`n fg`ncs csgl glcn cnss kf kfnb nbuk ukfk fks. s. Jk Jkss _r _rnb nbku kubg bglc lcns ns k blcsgf blc sgfnrk nrkrr vkr vkràkc àkc blc jk bjk bjksn sn fn `unstr `unstrk, k, tn` tn`pnrk pnrktur turk k k`h k`hgnc gnctn, tn, trk trkcspl csplrtn rtn y furkbgòc furkbg òc fnj vgkin5 nc jàcnks dncnrkjns dncnrkjns,, nj tgn` tgn`pl pl nctrn jk lhtncb lhtncbgòc gòc fn jk `unstrk y su jjndkfk kj jkhlrktlrgl cl fnhn nxtncfnrsn `ës fn 86 mlrks (JGHN]JKH, 8??7).

_lrbgcls

@ktnrgkj

 

Vuhlss vkbu Vuhl vkbutk tkgc gcnr nr sg sgc c kc kctgtgbl blkdu kdujk jkct ctn, n, kfkpt kfkptkfl kflrn rns, s, kdu kduik ikss pk pkrk rk `u `unst nstrk rk fn sk skcdr cdrn, n, drkfgjjks, `krbkflrns pkrk kcg`kjns, krntns snrgkfls, pgczks pkrk krntkr, mgnjnrk, `krbkflr  pnr`kcnctn, mlik fn bk`pl (trkspktgl l drkcik), lvnrlj y hltks jg`pgks, fnsgcanbtkctn nc knrlslj, jkzk trl`pks. Nc jks Agdurk 6.; y 6.8 sn `unstrkc jls `ktnrgkjns utgjgzkfls, nc jk agdurk 6.1 sn `unstrk ucgalr`n fn trkhkil.

Rkcdrn Blcsgfnrkbglcns dncnrkjns pkrk jk tl`k fn `unstrks fn skcdrn9     

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Cl bljlbkr nj hgsnj fn jk kduik mkbgk khkil puns g`plsghgjgtk nj pksl fn skcdrn. Cl uskr kduiks mù`nfks yk qun sn mn`ljgzkc jls djòhujls rlils. ^tgjgzkr sgn`prn kduik y tuhl vkbutkgccnr gcfgvgfukj plr bkfk kcg`kj Nc bksl fn qun sn rnqugnrk kctgblkdujkctn ns kblcsnikhjn utgjgzkrjl nc pljvl y cl nc alr`k jàqugfk, puns sn fgjuyn jk skcdrn. Ml`ldncgzkr jk skcdrn blc nj kctgblkdujkctn pkrk nvgtkr jk alr`kbgòc fn blëdujls (JGHN]JKH, 8??7).

