Report on raspberry pi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO RASPBERRY PI 1.1 Introduction: Introduction:

The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card-sized single-board computers developed in the UK  by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools. The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers. The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage. In 2014, the Raspberry Pi Foundation launched the Compute Module, which packages a BCM2835 with 512 MB RAM and an eMMC flash chip into a module for use as a part of embedded systems. The Foundation provides Debian and Arch Linux ARM distributions for download. Tools are available for Python as the main programming language, with support for BBC BASIC (via the RISC OS image or the Brandy Basic clone for Linux), C, C++, Java, Perl and Ruby. As of 18 February 2015, over five million Raspberry Pis have been sold. While already the fastest selling British personal computer, it has also shipped the second largest number of units behind the Amstrad PCW, the "Personal Computer Word-processor", which sold eight million. In early February 2015, the next-generation Raspberry Pi, Raspberry Pi 2, was officially announced. The new computer board will initially be available only in one configuration

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(model B) and features a Broadcom BCM2836 SoC, with a quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 CPU and a VideoCore IV dual-core GPU; 1 GB of RAM with remaining specifications being similar to those of the previous generation model B+. Crucially, the Raspberry Pi 2 will retain the same US$35 price point of the model B, with the US$25 model A remaining on sale. As of February 2014, about 2.5 million boards have been sold. The board is available in India online at a price of Rs.3000.

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CHAPTER 2 HISTORY OF RASPBERRY PI 2.1 Introduction:

In 2006, early concepts of the Raspberry Pi were based on the Atmel ATmega644 microcontroller.

Its

schematics

and PCB layout

are

publicly

available. Foundation trustee Eben Upton assembled a group of teachers, academics and computer enthusiasts to devise a computer to inspire children. The computer is inspired by Acorn's BBC Micro of 1981.Model A, Model B and Model B+ are references to the original models of the British educational Microcomputer , developed by Acorn Computers. The first ARM prototype version of the computer was mounted in a package the same size as a USB memory stick. It had a USB port on one end and an HDMI port on the other. The Foundation's goal was to offer two versions, priced at US$25 and US$35. They started accepting orders for the higher priced model B on 29 February 2012, the lower cost model A on 4 February 2013. And the even lower cost (US$20) A+ on 10 November 2014.

Fig 2.1 : An early alpha-test board in operation using different layout from later beta and  production boards 2.2 Pre-launch: 

July 2011 –  Trustee Eben Upton publicly approached the RISC OS Open community in July 2011 to enquire about assistance with a port. Adrian Lees at Broadcom has since worked on the port, with his work being cited in a discussion regarding the graphics drivers. This port is now included in NOOBS.

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

August 2011  –   50 alpha boards are manufactured. These boards were functionally identical to the planned model B, but they were physically larger to accommodate debug headers. Demonstrations of the board showed it running the LXDE desktop on Debian, Quake 3 at 1080p, and Full HD MPEG-4 video over HDMI.



October 2011 –  A version of  RISC OS 5 was demonstrated in public, and following a year of development the port was released for general consumption in November 2012.



December 2011 –   Twenty-five model B Beta boards were assembled and tested from one hundred unpopulated PCBs.The component layout of the Beta boards was the same as on production boards. A single error was discovered in the board design where some pins on the CPU were not held high; it was fixed for the first production run. The Beta boards were demonstrated booting Linux, playing a 1080p movie trailer and the Rightware Samurai OpenGL ES benchmark.



Early 2012  –   During the first week of the year, the first 10 boards were put up for auction on eBay.  One was bought anonymously and donated to the museum at The Centre for Computing History in Suffolk, England. The ten boards (with a total retail  price of £220) together raised over £16,000, with the last to be auctioned, serial number No. 01, raising £3,500. In advance of the anticipated launch at the end of February 2012, the Foundation's servers struggled to cope with the load placed by watchers repeatedly refreshing their browsers.

