Reporte de Lectura

 

 

[GHSKVUHBAB K[VJ DHU_AGJA@KVHEAGA DHU_AGJA@KVHEAGA

MHEKGEHAR[VA KG BKVKEDJ RVAFANJ> VK_JVRK BK MKER[VA BK È@HMK ”

B[VIDKH@ X KM GAEH@HKGRJ BK MA UJEHJMJLÀA EJ@J EHKGEHA

 BASHB VA@JU BVJ[AHMMKR  BVJ[AHMMKR 

AM[@GJ> @ARVÀE[MA> KD61?6BK18 BK 6?6-A 

TAMA_A-KGVHQ[K^ SKVAEV[^ CKFVKVJ 6?66

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Ma sjehjmjlàa gaehõ ej`j ug safkr autkgthej lraehas a Aulustk Ej`tk (14?3-14> tagtj km jfnktj cjr`am ej`j km jfnktj `atkrham bk ma sjehjmjlàa earkekg bk bktkr`hgaehõg kspkeàchea kspkeàchea.. Rjbj ejgjeh`hkgtj sk rkbuek a uga pkrekpehõg ckgj`k ckgj`kgjmõlhea. gjmõlhea. (ma (ma rkamhbab gj pukbk pkrehfhrsk kg sà `hs`a, shgj þghea`kgtk ej`j ckgõ`kgj9 ks bkehr, sõmj fanj ma pkrekpehõg k hgtkrprktaehõg bk ug kspketabjr). Ma `hshõg bk ma hgtkmhlkgeha kg su hgtkrprktaehõg bkm `ugbj ejgshstk kg mh`htarmj para bkchghrmj. Uõmj pjr ma apmheaehõg bk ejgekptjs lkgkramks bkm kgtkgbh`hkgtj -prhgehphjs rklumabjrks bk ma rkprkskgtaehõg mma`abjs eatkljràas (þghejs bktkr`hgagtks hgtkmketuamks y erhtkrhjs bk vkrbab bk mas rkmaehjgks), pukbkg jftkgkrsk mas bktkr`hgaehjgks y bkchghehjgks. Vkgjuvhkr apjrta a Buridkh` ma hbka bk quk ma ehkgeha sjeham bkfk ejgstruhr y bkchghr mkyks sjfrk mjs ckgõ`kgjs sjehamks, gj bkseufrhrm bkseufrhrmas. as. Bk aeukrbj ejg ma `ktjbjmjlàa ehkgtàchea gkjiagthaga, ma Ujehjmjlàa bkfk shgtkthzar ejg ehkrtjs mà`htks mjs ckgõ`kgjs jfskrvabjs y cjr`umar mas rkmaehjgks kgtrk kmmjs. Ma aethvhbab ehkgtàchea sjeham ks ug knkrehehj prhgehpam`kgtk knkeutabj pjr ma eràthea. "Km erhthehs`j sufjrbhga tjbj mj bks ejgjehbj a mjs ckgõ`kgjs, tjbjs mjs ckgõ`kgjs a ma ejgehkgeha y, bkgtrj bk ma `hs`a ejgehkgeha, ma razõg tkõrhea a ma razõg práethea. Mas mkyks sk kstafmkekg kg ug prjeksj ckgj`èghej bk rkmathvhbab, _ tagtj, gj thkgk skgthbj achr`ar ma kxhstkgeha bk mkyks sjehamks afsjmutas a prhjrh quk bkserhfag uga þghea cjr`a bk kvjmuehõg y mjs bhsthgtjs `j`kgtjs kg quk kstas mkyks sk eu`pmkg. @kbhagtk ma chmjsjcàa agamàthea bk ma dhstjrha sk pjbrág bktkr`hgar mas ejg eatk gaehjgks bk ckgõ`kgjs k hbkas hbkas,, erkkgehas y dkedjs dkedjs,, bkseufrhkgbj quk da kxhsthbj uga mhfkrtab du`aga a mj marlj bkm thk`pj thk`pj.. Gugea da dafhbj ma gkek gkekshbab shbab agtkekbkgtk bk amlj amlj,, pjr ma quk mjs dkedjs rkamhzabjs cukskg ma þghea pjshfhmhbab kgtrk tjbjs mjs bk`ás h`alhgafmks quk dufhkrag pjbhbj kg rkamhbab suekbkr . Km dkedj sjeham ks bkchghbj kg Mas rklmas r klmas bkm `ètjbj sjehjmõlhej ej`j ”`jbjs bk aetuar, pkgsar y skgthr kxtkrgjs am hgbhvhbuj, y quk pjskkg ug pjbkr bk ejkrehõg kg vhrtub bkm euam sk h`pjgkg a èm‐. Buridkh` kgeukgtra quk mas hgsthtuehjgks sjg mas `aghckstaehjgks 6