Rn vgsgtk uc sljl prnfgl plr fàk pkrk nvgtkr jk blctk`gckbgòc. blctk`gckbgòc. Rn `unst `unstrnkc rnkc > kcg`kjns kcg`kjns nc drkciks fn trkspktgl y 2? nc drkciks tnbcgagbkfks nctrn pgn fn bràk, ncdlrfk y sn`nctkjns. Nj prlbnfg`gnctl pkrk jk tl`k fn jk `unstrk fn skcdrn ns nj sgdugnctn. ;. ^ck pnrsl pnrslck ck suint suintkrk krk kj kcg kcg`kj `kj blc nj jjkzk kzk trl`p trl`pks ks ikjk ikjkcfl cfl nc jk fgr fgrnbbgòc nbbgòc bl blctrkrg ctrkrgk k pkrk `kctncnr nj bunjjl rnbtl (agdurks 6.2 - 6.>). 8. Ltrk Ltrk pnrs pnrslck lck ncrlsb ncrlsbk k jk kdui kduik k nc nj kfkp kfkptkf tkflr. lr. 2. [ugt [ugtk k jk tkpk y `ntn jk jk kduik nc nj surbl surbl fnj bunj bunjjl jl fnj kcg kcg`kj `kj pkrk nct nctrkr rkr k jk vnck yudujkr. (agdurk 6.=) 6. Rn `ntn n njj tuhl fnj l ltrl trl jkfl f fn n jk kduik y sn n nspnrk spnrk k qun sn jjjncn jncn `à `àcg`l cg`l 8/2 bblc lc skcdrn. >. Rg jk skcd skcdrn rn cl jjnck nj ttuhl uhl sn punfn k kiustkr iustkr jk jk plsgbgòc plsgbgòc fn jk kduik sg sgc c skbkrjk pl plr  r  bl`pjntl l rntgrkr nj tuhl y skbkr jk kduik pkrk nvgtkr pnrfnr nj vkbàl y rnkiustkr jk plsgbgòc. 1. ^ck vn vnzz lht lhtncg ncgfk fk jk `unst `unstrk rk sn krn krntk tk kj kc kcg`k g`kjj 4. Rg mk mkyy `ubm `ubmls ls kc kcg` g`kj kjns ns nc nsn nsn bmgq bmgqun unrl rl sn `k `krb rbk k pk pkrk rk nvgt nvgtkr kr blca blcauc ucfg fgrj rjl l y `unstrnkrjl fls vnbns. =. Jk `uns `unstrk trk sn rltu rltujk jk blc nj cù`n cù`nrl rl fn krnt krntn n fnj kcg` kcg`kj kj y sn rnd rndgst gstrk rk nc jk mlik fn bk`pl nj snxl, nfkf, krntn y cù`nrl fn pkrtls. 7. Jk `unst `unstrk rk sn `ntn k jjk k mgnjn mgnjnrk rk kbl`lf kbl`lfkfk kfk nc jk dr drkfgjj kfgjjk k pkrk qun pn pnr`kcnzb r`kcnzbk k fn `kcnrk vnrtgbkj y sn snpkrnc jls sunrls. Vlcsgjjks Jk rnbljnbbgòc sn rnkjgzk blc ksnpsgk y `ëxg`l uck mlrk fnspuçs fn jk `unrtn fnj kcg`kj.  

Nvgtkcfl tlpkr nj judkr fn jk jnsgòc k `unstrnkr, jks tlcsgjjks bl`pjntks. Fnplsgtkr jk `unstrk nc uck hljsk nstçrgj.

 

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Jks `u Jks `unst nstrks rks fn fnhn hnc c ncv ncvgk gkrsn rsn rn rnar argd gdnrk nrkfk fkss kj jk jkhlr hlrkt ktlrg lrgl. l. Cl ut utgjgjgz gzkr kr al alr` r`lj lj (JGHN]JKH, 8??7).

Lvgcls y bkprgcls

@ktnrgkj Nj `ktnrgkj qun sn utgjgzk slc tuhls vkbutkgcnr sgc kctgblkdujkctn, kfkptkflrns, kduiks pkrk `unstrk fn skcdrn, drkfgjjks, `krbkflrns pkrk kcg`kjns, krntns snrgkfls, pgczks pkrk krntkr, mgnjnrk, `krbkflr pnr`kcnctn, lvnrlj y hltks jg`pgks y fnsgcanbtkctn nc knrlslj. Nc jks Agdurk 6.; y 6.8 sn `unstrkc jls `ktnrgkjns utgjgzkfls. Rkcdrn Blcsgfnrkbglcns dncnrkjns pkrk jk tl`k fn `unstrks fn skcdrn9     

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Cl bljlbkr nj hgsnj fn jk kduik mkbgk khkil puns g`plsghgjgtk nj pksl fn skcdrn. Cl uskr kduiks mù`nfks yk qun sn mn`ljgzkc jls djòhujls rlils. ^tgjgzkr sgn`prn kduik y tuhl vkbutkgccnr gcfgvgfukj plr bkfk kcg`kj Nc bksl fn qun sn rnqugnrk kctgblkdujkctn ns kblcsnikhjn utgjgzkrjl nc pljvl y cl nc alr`k jàqugfk, puns sn fgjuyn jk skcdrn. Ml`ldncgzkr jk skcdrn blc nj kctgblkdujkctn pkrk nvgtkr jk alr`kbgòc fn blëdujls (JGHN]JKH, 8??7).

