Report on Softener
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Senior Project On Study of various types of Softener (character, pH, application process) in Finishing on cotton Knitted goods. Supervising teacher Ismat zerin Lecturer Department of Textile Engineering
Prepared by Mihir Ranjon Das ID# 05310054 Program: BSTE Batch: 1st
Semester: fall, 2009 Submission date: January 26, 2010
City University
40, Bulu Ocean TOWER, Kemal Ataturk Avenue, Banani, Dhaka-1213.
Acknowledgement By means of practical knowledge it’s not possible to apply the theoretical knowledge in the practical field. For any technical education, practical experience is almost equaled important in association with the theoretical knowledge.
Now I wish to take this excellent opportunity to thank a lot of people who have assisted and inspired me in the completion of my training period.
Miss Ismat Zerin, my supervisor, to whom I am extremely indebted for his tremendous support and guidance throughout my training period. Being working with him I have not only earned valuable knowledge but was also inspired by his innovativeness which helped enrich my experience to a greater extent. His ideas and way of working was truly remarkable.
I also express my gratitude to Prof. Dr Md. Saiful Islam, Head, Department of Textile Engineering, for his support and continuous guidance throughout my long journey in City University and the industrial training. The industrial attachment is the process, which builds understanding, skills and attitude of the performer, which improves his knowledge in boosting productivity and services. University education provides us vast theoretical knowledge as well as more practical attachment, in despite of all these industrial attachment helps us to be familiar with technical support of modern machinery, skillness about various processing stages.
It also provides us sufficient practical knowledge about production management, work study, efficiency, industrial management, purchasing, utility and maintenance of machinery and their operation techniques etc. the above mentioned cannot be achieved successfully by means of theoretical knowledge only. This is why it should be accomplished with practical knowledge in which it is based on. Industrial attachment makes us reliable to be accustomed with the industrial atmosphere and improve courage and inspiration to take self responsibility. Textile education can’t be completed without industrial training. Because this industrial training minimizes the gap between theoretical and practical knowledge and make us accustomed to industrial environment.
Table of Contents Topics
Page number
Chapter1
1.0 General consideration…………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.1 History…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Chapter2
2.0 Raw Materials……………………………………………………………………………………….
3
2.0.1 Conditioning agents………………………………………………………………………………. 3 2.0.2 Emulsifiers……………………………………………………………………………………………
3‐4
2.0.3 Other ingredients………………………………………………………………………................
4
2.1
Manufacturing Process……………………………………………………………….................
4‐5
2.2
Quality control……………………………………………………………………………………… 5
2.3
Future Softener……………………………………………………………………………………... 5‐6
2.4
Composition…………………………………………………………………………………………
2.5
Reason for using softener………………………………………………………………………. 7
2.6
Desirable properties of Textile softener…………………………………………………. 7
2.7
Mechanism of Textile softener……………………………………………………................ 7‐9
2.8
Fabric Softener……………………………………………………………………………………… 9
6‐7
2.9 Classification Softener…………………………………………………………………………… 9 Chapter3
3.0 Cationic Softener…………………………………………………………………………………… 10 3.0.1 Chemistry of Cationic Softener……………………………………………………................ 10‐11 3.0.2 Mode of action………………………………………………………………………………………. 12 3.0.3 How to use……………………………………………………………………………………………. 12 3.0.4 Properties of cationic softener……………………………………………………………….. 12‐13 3.0.5 Advantages…………………………………………………………………………………………… 13 3.0.6 Disadvantages………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
3.0.7 Application…………………………………………………………………………………………… 14 3.0.8
Various types of cationic softener and their character, pH, application process………………………..
14‐16
3.0.8.0 Quaternary Ammonium Salt…………………………………………………………………... 16‐19 3.0.8.1 Imidazolines………………………………………………………………………………………….
19‐20
3.0.8.2 N‐dimethyl ammonium chloride…………………………………………………………….. 20‐23 3.0.8.3 N‐ distearyl‐N……………………………………………………………………………................. 23 3.0.9 TRADE NAMES OF CATIONIC SOFTENING AGENT …………………………………. 23 Chapter4
4.0
AN‐IONIC SOFTENER…………………………………………………………………………….. 24
3.2
TRADE NAME OF ANIONIC SOFTENING AGENTS……………………………………. 25
Chapter5
26
5.0 5.1
Silicone softeners………………………………………………………………………................
26
5.2
Silicone emulsion is two types……………………………………………………................
27
5.2.1 Micro emulsion……………………………………………………………………………………..
27
Properties…………………………………………………………………………………................. 27
5.2.2 Macro emulsion…………………………………………………………………………................. 27 5.3
Different Types of Softener……………………………………………………………………. 27‐28
5.3.1 Polydimethyl Silicon……………………………………………………………………………… 29‐30 5.3.2 Polydimethyl siloxane…………………………………………………………………………… 30‐31 5.3.3 Non‐ionic Silicon Softener……………………………………………………………………… 32‐33 5.3.4 Nonionic polysiloxane with amino groups……………………………………………… 33‐34 5.3.5 Microemulsion with amino groups……………………………………………….………... 34‐35 5.3.6 Aminofunctional polysiloxane………………………………………………………………... 36‐37 5.3.7 Elastomer Silicones……………………………………………………………………………….. 37 5.3.8
Synthosilky…………………………………………………………………………………………… 37
5.3.9 Other Silicon Softener……………………………………………………………………………. 37 Chapter6
6.0
38‐39
Non‐ionic softeners...............................................................................................................
6.1
Chemistry of non‐ionic softeners…………………………………………………………… 39‐41
6.2
How to use……………………………………………………………………………………………. 41
6.3
Advantages…………………………………………………………………………………………… 41
6.4
Disadvantage………………………………………………………………………………………… 42
6.5
Different Types of Non –ionic Softener…………………………………………………… 42
6.5.0 Polyethylene…………………………………………………………………………………………. 42‐44 6.5.1 Ethoxylated Fatty Acid…………………………………………………………………………... 44‐45 6.5.2 Silky Top………………………………………………………………………………………………. 46‐47 6.6
TRADE NAMES OF NON‐IONIC SOFTENING AGENT………………………………... 48
Chapter7
7.0
Amphoteric Softener……………………………………………………………………………... 49
7.1
Hydrophilic Softeners……………………………………………………………………………. 50
7.1.0 Special Features……………………………………………………………………………………. 50 7.1.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………................. 50 7.1.2 Application…………………………………………………………………………………………… 51 7.1.3 Padding Process……………………………………………………………………………………. 51 7.1.4 Storage & Handling Precautions…………………………………………………...………... 51 7.2
Urethane Softeners………………………………………………………………………………... 51
7.2.0 Advantages…………………………………………………………………………………………… 51‐52 7.2.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………................. 52 7.2.2 Stability………………………………………………………………………………………………… 52 7.2.3 Compatibility………………………………………………………………………………………… 52 7.2.4 Application Methods……………………………………………………………………………… 53 7.2.5 Storage & Handling Precautions…………………………………………………………….. 53 7.3.0 Function……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 53‐54 7.3.1 Features………………………………………………………………………………………………..
54
7.3.2 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………................. 54 7.3.3 Compatibility………………………………………………………………………………………… 54
7.3.4 Storage stability……………………………………………………………………………………. 55 7.3.5 Application…………………………………………………………………………………………… 55 7.3.6 Storage & Handling Precautions…………………………………………………................ 7.4
55
MACRO SOFTENER………………………………………………………………………………. 56
7.4.0 Special Features……………………………………………………………………………………. 56 7.4.1 Product Properties………………………………………………………………………………... 56 7.4.2 Method of Usage……………………………………………………………………………………. 57 7.5
Micro softener……………………………………………………………………………………... 57
7.5.1 Special Features……………………………………………………………………………………. 57 7.5.2 Product Properties………………………………………………………………………………... 57 7.5.3 Method of Usage……………………………………………………………………………………
58
7.5.4 SS‐SOF 80 EXL………………………………………………………………………………………. 58
Study of various types of Softener (character, pH, application process) in Finishing on cotton Knitted goods.
CHAPTER‐1
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods.