2.3 Launch: Raspberry Pi Model A 

19 February 2012  –   The first proof of concept SD card image that could be loaded onto an SD card to produce a preliminary operating system is released. The image was based on Debian 6.0 (Squeeze), with the LXDE desktop and the Midori browser,  plus various programming tools. The image also runs on QEMU allowing the Raspberry Pi to be emulated on various other platforms. 29 February 2012 –   Initial sales commence 29 February 2012at 06:00 UTC;. At the same time, it was announced that the Model A, originally to have had 128 MB of RAM, was to be upgraded to 256 MB before release. The Foundation's website also announced: "Six years after the  project's inception, we're nearly at the end of our first run of development –   although it's just the beginning of the Raspberry Pi story." The web-shops of the two licensed 4

manufacturers

selling

Raspberry

Pi's

within

the

United

Kingdom, Premier

Farnell and RS Components,  had their websites stalled by heavy web traffic immediately after the launch (RS Components briefly going down completely). Unconfirmed reports suggested that there were over two million expressions of interest or pre-orders. The official Raspberry Pi Twitter account reported that Premier Farnell sold out within a few minutes of the initial launch, while RS Components took over 100,000 pre orders on day one. Manufacturers were reported in March 2012 to  be taking a "healthy number" of pre-orders. 

March 2012  –   Shipping delays for the first batch were announced in March 2012, as the result of installation of an incorrect Ethernet port, but the Foundation expected that manufacturing quantities of future batches could be increased with little difficulty if required. "We have ensured we can get them [the Ethernet connectors with magnetics] in large numbers and Premier Farnell and RS Components [the two distributors] have been fantastic at helping to source components," Upton said. The first batch of 10,000 boards was manufactured in Taiwan and China.



8 March 2012  –   Release Raspberry Pi Fedora Remix, the recommended Linux distribution, developed at Seneca College in Canada.



March 2012  –   The Debian port is initiated by Mike Thompson, former CTO of  Atomz.  The effort was largely carried out by Thompson and Peter Green, a volunteer Debian developer, with some support from the Foundation, who tested the resulting binaries that the two produced during the early stages (neither Thompson nor Green had physical access to the hardware, as boards were not widely accessible at the time due to demand). While the preliminary proof of concept image distributed by the Foundation before launch was also Debian-based, it differed from Thompson and Green's Raspbian effort in a couple of ways. The POC image was based on thenstable Debian Squeeze,  while Raspbian aimed to track then-upcoming Debian Wheezy packages. Aside from the updated packages that would come with the new release, Wheezy was also set to introduce the armhf architecture, which became the raison d'être for the Raspbian effort. The Squeeze-based POC image was limited to the armel architecture, which was, at the time of Squeeze's release, the latest attempt by the Debian project to have Debian run on the newest ARM EABI. The armhf architecture

in

Wheezy

intended

to

make

Debian

run

on

the

ARM VFP hardware floating-point unit,  while armel was limited to emulating floating point operations in software. Since the Raspberry Pi included a VFP, being 5

able to make use of the hardware unit would result in performance gains and reduced  power usage for floating point operations. The armhf effort in mainline Debian, however, was orthogonal to the work surrounding the Pi and only intended to allow Debian to run on ARMv7 at a minimum, which would mean the Pi, an ARMv6 device, would not benefit. As a result, Thompson and Green set out to build the 19,000 Debian packages for the device using a custom build cluster. 2.4 Post-launch: 

16 April 2012  –   Reports appear from the first buyers who had received their Raspberry Pi.



20 April 2012 –  The schematics for the Model A and Model B are released.



18 May 2012  –   The Foundation reported on its blog about a prototype camera module they had tested. The prototype used a 14-megapixel module.

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22 May 2012 –  Over 20,000 units had been shipped.

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16 July 2012  –   It was announced that 4,000 units were being manufactured per day, allowing Raspberry Pis to be bought in bulk.

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24 August 2012  –   Hardware accelerated video (H.264)  encoding becomes available after it became known that the existing license also covered encoding. Previously it was thought that encoding would be added with the release of the announced camera module. However, no stable software exists for hardware H.264 encoding. At the same time the Foundation released two additional codecs that can be bought separately, MPEG-2 and Microsoft's VC-1.  Also it was announced that the Pi will implement CEC, enabling it to be controlled with the television's remote control.



