Reporte de la Practica #2 "Conceptos Basicos: Presiones"
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO FACULTAD DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES PLANTEL “ARAGON”
INGENIERIA MECANICA LABORATORIO DE TERMODINAMICA PRACTICA #2 CONCEPTOS BASICOS: “PRESIONES”
ALUMNOS: JUAREZ HERNANDEZ CARLOS GARCIA LEON ARTURO PROFESOR: ING. ALEJANDRO RODRIGUEZ LORENZANA GRUPO: MARTES DE 17:30 – 19:00 HRS. FECHA DE REALIZACION: MARTES 6 DE AGOSTO DE 2011 FECHA DE ENTREGA: MARTES 13 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2011
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
CONTENIDO OBJETIVO………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4 OBJETIVO……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 ACTIVIDADES…………………………………………………………………………………………………..4 EQUIPO Y MATERIAL…………………………………… MATERIAL………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………….4 4 SUSTANCIAS……………………………………………………………………………………………………4 SUSTANCIAS…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 ASPECTO TEORICO………………………………… TEORICO……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………. ….4 4 PRESION………………………………………………………………………………………………...4 PRESION………………………………………………………………………………………………... 4 PESO ESPECIFICO ESPECIFICO DE UN CUERPO….……………………………………………………….5 CUERPO….……………………………………………………….5 PESO ESPECIFICO DE UN LIQUIDO…………………………………………………………. LIQUIDO…………………………………………………………. 5 PRESION HIDROSTATICA………………………………………………………………………… HIDROSTAT ICA…………………………………………………………………………5 5 PRESION ATMOSFERICA…………………………………………………………………………. ATMOSFERI CA………………………………………………………………………….6 6 PRESION MANOMETR MANOMETRICA………………………………………………………………………. ICA……………………………………………………………………….7 7 PRESION VACUOMETRICA……………………………………………………………………… VACUOMETRICA………………………………………………………………………7 7 PRESION ABSOLUTA…………………………………… ABSOLUTA………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………….7 7 PRESION RELATIVA…………………………………………………… RELATIVA…………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………….7 7 PRINCIPIO FUNDAMENTAL FUNDAMENTAL DE HIDROSTATICA………………… HIDROSTATICA……………………………………… …………………….7 .7 PRINCIPIO DE FLOTACION FLOTACION O EMPUJE HIDROSTATICO……………………………. HIDROSTATICO…………………………….8 8 PRINCIPIO DE PASCAL…………………………………………………………………………….. PASCAL……………………………………………………………………………..8 PRINCIPIO DE ARQUIMEDES……………………………………………………………………. ARQUIMEDES…………………………………………………………………….8 8 REGLAS DE PRESION……………………………………………………… PRESION………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………. 9 CARACTERISTICAS CARACTERISTICAS DE LA PRSION Y LAS FUERZAS DENTRO DE LOS FLUIDOS…………………………………………………………………………………………………9 FLUIDOS………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9 DESARROLLO……………………………………………………… DESARROLLO………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………9 9 ACTIVIDAD 1………………………………………………………………… 1…………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………9 9 ACTIVIDAD 2………………………………………………………………………… 2…………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………….10 10 ACTIVIDAD 3……………………………………………………………… 3……………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………..10 10 TABLAS DE LECTURAS………………………… LECTURAS…………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………12 12 TABLA 2.1A……………………………………………………………… 2.1A………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………12 12 TABLA 2.2ª………………………………………………………………… 2.2ª…………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………12 12 TABLA 2.3ª…………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.3ª………………………………………………………………………………………….12 12
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
TABLA 2.1B…………………………………………………………………………… 2.1B………………………………………………………………………………….. ……..17 17 TABLA 2.2B……………………………………………………………………………………17 2.2B……………………………………………………………………………………17 TABLA 2.3B…………………………………………………………………………… 2.3B…………………………………………………………………………………… ………17 17 CUESTIONARIO……………………………………………………………………………………………….18 CUESTIONARIO………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18 CONCLUSIONES……………………………………………………………………………………………….19 CONCLUSIONES………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19 BIBLIOGRAFIA…………………………………………………………………………………………………20 BIBLIOGRAFIA………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20 SERIE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………21 SERIE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21 INDICE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….22 22
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
OBJETIVO Alumno: Aplicar los conceptos de presión, presión atmosférica, presión absoluta, presión manométrica, para comprender el funcionamiento de un barómetro de Torricelli y sus diferentes diferentes tipos de aplicaciones.