1.0
GENERAL CONSIDERATION
Softening agents are applied to textiles to improve their hand, drape, cutting and sewing qualities. An effective softener must be readily dispersible in rinse water and rapidly absorbed so that uniform deposition on the fabric can occur within a relatively short treatment time and generally, exhaustion should take place in about 5min for the softener to be effective and economically usable. It must impart softness, fluffiness and lubricity to the treated cloth and reduce static build‐up, especially in the case of hydrophobic fibers like cellulose acetate, nylon, polyester and acrylic fibers. These effects should be obtained without the loss of fabric whiteness or brightness, and then the treated fabric should retain its ability to absorb in subsequent use for drying the body (bath towels) or other surfaces. Fabric softener (also called fabric conditioner) is used to prevent static cling and make fabric softer. It is available as a liquid or as dryer sheets. Popular brand names include Downy (Lenor), Snuggle, Bounce, Comfort and Sta‐Soft. Most modern washing machines have a dispenser which can add liquid fabric softener to the load of laundry automatically on the final rinse; in launderettes one may need to add it manually. Some brands of washing powder have fabric conditioning built‐in which is claimed to save money when compared to buying ordinary washing powder and fabric softener separately. Some fabric softeners are also claimed to make ironing easier or to make clothes dry faster. For best results, un‐diluted liquid fabric softener should not be poured directly onto clothes. Fabric softeners may also come in the form of dryer sheets, which are added to clothing in the tumble dryer to soften the fabrics and prevent static. Many alternative uses of dryer sheets have been suggested by users. Fabric softeners work by coating the surface of the cloth fibers with a thin layer of chemicals; these chemicals have lubricant properties and are electrically conductive, thus making the fibers feel smoother and preventing buildup of static electricity. Other functions are improvements of iron glide during ironing, increased resistance to stains, and reduction of wrinkling. Cationic softeners bind by electrostatic attraction to the negatively charged groups on the surface of the fibers and neutralizing their charge; the long aliphatic chains are then oriented towards the outside of the fiber, imparting lubricity. Vinegar works on some materials in a similar way, as the hydrogen ions bind to the anionic groups on the fibers. The disadvantage of coating fibers by hydrophobic layer is in decreasing the water absorption properties of the fabric, which may be undesirable in towels and diapers. Therefore the cationic softeners are often combined with other chemicals with lower affinity to the fibers. The use of fabric softener is contraindicated in some articles, such as microfiber textiles. Most good quality all‐cotton towels do not need to be treated with fabric softener and with repeated washings and dryings, they become softer naturally. Over time, towels that have softened with fabric softener are less absorbent. Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
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1.1
HISTORY A fabric softener is a liquid composition added to washing machines during the rinse cycle to make clothes feel better to the touch. These products work by depositing lubricating chemicals on the fabric that make it feel softer, reduce static cling, and impart a fresh fragrance. The first fabric softeners were developed by the textile industry during the early twentieth century. At that time the process that was used to dye cotton fibers left them feeling harsh. In the early 1900s, preparations known as cotton softeners were developed to improve the feel of these fibers after dyeing. A typical cotton softener consisted of seven parts water, three parts soap, and one part olive, corn, or tallow oil. With advances in organic chemistry, new compounds were created that could soften fabric more effectively. These improved formulations soon found their way into the commercial market. By the 1960s several major marketers, including Procter and Gamble, had begun selling liquid fabric softener compositions for home use. The popularity of these products dramatically increased over the next decade as manufacturers developed new formulations that provided improved softness and more appealing fragrances. Despite their growing popularity, fabric softeners suffered from one major disadvantage: the softener chemicals are not compatible with detergents and therefore they cannot be added to the washer until all the detergent has been removed in the rinse cycle. Initially, this restriction required the consumer to make an extra trip to the washing machine if they wanted to soften their clothes. In the late 1970s manufacturers found a way to deliver fabric softening benefits in a dryer sheet format. These sheets provide some of the benefits of fabric softeners but give the added convenience of being able to be added in the dryer instead of the washer rinse cycle. However, while dryer sheets are very popular today, liquid softeners are still widely used because they are more effective. In the 1990s, environmentally minded manufacturers began test marketing ultra‐ concentrated formulations. These "ultra" formulations are designed such that only about one‐quarter as much product has to be used and therefore they can be packaged in smaller containers. However the perceived value to the consumer is lower because there are fewer products and the price is higher. It remains to be seen if these ultra concentrates will succeed in today's marketplace. By the end of the 1990s, annual sales of liquid fabric softeners in the United States reached approximately $700 million (in supermarkets, drug stores, and mass merchandisers). For the sake of comparison, about $400 million worth of dryer sheets are sold each year. The major manufacturers such as Procter and Gamble (Downy) and Lever Brothers (Snuggle), dominate about 90% of the market share while private label brands account for the remaining 10%.
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
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CHAPTER‐2
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods.
2.0
RAW MATERIALS
2.0.1 Conditioning agents Early fabric softener formulas were relatively simple dispersions of fatty materials that would deposit on the fabric fibers after washing. One of the most common ingredients used was dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride (DHTDMAC), which belongs to a class of materials known as quaternary ammonium compounds, or quats. This kind of ingredient is useful because part of the molecule has a positive charge that attracts and binds it to negatively charged fabric fibers. This charge interaction also helps disperse the electrical forces that are responsible for static cling. The other part of the molecule is fatty in nature and it provides the slip and lubricity that makes the fabric feel soft. While these quats do soften fabrics very effectively, they also can make them less absorbent. This is a problem for certain laundry items such as towels and diapers. To overcome this problem, modern formulations use quats in combination with other more effective ingredients. These newer compounds have somewhat lower substantivity to fabric which makes them less likely to interfere with water absorption. One of the new classes of materials employed in fabric softener formulations today is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Siloxane is a silicone based fluid that has the ability to lubricate fibers to give improved softening and ease of ironing. Other silicones used in softeners include amine‐functional silicones, amide‐functional silicones and silicone gums. These silicone derivatives are modified to be more substantive to fabric and can dramatically improve its feel. 2.0.2 Emulsifiers The conditioning ingredients used in fabric softeners are not typically soluble in water because of their oily nature. Therefore, another type of chemical, known as an emulsifier, must be added to the formula to form a stable mixture. Without emulsifiers the softener liquid would separate into two phases, much like an oil and vinegar salad dressing does. There are three types of emulsifiers used in fabric softener formulations: micro‐emulsions, macro‐emulsions, and emulsion polymers. Macro‐emulsions are creamy dispersions of oil and water similar to hand lotions or hair conditioners. The emulsifier molecules surround the hydrophobic oil or silicone droplets and allow them to be dispersed in water. A micro‐ emulsion is chemically similar, but it creates oil particles that are so small that light will pass around them. Therefore, a micro‐emulsion is characterized by its clarity and transparency as opposed to being milky white. Furthermore, one of the advantages of micro‐emulsion is that the silicone particles are so tiny that they will actually penetrate into the fibers, while macro‐emulsions only deposit on the fiber's surface. The third type, emulsion polymers, creates dispersions that look similar to a macro‐emulsion. This system does not use true emulsifiers to suspend and dissolve the oil phase. Instead, emulsion polymers create a stabilized web of molecules that suspend the tiny silicone droplets like fish caught in a net. The emulsifying system used in softeners must be chosen carefully to ensure the appropriate level of deposition on the fabric. A blend of non‐ionic emulsifiers (those that Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
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have no charge) and cationic emulsifiers (those that have a positive charge) are typically used. Anionic surfactants (which have a negative charge) are rarely used because the fabric conditioning agents have a positive charge which would tend to destabilize an anionic emulsion. 2.0.3 Other ingredients In addition to conditioning agents and emulsifiers, fabric softeners contain other ingredients to improve their aesthetic appeal and to ensure the product will be shelf stable. For example, fragrance and color are added to make the product more pleasing to consumers. In addition, emulsion stabilizers and preservatives are used to ensure the product quality. 2.1
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
The preferred method for manufacturing liquid softeners involves heating the ingredients together in one large mixing vessel. Mixing tanks should be constructed from high grade stainless steel to prevent attack from the corrosive agents in the formula. The tank is typically equipped with a jacketed shell that allows steam and cold water to be circulated, so the temperature of the batch can be easily controlled. In addition the tank is fitted with a propeller type mixer that is driven by a large electric motor. This kind of mixing blade provides the high shear that is needed to properly disperse the ingredients. The first step in the manufacturing process is to fill the tank with the specified amount of water. Water is added first because it acts as a carrier for all the other ingredients. Deionized water is used because it is free from metal ions that can affect the performance of the batch. Conventional formulations can contain as much as 80‐90% water. Once the water has been added to the tank, heating and mixing is initiated. When the water has reached the appropriate temperature, the emulsifiers are added. Since these chemicals tend to be waxy solid materials they are added at relatively high temperatures (between 158‐176TF [70‐80°C]). While the order of addition depends on the specific formula, it usually more effective to disperse the emulsifiers prior to adding the less water‐soluble materials. Emulsifiers are used between 1‐10%, depending on the specific chemicals that are selected. The conditioning ingredients used in softeners are not typically water soluble, so they are added to the water phase after the emulsifiers. For a typical strength formulation about 5% is used. For more concentrated formulations, levels of 10% are more common. When blends of quats and silicones are used, the silicones are used at levels as low as 0.5‐1.5%. When pre‐emulsified silicones are used in the formula they are added late in the process when the temperature is lower and there is less mechanical agitation in the batch. If higher molecular weight silicones are used that have not been pre‐emulsified they must be added to the batch at high temperatures with a high level of agitation to ensure the silicone oil droplets are evenly dispersed. Heating and mixing continues until the batch is homogeneous. At this point cool water is circulated around the tank to lower the temperature. As the batch cools, the remaining ingredients, such as preservatives, dyes, and fragrance, are added. These ingredients are used at much lower concentrations, typically below no more than a few percent for Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
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fragrance and less than 1% for preservatives and dyes. When the batch is complete, a sample is sent to the analytical chemistry lab to ensure it meets quality control standards for solids, pH, and viscosity. The completed batch may be pumped to a filling line or stored in tanks until it is ready to be filled. When the product is ready to be filled into the package, it is transferred to an automated filling line. Plastic bottles are fed onto a conveyor belt that carries them under a filling nozzle. At the filling head there is a large hopper that holds the formulation and discharges a controlled amount, usually set by volume, into the bottle. The filled package continues down the conveyor line to a capping machine that applies the closure and tightens it. Finally, the filled bottles are packed in cartons and stacked pallets for shipping. 2.2
QUALITY CONTROL
The finished fabric softer formulations are tested using a number of different protocols. Simple laboratory tests are used to determine basic properties such as pH, viscosity, and percent solids. These tests can help confirm that the correct ingredients were added at the appropriate levels. Other, more rigorous, tests are done to ensure the formulation is functioning correctly. One such evaluation is a water absorbency test, sometimes called the Drayes Wetting Test. This procedure involves dropping small pieces of treated fabric onto water and recording the length of time required for the fabric to sink. This measurement is taken 10 times to obtain an average result. Anti‐wrinkle properties can be evaluated by asking panelists to rate samples of fabric before they have been ironed. They are asked to numerically rate the amount of wrinkling between the test sample and the fabric softener treated sample. The test to measure ease of ironing is also done using trained panelists. These tests are performed on swatches of identical fabrics with the only difference being that one fabric has been treated with softener and the other has been washed in detergent only. 100% cotton pillowcases are used for wrinkling and ironing tests while 100% cotton terry towels are used for evaluating softness and water absorbency. The swatches are dried in a controlled environment at 71.6°F (22°C) and 65% relative humidity for 24 hours before testing. 2.3