July 2012 –  Release of Raspbian.



5 September 2012 –  The Foundation announced a second revision of the Raspberry Pi Model B. A revision 2.0 board is announced, with a number of minor corrections and improvements.



6 September 2012  –   Announcement that in future the bulk of Raspberry Pi units would

be

manufactured

in

the

UK,

at Sony's

manufacturing

facility

in Pencoed, Wales.  The Foundation estimated that the plant would produce 30,000 units per month, and would create about 30 new jobs. 

15 October 2012  –   It is announced that new Raspberry Pi Model Bs are to be fitted with 512 MB instead of 256 MB RAM. 6



24 October 2012 –   The Foundation announces that "all of the VideoCore driver code which runs on the ARM" had been released as free software under a BSD-style license,  making it "the first ARM-based multimedia SoC with fully-functional, vendor-provided

(as

opposed

to

partial, reverse

engineered) 

fully open-

source drivers", although this claim has not been universally accepted. On 28 February 2014, they also announced the release of full documentation for the VideoCore IV graphics core, and a complete source release of the graphics stack under a 3-clause BSD license. 

October 2012  –   It was reported that some customers of one of the two main distributors had been waiting more than six months for their orders. This was reported to be due to difficulties in sourcing the CPU and conservative sales forecasting by this distributor.



17 December 2012  –   The Foundation, in collaboration with IndieCity and Velocix, opens the Pi Store, as a "one-stop shop for all your Raspberry Pi (software) needs". Using an application included in Raspbian,  users can browse through several categories and download what they want. Software can also be uploaded for moderation and release.



3 June 2013  –   'New Out Of Box Software or NOOBS is introduced. This makes the Raspberry Pi easier to use by simplifying the installation of an operating system. Instead of using specific software to prepare an SD card, a file is unzipped and the contents copied over to a FAT formatted (4 GB or bigger) SD card. That card can then be booted on the Raspberry Pi and a choice of six operating systems is presented for installation on the card. The system also contains a recovery partition that allows for the quick restoration of the installed OS, tools to modify the config.txt and an online help button and web browser which directs to the Raspberry Pi Forums.

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October 2013  –   The Foundation announces that the one millionth Pi had been manufactured in the United Kingdom.



 November 2013: they announce that the two millionth Pi shipped between 24 and 31 October.

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28 February 2014  –   On the day of the second anniversary of the Raspberry Pi, Broadcom, together with the Raspberry PI foundation, announced the release of full documentation for the VideoCore IV graphics core, and a complete source release of the graphics stack under a 3-clause BSD license.

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Fig 2.2: Raspberry Pi Compute Module 

7 April 2014  –   The official Raspberry Pi blog announced the Raspberry Pi Compute Module, a device in the form factor of a 200-pin DDR2 SO-DIMM memory module (though not in any way compatible with such RAM), intended for consumer electronics designers to use as the core of their own products.



June 2014  –   The official Raspberry Pi blog mentioned that the three millionth Pi shipped in early May 2014.

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14 July 2014 –  The official Raspberry Pi blog announced the Raspberry Pi Model B+, "the final evolution of the original Raspberry Pi. For the same price as the original Raspberry Pi Model B, but incorporating numerous small improvements people have  been asking for".

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10 November 2014  –   The official Raspberry Pi blog announced the Raspberry Pi Model A+. It is the smallest and cheapest (US$20) Raspberry Pi so far and has the same processor and RAM as the Model A and like the A it has no Ethernet port, and  just one USB port, but does have the other innovations of the B+, like lower power, micro-SD-card slot, and 40 pins HAT compatible GPIO.



2 February 2015  –   The official Raspberry Pi blog announced the Raspberry Pi 2. Looking like a Model B+, it has a 900 MHz quad-core ARMv7 Cortex-A7 CPU, twice the memory (for a total of 1 GB) and complete compatibility with the original generation of Raspberry Pis.

