Reporte final de estadia Jose Efrain Martinez Abundiz Universidad Tecnologica de leon
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ÁREA DE ELECTROMECÁNICA INDUSTRIAL PROGRAMA ACADÉMICO DE MANTENIMIENTO INDUSTRIAL IMPLEMENTACION DE MANTENIMIENTO PREV...
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ÁREA DE ELECTROMECÁNICA INDUSTRIAL PROGRAMA ACADÉMICO DE MANTENIMIENTO INDUSTRIAL
IMPLEMENTACION DE MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO Y PUESTA A TIERRA EN MÁQUINAS PARA LA EMPRESA: CABORCA MR
Presenta: José Efraín Martínez Abundiz PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE TÉCNICO SUPERIOR UNIVERSITARIO EN MANTENIMIENTO INDUSTRIAL GENERACIÓN: 2009-2011 León, Guanajuato. Agosto 2011
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ÁREA DE ELECTROMECÁNICA INDUSTRIAL PROGRAMA ACADÉMICO DE MANTENIMIENTO INDUSTRIAL
IMPLEMENTACION DE MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO Y PUESTA A TIERRA EN MAQUINAS PARA LA EMPRESA:
Presenta: José Efraín Martínez Abundiz PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE TÉCNICO SUPERIOR UNIVERSITARIO EN MANTENIMIENTO INDUSTRIAL ASESOR ACADÉMICO: Ing. Víctor Manuel Martínez Rivas ASESOR ORGANIZACIONAL: Ambrosio Becerra Mandujano GENERACIÓN: 2009-2011 León, Guanajuato. Agosto 2011
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RESUMEN La medida de seguridad llamada puesta a tierra es indispensables en la maquinaria principalmente con sistema eléctrico, ya que si no se cuenta con ella en caso de una descarga se pueden dañar los activos fijos de la empresa el personal de la misma ocasionando perdidas masivas ya que se corre el riesgo de un incendio . Se conectaron la mayoría de las maquinas a tierra obteniendo buenos resultados. Un plan de mantenimiento preventivo es de gran importancia tenerlo dentro de la empresa ya que con él se pueden prevenir paros no previstos dentro de la empresa y se alarga más la vida útil de la maquinaria. Se actualizo el plan de mantenimiento con el que contaba la empresa y se le dio seguimiento.
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AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer a los técnicos Ambrosio Becerra y Armando Morales por su apoyo dentro de la fábrica y al aprendizaje que me brindaron dentro de mi estancia en la empresa CABORCA. También quiero agradecer a mi asesor académico Víctor Manuel Martínez Rivas por su apoyo y su asesoría a lo largo de mi estancia en la Universidad Tecnológica de León
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ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................................. 1 1. ANTECEDENTES.......................................................................................................................... 3
2. PROBLEMÁTICA ....................................................................................................................
8
3. JUSTIFICACIÓN .....................................................................................................................
9
4. OBJETIVOS ...........................................................................................................................
10
4.1 Objetivo general............................................... general......................................................................... ........................................ .............. 10 4.2 Objetivos específicos en puesta a tierra. ................................................. ................................................. 10 4.3 Herramientas y material................................................... .......................................................................... ........................ 10 4.4 Objetivos específicos en plan de mantenimiento preventivo. .................. 11 4.5 ALCANCE............................................... ......................................................................... ................................................. ....................... 11 5. Metodología ...........................................................................................................................
12
5.1 Identificar maquinaria con sistema eléctrico y separarlos de las que funcionan mecánicamente......................... mecánicamente.................................................. ................................................. ........................ 12 5.2 Identificar el voltaje que trabajan. trabajan . .................................................. ............................................................ .......... 13 5.3 Tomar mediciones para comprobar el voltaje. ......................................... ......................................... 14 5.4 Separar maquinaria que cuente con la puesta a tierra ya instalada, de la que todavía no la tiene. ....................................................................... ................................................................................. .......... 15 5.5 Comprobar que la maquinaria que no tiene la puesta a tierra tenga en tornillo para la conexión a puesta a tierra o el orificio para el tornillo y en su defecto diseñarle y hacer adaptaciones para proceder a hacer la puesta a tierra. ................................................... ............................................................................. .................................................... ................................ ...... 15
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5.7 Hacer la conexión a tierra tomando la tierra general ya instalada en la empresa........................................................ ................................................................................ ................................................. ........................ 18 5.9 Identificar toda la maquinaria ma quinaria ............................................... ................................................................... .................... 19 5.10 Revisar historial de la maquinaria maquina ria ................................................ .......................................................... .......... 19 5.11 Hacer un chequeo che queo ..................................................... ............................................................................... .............................. 20 5.12 Determinar componentes .................................................. ...................................................................... .................... 21 5.13 Determinar posibles fallas ................................................. ..................................................................... .................... 22 5.14 Revisar antecedentes a ntecedentes de fallas ................................................ .............................................................. .............. 22 5.15 Limpieza interna y lubricación lub ricación ............................................................... ............................................................... 23 6. Resultados .............................................................................................................................