Rn vgsgtkc vkrgls prnfgls plr fàk fn jk `gs`k zlck l bl`ucgfkf. Rn `unstrnkc k tlfls jls kcg`kjns `kylrns fn 2 `nsns. Nj prlbnfg`gnctl pkrk jk lhtncbgòc fn `unstrks skcduàcnks nc lvgcls y bkprgcls ns nj sgdugnctn9 ;. ^ck pnr pnrslck slck sui suintk ntkrk rk kj kcg`k kcg`kjj `lctë `lctëcfls cflsn n slhrn çj y blc jks `kcl `kclss jn jnvk jnvkctk ctk nj bunjjl pkrk `kctncnrjl rnbtl. 8. Ltrk p pnrslck nrslck n ncrlsbk crlsbk jk kdui kduik k nc nj kfkptk kfkptkflr flr y jl fnik pr prnpkrkfl npkrkfl.. 2. Fns Fnspuç puçss prnsg prnsglck lck blc nj fnfl jk hks hksn n fnj bunjjl bunjjl fnj kcg`k kcg`kjj pkrk mkbn mkbnrr rnskjt rnskjtkr kr jk vnck yudujkr y sn pkjpk blc jk ltrk `kcl pkrk jlbkjgzkrjk, nstn prlbnfg`gnctl ns `ës bl`pjgbkfl nc kcg`kjns fn jkck. 6. ^ck vnz jjlbkjgz lbkjgzkfk kfk jk vn vnck ck sn gct gctrlfubn rlfubn jk k kduik duik y sn ` `ntn ntn nj ttuhl uhl fnj lt ltrl rl jkfl. >. Rn nspn nspnrk rk k qun sn jjncn `àc `àcg`l g`l 8/2 8/2 blc skcdr skcdrn, n, sg jk skcd skcdrn rn cl jjnck nj tu tuhl hl sn punfn kiustkr jk plsgbgòc fn jk kduik sgc skbkrjk plr bl`pjntl l rntgrkr nj tuhl y skbkr jk kduik pkrk nvgtkr pnrfnr nj vkbàl y rnkiustkr jk plsgbgòc. 1. ^ck vn vnzz lhtn lhtncgf cgfk k jk `unstr `unstrk k sn krnt krntk k kj kcg`kj. kcg`kj. 4. sg mky `u `ubmls bmls kcg kcg`kjns `kjns n nc c nsn blrrkj blrrkj sn `krb `krbk k pkrk cl ` `unstrnk unstrnkrjl rjl fls vn vnbns. bns. =. Jk `unst `unstrk rk sn rltuj rltujk k blc nj cù` cù`nrl nrl fn krnt krntn n fnj kcg` kcg`kj, kj, snxl, nfkf, rk rkzk zk y nspnbg nspnbgn ny sn rndgstrk nc ucl fn jls tuhls nj cl`hrn fnj prlpgntkrgl y jk dnl rnanrncbgkbgòc. 7. Vlf Vlfks ks jks `unstrk `unstrkss fnj `gs`l `gs`l prnfg prnfgl l sn ucn ucnc c blc bgctk kfm kfmnsg nsgvk vk y slh slhrn rn nstk sn kcltk nj cl`hrn nj prlpgntkrgl y nj tltkj fn kcg`kjns.

 

;?.Jks `unstrks sn `ntnc k jk mgnjnrk kbl`lfkfks nc jk drkfgjjk pkrk qun pnr`kcnzbk fn `kcnrk vnrtgbkj y sn snpkrnc jls sunrls. Kvns

@ktnrgkj Nj `ktnrgkj fn qunkcg`kjns, sn utgjgzk slc mgslpls, tuhls y/l hljsks blcmlik pnptlck, kzuj fn lvnrlj `ntgjncl bl`l `krbkflr mgnjnrk, `krbkflr pnr`kcnctn, fn bk`pl, y hltks jg`pgks, fnsgcanbtkctn nc knrlslj, rnfns y dkcbmls. Agdurk 6.4 Rn vgsgtkc vkrgls prnfgls plr fàk fn jk `gs`k zlck l bl`ucgfkf. Rn `unstrnkc k tlfls jls kcg`kjns nc uc `ëxg`l fn 8? `unstrks plr prnfgl. Mnbns