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CHAPTER 3 IDEA BEHIND CREATING RASPBERRY PI 3.1 The main idea:

The idea behind a tiny and affordable computer for kids came in 2006, when Eben Upton, Rob Mullins, Jack Lang and Alan Mycroft, based at the University of Cambridge’s Computer

Laboratory, became concerned about the year-on-year decline in the numbers and skills levels of the A Level students applying to read Computer Science. From a situation in the 1990s where most of the kids applying were coming to interview as experienced hobbyist  programmers, the landscape in the 2000s was very different; a typical applicant might only have done a little web design. Something had changed the way kids were interacting with computers. A number of problems were identified: majority of curriculums with lessons on using Word and Excel, or writing webpages; the end of the dot-com boom; and the rise of the home PC and games console to replace the Amigas, BBC Micros, Spectrum ZX and Commodore 64 machines that people of an earlier generation learned to program on.

Fig 3.1 : A complete commodore system

There isn’t much any small group of people can do to address problems like an inadequate

school curriculum or the end of a financial bubble. But those students felt that they could try to do something about the situation where computers had become so expensive and arcane 9

that programming experimentation on them had to be forbidden by parents; and to find a  platform that, like those old home computers, could boot into a programming environment. Thus came the idea of creating the device which kids could buy and learn programming or hardware on –  The Raspberry Pi. 3.2 Initial design considerations:

From 2006 to 2008 they created many designs and prototypes of what we now know as the Raspberry Pi. One of the earliest prototypes is shown below:

Fig 3.2 : One of the earliest prototype of the Pi These boards use an Atmel ATmega644 microcontroller clocked at 22.1MHz, and a 512K SRAM for data and frame buffer storage. By 2008, processors designed for mobile devices were becoming more affordable, and powerful enough to provide excellent multimedia, a feature which would make the board desirable to kids who wouldn’t initially be interested in

a purely programming-oriented device. The project started to look very realisable and feasible. Eben (now a chip architect at Broadcom), Rob, Jack and Alan, teamed up with Pete Lomas, MD of hardware design and manufacture company Norcott Technologies, and David Braben, co-author of the BBC Micro game Elite, to form the Raspberry Pi Foundation to make it a reality. Three years later, the Raspberry Pi Model B entered mass production

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through licensed manufacture deals with Element 14/Premier Farnell and RS Electronics, and within two years it had sold over two million units. 3.3 Accessories:

Raspberry Pi being a very cheap computer has attracted millions of users around the world. Thus it has a large user base. Many enthusiasts have created accessories and peripherals for the Raspberry Pi. This range from USB hubs, motor controllers to temperature sensors. There are some official accessories for the RPi as follows: Camera  –   On 14 May 2013, the foundation and the distributors RS Components & Premier Farnell/Element 14 launched the Raspberry Pi camera board with a firmware update to support it. The Raspberry Pi camera  board contains a 5 MPixel sensor, and connects via a ribbon cable to the CSI connector on the Raspberry Pi. In Raspbian support can be enabled by the installing or upgrading to the latest version of the OS and then running Raspi-config and selecting the camera option. The cost of the camera module is 20 EUR in Europe (9 September 2013). and supports 1080p, 720p, 640x480p video. The footprint dimensions are 25 mm x 20 mm x 9 mm. 3.3.1 Gertboard  –   A Raspberry Pi Foundation sanctioned device designed for educational

 purposes, and expands the Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins to allow interface with and control of LEDs, switches, analog signals, sensors and other devices. It also includes an optional Arduino compatible controller to interface with the Pi. The Gertboard can be used to control motors, switches etc. for robotic projects.

Fig 3.3 : Gertboard(left) and Raspberry Pi(right) 3.3.2 USB Hub  –   Although not an official accessory, it is a highly recommended accessory

for the Pi. A powered USB Hub with 7 extra ports is available at almost all online stores. It is 11

compulsory to use a USB Hub to connect external hard disks or other accessories that draw  power from the USB ports, as the Pi cannot give power to them.