FUTURE OF SOFTENER
There are two formula related areas that will affect the future of fabric softeners. The first is the impact the ultra‐concentrates will have on the market. At the time of this writing it is too soon to tell if they will be accepted by consumers. The second area is related to the role that multi‐functionality will play in the future. As chemists develop new more efficacious ingredients there is more potential for additional consumer‐perceivable benefits. At the turn of the millennium, multifunctional fabric softener formulations are the latest trend. These new products not only soften clothes but also improve the ease of ironing, reduce wrinkling in the dryer, and provide stain protection. Both Lever Brothers and Procter and Gamble have capitalized on this trend with new formulations that deliver multiple fabric care benefits. Finally, manufacturers may turn to new delivery forms to make softeners easier to
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
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use. One new method introduced by P&G in the late 1990s is the "Downy Ball." This is a reusable plastic tennis ball sized sphere that is filled with liquid Downy and added to the washer at the beginning of the cycle. The ball stays sealed during washing but the spinning of the rinse cycle triggers it to open and release the softener. For consumer who does not have an automatic softener dispenser on their washing machines, the "Downy Ball" saves them from the trouble of adding the liquid in a separate step. Other innovative dispensing devices like this may become more common as manufacturers strive to differentiate their products from the competition. 2.4
COMPOSITION
The earliest fabric softeners were developed during early 20th century to counteract the harsh feel which the drying methods imparted to cotton. The cotton softeners were typically based on water emulsion of soap and olive oil, corn oil, or tallow oil. Contemporary fabric softeners tend to be based on quaternary ammonium salts with one or two long alkyl chains, a typical compound being dipalmitoylethyl hydroxyethylmonium methosulfate. Other cationic compounds can be derived from imidazolium, substituted amine salts, or quaternary alkoxy ammonium salts. One of the most common compounds of the early formulations was dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride (DHTDMAC). Anionic softeners and antistatic agents can be, for example, salts of monoesters and diesters of phosphoric acid and the fatty alcohols. These are often used together with the conventional cationic softeners. Cationic softeners are incompatible with anionic surfactants presenting the bulk of surfactants used in detergents, with which they form inefficient precipitate; therefore they cannot be mixed with the detergent, but have to be added during the rinse cycle instead. Anionic softeners can be combined with anionic surfactants directly. Other anionic softeners can be based on smectite clays. Some compounds, such as ethoxylated phosphate esters, have properties of softening, anti‐static, and surfactant. The softening compounds differ in affinity to different materials. Some are better for cellulose‐based fibers; others have higher affinity to hydrophobic materials like nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylonitrile, etc. Silicone based compounds such as polydimethylsiloxane comprise the new softeners which work by lubricating the fibers. Silicone derivatives are used as well. Modified to contain amine or amide groups; they bind better to the fabrics and have much improved feel. They have essentially the same role as oils had in the early formulations. As the softeners themselves are often of hydrophobic nature, they are commonly occurring in the form of an emulsion. In the early formulations, soaps were used as emulsifiers. The emulsions are usually opaque, milky fluids. However there are also micro emulsions where the droplets of the hydrophobic phase are substantially smaller. The advantage of micro emulsions is in the increased ability of the smaller particles to penetrate into the fibers. A mixture of cationic and non‐ionic surfactants is often used as an emulsifier. Another approach is using a polymeric network, an emulsion polymer. Other compounds are included to provide additional functions; acids or bases for maintaining the optimal pH for adsorption to the fabric, electrolytes, carriers (usually water, sometimes water‐alcohol mixture), and others, e.g. Silicone‐based anti‐foaming agents, emulsion stabilizers, fragrances, and colors. Relatively recent forms on the market are the
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ultra‐concentrates, where the amount of carriers and some other chemicals is substantially lower and much smaller volumes are used. In recent years, the importance of delivering perfume onto the clothes has possibly exceeded that of softening. The perfume levels in fabric softeners has gradually increased, requiring high shear mixing technology to be used to incorporate greater amounts of perfumes within the emulsions. Long term release of perfume on the fabric is a key technology now being utilized. Each country tends to have different perfume requirements and brands may have different softener/perfume ratio depending on the count. 2.5
REASONS FOR USING SOFTENER •
As the textile material goes under various mechanical and chemical processes that make the surface of the material harsh. For example, Removal of natural oil and waxes by scouring and bleaching.
•
Resin finishing of textile material also imparts some degree of harshness. Soaping of textile material also add harsh feeling to the material.
•
As consumers are much more caring about the touch of textile material. This is also reason for using softener.
2.6
DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF TEXTILE SOFTENER •
It should be easy to handle.
•
It should have good compatibility to other chemicals.
•
It should not affect the shade of the material.
•
It should not affect the fastness of dyed material.
•
It should not cause any yellowing effect on dyed and finished material.
•
It should be stable to high temperature.
•
It should be non volatile by water vapor.
•
It should be non toxic and non caustic.
•
It should be easily bio degradable.
2.7
MECHANISMS OF SOFTENING EFFECT
Softeners provide their main effects on the surface of the fabrics. Small softener molecules, in addition, penetrate the fiber and provide an internal plasticization of the fiber forming polymer by reducing of the glass transition temperature. The physical arrangement of the usual softener molecules on the fiber surface is important and shown in Fig.‐1. Depending on the ionic nature of the softener molecule and the relative hydrophobicity of the fiber surface, cationic softeners orient themselves with their positively charged ends toward the partially negatively charged fabrics (zeta potential), creating a new surface of
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
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hydrophobic carbon chain that provide the characteristic excellent softening and lubricity seen with cationic softeners. Anionic softeners, on the other hand, orient themselves with their negatively charged ends repelled away from the negatively charged fiber surface. This leads to higher hydrophilicity, but less softening than with cationic softeners. The orientation of non‐ionic softeners depends on the nature of the fiber surface, with the hydrophilic portion of the softener being attracted to hydrophilic surfaces and the hydrophobic portion being attracted to hydrophobic surface.
Fig. 1 Schematic orientation of softeners on fiber surface
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
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(a) Cationic softener (b) Anionic Softener at fiber surface Non‐ionic softener at (c) Hydrophobic (d) Hydrophilic fiber surface. 2.8
FABRIC SOFTENER
•
Fabric softeners work by coating the surface of the cloth with a thin layer of chemicals.
•
So the term softener can be defined as an auxiliary applied to textile material in order to improve its handle with mo0re pleasing touch.
2.9
CLASSIFICATION OF SOFTENER
Based on the ionic natures softener can be classified into six categories: 1. Cationic softeners 2. Anionic softeners 3. Non ionic softeners 4. Amphoteric softeners 5. Reactive softeners 6. Silicone softeners 7. Antiozone Softener 8. Urethane Softeners 9. Macro softener 10. Micro softener
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
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CHAPTER‐3
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods.
3.0
CATIONIC SOFTENERS
Cationic softeners have been defined as material which dissolved or disperse in water, concentrate and orient at interfaces and ionize in such a way that the cation includes a hydrocarbon chain, which is hydrophobic and contains from 8 to 25 carbon atoms. 3.0.1 Chemistry of cationic softeners The simplest cationic are the primary, secondary and tertiary mono‐amines and their salts, formed by neutralization of the amines, usually with acetic acid. The primary and secondary amines have little importance in the textile field, since the free hydrogen on the nitrogen atom leads to fabric, yellowing. But, they serve as raw materials for making quaternary aminonium compounds. Reaction, with alkylating like methyl chloride, benzyl chloride, dimethyl sulphate, etc converts the insoluble amines into water soluble salts, which are more active than the original amines. These quaternary compounds have excellent thermal stability, especially on the acidic site. Stearyl or distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride or methosulphate, cetyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride or methosulphate, etc belong to this group. The next groups of commercial importance are amido‐amines, which are formed by the reaction of a fatty acid or a glyceride (fat) and a substituted or unsubstitued short‐chain polyamine. Generally, the reaction occurs at only one of the amine functions, giving an amide leaving one or more unreacted amino functional groups. The amine may be diethylene tri‐amine, N. N‐diethyl ethylene, etc. Derivatives of ethylene diamine have high melting points and exhibit poor solubility. This amide is quaternised either with glacial acetic acid or hydrochloric acid to give cationic fabric softeners. They are good, especially for chlorinated wool, which is quite harsh. All the members of this group are quite stable to hydrolysis. Imidazolines are the next group of cationic softeners. These are formed from fatty acids and polyethylene polyamine. R
COOH +H2N
CH3
CH2
NH
-H2O R
CO
NH
CH2
CH2
NH CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
NH2
NH
-H2O (Heating) N R
C
CH3 CH2 N CH3
CH2
NH2
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
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The cyclic compound (imidazoline) has a lower melting point and higher solubility than the parent amidoamine. These cyclic products may subsequently be acetylated, neutralized or reacted with ethylene oxide. A fourth group of cationic includes aminoesters, prepared by reaction of fatty acid or acid chloride with amino alcohols like diethanolamine or hydroxyethyl ethylene diamine.
COOH + HOCH 2
R
CH2
R
COOCH 2
CH2
NH
R
COOHHO CH2
CH2
COO CH2
R
CH2
CH2
NH CH2 NH
H2C
OH
CH3 OH
NH
NH
CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
NH2
NH2
These are quite water soluble, give good softening properties and are easy to make, but being esters, have a definite disadvantage of being easily hydrolyzed. After quaternisation also, the ease of hydrolysis is retained by them. Cationic softener belonging to the fifth group may be prepared from dicyandiamide and stearyl amine followed by reaction with ethylene oxide and quqternisation. The treatment with ethylene oxide to obtain the adduct is done to impart water solubility to the compound. 2H
H
N
C
2N
2N
C
NH
C
NH
C
H
18
NH
37
H
2
C
2N
(S t e a n y l a m in e ) C
18
H
37
NH
N
NH
C
NH C
NH
C
NH
NH
2
NH
(S t e a n y l d ig u a n id e ) CH
2
CH
O C
18
H
37
NH
NH
C
18
H
37
NH
NH
C
C NH
3
CH
C
3 --COOH
NH
2
NH
CH
2
CH
2
OH
CH
2
CH
2
OH
NH
C NH HOOC
NH
2
+
CH
3
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
Page 11
3.0.2 Mode of action When a quaternary ammonium softener is dissolved in water, it ionizes into a hydrophilic head with a negative charge and a hydrophobic tail carrying a positive charge. On the other hand, when textile fibers are entered into water they acquire a negative charge. When a textile fiber is entered into an aqueous solution of a cationic softener. During the softening treatment the negative charge on the fiber surface attracts the positive tail of the cationic softener. This result in firmly anchoring of the softener residue on the fiber substance, somewhat similar to sheathing the fiber with an oily film. This is responsible for obtaining a soft handle and a pliable, well lubricated fiber surface. 3.0.3 How to use Cationic softeners are available in the form of off‐white pastes with a slightly acidic reaction and can be dilute with water to any extent. Further addition of an acid is not necessary to affect dissolution/dilution. Being cat ion‐active they should not be mixed with anion‐active products like soaps, Turkey red oil, alkyl benzene sulphonates, fatty alcohol sulphates, etc. If hard water is used for their dilution, they do not react with calcium and magnesium salts. However, they are sensitive to calcium carbonate, which neutralizes the small amount of the acid which is present in the softener and which is necessary for the dissolution of the softener. Therefore if hard water is used, a small amount of acetic acid should be added to neutralize the alkalinity. The pH of the treating bath should be about 4 to overcome the difficulties arising out of alkalinity of the water used for diluting the softener. The softener may be applied by the padding or the exhaustion method. In thy latter, 0.25% to 2% softener on the weight of the material may be used and enough time given for adequate exhaustion. The cationic softeners find the following applications: •
As a self‐finish on peace goods to impart a lofty, full softness.