24
7. Conclusiones ............................................................................................................................ 25 8. Agregados ................................................................................................................................ 27
9. REFERENCIAS .....................................................................................................................
26
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INTRODUCCIÓN Como lo dice Rogelio García Márquez (2001) la puesta a tierra es una de las medidas de seguridad incluidas en la categoría B. Suele estar acompañada de otras medidas (relés, diferenciales, etc.) que garanticen un alto nivel de seguridad en las instalaciones. La puesta a tierra se basa en la propiedad de que las cargas eléctricas (electrones) siempre intentarán alcanzar valores energéticos mínimos para estar en equilibrio. La tierra es el punto de potencial cero, masa o energía mínima que mejor se adapta a los requisitos de las instalaciones eléctricas, siendo utilizada como tensión de referencia o tensión neutra. Dentro de este Informe de Estadía se redactan pasos a seguir para hacer una conexión a tierra principalmente principalmente en maquinaria de calzado, la cual se utiliza dentro de la empresa CABORCA; son pasos detallados que abarcan principalmente desde el análisis de la maquinaria, la clasificación de la misma misma hasta hacer la conexión para aterrizarlas a tierra. Como lo dice Luis Cuatrecasas (2002) el mantenimiento preventivo se
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Otro de los puntos que abarca este reporte es el plan de un mantenimiento preventivo, preventivo, el cual fue modificado en algunas de sus partes porque con el que contaba la empresa no estaba actualizado y no tenía seguimiento. Dentro del informe se tocan puntos clave para poder hacer un plan de mantenimiento preventivo el cual es de gran importancia para tener en buenas condiciones y para prevenir posibles fallas dentro de la maquinaria y esto provoque paros en la producción.
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1. ANTECEDENTES En el año de 1978, el Sr. Luis Torres Muñoz, con una larga experiencia en la venta de zapato en varias zonas del país, decide fundar una pequeña fábrica de botas, cuyos productos añadiría a los que ya vendía regularmente. En el mes de abril inicia la producción en un local de 200 m 2 en la calle de Guillermo Prieto, en la ciudad de León, Guanajuato. La empresa empezó a operar con seis trabajadores, para fabricar entre seis y ocho pares diarios. Conociendo la ciudad de CABORCA del Estado de Sonora, y apreciando su belleza y ambiente del viejo Oeste, Don Luis decide adoptar ese nombre para el negocio. En agosto de ese año, su hijo mayor, Luis Torres Díaz, se integra al trabajo como responsable del negocio, mientras su padre viaja en su habitual labor de ventas. El cuidado puesto en el trabajo, así como el servicio esmerado que ofrecía Don Luis a sus clientes, logran que la demanda de botas fabricadas por la joven empresa crezca aceleradamente, y en 1981 se tienen que cambiar a un local de 400 m2 en la calle de 5 de febrero, que que aloja a 34 trabajadores. Para entonces, el menor de sus hijos varones, al que familiarmente llamaban Chemel, se había integrado a la empresa como vendedor y su hijo Luis se
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una camioneta y contrata a más agentes de ventas. El personal ha crecido a 80 trabajadores. Un año después la empresa adquiere un local en la calle Allende para hacer el corte y realiza el acabado en las instalaciones de CABORCA mientras que en el local de 5 de febrero produce zapato Bond. En el curso de los dos años siguientes comienza la venta de botas a la empresa Tony Lama de los Estados Unidos en la modalidad de maquila y se abre a la empresa el mercado francés. Botas CABORCA sigue creciendo y perfeccionándose en el conocimiento de fabricación de la bota. En 1986 se añade la maquila de 300 pares al día para Botas Fox y se inicia la venta a Go West. La empresa decide abordar el mercado de Italia. Para atender los nuevos mercados requiere contratar a un especialista en Logística de exportación. En 1988 la falta de espacio exige unir a la empresa en un solo lugar y se muda a la Av. Industriales del Fraccionamiento Julián de Obregón. En el decenio de los años 90 llega a producir 2000 pares diarios y poco después se emprende el cambio hacia la producción de un menor número de pares pero de diseño y construcción mucho más refinados e inicia la maquila para grandes
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En la actualidad cuenta con más de 312 colaboradores y se consideran expectativas de crecimiento.
Misión Fabricar la mejor bota báquira para hombre y mujer mediante la innovación de los diseños, la calidad de nuestros productos, la utilización de los recursos y la mejor mano de obra cualificada teniendo siempre presente la satisfacción de nuestros clientes y del mercado en general, valorizando la Empresa a través del desarrollo integral de nuestra gente en armonía con la sociedad y el medio ambiente, para garantizar un crecimiento continuo y rentable.