3.4 The NOOBS installer:

The Raspberry Pi package only comes with the main board and nothing else. It does not come shipped with an operating system. Operating systems are loaded on a SD card from a computer and then the SD card is inserted in the Pi which becomes the primary boot device. Installing operating system can be easy for some enthusiasts, but for some beginners working with image files of operating systems can be difficult. So the Raspberry Pi foundation made a software called NOOBS –  New Out Of Box Software which eases the process of installing an operating system on the Pi. The NOOBS installer can be downloaded from the official website. A user only needs to connect a SD card with the computer and just run the setup file to install NOOBS on the SD card. Next, insert the card on the Raspberry Pi. On booting the first time, the NOOBS interface is loaded and the user can select from a list of operating systems to install. It is much convenient to install the operating system this way. Also once the operating system is installed on the card with the NOOBS installer, every time the Pi boots, a recovery mode provided by the NOOBS can be accessed by holding the shift key during boot. It also allows editing of the config.txt file for the operating system

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CHAPTER 4 HARDWARE 4.1 Introduction:

In the block diagram below for model A, B, A+, B+ ; model A and A+  have the lowest two  blocks and the rightmost block missing (note that these three blocks are in a chip that actually contains a three-port USB hub, with a USB Ethernet adapter connected to one of its ports). In model A and A+ the USB port is connected directly to the SoC. On model B+ the chip contains a five-point hub, with four USB ports fed out, instead of the two on model B.

Fig 4.1 : Hardware 4.2 Processor:

The SoC used in the first generation Raspberry Pi is somewhat equivalent to the chip used in older  smartphones (such

asiPhone / 3G / 3GS).

the Broadcom BCM2835 system

on

a

The

Raspberry

chip (SoC),[1] which

Pi

is

based

includes

on an

700 MHz ARM1176JZF-S processor, VideoCore IV GPU,[8] and RAM. It has a Level 2 cache of 128 KB,  used primarily by the GPU. The SoC is stacked underneath the RAM chip, so only its edge is visible. 4.2.1 Performance of pre-Pi 2 models:

While operating at 700 MHz by default, the first generation Raspberry Pi provided a real world performance roughly equivalent to 0.041 GFLOPS. On the CPU level the performance is similar to a 300 MHz Pentium II of 1997-1999. The GPU provides 1 Gpixel/s or 1.5 Gtexel/s of graphics processing or 24 GFLOPS of general purpose computing  performance. The graphics capabilities of the Raspberry Pi are roughly equivalent to the level of performance of the Xbox of 2001. The LINPACK single node compute benchmark results in a mean single precision  performance of 0.065 GFLOPS and a mean double precision performance of 0.041 GFLOPS for one Raspberry Pi Model-B board. A cluster of 64 Raspberry Pi Model-B computers,

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labeled "Iridis-pi", achieved a LINPACK  HPL suite result of 1.14 GFLOPS (n=10240) at 216 watts for c. US$4,000. Raspberry Pi 2 is much more powerful, while the GPU is identical. 4.3 Overclocking:

The first generation Raspberry Pi chip operated at 700 MHz by default and did not become hot enough to need a heat sink or special cooling, unless the chip was overclocked. The second generation runs on 900 MHz by default, and also does not become hot enough to need a heatsink or special cooling, again overclocking may heat up the SoC more than usual. Most Raspberry Pi chips could be overclocked to 800 MHz and some even higher to 1000 MHz. There are reports the second generation can be similarly overclocked, in extreme cases, even to 1500 MHz (discarding all safety features and over voltage limitations). In the Raspbian Linux distro the overclocking options on boot can be done by a software command running "sudo raspi-config" without voiding the warranty. In those cases the Pi automatically shuts the overclocking down in case the chip reaches 85 °C (185 °F), but it is  possible to overrule automatic over voltage and overclocking settings (voiding the warranty). In that case, one can try putting an appropriately sized heatsink on it to keep the chip from heating up far above 85 °C.  Newer versions of the firmware contain the option to choose between five overclock ("turbo") presets that when turned on try to get the most performance out of the SoC without impairing the lifetime of the Pi. This is done by monitoring the core temperature of the chip, and the CPU load, and dynamically adjusting clock speeds and the core voltage. When the demand is low on the CPU, or it is running too hot, the performance is throttled, but if the CPU has much to do, and the chip's temperature is acceptable, performance is temporarily increased, with clock speeds of up to 1 GHz, depending on the individual board, and on which of the turbo settings is used. The five settings are: 