•
As a softener for yarn
•
As a softener to modify the handle of resin‐treated fabrics
•
As an static agent for loose fibers
3.0.4 Properties of cationic softener •
They are compatible with most resin finishes.
•
It has tendency to change the shade.
•
It also affects the fastness of certain dyestuffs.
•
It also causes discoloration on white fabrics.
•
As cationic softeners have positive charge they are affected to cotton or synthetic fabric.
•
Cationic softeners provide a very soft, silky hand to fabric.
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
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•
Nitrogen containing substances like quaternary fatty acid esters, dimethyl distearyl compounds are used in making cationic softeners.
3.0.5 Advantages Substantivity of cationic softeners to textile fibres involves complete exhaustion from application baths as well as firm bonding of the softener to the fabric. High degree of softener is one of the advantages of cationic softeners. Cationic impart other useful textile properties. For example, they improve the fibre tear strength due to increased internal lubrication which reduces the effect of abrasion. Better sewability and reduced needle cutting are the effect of softener treatment. In these cases, lubrication allows high speed needle to push the fibre aside without cutting the thread. For example, on a particular wool/nylon shirt, at 4,500 stitches/min, only one or two yards could be sewn; when the softener is applied to the fabric, a minimum of 52 yards can be sewn. 3.0.6 Disadvantages Lack of general compatibility with certain textile processing chemicals is the foremost disadvantages of cationic. Thus anionic detergents & soap react with cationic softener & form precipitates, giving an insoluble, unionized complex.
[R'N(CH3)3]+Cl-
R
COO-Na+ +
R
COO-[R'N(CH3)3]+ + Na+Cl-
This precipitation reaction eliminates their use in anionic detergent processing solutions and on insufficiently washed fabrics pre‐treated with anionic detergent. When the precipitation takes place the softening property is reduced. This precipitation makes it necessary to incorporate cationic softeners as after‐rinses for fabrics. There is a yellowing effect, particularly on ageing of bleached cotton fabrics. However, this may be minimized by a proper choice of the softener. 3.0.7 Application There are two principle methods of application of cationic softeners‐ 1) exhaustion from dilute baths, 2) padding from relatively concentrated solution. The long‐bath (exhaustion) process is especially suitable because of the natural substantivity of the softeners and is usually adopted for knitted goods, not requiring resin treatment. With thermosetting resins (urea‐formaldehyde resin) cationic lubricants softeners are a valuable adjunct to the treatment: since they are not appreciably removed in the subsequent washing operation and serve to reduce needle cutting during garment manufacture and generally impart improved tear and abrasion resistance. Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
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3.0.8 Various types of cationic softener and their character, pH, application process 3.0.8.0 Quaternary Ammonium Salt Quaternary Ammonium Salt is a weak cationic softening agent with anti‐static effect. It is recommended for synthetics like polyester, acrylic, acetate, nylon and their blends. It is excellent for laundry washing fastness The advantages of Quaternary Ammonium Salt are •
It is pump able, pour able, low viscosity softener in emulsion form
•
Can be applied in both exhaust and padding processes
•
It is compatible with silicone and non‐ionic products used in finishing formulation
•
Improves the lubricancy of the fibers and facilitates further processing of the goods
•
Imparts a very soft, smooth handle to the goods
•
It imparts good touch and elasticity like wool for acrylic and its blend
•
It has no influence on dyeing fastness
•
It poses no yellowing problem to white goods.
Properties Appearance
Milky liquid
Composition
Polyamide derivative
Ionicity
Weak cationic
pH (1% solution)
5.0 ± 0.5
Solubility
Soluble in water in any proportion
Application pH range
4 ‐ 7
Application temperature
60°‐70C°
range Stability in Hard water
Good
Acids
Good
Alkali
Good
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Compatibility with Non‐ionic surfactant
Generally very good
Anionic surfactant
Not compatible
Silicone softener
Good
Optical brightener
Not good
Application Methods Quaternary Ammonium Salt can be applied by exhaust as well as by padding method: a) Exhaust application
Quaternary Ammonium Salt
0.5 ‐ 2%
M:LR ratio
1:10
Temperature
45° ‐ 50°C
pH
4 ‐ 5
Time
20 ‐ 30 min.
(B) Application on Knit fabric
Quaternary Ammonium Salt
1 ‐ 2%
M:LR Ratio
1:10
Temperature
45°‐50°C
pH
4 ‐ 5
Time
20 ‐ 30 min.
(C) Softening of garment (Washwheel)
Quaternary Ammonium Salt
0.5 ‐ 2%
Temperature
45° ‐ 50°C
pH
4‐5
Time
20 ‐ 30 min.
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(D)Padding Application
Quaternary Ammonium Salt
20 ‐ 30 g/l
pH
4 ‐ 5
Storage & handling precautions •
Store in cool place
•
Avoid storing in direct sunlight.
•
Quaternary Ammonium Salt should be stored at ambient temperatures.
•
The shelf life of Quaternary Ammonium Salt is one year.
•
The usual precaution in keeping chemicals away from eyes and skin should be observe
3.0.8.1 Imidazolines Imidazolines is a cold water soluble cationic softener and hence, it is excellently suitable for cotton, t/c knitted blend fabrics. It is also suitable for resin processing industry. It imparts very good hand feeling and antistatic properties. Because of its low‐yellowing specific characteristic, it is very well suited for blue and white jeans laundry or stone‐washing. Advantages •
Readily soluble in cold water
•
No problem of yellowing on heating
•
On synthetics, it provides silk‐like handle
•
It does not alter dye fastness
•
Non‐irritant on human skin
•
Well suited for cheese dyeing process.
Properties Appearance
Milky white paste
Ionicity
Cationic
pH (2% solution)
4.5 ± 1
Chemical nature
Polyamine derivatives
Solubility
Soluble in cold water
Solid content
28%
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Stability Hard water
Good
Acids
Good
Alkalis
Good
Compatibility with Non‐ionic surfactant
Generally very good
Anionic surfactant
Not compatible
Silicone softener
Good
Optical brightener
Not good
Application Methods Imidazolines can be applied by exhaust as well as by padding method. Exhaust method (a) Post conditioning of acrylic yarn especially in the final rinse of yarn dyeing m/c: Imidazolines 0.5 ‐ 2% (owf) M:L Ration
1:10
Temperature
45° ‐ 50°C
pH
4 ‐ 5
Time
20 ‐ 30 min
(b) Application on Knitted fabric: Imidazolines
1‐2% (owf)
M:L Ration
1:10
Temperature
45° ‐ 50°C
pH
4 ‐ 5
Time
20 ‐ 30 min
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(c) Softening of garment (Washwheel): Imidazolines
1 ‐ 2% (owg)
M:L Ration
1:10
Temperature
45° ‐ 50°C
pH
4 ‐ 5
Time
20 ‐ 30 min
Padding method Imidazolines
20 ‐ 30 g/l
pH
4 ‐ 5
Storage & Handling Precautions •
Store in cool place
•
Avoid storing in direct sunlight
•
The shelf life of Imidazolines is one year if stored properly
•
The usual storage, handling, usage and safety precautions should be observed
3.0.8.2 Ndimethyl ammonium chloride N‐dimethyl ammonium chloride Flake is an excellent cationic softener, cold water rapid soluble for cotton, terry cotton knitted blend fabrics, and for resin processing industry. It has a very good hand feeling and antistatic properties. Because of its low‐yellowing specific characteristic, it is very suitable for blue and white jeans laundry or stone‐washing processing. Characteristics Appearance
Light yellowing white flake
Ionic
Cationic
pH 2% solution
4.5 ± 1
Content
Polyamine derivatives
Solubility
Soluble in cold water
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Advantages •
In case it is used for synthetics provides silk‐like handling.
•
Ndimethyl ammonium chloride Flakes treated febric garments dose not get yellowing.
•
Almost no influence on dyes fastness.
•
It can be rapidly soluble in cold water; its solution is very soluble.
•
Non‐irritant on human skin.
•
It is very suitable for cheese dyeing process.
Application •
Put 10kg Ndimethyl ammonium chloride Flakes into water at more than 25°C about 30 ‐ 60 min and mix until it's completely dissolved.
•
After completely dissolved, please filter it before packed.
•
Using quantity suggestion: based on 10% solution 1.5% (owf)
3.0.8.3 N distearylN N‐ distearyl‐N Flakes is a warm water soluble cationic softener and hence, it is excellently [[
suitable for cotton, terry cotton knitted blend fabrics. It is also suitable for resin processing industry. It imparts very good hand feeling and antistatic properties. Because of its low‐ yellowing specific characteristic, it is very well suited for blue and white jeans laundry or stone‐washing. Advantages •
Readily soluble in warm water
•
No problem of yellowing on heating
•
On synthetics, it provides silk‐like handle
•
It does not alter dye fastness
•
Non‐irritant on human skin
•
Well suited for cheese dyeing process
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
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Properties Appearance
Solid light yellow flakes
Ionicity
Cationic
pH (2% sol)
4.8
Chemical
Fatty acid amide
nature Solubility in
Readily soluble in warm water
water Guideline For making Catasoft solution using N distearylN Flakes •
Add 10 kg of N distearylN Flakes into 100 litre of water for 10% active content. The addition should be carried out at above 60°‐70° C for 30‐60 min with constant stirring for a complete dissolution.
•
After complete dissolution is ensured, please filter it before packing.
•
Recommended dosage from the 10% N distearylN Flakes solution is 1.5% on the weight of fibre (owf)
Storage & Handling Precautions •
Store in cool place
•
Avoid storing in direct sunlight
•
The usual precautions in keeping chemicals away from eyes and skin should be observed
3.0.8.4 Concentrated cationic softener Concentrated cationic softener is a cationic softener which is not diluted from the flakes or [[
cake but formulated to achieve limpy and elastomeric finish. It can be used for cotton, polyester/cotton fabrics. It has a very good hand feeling and anti‐static properties. Because of its low‐yellowing specific character, it is very suitable for garment processing of blue and white jeans. Advantages •
It is pump able, pourable, low viscosity softener in emulsion form
•
Can be applied in both exhaust and padding processes
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
Page 20
•
It is compatible with silicone and cationic products used in finishing formulation
•
It has no influence on dyeing fastness.