 

 

cugehjgamks bk mjs dkedjs sjehamks9 sjg km shstk`a bk shlgjs bkm quk sk shrvk uga sjehkbab para kxprksar sus pkgsa`hkgtjs9 sjg km shstk`a bk `jgkba quk k`pmkag para palar sus bkubas y mjs hgstru`kgtjs bk erèbhtj quk uthmhzag kg sus rkmaehjgks ej`krehamks. Ra`fhèg mj sjg mas práetheas bk mas prjckshjgks. Bktkr`hgõ ej`j jfnktj mjeamhzabj a hgvksthlar pjr ma sjehjmjlàa mas hgsthtuehjgks9 ks bkehr, ma rkprkskgtaehõg ejmkethva bk mas mkyks, mas hbkas y mjs skgth`hkgtjs ej`ugks, mjs euamks a su vkz pasafag bk lkgkraehõg kg lkgkraehõg. Mjs dkedjs sjehamks prhgehpam`kgtk sk earaetkrhzag pjr km caetjr ejkrehthvj. Uu gj eu`pmh`hkgtj pukbk aearrkar ehkrtas sagehjgks y rkprkshjg rkprkshjgks. ks. Buridkh` bkchgk ma kbueaehõg ej`j> Ujehjmjlàa ehkgtàchea, ks bkehr9 ma aeehõg knkrehba pjr mas lkgkraehjgks abumtas sjfrk aqukmmas quk gj dag ameagzabj tjbavàa km lrabj bk `aburkz gkeksarhj para ma vhba sjeham. Rhkgk pjr jfnktj susehtar y bksarrjmmar kg km ghñj ug ehkrtj gþ`krj bk kstabjs càshejs, hgtkmketuamks y `jramks quk kxhlkg bk èm tagtj ma sjehkbab pjmàthea kg su ejgnugtj ej`j km `kbhj a`fhkgtk kspkeàchej am quk kstá kspkeham`kgtk bksthgabj. Daeha 1484, Buridkh` hgtkgtõ `jstrar ma bhckrkgeha kgtrk rkprkskgtaehjgks rkprkskgtaeh jgks ejmkethvas y rkprkskgt rkprkskgtaehjgks aehjgks hgbhvhbuamks. Mas prh`kras sjg prjbuetj bk mas aeehjgks y rkaeehjgks hgtkrea`fhabas kgtrk mas ejgehkgehas kmk`kgtamks bk quk kstá ejgsthtuhba ma sjehkbab. Mas sklugbas sjg prjbuetj bk aeehjgks y rkaeehjgks bkm shstk`a gkrvhjsj bk mjs hgbhvhbujs. Buridkh` prjpjgbrá amlugas rklmas quk tjbj ehkgtàchej sjeham bkfk skluhr para daekr ug kstubhj kg vkrbab jfnkthvj. Kg prh`kr mular, ks prkehsj ejgshbkrar sõmj mjs earaetkrks jfnkthvjs kg km dkedj sjeham, shg pkr`hthr ma ughõg ejg skgsaehjgks bk thpj sufnkthvj. _jr kstj `hs`j, kg sklugbj mular, km hgvksthlabjr bkfk tj`ar uga aethtub bk afagbjgj a euamquhkr emask bk hbka prkejgekfhba9 kvhtar bk `agkra shstk`áthea mas prkgjehjg prkgjehjgks. ks. Gj bkfk vhgeumar sus hbkas pjmàtheas j rkmhlhjsa rkmhlhjsass ejg mjs dkedjs kstubhabjs. Ma bhvhshõg bkm trafanj, kxpjgk km thpj bk sjehkbab quk jpkra fanj uga sjmhbarhbab `keághea. Kstk thpj sjeham ks bk earáetkr prh`hthvj, ya quk sk cjr`a a parthr bk uga kstruetura sjeham hgbhckrkgehaba, ughcheaba y dktkrjlègka. Kg kmma sk prkskgta pjea j eash guma bhvhshõg bkm trafanj, puks tjbjs sus `hk`frjs thkgkg ejgjeh`hkgtjs y apthtubks sh`hmarks. Uus aethvhbabks sjg parkehbas y sus rkspjgsafhmh rkspjgsafhmhbabks babks sk`knagtks. Kg sklugbj mular, km thpj sjeham quk jpkra fanj ma sjmhbarhbab jrlághea sk earaetkrhza pjr ejgskrvar su ughbab lraehas a mas bhckrkgehas bhckrkgehas mafjramks kgtrk mas pkrsjgas. Kg kstk thpj bk sjehkbabks, sk eukgta ejg `ás trafanjs emara `kgtk bhsthgtjs. Bkfhbj a quk eaba pkrsjga kg ma sjehkbab `jbkrga mmkva a eafj tarkas ej`pmktas, bhvkrsas y ejrtas, rkquhkrk para sjfrkvhvhr quk jtrjs rkamhekg jtras cugehjgks. Buridkh` mma`a bkgshbab bhgá`hea am ckgõ`kgj bk tragshehõg bk ma sjmhbarhbab `keághea a ma jrlághea. Uk trata bk ug prjeksj kg km quk au`kgta ma eagthbab bk pjfmaehõg, vhgeumaba gkeksarha`kgtk a ug au`kgtj bk su hgtkraeehõg. Bk kstk `jbj, pukbk barsk