none; 700 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 400 MHz SDRAM, 0 overvolt,



modest; 800 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 400 MHz SDRAM, 0 overvolt,



medium; 900 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 450 MHz SDRAM, 2 overvolt,



high; 950 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 450 MHz SDRAM, 6 overvolt,



turbo; 1000 MHz ARM, 500 MHz core, 600 MHz SDRAM, 6 overvolt.

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In the highest (turbo) preset the SDRAM clock was originally 500 MHz, but this was later changed

to

600 MHz because

500 MHz sometimes

causes

SD card

corruption.

Simultaneously in high mode the core clock speed was lowered from 450 to 250 MHz, and in medium mode from 333 to 250 MHz. 4.4 RAM:

On the older beta model B boards, 128 MB was allocated by default to the GPU, leaving 128 MB for the CPU. On the first 256 MB release model B (and model A), three different splits were possible. The default split was 192 MB (RAM for CPU), which should be sufficient for standalone 1080p video decoding, or for simple 3D, but probably not for both together. 224 MB was for Linux only, with just a 1080p framebuffer,  and was likely to fail for any video or 3D. 128 MB was for heavy 3D, possibly also with video decoding (e.g. XBMC). Comparatively the Nokia 701 uses 128 MB for the Broadcom VideoCore IV or the new model B with 512 MB RAM initially there were new standard memory split files released( arm256_start.elf, arm384_start.elf, arm496_start.elf) for 256 MB, 384 MB and 496 MB CPU RAM (and 256 MB, 128 MB and 16 MB video RAM). But a week or so later the RPF released a new version of start.elf that could read a new entry in config.txt (gpu_mem=xx) and could dynamically assign an amount of RAM (from 16 to 256 MB in 8 MB steps) to the GPU, so the older method of memory splits became obsolete, and a single start.elf worked the same for 256 and 512 MB Pis. The second generation has 1 GB of RAM. 4.5 Networking:

Though the model A and A+ do not have an 8P8C ("RJ45") Ethernet port, they can be connected to a network using an external user-supplied USB Ethernet or  Wi-Fi adapter. On the model B and B+ the Ethernet port is provided by a built-in USB Ethernet adapter. 4.6 Peripherals:

Generic USB keyboards and mice are compatible with the Raspberry Pi. 4.7 Video:

The video controller is capable of standard modern TV resolutions, such as HD and Full HD, and higher or lower monitor resolutions and older standard CRT TV resolutions; capable of the

following:

640×350 EGA; 

1280×720 720p HDTV; 

640×480 VGA; 

1280×768 WXGA variant;

1280×1024SXGA;  1366×768 WXGA variant; 1680×1050 WXGA+; 

800×600 SVGA; 

1280×800 WXGA variant;

1400×1050 SXGA+;  1600×1200 UXGA;

1920×1080 1080p HDTV; 

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1024×768 XGA;

1920×1200 WUXGA. It

can

generate 576i and 480icomposite

video

signals

for  PAL-BGHID, PAL-M, PAL-

 N, NTSC and NTSC-J. 4.8 Real-time clock:

The Raspberry Pi does not come with a real-time clock, which means it cannot keep track of the time of day while it is not powered on. As alternatives, a program running on the Pi can get the time from a network time server or user input at boot time. A real-time clock (such as the DS1307) with battery backup can be added (often via the I²C interface).

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CHAPTER 5 SOFTWARE 5.1 Operating systems: The Raspberry Pi primarily uses Linux-kernel-based operating systems.