•
Does not yellow when treated fibers are heated
•
Does not influence dye fastness
•
Does not irritate human skin.
•
Suitable for cheese dyeing process.
•
Keep fabric low‐ yellowing,
•
Provides bulky and heavy feel
•
Neutral pH
Properties Appearance
White paste
Composition
Ethylene oxide condense product
Ionicity
Cationic
pH (1% solution)
7 ± 1
Solubility
Soluble in water in any proportion
pH
5 ‐ 8
Stability Hard water
Good
Acids
Good
Alkalies
Good
Compatibility Non‐ionic surfactant
Good
Anionic surfactant
Good
Silicone softener
Good
Optical brightener
Good
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Application Methods Concentrated cationic softener can be applied by exhaust as well as padding method: Exhaust application (A) Post softening of yarn especially in the final rinse of yarn dyeing m/c: Concentrated cationic softener
0.5 ‐ 2% (owy)
M:L ratio
1:10
Temperature
45° ‐ 50°C
pH
5 ‐ 8
Time
20 ‐ 30 min
(B)Application on knitted Concentrated cationic softener M:L R Temperature pH Time (C) Softening of garment (Wash‐wheel)
1 ‐ 2% (owf) 1 : 10 45 ‐ 50°C 5 ‐ 8 20‐30 min.
Concentrated cationic softener
0.5 ‐ 2% (owg)
Temperature
45 ‐ 50°C
pH
4 ‐ 8
Time
20 ‐ 30 min
Padding application Concentrated cationic softener
20 ‐ 30 g/l
pH
4 ‐ 5
Impregnate fabric at 70‐80% pick‐up, dry at 120° ‐ 140°C for 2‐3 min.
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Storage & handling precautions •
Store in cool place
•
Avoid storing in direct sunlight.
•
It should be stored at ambient temperatures.
•
The shelf life of concentrated cationic softener is one year. The usual precaution in keeping chemicals away from eyes and skin should be observed.
3.0.9 TRADE NAMES OF CATIONIC SOFTENING AGENT Name of the Product
Name of the Company
Auxisoftener K
Auxuchem
Cirrasol CS
ICI (indid) pvt. Ltd.
Arkoline HCS
Hico Products pvt. Ltd
Katasoftener
Ahura Chemical products pvt. Ltd.
Ciranine HS
Sandoz(india) ltd.
Sarcamine GG/LG
Gujchem Distillers India. Ltd
Katafin
Associated Chemicals
Catafinish/HWN
Chemox Industrial corpn.
Chemosine HCS/TAF/LW
Chemox Industrial corpn.
Katon/SP
The Mill Factors corpn.
Cason S
Indoken ltd
Taffulon 320A
DaiIchi Karkaria pvt. Ltd
Softnol
Laxmi Chemical copn.
Katasol
Kemicolor Indus.
Supermine GG/HC
Supertex (india) copn.
Ashoka catosol
Ashok Brothers
Texamyn FS
Britex Industry
Finisoft M
C.D. Corporation
Diotex AC
Diamond Chemical copn.
Gehine KS
Germochem Indus.
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Page 23
CHAPTER‐4
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods.
4.0
ANIONIC SOFTENER
Anionic softening agents are available in the form of off‐white thick paste, creamish viscous paste, which can be diluted with hot water to gibe opalescent solutions. The hot solutions can be diluted with water any temperature to the required concentration. Being anionic in character, they are compatible with direct dyes, optical whitening agents, starches, glue, gelatine, gums, resins, polyvinyl alcohol, blueing agents, etc and are stable to hard water, dilute alkalies and dilute acids. They may be applied on cotton, viscose rayon, acetate rayon, silk and nylon yarns to produce soft and supple finishes. Solutions of the anionic softening agents can be prepared by pouring 20 times its weight of boiling water with stirring and boiling for 5 to 10min. The solution may then be diluted with water at the required temperature with good stirring. In he actual application, the textile materials may be steeped in or padded with a solution of the anionic softening agent, followed by hydro‐extracting or squeezing to remove the excess liquor and finally drying without rinsing. The application may be carried out in a beck, winch, jigger, padding mangle or package dyeing machine. The concentrations of the softeners to be used depend upon the degree of softness required and the nature of the yarn or fabric being treated. Generally, a concentration of 2 to 10 g/l of the softener is suitable. The softener may be applied as a lubricant to cotton fabrics, which are subsequently subjected to the raising operation to get a dense and soft pile and the fabric gets a lofty handle. The number of operations may be reduced when the lubricant is present. Initial trials may be carried out by padding the cloth with a solution containing 10g/l of the softener at 50°c to 60°c followed by drying on a cylinder drying range or any other. Addition of 5g/l of glycerin to the pad‐bath is advantageous in dry climates. Anionic softening agent can be used as a processing agent for rayon filament yarn and staple fiber to impart a soft handle. During carding, drawing and spinning, it acts as a lubricant. It may be applied as aqueous dispersions containing 2 to 5g/l of the softener by spraying or circulating in a package dyeing machine at 45°c to 50c°
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3.2
TRADE NAME OF ANIONIC SOFTENING AGENTS
Name of the product
Name of the company
Auxisil XLHW
Auxichem
Ashoka anosol XL350
Ashok Brothers
Arkoline/SSW
Hico Products pvt. Ltd.
Ceramine PA
Sandoz(india) ltd
Finish XLHW
Ahura Chemical Products pvt. Ltd.
Finotes SL
Laxmi chemical Corpn.
Lusil XLHW
ICI(india) pvt. Ltd.
Sarluxol XL
Gujchem distillers(india) ltd
shinol
Kemicolor Industries
Ambusil XL
Shri Ambuja Chemicals co.
Anionic finish
Britex industries
Kemox Softener XL
Chemox pvt. Ltd
Neofinish EXEL/XLH
Chemox industrial copn.
DiofinishXL
Diamond Chemicals corpn
Hinorgasil XL
Hindustan Oraganic Products
Lustrol XLHW
Indokem ltd.
Katon XL
The Mill Factors copn.
Argolyn SW
Modern chemical corpn.
Mycusil XL
Mysore Chemical indus.
Nitcocil XL
New India Traiding Copn.
Supersil XL
Supertex India Corpn.
Ultrafil XL
Ultra Color Copn.
Lusterool HW
Shoorji Vallabhdas Colours
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
Page 25
CHAPTER‐5
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods.
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
Page 25
5.0
Silicone softeners
None‐ionic and cationic examples of silicone softeners are shown in Fig.‐3.They provide very high softeners, special unique hand, high lubricity, good sewability, elastic resilience, crease recovery, abrasion resistance and tear strength. They show good temperature stability and durability, with high degree of permanence for those products that form cross linked films and a range of properties from hydrophobic tohydrophilic.
Fig – 3. Chemical structures of typical silicone softeners. 5.1
Properties •
A new class of anionic softeners.
•
Expensive
•
It gives improved wrinkle recovery also.
•
Initially polydimethyl siloxane(PDMS) was used as softener.
•
Later amino functional Silicone softener was developed which gives high lubricity with small proportions.
•
It is more expensive.
•
It gives an extremely soft hand.
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Page 26
Remarks: Silicone softener is found in market at emulsion form 5.2
Silicone emulsion is two types •
Micro emulsion
•
Macro emulsion
5.2.1 Micro emulsion •
It is clear in appearance
•
It’s particle size is less than 40 nm
•
This emulsion gives inner softness as it penetrates into the fiber.
5.2.2 Macro emulsion •
It is milky in appearance
•
It’s particle size is in the range between 150‐250 nm
•
It gives surface softness as it covers the fiber.
5.3
Different Types of Softener
5.3.1 Polydimethyl Silicon Polydimethyl Silicon is a highly concentrated silicone softener in gel form. It is made from premium quality of silicone which gives excellent softness and surface smoothness to garments and fabrics. It is highly exhaustible. Advantages •
Imparts durable soft handle
•
Imparts superior smooth feel
•
Increases crease recovery
•
Increases shade depth and brilliancy when used on dyed fabric/garments
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Page 27
Properties Appearance
Transparent liquid
Composition
Blend of amino silicones and urethane
Ionicity
Non‐ionic
pH (1% solution)
7.0 ± 1.0
Solubility
Soluble in water
Application pH range
4.5‐5.5
Solid Content
42%
Application Methods Polydimethyl Silicon can be applied by exhaust as well as by padding method. Exhaust method Polydimethyl Silicon
1‐4 % (owg)
Temperature
45° ‐ 50°C
pH
5 ‐ 5.5
Time
20 ‐ 30 min
Padding method
Polydimethyl Silicon
10‐40 g/l
pH
5 ‐ 5.5
Storage & Handling Precautions •
Store in cool place and avoid storing in direct sunlight
•
The shelf life of Polydimethyl Silicon is two years under recommended storage
•
The usual precautions in keeping chemicals away from eyes and skin should be observed
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Page 28
5.3.2 Polydimethyl siloxane Polydimethyl siloxane is a silicone softener in transparent gel form. It is made from premium quality of silicone which gives excellent surface softness and bulk to garments and fabrics with durable softness. It is highly exhaustible. Advantages •
Imparts a bulky touch
•
Imparts smooth feel
•
Imparts crease recovery
•
Increases shade depth and brilliancy when used on dyed fabrics/garments
Properties Appearance
Transparent Liquid
Composition
Blend of amino silicones and urethane
Solid content
80%
Inocity
non – ionic
pH (1% solution)
7.0 ± 1.0
Solubility
Soluble in water in any proportion
Application pH range
4.5‐5.5
Application Polydimethyl siloxane can be applied by exhaust as well as by padding method. Exhaust method Polydimethyl siloxane
1 ‐ 4 % (owg)
Temperature
45° ‐ 50°C
pH
5 ‐ 5.5
Time
20 ‐ 30 min
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Padding method Polydimethyl siloxane
10‐40 g/l
pH
5 ‐ 5.5
Storage & Handling Precautions •
Store in cool place, avoid storing in direct sunlight
•
The shelf life of Polydimethyl siloxane is two years if stored properly
•
The usual precautions in keeping chemicals away from eyes and skin should be observed
5.3.3 Nonionic Silicon Softener Non‐ionic Silicon Softener is an economical silicone softener in paste form. It gives excellent limp and surface smoothness to garments and fabrics. Advantages • • •
Imparts a soft touch Imparts smooth feel Imparts crease recovery
Properties Appearance
Transparent viscous liquid
Composition
Blend of amino silicones and urethane
Ionicity
Non‐ionic
pH (1% solution)
7.0 ± 1.0
Solubility
Soluble in water in any proportion
Application pH range
4.5‐5.5
Solid Content
70%
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Page 30
Application Methods It should be pre‐diluted with water to 1:3 ratio. The diluted Non‐ionic Silicon Softener can be applied by exhaust as well as by padding method. Exhaust method Nonionic Silicon Softener
3 ‐ 4 % (owg)
M:L ratio
1:1
Temperature
45° ‐ 50°C
pH
5 ‐ 55.5
Time
20‐30 min
Padding method Nonionic Silicon Softener
20 ‐ 40 g/l
M:L ratio
1:1
pH
5 ‐ 5.5
Storage & Handling Precautions •
Store in cool place and avoid storing in direct sunlight.