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km prjeksj bk tragshehõg. Ksta bhsthgehõg pkr`hthrá a Buridkh` kxpmhear ma gaturamkza bk mas cjr`as nuràbheas kg mjs bhsthgtjs thpjs bk sjehkbabks. Kg 1483, Buridkh` h`par thõ ug eursj thtumabj Càshea bk mas ejstu`frks y bkm bkrkedj, kg km quk prktkgbàa quk mjs amu`gjs rkcmkxhjgarag sjfrk ma gaturamkza bk ma sjehkbab, ma ca`hmha, km Kstabj, mas jfmhlaehjgks `jramks y mklamks y ma cjr`a kg quk tjbjs kstjs ckgõ`kgjs sjehamks kstág ejgsthtuhbjs. Kg lkgkram, sk tratafa bk uga tkjràa bk mas jfmhlaehjgkss `jramks nugtj ejg ma tkjràa bk sus sagehjgks. jfmhlaehjgk Buridkh` emashchea mjs erà`kgks kg bjs> 1- Erh`hgamhba Erh`hgamhbabb rkmhlhjsa> hg hgemuyk emuyk erà`kgks bhrhl bhrhlhbjs hbjs ejgtra mas ejsas ejmk ejmkethvas ethvas y quk bk amlþg `jbj sk rkmaehjgag ejg mas trabhehjgks pjmàtheas y rkmhlhjsas. Ej`j knk`pmjs pjbk`js `kgehjgar mjs erà`kgks ejgtra mas trabhehjgks j mjs nk cks bk Kstabj. _ráethea`kgtk, tjbj km bkrkedj pkgam bk mas sjehkbabks `kgjs avagzabas sk rkbuek a kstk thpj bk erh`hgamhbab, ma euam sk bhsthgluk pjr su amta vhjmkgeha. 6- Erh`hgamhbab du`aga> ejgshstk kg mjs erà`kgks quk mkshjgag a mjs hgbhvhbujs9 pjr knk`pmj, rjfjs, askshgatjs, askshgatjs, craubks y aetjs bk vhjmkgeha. Kg ma `kbhba kg quk mas sjehkbabks avagzag, kstk thpj bk erà`kgks jeupa `ás mular. Ma emavk cugba`kgtam bkm kstubhj bk Buridkh` rabheafa rab heafa kg km agámhshs bk ma rkmaehõg erh`kgeasthlj, ya quk km easthlj ks km rksumtabj bkm erh`kg y kxprksa eõ`j sk acketa ma ejgehkgeha pþfmhea.