The ARM11 chip at the heart of the Pi (pre-Pi 2) is based on version 6 of the ARM.  The current releases of several popular versions of Linux, including Ubuntu, will not run on the ARM11. It is not possible to run Windows on the original Raspberry Pi, though the new Raspberry Pi 2 will be able to run Windows 10. The Raspberry Pi 2 currently only supports Ubuntu Snappy Core, Raspbian, OpenELEC and RISC OS. The install manager for the Raspberry Pi is NOOBS. The operating systems included with  NOOBS are: 

Archlinux ARM



OpenELEC



Pidora (Fedora Remix)



Puppy Linux



Raspbmc and the XBMC open source digital media center



RISC OS –  The operating system of the first ARM-based computer



Raspbian (recommended for Raspberry Pi 1) –   Maintained independently of the Foundation, based on the  ARM hard-float (armhf) Debian 7 'Wheezy' architecture port originally

designed

for  ARMv7 and

later

processors

(with Jazelle RCT/ThumbEE, VFPv3, and NEON SIMD extensions), compiled for the more limited ARMv6 instruction set of the Raspberry Pi. A minimum size of 4 GB SD card is required. There is a Pi Store for exchanging programs. 

The Raspbian Server Edition is a stripped version with fewer software packages  bundled as compared to the usual desktop computer oriented Raspbian.



The Wayland display server protocol enable the efficient use of the GPU for   hardware accelerated GUI drawing functions. on 16 April 2014 a GUI shell for Weston called Maynard was released.



PiBang Linux is derived from Raspbian.



Raspbian for Robots - A fork of Raspbian for robotics projects with LEGO, Grove, and Arduino. 17

5.2 Other operating systems: 

Xbian –  Using the Kodi (formerly XBMC) open source digital media center



openSUSE



Raspberry Pi Fedora Remix



Slackware ARM –   Version 13.37 and later runs on the Raspberry Pi without modification. The 128 – 496 MB of available memory on the Raspberry Pi is at least twice the minimum requirement of 64 MB needed to run Slackware Linux on an ARM or i386 system. (Whereas the majority of Linux systems boot into a  graphical user interface, Slackware's default user environment is the textual shell / command line interface.) The Fluxbox window manager running under the X Window System requires an additional 48 MB of RAM.



FreeBSD and NetBSD



Plan 9 from Bell Labs and Inferno (in beta)



Moebius –   A light ARM HF distribution based on Debian. It uses Raspbian repository,  but it fits in a 128 MB SD card. It has just minimal services and its memory usage is optimized to keep a small footprint.



OpenWrt –  Primarily used on embedded devices to route network traffic.



Kali Linux –   A Debian-derived distro designed for digital forensics and penetration testing.



Instant WebKiosk –   An operating system for digital signage purposes (web and media views)



Ark OS –  Website and email self-hosting



Minepion –  Dedicated operating system for mining cryptocurrency



Kano OS http://kano.me/downloads





 Nard SDK For industrial embedded systems Sailfish OS with Raspberry Pi 2 (due to use ARM Cortex-A7 CPU; Raspberry Pi 1 uses different ARMv6 architecture and Sailfish requires ARMv7.)



Tiny Core Linux –  a minimal Linux operating system focused on providing a base system using BusyBox and FLTK. Designed to run primarily in RAM.



IPFire –   a dedicated firewall/router distribution for the protection of a SOHO LAN; runs only on a Raspberry Pi 1; porting to the Raspberry Pi 2 is not planned for now.

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5.3 Planned operating systems: 

Windows 10 –   Microsoft announced February 2015 it will offer a free version of the to be-released Windows 10 running natively on the Raspberry Pi.

5.4 Driver APIs:

Raspberry Pi can use a VideoCore IV GPU via a binary blob, which is loaded into the GPU at  boot time from the SD-card, and additional software, that initially was closed source.This part of the driver code was later released, however much of the actual driver work is done using the closed source GPU code. Application software uses calls to closed source run-time libraries (OpenMax, OpenGL ES orOpenVG) which in turn calls an open source driver inside the Linux kernel, which then calls the closed source VideoCore IV GPU driver code. The API of the kernel driver is specific for these closed libraries. Video applications use OpenMAX, 3D applications use OpenGL ESand 2D applications use OpenVG which  both in turn use EGL. OpenMAX and EGL use the open source kernel driver in turn. 5.5 Third party application software: 

Mathematica –   Since 21 November 2013, Raspbian includes a full installation of this  proprietary software for free. As of 1 August 2014, the version is Mathematica 10.