•
The shelf life of Non‐ionic Silicon Softener is one year if stored properly.
•
The usual precautions in keeping chemicals away from eyes and skin should be observed.
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5.3.4 Nonionic polysiloxane with amino groups Nonionic polysiloxane with amino groups is a highly concentrated silicone softener in gel form. It is made from premium quality of silicone polymers, which gives excellent softness and surface smoothness to garments and fabrics. It is highly exhaustible. Advantages •
Imparts durable soft handle
•
Imparts superior smooth feel
•
Increases crease recovery
•
Increases shade depth and brilliancy when used on dyed fabric/garments
Properties Appearance
Transparent gel
Composition
Blend of amino silicones and urethane
Ionicity
Non‐ionic
pH (1% solution)
7.0 ± 1.0
Solubility
Soluble in water
Application pH range
4.5 ‐ 5.5
Application Methods Nonionic polysiloxane with amino groups can be applied by exhaust as well as by padding method. Exhaust Method Nonionic polysiloxane with amino groups
1 ‐ 4 % (owg)
Temperature
45° ‐ 50°C
pH
5 ‐ 5.5
Time
20 ‐ 30 min
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Padding method Nonionic polysiloxane with amino groups
10 ‐ 40 g/l
pH
5 ‐ 5.5
Storage & Handling Precautions •
Store in cool place and avoid storing in direct sunlight
•
The shelf life of Nonionic polysiloxane with amino groups is two years under recommended storage
•
The usual precautions in keeping chemicals away from eyes and skin should be observed
5.3.5 Microemulsion with amino groups Microemulsion with amino groups is a silicone softener in transparent liquid form. It is made from superior quality silicone polymers, which gives excellent inner softness and lumpy surface smoothness to garments and fabrics. It is highly exhaustible. Advantages •
Imparts smooth feel to fabric
•
Imparts crease recovery property
•
Increases shade depth and brilliancy when used on dyed fabric/garments
Properties Appearance
Transparent Liquid
Composition
Blend of amino silicones and urethane
Ionic
Non‐ionic
Solid content
40%
pH (1% solution)
7.0 ± 1.0
Solubility
Soluble in water in any proportion
Application pH range
4.5‐5.5
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Application Methods
Microemulsion with amino groups can be applied by exhaust as well as by padding method: Exhaust application Microemulsion with amino groups
0.5 ‐ 2 % (owg)
Temperature
45° ‐ 50°C
pH
5 ‐ 5.5
Time
20 ‐ 30 min
Padding application Microemulsion with amino groups
5 ‐ 20 g/l
pH
5 ‐ 5.5
Storage & Handling Precautions •
Store in cool place and avoid storing in direct sunlight
•
The shelf life of Americos Nanosoft 950 I is two years if stored properly
•
The usual precautions in keeping chemicals away from eyes and skin should be observed
5.3.6 Aminofunctional polysiloxane Aminofunctional polysiloxane is a special silicone softener in liquid form. It is made from premium quality silicone and hence, it gives excellent softness, surface smoothness and bulky and bouncy finish to the garments and fabrics. It can be applied by both exhaust and padding method. Advantages •
Imparts excellent softness to fabric and bulky & bouncy finish to the garments and fabrics
•
Imparts smooth feel to fabric
•
Enhances crease recovery angle significantly
•
Increases shade depth and brightness when used on dyed fabric/garments
•
It provide excellent result to the white fabric
•
It helps to retain back staining when applied on denim
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Properties Appearance
Milky
Composition Blend of amino silicones and urethane Ionicity
Non‐ionic
pH (1%
7.0 ± 1.0
solution) Solubility
Soluble in water in any proportion
pH
4.5 ‐ 5.5
Solid
40%
Content Application Methods Aminofunctional polysiloxane can be applied by exhaust method as well as by padding method. Exhaust application Aminofunctional polysiloxane
1‐4% (owg)
Temperature
45°‐50°C
pH
5‐5.5
Time
20‐30 min
Padding application Aminofunctional polysiloxane
10‐40 g/l
pH
5‐5.5
. Storage & Handling Precautions •
Store in cool place and avoid storing in direct sunlight
•
The shelf life of Aminofunctional polysiloxane is two years.
•
The usual precaution in keeping chemicals away from eyes and skin should be observed.
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5.3.7 Elastomer Silicones Elastomer Silicones is a special softening agent which imparts leather like softness. It also imparts good bulk along with soft hand. Since Elastomer Silicones is a nonionic based product, it has a very good compatibility with other textile auxiliaries, and hence, it does not cause any process troubles. Elastomer Silicones enhances crease recovery property and also the tear strength markedly. Advantages •
It imparts leather like bulky and soft hand
•
It is compatible with silicone and cationic products used in finish formulation
•
It does not influence dye fastness, rather it improves the color depth
•
It does not modify typical fabric properties
•
Increases the tear strength of the fabric substantially
•
t can be effectively used on dyed garments
•
Provides excellent surface smoothness
Properties Appearance
White liquid
Composition Special urethane type chemical compound Ionicity
Non‐ionic
Solubility
Soluble in water
Application The dosage requirement of Elastomer Silicones varies with the type of material and the structural construction, but the recommended concentration is 1‐2 %. Storage & Handling Precautions •
Store in cool place
•
Avoid storing in direct sunlight
•
It Shoud be Stored at ambient temprature
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
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•
The usual precautions in keeping chemicals away from eyes and skin should be observed
5.3.8
SYNTHOSILKY
Feature •
SYNTHOSILKY is a non yellowing amino silicone softener.
•
SYNTHOSILKY imparts a rich soft feel other fabrics.
•
SYNTHOSILKY gives durable finish to the fabrics
5.3.9 Other Silicon Softener ZYSIL 1010 ‐ Silicon Softener for Good Hand feel ZYSIL 1025 ‐ Silicon Softener for Better Hand feels. ZYSIL 1035 ‐ Amino Silicon with Good Bouncing Properties ZYSIL CONC ‐ Concentrated Silicon for High Soft & Silky Feel. ZYSIL ULTRA ‐ Concentrated Amino Silicon with Bouncy Feel & Good Draping Properties ZYTAX ZHK ‐ Non‐Yellowing Non‐ Ionic and Hydrophilic Silicon for Cool Finish Suitable Both for Full White & Dyed Fabrics ZYTAX ZYN ‐ Non‐ Yellowing and Ionic Silicon Highly Suitable For Full White Materials without Effective Shades. ZYTAX ZPS ‐ Polymeric Softening Agent for High Soft Feel.
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CHAPTER‐6
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods.
6.0
Nonionic softeners
Paraffin wax and fatty emulations are also included in non ionic softening agents, e.g. silicon AFN. They are applied like anionic emulsions. This group also includes •
polyglycol ethers,
•
polyglycol esters and
•
Other oxyethylation products.
Non‐ionic softening agents sometimes yield less satisfactory effects than cationic products. However they are more versatile since their effectiveness is less dependent on the ph and they are also virtually unaffected by hard water. Another advantage is their good resistance to heat, and this is very important in resin finishing. Amphoteric softening agents also belong here. They are weakly cationic in acid medium and they exhibit nonionic properties from ph 7 onwards. The silicon softening agents, e.g. silicon SI, should also be mentioned. They produce a smooth, silky handle known as the silicon handle. These products are mainly used: •
in permanent press finishing,
•
as smoothing agents for corduroys and velvets, and
•
As thermally stable preparations for sewing threads of synthetic fibers.
The water repellent effects of silicon softening agents are only moderate. Polyethylene can be modified by air oxidation in the melt at high pressure to add hydrophilic character (mainly carboxylic acid group).Emulsification in the presence of alkali will provide higher quality more stable products. They show high lubricity that is not durable to dry cleaning they are stable to extreme pH conditions and heat at normal textile processing condition, and compatible with most textile chemicals.
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Fig.‐4. Chemical structures of typical Non‐ionic softeners. 6.1
Chemistry of nonionic softeners (1) Fatty acid‐ethylene oxide condensates are the series of non‐ionic softener. These are made either by reacting a number of ethylene oxide molecules with one molecule of a fatty acid or by reacting a polyethylene glycol with the fatty acid:
C17H35COOH + nCH2
CH2
C17H35COO(CH2CH2O)nH
O C17H35COOH
+ HO(CH2 CH2
C17H35COO(CH2CH2O)nH
C17H35COO(CH2CH2O)n OC
+
O)nH
C17H35COO(CH2CH2O)nH
C17H35COOH
C17H35
These non‐ionic condensates contain a number of oxyethylene units as well as one or two ester groups. Because of the pre4sence of ester groups, they are subject to Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
Page 39
hydrolysis under strong acid or alkaline conditions. In this respect they are inferior to fatty alcohol‐ethylene oxide condensates or alkyl phenol‐ethylene oxide condensates. However, like the latter they are usually unaffected by electrolytes, dilute acids and alkalies of moderate concentration. A saturated fatty acid‐ethylene oxide condensate in the form of amber‐colored paste (Berol MTX‐10) gives a faintly opalescent solution in warm water and is stable to hard water, acids and alkalies of moderate concentrations. It is a softening agent. (2) A recent method of making a non‐ionic softener involves the reaction of ethylene oxide with a compound containing a hydrophobic chain as well as active hydrogen. A fatty acid provides such an example:
OR
C
OH + nCH2
CH2
O R
COOH
(CH2
CH2
O)nH
Fatty acid esters of this type are used as softeners. For this purpose water‐soluble or water‐dispersible glycol or polyglycol esters of fatty acids (saturated) like palmitic or stearic acid is most suitable. These have additional properties of a lubricant as well as an antistat. (3) Fatty acid alkanolamides are softeners as well. Thus ultramarine softener SS of Ultra Chemicals is a slightly alkaline cream‐colored paste containing the reaction product of stearic acid and mono‐ethanolamine: C17H35COOH+H2N2CH2CH2OH C17H35CONHCH2CH2OH Under acidic conditions, it acquires cationic properties. It is dispersible in water at almost any pH and the resulting dispersions are unaffected by acids, alkalies and low concentrations of electrolytes. It is fairly substantive to textile fibers. It does not discolor white fabric when the treated fabrics are dried at high temperatures and does not materially affect either the tone or the light fastness of dyeing and prints (4) Sorbitan mono‐laurate, sorbitan mono‐palmitate, sorbitan mono‐stearate, sorbitan‐ tri stearate, sorbitan mono‐oleate, sorbitan trioleate etc are chief commercial products in the Span series. Since commercial fatty acids themselves are mixtures of different acids and since it is difficult to form mono‐esters, the final products are complex mixtures. They are excellent softeners.