Jks `u Jks `uns nstr trks ks anbk anbkjn jnss fn fnhn hnc c snr snr rn rnbl bljn jnbt btkf kfks ks fgrn fgrnbt btk` k`nc nctn tn fn fnjj rn rnbt btl l pk pkrk rk nvgt nvgtkr  kr  blctk`gckbgòc, punstks nc uc ncvksn mnr`çtgbl y ncvgkfks nc rnargdnrkbgòc kj jkhlrktlrgl. Fnhg Fn hgfl fl k jk kjtk kjtk prl prlhk hkhg hgjgjgfk fkf f fn bl blct ctk` k`gc gckbg kbgòc òc sn fn fnhn hn nvgt nvgtkr kr nj nc ncvà vàl l fn nxbrn nxbrntk tkss nxpunstks kj `nfgl k`hgnctn. Rn rnbljnbtkc plr `nfgl fn mgslpls slc jk alr`k prnanrgfk pkrk ncvgkr `unstrks fn snbrnbglcns (ckskj, akràcdnk, lbujkr, butëcnk, bnrvgbkj, vkdgckj, ntb.), nxufkfls, blctncgfl fn kh khsb sbnsl nsls, s, ntb. ntb. gc gctr trlf lfub ubgf gfls ls nc uc `n `nfg fgl l fn tr trkc kcspl splrt rtn n kf kfnb nbukf ukfl l y nc ncvg vgkf kfls ls nc rnargdnrkbgòc (JGHN]JKH, 8??7). Nj prlbnfg`gnctl pkrk jk tl`k fn `unstrk blcsgstn nc9 ;. ktrkp ktrkpkr kr kj kc kcg` g`kj kj blc jk ky kyuf ufk k fn jks rnf rnfns ns l nj dkc dkcbm bml l fn fnpn pncf cfgn gncf cfl l fn sg sn ncbunctrk jghrn l ncbnrrkfl 8. sn jn suin suintk tk agr`n agr`n`nctn `nctn rlfnkcfl rlfnkcfl nj bbunrpl unrpl blc uc hrk hrkzl zl y suintkcfl suintkcfl jks pk pktks tks pkrk nvgtkr qun sn nsbkpn 2. ltrk ltrk pnrs pnrslc lck k l uc ucl l `gs` `gs`l l gctrlf gctrlfubn ubn uc mgs mgslpl lpl cu cunvl nvl nc jk bj bjlkb lkbk k y jl dgrk dgrk pkrk rnbljnbtkr blctncgfl anbkj (agdurk 6.7) 6. jl skbk y jl fn fnplsgtk plsgtk nc uc ttuhl uhl l hl hljsk jsk bl blc c nj blcsnrvkfl blcsnrvkflr  r  >. sn `krb `krbk k kj kvn nc jks pkt pktks ks blc jàcnk jàcnkss druns drunsks ks fn kzuj fn `n `ntgj tgjncl ncl y sn jn kpjg kpjgbk bk uck dltk fn vkbuck blctrk Cnw Bkstjn nc nj lil 1. sg nj kvn ns ilv ilvnc nc tk`hg tk`hgçc çc sn jn kpjgb kpjgbk k jk vkbuck blc blctrk trk Qgru Qgrunjk njk nc nj pjgndun pjgndun fnj kj kjk. k. 4. blj bljnbt nbtkfks kfks tlfks tlfks jks `unst `unstrks rks fnj `gs` `gs`l l prnfgl sn blrtkc jls pkjg pkjgtls tls fnj mgsl mgslpl pl pkrk qun qunfnc `uy blrtls y sn bgnrrkc jks hljsks l tuhls. =. Rn rltu rltujkc jkc blc nj cù` cù`nrl nrl fn kvns, cl` cl`hrn hrn fnj prlp prlpgnt gntkrg krgl, l, uc cù`nr cù`nrl l fn bks bksl, l, bl`ucgfkf y `ucgbgpgl. 7. Nc jk mli mlik k fn bk`pl sn k kcltkc cltkc ns nstls tls `gs `gs`ls `ls fktl fktlss kfn`ës f fn n jk plhjk plhjkbgòc bgòc tl tltkj tkj fn kvns y jk dnl rnanrncbgkbgòc.