ACTIVIDADES 1. Determinar la presión atmosférica local mediante un barómetro de Torricelli. 2. Determinar las presiones absolutas en un sistema de bombeo. 3. Determinar la presión absoluta en el punto B mediante la obtención de la diferencia de presiones, con un manómetro diferencial en un sistema de bombeo.
EQUIPO Y MATERIAL
1 Barómetro de Torricelli.
1 Flexómetro.
1 Sistema de bombeo b ombeo (pre-instalado).
SUSTANCIAS
Agua.
Mercurio.
ASPECTOS TEORICOS Presión: Indica la relación entre una fuerza perpendicular aplicada y el área sobre la cual actúa. Matemáticamente se expresa como:
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
Donde: 2
2
P = Presión (N/m , lb/in ). F = Fuerza (N, lb f ). ). 2
2
A = Area (m , in ). Esta expresión indica que cuando mayor sea la fuerza aplicada, mayor será la presión para una misma área.
Peso Específico de un Cuerpo: Es el peso del cuerpo por su unidad de volumen es decir:
Donde: 3
3
γ = Peso especifico (N/m , lb/in ). P = Peso del cuerpo (N, lb f ). ). 3
3
V = Volumen (m , in ).
Peso Específico de un Líquido: Es la densidad del fluido por gravedad, o bien el peso por unidad de volumen del fluido, es decir:
Donde: 3
3
γ = Peso especifico (N/m , lbf /in /in ). 3
3
ρ = Densidad absoluta del liquido (kg/m , lb/in ). 2
g = Gravedad (m/s ). P = Peso del cuerpo (N, lb f ). ). 3
3
V = Volumen (m , in ).
Presión Hidrostática: Es la ejercida por los líquidos en forma perpendicular a las paredes en todas direcciones direcciones del recipiente que los contienen. Dicha presión actúa en todas direcciones
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
F1
F3
F4
F2
Las fuerzas F 1, representan las fuerzas que es generan sobre el fondo de un barco. Las F2, representarían las fuerzas que se generan alrededor de un submarino. Las F 3 , representarían representarían las fuerzas sobre las paredes del mar. Las F 4, las fuerzas ejercidas en las paredes de un recipiente que contiene un gas. Esto se debe a la fuerza que el peso de las moléculas se ejerce sobre un área determinada; la presión aumenta conforme es mayor la profundidad. Esta presión puede calcularse por:
Donde: 2
P = Presión (N/m ). 3
3
γ = Peso especifico (N/m , lb/in ). h = Altura (m, ft). O bien:
Donde: 2
2
P = Presión (N/m , lbf /in /in ). 3
3
ρ = Densidad (kg m/m , lbm/in ). 2
2
g = Gravedad (m/s , in/s ). h = Altura (m, in).
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
Presión Atmosférica: La atmosfera es una capa de aire constituida por el 20% de oxigeno, 79% de nitrógeno y el 1% de otros gases. Debido a su peso ejerce una presión sobre todos los cuerpos que están en contacto con él, por lo que se llama presión atmosférica. atmosférica. La presión atmosférica varía con la altura, por lo que al nivel del mar tiene un máximo valor o presión normal equivalente a: 5
1 atm = 760 mmHg = 1.013x10 Pa. En la Ciudad de México su valor aproximado es de: 5
586 mmHg = 0.78x10 Pa. Torricelli fue el primero en construir un barómetro de mercurio en el año de 1642.
Presión Manométrica: Es aquella que se mide por encima de la presión atmosférica. Los dispositivos para medir la presión manométrica se llaman manómetros, por ejemplo un manómetro de uso común es el de tubo abierto o manómetro de liquido, el cual tiene una forma de “U”; generalmente contiene mercurio, pero si se requi ere mayor sensibilidad existen otros que pueden contener agua o alcohol. Son utilizados para medir la presión en calderas, tanques de gas o cualquier recipiente a presión.
Presión Vacuométrica: Se mide por debajo de la presión atmosférica por lo que se le conoce como presión de vacío.
Presión Absoluta y Presión Relativa:
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
Cuando la presión en un sistema es menor que la presión atmosférica la presión es negativa. Se denota con un signo negativo si es presión manométrica de vacio (vacuométrica). La siguiente figura representa la equivalencia entre presiones absolutas y relativas.
Principio Fundamental de Hidrostática: La presión ejercida por un líquido en cualquier punto de un recipiente, está en función del peso especifico y de la altura que hay en el punto considerado a la superficie libre del líquido.