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(5) Water‐dispersible non‐ionic are used for producing water‐in‐oil and oil‐in‐water emulsions and are recommended for oiling textile fibers for spinning and sizing additions to foaming agents, softeners and detergents. Esters of sorbitol, sorbitan, mannitan and esters of polyethylene glycol contain 4‐5 oxyethylene groups. They are softeners and emulsifiers. 6.2
How to use
Non‐ionic softeners are available in the form of cream colored pastes and described as polyoxyethoxylated derivative, long chain, high melting fatty ester of polyglycol etc and are soluble in water. Being nonionic in nature, it is compatible with cationic and anionic products as well as with starch, dextrin, glue, cross linking reagents, etc. The paste has excellent storage stability and develops color , odour and alkalies. It is a non‐yellowing type of softener for cotton and synthetic fiber or fabrics. It imparts a soft, smooth handle to the goods and can be applied along with optical brighteners. The paste may be diluted with ten times its weight of hot water (50°c) with constant stirring. Stock solutions containing up to 100g/l of the product can be prepared. However these concentrated solutions become viscous when cooled, but thin down on warming prior to use. It does not lose its softening efficiency by cooling. The nonionic softener may be applied on fabric by padding or the exhaustion technique. In the exhaustion method, the goods may be treated in a jigger or a winch or in yarn dyeing machine at 30°c to 40°c temperature for 15 to 20min, using a bath containing 2 to 3g/l of the softener. Better exhaustion of the bath hence better utilization of the softener can be achieved by adding 0.5 to 1g/l of 40% acetic acid to the treating bath. In the jigger application method, the softener concentration may be increased to 5 to 10g/l, while in padding; it should be 10 to 30g/l. Whenever stripping is necessary due to faulty or uneven application, the softener may be stripped by working in a bath containing 10g/l soda ash at 60°c to 80°c for 30 to 60 min. 6.3
Advantages •
Non ionic softeners offer excellent compatibility in resin baths
•
They are easy to mix into a formulation
•
They have little or no effect on the shade of dyestuff.
•
As they do not have significant charge they must be applied by padding.
•
Example of compounds which are used to make non ionic softeners are‐ polyethylenes and ethoxylated compound.
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6.4
Disadvantage
Most versatile products are sparingly soluble in hot water and in many concentrated electrolyte solutions • • 6.5
Quick rinsing and lack of affinity to fibers make the non‐ionic softeners purely of a temporary nature. They cause too much foaming. Different Types of Non –ionic Softener
6.5.0 Polyethylene Polyethylene is a non‐ionic softener which is not diluted from the flakes or cake but formulated to achieve bulky, bouncy and elastomeric finish. It can be used for cotton, polyester/cotton fabrics. It has a very good hand feeling and anti‐static properties. Because of its low‐yellowing specific character, it is very suitable for garment processing of blue and white jeans Advantages •
Can be applied in both exhaust and padding processes
•
It is compatible with silicone and cationic products used in finish formulation
•
It has no influence on dyeing fastness
•
Does not yellow when treated fibers are heated
•
Does not irritate human skin.
•
Imparts very good handle and soft feeling
•
Provides bulky and heavy feel
•
Does not cause fabric yellowing
•
Can be applied Neutral pH
Properties Appearance
White paste
Composition
Ethylene oxide condense product
Ionicity
Non‐ionic
pH (1% solution) 7 ± 1 Solubility
Soluble under stirring
pH
7
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Compatibility with Non‐ionic surfactant
Good
Anionic surfactant
Good
Silicone softener
Good
Application Methods Polyethylene can be applied by exhaust as well as padding method Exhaust application Polyethylene M:L ratio
0.5‐2% (owy) 1:10
Temperature
45°‐50°C
pH
7
Time
20‐‐30 min
Application on knitted goods Polyethylene
1‐2%
M:L ratio
1:10
Temperature
45° ‐ 50°C
pH
7
Time
20‐30 min.
Softening of garment (Washwheel) Polyethylene
1‐2%
Temperature
45° ‐ 50°C
pH
7
Time
20‐30 min.
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Padding application Polyethylene
20‐30 g/l
pH
6‐8
Storage & handling precautions •
Store in cool place
•
Avoid storing in direct sunlight.
•
It should be stored at ambient temperature.
•
The shelf life of Polyethylene is one year if stored under recommended conditions.
•
The usual precaution in keeping chemicals away from eyes and skin should be observed.
6.5.1 Ethoxylated Fatty Acid Ethoxylated Fatty Acid is a polyhydric alcohol type nonionic softening agent for natural and synthetic fibers. It imparts a smooth, soft hand with moisture absorbing and moderate anti‐ static properties. Therefore, it is recommended as softening agent for cotton, linen, wool, acetate, polyamide, polyester rayon and other fibers. Properties Appearance
Light yellow white flakes
Main component
Polyhydric alcohol surfactant
Ionic activity
Nonionic
pH(1.0% solution
8.5±1.0
Solubility
Can be easily dissolve in 80°C hot water
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Features •
Ethoxylated Fatty Acid can be easily disperse in 80°hot water and formed very stable emulsion.
•
Ethoxylated Fatty Acid can be used with anionic or cationic softener or other finishing agent.
•
Ethoxylated Fatty Acid exerts no bad influence on the color or white fabrics.
•
Ethoxylated Fatty Acid imparts smooth, soft hand to all fabrics.
•
Ethoxylated Fatty Acid shows better softening effect in comparison with other type nonionic softeners.
Application (10% solution) Ethoxylated Fatty Acid can be applied to textiles by dipping or padding. A suitable treating temperature is from room temperature to about 50° ‐ 60°C x 15 ‐ 20 min amount about 2‐5% (owf).On the finish process treating concentration depends upon the kind of textiles and their uses, but Ethoxylated Fatty Acid is usually applied at 10 ‐30g/l aqueous emulsion. Dissolving method (Dilute into 10% solution) Ethoxylated Fatty Acid
10kg
80°C hot water
90kg
Stir and dissolve 30‐60 minutes, filtered before packed. Storage & handling precautions •
Store in cool place
•
Avoid storing in direct sunlight.
•
It should be stored at ambient temperature.
•
The shelf life of Ethoxylated Fatty Acid is one year if stored under recommended conditions.
•
The usual precaution in keeping chemicals away from eyes and skin should be observed.
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6.5.2 Silky Top Silky Top is a blend of cationic and silicone softener. It can be used for cotton, polyester and their blends. It imparts cotton garment excellent limpy, softening and brilliant look. It does not affect dye fastness. It increases depth of dyeing. Advantages •
It is pumpable, pourable, low viscosity softener in emulsion form
•
Can be applied in both exhaust and padding processes
•
It is compatible with silicone and non‐ionic products used in finishing formulation
•
Imparts cotton garment excellent limpy, soft and brilliant look
•
It has no influence on dyeing fastness.
•
It poses no yellowing problem to white goods
Properties Appearance
Liquid
Composition
Blend of fatty acid derivative and silicone
Ionicity
Weak cationic
pH (1% solution)
5.0 ± 0.5
Solubility
Soluble in water in any proportion
pH
4‐5
Temperature
45°‐50oC
Stability Hard water
Good
Acids
Good
Alkalies
Good
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Compatibility Non‐ionic surfactant
Generally very good
Anionic surfactant
Not compatible
Silicone softener
Good
Optical brightener
Not good
Application Methods Silky Top can be applied by exhaust as well as padding method Exhaust application Silky Top
0.5 ‐ 2% (owg)
Temperature
45°‐50oC
pH
4 ‐ 5
Time
20 ‐ 30 min
Padding application Silky Top
20 ‐ 30 g/l
pH
4 ‐ 5
. Storage & Handling Precautions •
Store in cool place
•
Avoid storing in direct sunlight.
•
Silky Top should be stored at ambient temperatures.
•
The shelf life of Silky Top is one year. Ø The usual precaution in keeping chemicals away from eyes and skin should be observed.
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6.6
TRADE NAMES OF NONIONIC SOFTENING AGENT
Name of the Product
Name of the Company
Arkoline N40/N45
Hico Products Pvt.ltd
Ceranine HCL
Sandoz(india) ltd
Nona soft
Shri Ambuja Chemicals co.
Ashoka Nonosol P
Ashok Brother
Finomine N
C.D. Copn
Kemox Softener N100
Chemaux pvt.ltd
Softener 75 XL
Chemox industrial Copn.
Nopcotex H
Diamand Shamrock ltd.
Hinorganol N
Hindustan Organic Products
Ceranine NI
Modern Chemical copn.
Sarocotex S
Gujchem Distillers India. Ltd.
Shivamine HW
Shiva Bharat Indus.
Sulococ N
Sunbeam Monochem pvt.ltd
Supermine N/W/H/S
Supertex (india) copn.
Texpor N30/N40
Texpan Products
Variamine OS 750S250
Vapson products
Softnol GS
Ahura chemical products
Hicconol N
Hindustan Chemical copn.
Sarluxol XL
Gujchem Distillers India. Ltd.
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CHAPTER‐7
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods.