Visión Ser una de las mejores empresas de calzado y estar posicionados en la mente de nuestros clientes como la mejor en calidad y diseños, Abrir nuevos mercados y obtener cada vez una mayor participación en estos. estos.
Valores
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Compromiso: Tener en cuenta que se deben de hacer bien las cosas por la responsabilidad con otras marcas
Trabajo en equipo: Tener la capacidad de colaborar con los compañeros y llevar un trabajo mas ameno dentro de la empresa y olvidarse de peleas o conflictos internos o externos a al misma.
Calidad: Hacer un trabajo bien hecho y con conciencia para
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Disposición al cambio: Tener maleabilidad para operar con nueva maquinaria u operar con software mas sofisticados.
Respeto: No ofender por ningún motivo a un compañero de trabajo para tener una mejor comunicación.
Creatividad: Hacer innovaciones a tu trabajo ya sea para ahorrar tiempo en alguna tarea o para tener una mejor producción sin pasar por alto los lineamientos de seguridad marcados para el trabajo de la maquinaria
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2. PROBLEMÁTICA CABORCA actualmente cuenta con maquinaria con sistema hidráulico, mecánico y eléctrico. La mayor parte de las máquinas con sistema eléctrico no cuentan con la norma de seguridad 001 y 022 de las normas normas mexicanas que se encargan principalmente de los sistemas eléctricos y de la puesta a tierra. CABORCA cuenta con un plan de mantenimiento preventivo el cual no esta actualizado y no tiene un seguimiento lo cual a provocado paros dentro de la producción.
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3. JUSTIFICACIÓN Es importante tener las máquinas conectadas a tierra y dentro de los rangos estipulados por la norma mexicana que es de 25 ohm para la maquinaria ya que se pueden prevenir multas así como accidentes accidentes para los operadores para la maquina o para la empresa ya que si ocurre un algún corto los circuitos eléctricos pueden producir chispas y como en la empresa se trabaja también con cartón puede provocar algún incendio dentro de la empresa poniendo en riesgo a todo el personal. Es importante tener un plan de mantenimiento preventivo actualizado y darle una secuencia paro lograr tener menos paros en la producción prolongar el tiempo de vida útil de la maquinaria con la que se esta trabajando. Y por consiguiente tener mayor seguridad con la maquina ya que siempre siempre va a estar en buen estado.
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4. OBJETIVOS 4.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL. Realizar puesta a tierra y un plan de mantenimiento preventivo con los lineamientos estipulados en la normas de seguridad para no tener daños tanto en la maquinaria y en el operador, operador, en la empresa Botas Caborca, durante el periodo mayo - agosto de 2011.
4.2 OBJETIVOS METODOLÓGICOS
Identificar maquinaria con sistema eléctrico y separarlos de las que funcionan mecánicamente
Identificar el voltaje que trabajan
Tomar mediciones para comprobar el voltaje
Separar maquinaria que cuente con la puesta a tierra ya instalada, de la que todavía no la tiene.
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Desarmador; para quitar tornillos especialmente cabeza de gota
Flexo metro; para delimitar longitudes
4.4 Objetivos específicos en plan de mantenimiento preventivo.
Identificar toda la maquinaria
Revisar historial de la maquinaria
Hacer un chequeo
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5. METODOLOGÍA Es de gran importancia una metodología ya que en ella podemos encontrar pasos a seguir para desarrollar los objetivos generales, ya que estos solo proporcionan una definición mínima de los pasos a seguir para desarrollar una actividad es mas eficiente y los pasos son mas claros.
I. En puesta a tierra
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5.2 Identificar el voltaje que trabajan. El voltaje con el que trabajan fue identificado con las placas que contienen información de las máquinas esas placas se encuentran a un lado de la máquina o por detrás.
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5.3 Tomar mediciones para comprobar c omprobar el voltaje. Se tomaron las mediciones mediciones con el multímetro para comprobar que lo lo que decía la placa era lo correcto.
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5.4 Separar maquinaria que cuente con la puesta a tierra ya instalada, de la que todavía no la tiene. La maquinara se separó observando con detenimiento la instalación eléctrica y se separó con un pequeño inventario hecho por uno mismo.
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5.5 Comprobar que la maquinaria que no tiene la puesta a tierra tenga en tornillo para la conexión a puesta a tierra o el orificio para el tornillo y en
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5.6 Tomar mediciones con el flexo metro para cortar el cable a la medida requerida
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5.7 Hacer la conexión a tierra tomando la tierra general ya instalada en la
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II. En plan de mantenimiento
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