Principio de Flotación o Empuje Hidrostático: El empuje hidrostático ascensional W es numéricamente igual a la suma de los pesos de los líquidos desplazados por el cuerpo sumergido, y cuyas densidades respectivas son diferentes. Este dado por:
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
ρ > ρc; El cuerpo flota. ρ = ρc; El cuerpo está suspendido. s uspendido. ρ < ρc; El cuerpo se hunde.
Principio de Pascal: “Si se aplica una presión a un fl uido incomprensible (un liquido), la presión se transmite, sin disminución, a través de todo el fluido”. fluido”. Este principio se aplica al funcionamiento de la prensa hidráulica y con otros dispositivos semejantes en los que pequeñas fuerzas, pueden vencer grandes fuerzas, es decir:
Principio de Arquímedes: Todo cuerpo sumergido en un fluido recibe un empuje ascendente igual al peso del fluido desalojado, es decir:
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
1. La presión es la misma en cada uno de sus puntos. 2. La presión de un gas encerrado es la misma en todos los puntos que toca dicho gas. 3. Dos puntos a la misma altura o profundidad de un mismo líquido conectados entre sí deberán soportar la misma presión. 4. Un punto a mayor profundidad en un líquido soportara mayor presión que otro que se encuentra a menos profundidad.
Características de la Presión y las Fuerzas dentro de Fluidos: 1. En un fluido es reposo, la fuerza ejercida por el sobre una superficie colocada en el fluido es perpendicular a la su perficie. 2. La presión sobre la superficie es independiente de la orientación de la superficie. 3. En un fluido es reposo, la presión es constante a lo largo de un plano horizontal, si la superficie de un liquido cuya densidad está sometida a una presión P, la presión P en el interior de este liquido a una profundidad h está dada por: 4. Un fluido en equilibrio es una serie de recipientes abiertos, conectados tiene superficies abiertas abiertas en el e l mismo nivel. 5. La diferencia de presiones entre dos niveles en un fluido de igual densidad es: 6. Si una fuerza externa modifica la presión de equilibrio de cualquier punto en un fluido confinado, el cambio de presión se transmite a todos los puntos dentro del fluido (Principio de Pascal).
DESARROLLO
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
Actividad 2: “Determinar la presión absoluta en un sistema de Bombeo”. 1. Verificar que la válvula de globo se encuentre cerrada. 2. Accionar el interruptor del motor de la bomba. 3. En forma gradual, abrir la válvula de globo; hasta que la altura de mercurio sea considerable. 4. Estabilizar el sistema (hasta que la columna de mercurio este casi sin movimiento). 5. Efectuar las lecturas en el vacuometro y en el manómetro localizado en la succión y descarga respectivamente. Anotar los valores en la tabla 2.2A 6. Obtener la presión absoluta con la siguiente ecuación:
Anotar su valor en la tabla 2.2B.
Actividad 3: “Determinar diferencias de presiones” 1. Estando la bomba en funcionamiento, con el flexometro medir la altura del mercurio en el manómetro diferencial. Anotar la lectura en la tabla 2.3A 2. Cerrar la válvula de globo. 3. Con el interruptor apagar el sistema. Conocida la altura se obtiene la diferencia de presiones (P A – PB), basándose en el siguiente desarrollo matemático: Si:
Y
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
Sustituyendo:
Por lo que:
Factorizando:
Donde: 2
2
PA - PB = Diferencia de presiones (N/m , lb/in ) 3
3
ρHg = Densidad de mercurio (kg m/m , lbm/in ) 3
3
ρa = Densidad del agua (kg m/m , lbm/in ) 2
2
g = Gravedad local (m/s , in/s ) Anotar su valor en la tabla 2.3B Ahora se puede conocer la presión en el punto “B”, despejándola:
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
Tabla 2.2ª CONCEPTO Presión vacuometrica de succión Presión manométrica de descarga
SIMBOLO Pvac
UNIDAD (cmHg)
Pman
(kg/cm )
15
UNIDAD m
LECTURA 0.27
2
LECTURA 0.5
Tabla 2.3A CONCEPTO Altura de la columna de mercurio
SIMBOLO hHg
MEMORIA DE CÁLCULO Consideraciones Consideraciones previas: 1 psi (libra sobre pulgada cuadrada)=0.06894 bares 1 psi= 6894 pascales 1 pas=0.000145 psi 1 bar= 100,000 pascales
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
P=79.70 P=79.70
=79.70 Pa
Convertimos los pascales a bares 79.70 Pa ( Convertimos los pascales a psi 79.70 Pa (
)=0.01156 psi