7.0
Amphoteric Softener
Typical properties are good softening effects, low permanence to washing and high antistatic effects. They have fewer ecological problems than similar cationic products. Examples of the betaine and the amine oxide type are shown in Fig.‐5.
Fig.‐5: Chemical structure of typical amphoteric softeners. Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
Page 49
7.1
Hydrophilic Softeners
Hydrophilic Silicone is an epoxide modified hydrophilic silicone emulsion. Hydrophilic Softeners have a good affinity for both natural and synthetic fibers such as cotton, flax and polyester. Fabrics treated with Hydrophilic Silicone have durable softness, good air permeability, hydrophilicity and slippery feel. The treatment also imparts anti‐static properties;
especially
it
imparts
anti‐pilling
property
to
synthetic
fiber.
7.1.0 Special Features •
Hydrophilic Softeners is a nonionic, hydrophilic, self‐emulsified epoxide modified silicone emulsion with high effective content
•
It has good water solubility and compatibility
•
It has no de‐emulsification tendency
•
It has good affinity to both natural and synthetic fibres
•
It can form self‐cross‐linked film on fabric surface with the help of catalyst and heating
•
It imparts soft, slippery and elastic finish on PES, cotton and flax fabrics
•
It can be used alone, or can be used along with durable stiffening resin
7.1.1 Properties Component
Epoxide modified silicone
Appearance
Slight brown translucent viscous emulsion
Ionic nature
Nonionic
Specific gravity
1.01
pH
5.5 ± 0.5
Solubility
Easily soluble in water
Viscosity
450 cps
Solid Contains
86% ±1
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7.1.2 Application Hydrophilic Silicone can be used alone or together with durable resin or other softeners. When used as softener, usual dosage of 2‐3 g/l is recommended. 7.1.3 Padding Process Concentration
2 ‐ 3 g/l
Pick up ratio
70 ‐ 80%
Drying
130° ‐ 150°C for 30 sec
One dip one nip or two dips two nips methods of padding under room temperature can be followed. Nevertheless, for the actual application; the process should be adjusted according to the initial trials. 7.1.4 Storage & Handling Precautions •
Store in a cool/dry place
•
Avoid storing in direct sunlight
•
The shelf‐life of Americos SF‐1402 is one year if stored below 30°C
•
The usual storage, handling, usage, and safety precautions should be observed
7.2
Urethane Softeners
Urethane Softeners is a blend of silicone softener and polymer resins. It gives a bulky, soft hand and non‐yellowing leather like effect. It also provides UV protection against harmful UV‐B rays from the sunlight. It increases the tear strength significantly and improves crease recovery property. 7.2.0 Advantages •
It imparts leather like bulky and soft hand with non‐yellowing character
•
It is compatible with silicone and cationic products used in finish formulation
•
It does not influence dye fastness
•
It does not modify typical fabric properties and hence, it can be used on knitted fabrics as well
•
Increases the tear strength of the fabric substantially
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•
Highly effective, even if used alone
•
It can be effectively used on dyed garments
•
Provides excellent surface smoothness
7.2.1 Properties Appearance
Milky white viscous liquid
Composition
Blend of silicone and polymer resin
Ionicity
Non‐ionic
pH (1%
7 ± 1
solution) Solubility
Soluble in water
Application pH
5‐8
range 7.2.2 Stability Hard water
Good
Acids
Good
Alkalies
Not Good
7.2.3 Compatibility Non‐ionic surfactant
Good
Anionic surfactant
Good
Silicone softener
Good
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7.2.4 Application Methods
Urethane Softeners can be applied by exhaust as well as padding method:
Exhaust method Urethane Softeners
0.5 ‐ 2% (owg)
Temperature
45° ‐ 50°C
pH
5 ‐ 7
Time
20 ‐ 30 min
Padding method Urethane Softeners
10 ‐ 30 g/l
pH
5‐7
7.2.5 Storage & Handling Precautions •
Store in cool place
•
Avoid storing in direct sunlight
•
It should be stored at ambient temperatures
•
The shelf life of Urethane Softeners is one year if stored properly
•
The usual precaution in keeping chemicals away from eyes and skin should be observed
7.3
Antiozone softeners •
Improves Anti‐Ozone
•
Sewing /napping agent
7.3.0 Function Anti‐Ozone is originally formulated to provide excellent ozone fastness. It is carefully blended to achieve special Anti‐Ozone chemistry while containing efficient waxing property to prohibit damage on the colour and ozone fastness when treated material is exposed to the sun.
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Anti‐Ozone to a certain extent can also act as an excellent and economically sewing/napping lubricant exhibiting high heat stability designed to dramatically improve the sewing and napping performance of goods made from cellulosic, wool and synthetic fibers. This product not only reduces equipment failure rates but also imparts a soft hand to the treated fabric 7.3.1 Features •
Is primarily designed to improve ozone fastness
•
Also recommended for exhaust and padding operation
•
Produces a soft, full handle.
•
Exhibits no tendency for sublimation.
•
Does not influence the shade or fastness properties of dyed goods
•
Does not affect the whiteness of brightened goods
•
Minimizes needle breakage and optimizes machine efficiency
•
Improves ozone fastness
7.3.2 Properties Appreance
translucent, whitish liquid
Chemical description
high density polyethylene dispersion
Ionic character
slightly cationic
Specific gravity (g/cc)
0.95 ‐ 1.05 (25°C/77°F)
pH (as is)
5.5 ‐ 7.0
Dilatability
unlimited with cold water
7.3.3 Compatibility Nonionic
good
Anionic
good
Cationic
good
Acids
good to pH 2.0
Bases
good to pH12.0
Hardness
good to 40° g
Resin systems
good, check before using
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7.3.4 Storage stability Freezes below 0°C/32°F, but is fully effective after thawing. Avoid prolonged storage over 50°C/ 120°F 7.3.5 Application Padding process 10‐60 g/l AntiOzone Pad on dry goods (100% pick‐up) at room temperature Dry conventionally Exhaust process lR=5 ‐ 30 to 1 1‐6% AntiOzone (based on weight of goods)" For cellulosic fibers, pH: 6 ‐ 7 with acetic acid or sodium bicarbonate. For synthetics, pH: 7.5 ‐ 9.0 with sodium bicarbonate or soda ash. Temperature 32° ‐ 54°C/90°‐130°F, 15 ‐ 20 minutes, hydros extract and dry conventionally Due to excellent compatibility, Anti‐Ozone can be used in all common finishing formulations If stripping of the fabric is required, Anti‐Ozone can be removed as follows 1.0 ‐ 2.0 g/l detergent 1.0 ‐ 2.0 g/l soda ash Run 30 minutes at 70°‐90°C/158°‐194°F Rinse. 7.3.6 Storage & Handling Precautions •
AntiOzone should be stored below or at ambient temperature
•
Avoid storing in direct sunlight
•
The shelf‐life of AntiOzone is one year if stored below 40°C
•
The usual precaution in keeping chemicals away from eyes and skin should be observed
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7.4
MACRO SOFTENER
SP ‐ Elastomeric / SWBL: SP is an easy to use macro softener. It is used to impart Superior Supple Softness & Elastomeric Effect to White / Dyed 100% Cotton / Hosiery / Synthetic / Blended‐Yarns / Fabrics / Twills / Denim. Macro / Semi micro emulsion is generally applied for the surface smoothness as required by Polyester or blends. Micro is recommended for natural woven and knitted for complete internal and external softness. 7.4.0 Special Features Permanent Supple Soft Handle Silky Smoothness Compatible with Crease resistant resins. Cross Linkable. Low‐Yellowing 7.4.1 Product Properties Grade
SP micro/Semi micro
SP macro
Appearance
Transparent / Semi micro
Milky White
Nature
Non ‐ Ionic
Non ‐ Ionic
Total Solids
56‐60% / 50‐52%
40‐42%
Sp. Gravity
0.9‐1.1
0.9‐1.1
pH
5.5‐6.5
5.5‐6.5
Shelf Life
6 Months
6 Months
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7.4.2 Method of Usage Exhaustion
Dosage
wt. of fabric Per
Temperatu
pH of
Time of apply'
re
Bath
Room
5.5
20 to 30
garment SP micro
0.5 to 1.0 % 2 to 3 gms.
/semi
Temperatu
minutes
re. SP macro
1.0 to 2.0%
4 to 6 gms.
Room
5.5
20 to 30
Temperatu
minutes
re.
7.5
Micro softener
REL NWBL (Modified) is an easy to use micro emulsion of modified Reactive Amino functional Polysiloxane of slightly lower amine value. It is used to impart superior supple softness to dyed 100% Cotton / Hosiery / Synthetic/ Blended ‐Yarns / Fabrics / Twills / Denim. 7.5.1 Special Features •Permanent Supple Soft Handle •Silky Smoothness •Leaves No Residue or Smell on the Fabrics •Improves Fabric physical Properties 7.5.2 Product Properties Grade
3551
0551/1551/2551
Appearance
Clear and
Transparent / Milky
Nature
Non ‐ Ionic
Non ‐ Ionic
Total Solids
58‐60%
15%/25%/40%
Sp. Gravity
0.9‐1.1
0.9‐1.1
pH
4.5‐6.5
4.5‐6.5
Shelf Life
6 Months
6 Months
Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
Page 57
7.5.3 Method of Usage Exhaustion
Dosage
Temperature
wt. of
Per
fabric
garment
REL NWBL
0.5 to 1.0
2 to 3 gms. Room
3551
%
REL NWBL
1.0 to
2551
2.0%
pH of
Time of
Bath
application'
6
20 to 30 minutes
6
20 to 30 minutes
Temperature. 4 to 6 gms. Room Temperature.
Note: After treatment, the fabric / garments are hydro‐extracted followed by drying at 100° C for about 30 minutes. 7.5.4 SSSOF 80 EXL SS‐SOF 80 EXL is micro softener of amino modified silicone fluid that gives excellent smoothness along with softness and durability, with unique handle. Features • • • • • • •
Gives an excellent surface smoothness and softness with unique handle. Resistant to washing and abrasion Low Yellowing It is dilution stable Compatible with other agents SS‐SOF80EXLstableinupto800‐ppmhardwaterand0.2%electrolyte. Antistatic
Applications SS‐SOF 80 EXL can be a used in textile (Cloth & Garments) & leather to generate surface smoothness with a soft handle. Study of various types of softener (Character, pH, Application Process) in Finishing on Cotton Knitted Goods
Page 58
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