Blcsnrvkbgòc fn `unstrks

 

@unstrks pkrk vgrljldàk Nj fgkdcòstgbl fn ncanr`nfkfns vgrkjns nc tçr`gcls dncnrkjns punfn rnqunrgr fn sunrl (skcdrn sgc kctgblkdujkctn), nxufkfls (ncanr`nfkfns vnsgbujkrns) y fn tnigfls blc nj agc fn jjnvkr k bkhl prunhks snrljòdgbks, kgsjk`gnctls fn vgrus y nstufgls nstrubturkjns. N`pkqun y sgstn`ks fn ncvàl fn `unstrks Blcsgfnrkcfl qun jks `unstrks hgljòdgbks slc pltncbgkj`nctn gcanbbglsks, Rn rnbl`gncfk nj trkcsplrtn pnrslckj l jk pkrtgbgpkbgòc fgrnbtk fn jls `çfgbls vntnrgckrgls, sn fnhnc ncvgkr jks `unstrks blc jks sgdugnctns gcstrubbglcns9 ;. Bl`l `nf `nfgl gl gfnkj fn blc blcsnrvkbg snrvkbgòc, òc, sn utgj utgjgzk gzk jk rnar rnargdnrkbg gdnrkbgòc, òc, blc mgn mgnjl jl ckturk ckturkj,j, mgnj mgnjl l snbl l dnj rnargdnrkctn nc aucfks mnr`çtgbks (nxgstnc nxbnpbglcns fnsbrgtks nc jls prlbnfg`gnctls fn rnbljnbbgòc fn `unstrks). 8. Jk tltkj tltkjgfk gfkf f fn jks `unstrks `unstrks rnbljn rnbljnbtk btkfks fks fnhn ncvgkrsn ncvgkrsn utgj utgjgzk gzkcfl cfl uc sgs sgstn` tn`k k fn n`pkqun nc flhjn bkik9 2. Jk bkik gctnr gctnrck, ck, prna prnanrn nrnctn ctn`nc `nctn tn fnhn snr fn uc `ktnrg `ktnrgkj kj kgsjk kgsjkctn ctn fn tn` tn`pnrk pnrktur turk k nxtnrck, sgncfl jks `ës rnbl`ncfkfks jks bkiks fn nspu`kajnx (gblplr) plr su hkil pnsl`unst y aëbgjrks `kcgpujkbgòc. 6. Jks `unstrks fnhnrë fnhnrëc c snr ncvgkfks nc rnb rnbgpgnct gpgnctns ns gcfgvgf gcfgvgfukjns ukjns y hgnc gfn gfnctgag ctgagbkfks. bkfks. Nctrn bkfk aucfk, arksbl l rnbgpgnctn qun blctncdk jk `unstrk, sn bljlbk uc `ktnrgkj qun k`lrtgdún jls dljpns, `kctncdk agiks jks `unstrks y khslrhk jk mu`nfkf (nspnbgkj`nctn bukcfl sn usk mgnjl ckturkj l mgnjl snbl bl`l rnargdnrkctn). >. Jk gcal gcalr`kbgò r`kbgòc c hësgbk qu qun n kbl`pkû kbl`pkûk k jks `uns `unstrks trks sn ncvà ncvàk k fnhgfk` fnhgfk`nctn nctn prlt prltndgfk, ndgfk, fnctrl fn uc slhrn y nc aucfk pjëstgbk, nctrn jk bkik gctnrck y jk bkik nxtnrck (JGHN]JKH, 8??7). Gjustrkbglcns

Agdurks 6.; y 6.8 `ktnrgkjns pkrk `unstrnl

 

Agdurks 6.2, 6.6 y 6.> suinbgòc fn plrbgcls

Agdurks 6.1 y 6.4 ucgalr`n fn trkhkil

Agdurks 6.= y 6.7 rnbljnbbglc fn `unstrks

 

Blcbjusglcns.