Convertimos de pascales a mmHg: 79.70Pa Convertimos de mmHg a inHg: 0.5978mmHg
Actividad 2: “Determinar la presión absoluta en un sistema de bombeo” Presión vacuo métrica de succión = 5 cm Presión manométrica de descarga = .15 kg/cm
2
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
Sustituyendo: 3
2
P=(13.6 kg/m )(9.8m/s )(0.5481m) 2
P=73.05 N/m = 73.05 Pa Convertimos los pascales a bares 73.05 Pa ( Convertimos los pascales a psi 73.05 Pa (
)=0.01059 psi
Convertimos de pascales a mmHg: 73.05Pa Convertimos de mmHg a inHg: 0.5479mmHg Formula:
Presión manométrica de descarga = .15 kg/cm P
=P
+P
2
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
Convertimos los pascales a psi: 14,793.48 Pa (
) = 2.1458 psi
Convertimos de pascales a mmHg: 14793.48Pa Convertimos de mmHg a inHg: 110.9605mmHg
Actividad 3 “Determinar la diferencia de presiones y la presión sobre en el punto B” Datos: 3
ρHg = 13560 kg/m ρagua = 998 kg/m
3
hHg = 0.27 m gl = 9.7813 m/s
2
Para determinar la diferencia de presiones entre el punto A y el punto B tenemos:
Sustituyendo valores tenemos:
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
Por tanto tenemos que:
Pero:
Así que:
Para sus equivalencias tenemos:
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
TABLAS DE RESULTADOS Tabla 2.1B UNIDADES CONCEPTO Presión atmosférica
2
mmHg
N/m
0.5978
79.70
Bar
psi
inHg
0.00079
0.01156
0.02353
Tabla 2.2B UNIDADES CONCEPTO
SIMBOLO
mmHg
N/m
2
Bar
psi
inHg
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
CUESTIONARIO 1. ¿Por qué cuando un buzo desciende al fondo del mar, al subir tiene que pasar por una cámara de descompresión? R= “Cualquier volumen de gas sumergido será expandido paulatinamente al ascender, debido a la disminución de la presión exterior”. Esto quiere decir que
el aire en los pulmones del buzo tiende a expandirse cuando este empieza a subir a la superficie. 2. ¿Varia la presión atmosférica con el clima? R= Si ya que la temperatura afecta ya sea calentando o enfriando el aire lo que provoca que este sea más liviano o más pesado. 3. ¿Qué es la presión Osmótica?
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
CONCLUSIONES El la actividad 1 me pareció la más sencilla porque solo tienes que aplicar tu formula de (Presión = ρgh) donde la densidad del mercurio ya la conocemos, la gravedad ya está determinada determinada lo único que hay q ue hacer es tomar el valor de la altura de la columna de mercurio que hay en el laboratorio, pasarla de cm a metros y desarrollar la formula. Al final el resultado lo conviertes a diferentes sistemas métricos los cuales se piden en las tablas de resultados, en este paso cabe mencionar que se debe poner mucha atención en las equivalencias entre cada sistema. En la actividad 2 podemos observar cómo es que se miden la presión en un sistema de bombeo utilizando los barómetros tanto para del vacuometro y del manómetro mas
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
BIBLIOGRAFIA Tippens “Física Conceptos y Aplicaciones”, sexta edición, editorial McGraw Hill. Manrique “Termodinámica”, tercera edición, editorial Alfaomega. Pérez Cárdenas Salvador “Fundamentos de Termodinámica”, primera edición, editorial Limusa Noriega http://www.fisicanet.com.ar/fisica/e http://www.fisicane t.com.ar/fisica/estatica_fluidos/ap0 statica_fluidos/ap04_presion_atmo 4_presion_atmosferica. sferica. php http://www.fisicanet.com.ar/fisica/e http://www.fisicane t.com.ar/fisica/estatica_fluidos/ap0 statica_fluidos/ap01_estatica_fl 1_estatica_fluidos.php uidos.php http://familydoctor.org/online/famdoces/home http://familydoc tor.org/online/famdoces/home/common/heartdise /common/heartdisease/risk/09 ase/risk/09 2.html
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
SERIE 1. Una prensa hidráulica tiene dos pistones, uno pequeño y otro grande. El diámetro del pistón pequeño es de 2 in y el del mayor 8 in. La fuerza ejercida por el pistón es de 5 0 lb mientras recorren 6 in. Determinar:
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PRACTICA No. 2 CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES: “PRESION”
INDICE OBJETIVO……………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 OBJETIVO………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 ACTIVIDADES………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 ACTIVIDADES………………………………………………………………………………………………… .5
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