Minecraft –  Released 11 February 2013; a version for the Raspberry Pi, in which you can modify the game world with code.

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CHAPTER 6 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RASPBERRY PI 6.1 Block diagram:

The Raspberry Pi board consists of following parts: 1. GPIO: General Purpose Input Output : using GPIO we can connect our board with real world i.e. we can use it to connect sensors and buttons and can create our own robot. 2. SD Card: The SD Card (or Secure Digital Card) is the hard disk of our system. It contains Operating System on it. 3. RCA Video: RCA(or Radio Corporation of America) connector is typically used for composite video. Composite video is an analog video transmission that carries standard definition video. 4. LEDs: LEDs(or Light Emitting Diodes) are present to show that you have power on  board. 5. USB: Universal Serial Bus designed to standardize the connection of computer  peripherals (including keyboard, mouse, printers etc.) to PC both to communicate and supply electronic power. 6. LAN: for internet connection. 7. HDMI: High Defination Multimedia Interface is used to connect your TV and your  projector to the board.

Fig 6.1 : Block diagram of Raspberry Pi 20

6.2 Block Diagram of Model A:

Fig 6.2: Block diagram of model A

6.3 Block Diagram of Model B:

Fig 6.3: Block diagram of model B

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CHAPTER 7 MODELS OF RASPBERRY PI The Raspberry Pi consists of following models: 1. Model A 2. Model A+ 3. Model B 4. Model B+ 5. Generation 2 Model B The properties of the above models are compared below:

Table 7.1 : Properties of different models of Raspberry Pi. 22

Table 7.2 : Properties of different models of Raspberry Pi.(contd.)

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Table 7.3 : Properties of different models of Raspberry Pi.(contd.)

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CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION Raspberry Pi is an innovative product. The sheer number of users and fan base support the fact that the device can see a great future ahead. The device can surely help anyone who really wants to lean electronics and computers. Increasing the processing power can surely help the product in the future. Also supplying a case and a proper instruction manual will improve the product. Also currently Windows operating systems are not compatible because of the ARM processor. If the processor is improved or any workaround is found to run Windows directly on the Raspberry Pi, then it can be a great step for the Pi. The Raspberry Pi is an amazing piece of hardware because of the combination of the features of a traditional computer and an embedded device. Supporting computer operating systems like Linux and providing simple input/output lines i.e. the GPIO makes it perfect for controlling almost anything. Programming the GPIO is much easy and intuitive then an traditional FPGA or microprocessor. Finally it can be said that Raspberry Pi can be effectively used if its processing power is kept in mind. It can work as a personal computer but cannot replace it. As of January 2012, enquiries about the board in the United Kingdom have been received from schools in both the state and private sectors, with around five times as much interest from the latter. It is hoped that businesses will sponsor purchases for less advantaged schools. The CEO of Premier Farnell said that the government of a country in the Middle East has expressed interest in providing a board to every schoolgirl, in order to enhance her employment prospects. In 2014, the Raspberry Pi Foundation hired a number of its community members including ex-teachers and software developers to launch a set of free learning resources for its website. The resources are freely licensed under Creative Commons, and contributions and collaborations are encouraged on social coding platform GitHub. The Foundation also started a teacher training course called Pi Academy with the aim of helping teachers prepare for teaching the new computing curriculum using the Raspberry Pi in the classroom. The continued professional development course is provided free for teachers and is run by the Foundation's education team.

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CHAPTER 9 REFRENCES 1. www.seminarsonly.com//raspberry_pi 2. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry _Pi 3. www.slideshare.net//presentation _on_Raspberry_Pi 4. www.seminarprojects.com//RaspberryPi 5. www.youtube.com//Raspberry_Pi_Board_working

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