Nj prldrk`k fn snrvgbgl slbgkj qun rnkjgzl blc nj Bl`gtç Nstktkj fn Al`nctl y _rltnbbgòc _nbukrgk fnj Nstkfl fn [unrçtkrl (BNA__N[) bu`pjn k`pjgk`nctn jls lhintgvls qun sn husbkc nc uc prldrk`k nin`pjkr fn snrvgbgl slbgkj, sn lhtgncn nj kbnrbk`gnctl blc nj snbtlr pùhjgbl qun pnr`gtn blclbnr jk prlhjn`ëtgbk slbgkj fn jks ncanr`nfkfns nczlltgks fn cunstrl pkàs k trkvçs fn jks bk`pkûks fn skcgfkf kcg`kj fn nstn bl`gtç, y blc nstls rnbursls kckjgzkr jk sgtukbgòc y prlplcnr sljubglcns pkrk bkfk bksl yk snk nc drkciks tnbcgagbkfks l blc prlfubtlrns fn trkspktgl. Kj trkhkikr nc blciuctl pkrk jk lhtncbgòc fn fktls rnqunrgfls pkrk nj kcëjgsgs fn jk npgfn`gljldgk fn nstks ncanr`nfkfns nstk`ls blctrghuyncfl k su prnvncbgòc, blctrlj y nrrkfgbkbgòc. Nstl sn vn rnajnikfl fgrnbtk`nctn nc nj gcbrn`nctl fn jk prlfubtgvgfkf fn jks ucgfkfns fn prlfubbgòc qun sn vgsgtkc nc nj nstkfl y fn nstk `kcnrk jls prnstkflrns fn snrvgbgl nstk`ls rntrghuyncfl pkrtn fn jls rnbursls fnst fn stgc gckf kfls ls k cu cuns nsttrk alr lr`k `kbg bgòc òc kb kbkf kfç` ç`gb gbk k y kf kfn` n`ës ës fn ns nsttl cls kp kplr lrttk uc ncrgqunbg`gnctl pnrslckj pkrk blcsljgfkrcls bl`l `çfgbls vntnrgckrgls zlltnbcgstks. Jk vgdgjkcbgk npgfn`gljòdgbk ns aucfk`nctkj pkrk nj blctrlj fn jks ncanr`nfkfns, yk qun dncnrk jls fktls suagbgnctns pkrk qun `nfgkctn nj kcëjgsgs sn punfkc tl`kr jks fnbgsglcns fn `nfgfks pnrtgcnctns qun `nilrnc jk sgtukbgòc fn skjuf pùhjgbk kbtukj. Rudnrncbgks l prlpunstks

_krk nstn prldrk`k snràk rnbl`ncfkhjn rnbl`ncfkhjn qun k bkfk cunvl prnstkfl prnstkflrr fn snrvgb snrvgbgl gl slbgkj sn jn fç uc flbu`nctl blc hghjgldrkaàks y ncjkbns sudnrgfls pkrk nj blclbg`gnctl fn jk vgdgjkcbgk npgfn`gljldgk nc @çxgbl y jks ncanr`nfkfns fn bk`pkûk, sg hgnc yk tncn`ls alr`kbgòc slhrn nstls tn`ks k jl jkrdl fn jk bkrrnrk nj fkr uc ‚rnpksl‐ ncalbkfl k jl qun vk`ls k ncblctrkr k jl jkrdl fnj snrvgbgl, cls kyufkrk k nctncfnr jk g`plrtkcbgk fnj trkhkil qun sn rnkjgzk. Ltrk sudnrncbgk ns qun jk fnsbrgpbgòc fnj prldrk`k snk `ës k`pjgk, yl kj jnnrjk y fnbgfgr  nctrkr k nstn prldrk`k tncàk uck gfnk `uy fganrnctn pnrl `n jjnvn uck drktk slrprnsk y `n dustkràk qun bl`pkûnrls fn ltrks dncnrkbglcns tl`krkc nstl nc bunctk. Bl`nctkrgls

_nrslckj`nctn `n sgnctl `uy k dustl prnstkcfl `g snrvgbgl nc nj bl`gtç, jls @çfgbls Qntnrgckrgls blc jls qun mn trktkfl al`nctkc uc drkc k`hgnctn, tn mkbnc snctgr uc `ës qun uc bljndk bl`l uc bk`krkfk pnrl sgc pnrfnr nj rnspntl y jk pkbgncbgk pkrk ncsnûkrtn jl qun njjls yk skhnc `uy hgnc y tu kpncks gcgbgks. Jks vgsgtks k bk`pl `n nj dustkrlc `ubml, blclbnr cunvls judkrns hlcgtls bl`l jk zlck Clrtn fn Rkc Ilkquàc, `ucgbgpgl fn Bljòc y bl`ucgfkfns `ëstkc bçctrgbks fn [unrçtkrl

 

fn jks qun cl tncàk gfnk, kfn`ës, nj trktl fn jk dnctn mkbgk clsltrls bksg sgn`prn aun `ës qun bëjgfl y blc kdrkfnbg`gnctl plr jk jkhlr qun rnkjgzk`ls pkrk njjls.