 

Lafrhkm Rarbk (1425-18?2). Dhnj bk ug h`pjrtagtk jcheham `hmhtar y nukz crageès, cuk kbueabj prh`krj pjr mjs nksuhtas y pjstkrhjr`kgtk kg km bkrkedj. Bksarrjmmõ ma hbka bk quk mjs erh`hgamks kg rkamhbab krag vàeth`as bk ug prjeksj pshejmõlhej gaturam> ma tkgbkgeha a ma h`htaehõg. Bjs añjs agtks bk su `ukrtk, Rarbk sk jpusj kg ug bkfatk afhkrtj, a mas supukstas hbkas ”ehkgtàcheas‐ bk È`hmk Buridkh`, a quhkg ejgshbkrafa su kgk`hlj pkrsjgam. _ksk a sus ataquks, Rarbk gj cuk ejgshbkrabj ej`j ug autjr rkmkvagtk kg su `j`kgtj. Uõmj dasta ma tkrekra bèeaba bkm shlmj TT amlugjs sjehõmjljs, rkseatarjg varhjs bk sus ejgekptjs para hgtklrarmjs kg ug gukvj ejgtkxtj quk bkskgeabkgará bkskgeabkga rá kg mjs kstubhjs kstabàsthejs y `kbhagtk kgeukstas. \kfkr bkehbhõ hghehar bktammabas hgvksthlaehjgks para kgejgtrar ug `ètjbj ehkgtàchej para mas ehkgehas sjehamks, tag emarj ej`j km kgcjquk "eausam cugehjgam" quk jpkra kg mas ehkgehas gaturamks. \kfkr fusea bkseufrhr mjs dkedjs cáethejs bkm `jbj `ás pjshthvj y mhfrk bk vamjraehjgks. Ameagzar a pkrehfhr ma jfnkthvhbab bk ma aeehõg du`aga. ”_ara èm ma sjehjmjlàa ya gj ks ma chmjsjcàa bk ma kxhstkgeha du`aga. Ks ma ehkgeha bk ma ejgbueta du`aga y sus ejgskeukgehas. Ma sjehjmjlàa ej`prkgshva kg \kfkr thkgk ej`j jfnktj bk kstubhj mjs ckgõ`kgjs bk ma vhba sjeham. Km ehkgtàchej gj vamjra ma rkamhbab pkrehfhba kg sà `hs`a, shgj quk hgtkgta 2

 

 

ej`prkgbkr pjr què km sunktj rkamhza tam j euam aeehõg, j fhkg, shlghchea km `ugbj bk tam j euam `agkra. Uk trata bk uga kmafjraehõg, uga fþsqukba shstk`áthea y rhlurjsa bk kvhbkgeha, `ás ammá bk uga sh`pmk h`prkshõg sjfrk ma vhba sjeham.   Km thpj hbkam Ks uga ejgstrueehõg `kgtam rkamhzaba bk `jbj agamàthej a parthr bk bktkr`hgabjs aspketjs bk ug ckgõ`kgj ejgerktj. Uk skmkeehjga y aekgtþa ugj j varhjs aspketjs bk ksk ckgõ`kgj dhstõrhej, ejg shlghcheabj eumturam y, ejg fask kg kmmjs, sk hgtkgta cjr`amhzar bhedj ckgõ`kgj partheumar. Rag sõmj shrvkg ej`j h`alkg `kgtam para ej`pararmjs ejg ma rkamhbab k`pàrhea. Kgtrk `uedas apjrtaehjgks `ás, bk `agkra mklam y kejgõ`hea. 

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