 

Hghjgldrkaàk9

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Blrrnk Blrrn k D _. NC NCAN ANX@ X@NF NFKF KFNR NR QG QGXK XKJNR JNR FN JL JLR R KC KCG@ G@KJ KJNR NR FL FL@N @NRV RVGB GBLR LR (@LCLDKRVXGBLR). Qlj. ;., 6k. Nf. Nfgtlrgkj A.M., @çxgbl, ;7=8.

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B_K, @KC^KJ FN _XLBNFG@GNCVLR _KXK JK _XNQNCBGLC, BLCVXLJ W NXXKFGBKBGLC FN JK GCAJ^NCYK KQGKX FN KJVK _VLDNCGBGFKF (GKK_), nfgtlrgkj FGCNRK. @çxgbl, 8?;;.

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Aljjntl tçbcgbl cl. 8 _XNQNCBGLC FN HX^BNJLRGR NC X^@GKCVNR, @KC^KJ FN BK_KBGVKBGLC, ^cgfkf tçbcgbk nspnbgkjgzkfk pnbukrgk. Bukig`kjpk F.A., @nxgbl, @kyl 8?;;

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Mnrcëcfnz Ëvgjk @kurgbgl. N_GFN@GLJLDGK FGRNÛL W KCËJGRGR FN NRV^FGLR, Nfgtlrgkj `nfgbk pkck`nrgbkck, @çxgbl, 8??4.

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Ekmj-@krtgc Bljg`lc. A^CFK@NCVLR FN N_GFN@GLJLDÀK, Nfgbglcns Fàkz fn Rkctls, Nspkûk, ;77?.

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JGHN]JKH. VL@K W NCQGL FN @^NRVXKR KJ JKHLXKVLXGL @KC^KJ FN _XLBNFG@GNCVL, JGHN]JKH, @çxgbl, 8??7.

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@lrgjjk Dlczkjns Kctlcgl. JK AGNHXN _LXBGCK BJKRGBK NC JKR K@NXGBKR, GGBK, _unhjk, @nxgbl, ;7==.

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_lppnr,, E. JK JÒDGBK _lppnr JÒDGBK FN JK GCQNRV GCQNRVGDK GDKBGÒ BGÒC C BGN BGNCVÀ CVÀAGB AGBK, K, Nfgtlr Nfgtlrgkj gkj Vnb Vnbcl, cl, @kfrgf, ;718.

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Xlvgf Rpgbejnr Kcck. NCANX@NFKFNR N@NXDNCVNR W N]ÒVGBKR FN JLR  KCG@KJNR, Glwk Rtktn ^cgvnrsgty, ^cgvnrsgty, ^RK, 8?;?.

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RKXM9 BK@_KCK CKBGLCKJ BLCVXK NJ BÒJNXK _LXBGCL9 @KC^KJ FN CLX@KR W _XLBNFG@GNCVLR. Ruhsnbrntkrgk fn Dkckfnràk. Fgrnbbgòc Dncnrkj Fn Al`nctl y _rltnbbgòc _nbukrgk, @çxgbl. F.A.;77?

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RNCKRG RNCK RGBK BK·. ·. NC NCAN ANX@ X@NF NFKF KF FN K^IN K^INRY RYEW EW,, ww www. w.snc sncks ksgb gbk. k.dl dlh. h.`x `x,, Ùjtg Ùjtg`k `k `lfgagbkbgòc9 82 fn fgbgn`hrn fn 8?;2.

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RNCKRGBK¸. RGV^K RNCKRGBK¸. RGV^KBGLC BGLC KBV^KJ, KBV^KJ, www.sncksgb www.sncksgbk.dlh. k.dlh.`x, `x, Ùjtg`k Ùjtg`k `lfga `lfgagbkbgò gbkbgòc9 c9 8?;6.

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Tkycn R. @krtà @krtàc. c. N_GFN N_GFN@GLJ @GLJLDÀK LDÀK QNVNXG QNVNXGCKXGK CKXGK99 _XGCB _XGCBG_GL G_GLR R W @ÇVLFLR, @ÇVLFLR, nfgtlrgkj Kbrghgk, @çxgbl, ;774.