Renzo Cavani - Casación y Precedente

 

Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

@hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba 

 H Da`mblb Yhruffj, ak dbdjrahd.

Sbkzj @hvhka Wrjfbsjr jriakhraj huxalahr bk lh Wjktafa`ah Rkavbrsai Rkavbrsaihi hi @htðla`h ibl Wbrÿ (WR@W). Ij`bktb h tabdpj `jdplbtj ibl èrbh «Pastbdh ib ousta`ah y sjlu`aðk ib `jkfla`tjsµ ib lh dasdh ukavbrsaihi. Wrjfbsjr bk lh  H`hibdah ib lh Dhnastrhturh Dhnastrhturh ibl Wbrÿ. Ij Ij`tjrhkij `tjrhkij bk bl Wrjnrhdh Irbt, B`jkjdah a Bdprbsh ib lh Rkavbrsatht ib Narjkh (RiN). Dhnästbr bk ibrb`mj pjr lh Rkavbrsaihib Fbibrhl ij Saj Nrhkib ij Pul (RFSNP). Hcjnhij pjr lh Rkavbrsaihi ib Ladh. Dabdcrj ibl Nrupj ib Akvbstanh`aðk WSJIBORP-WR@W y ib lh @çtbirh ib @ulturh Ouräia`h ib lh RiN. Dabdcrj ib lh Aktbrkhtajkhl Hssj`ahtajk jf Wrj`biurhl Lhw (AHWL), ibl Akstatutj Acbrjhdbra`hkj ib Ibrb`mj Wrj`bshl (AAIW), ibl Akstatutj Crhsalbarj ib Iarbatj Wrj`bssuhl (ACIW) y ib lh  Hssj`ahîàj Crhsalbarh Crhsalbarh ib Iarbatj Iarbatj Wrj`bssuhl (HCIWrj). Dabdcrj ib lh @jdasaðk Sbvasjrh ibl @ðianj Wrj`bshl

@aval `jkvj`hih pjr bl Dakastbraj ib Ousta`ah y Ibrb`mjs Mudhkjs ibl Wbrÿ (3786-378>). @BJ y `jfukihijr ib Bvaibk`b Lhc. @jksultjr ouräia`j, hcjnhij y èrcatrj bk iaspuths `jdbr`ahlbs.

Pudhraj? 8. Aktrjiu``aðk. 3. @hlhdhkirba, lh @hsshzajkb @avalb y ljs prb`bibktbs. 0. Lh `hsh`aðk `jdj djiblj ib tracukhl suprbdj? uk bobr`a`aj ib ibrb`mj `jdphrhij. 9. Bl «sastbdh ib prb`bibktbsµ. 9.8. Bl `jk`bptj ib prb`bibktb. 9.3. Shtaj ib`aibkia. 9.0. Pthrb ib`asas. 2. Pastbdh ib prb`bibktbs y tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs. 6. ºBs `jdphtaclb uk djiblj ib `hsh`aðk `jk uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs: >. @jk`lusajkbs. =. Sbfbrbk`ahs. 8.  Aktrjiu``aðk

Lh prbnukth qub cus`h rbspjkibr bstb bkshyj bs sa uk djiblj ib `hsh`aðk bs `jdphtaclb `jk uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs. Lh rblbvhk`ah ib bsth prbnukth sucyh`b bk bl mb`mj ib qub bk bl ias`ursj ib lh ij`trakh sjcrb lh `hsh`aðk `jkfluybk blbdbktjs mastðra`js, ibs`raptavjs y tbðra`j-kjrdhtavjs. Wjr bobdplj, mhy ias`ursjs ibs`raptavjs bk `lhvb ib ibrb`mj `jdphrhij, pbrj thdcaák rblhtavjs h sastbdhs ouräia`js bspb`äfa`js, qub ibshrrjllhrjk h su dhkbrh su djiblj ib `hsh`aðk. Bk ljs ias`ursjs tbðra`j-kjrdhtavjs ibsth`h, pjr bobdplj, bl lacrj Lh @hsshzajkb @avalb  ib Wabrj @hlhdhkirba, pucla`hij bk 8137, h`hsj lh dès fhdjsh y, hÿk mhsth mjy, lh dès akfluybktb bk lh trhia`aðk `jktakbkthl sjcrb bl hsuktj. Bktrb lhs vhrahs `ubstajkbs qub bl hutjr ibshrrjllh phrh `hrh`tbrazhr h su djiblj aibhl ib `jrtb suprbdh, bs duy `lhrj hl djstrhrsb `jktrhraj h ljs prb`bibktbs (vak`ulhktbs). @jdj sb djstrhrè bk bl ätbd 3, @hlhdhkirba vbäh ak`jdphtacalaihibs bktrb su djiblj kjrdhtavj y uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs ibcaij h su pbr`bp`aðk pbr`bp` aðk rbspb`tj ib lh satuh`aðk bk Aknlhtbrrh ib ia`mh ápj`h y su `jk`bp`aðk rbspb`tj ibl phpbl ibl oubz frbktb h lh lby. Whrh ál, ukh `jrtb ib

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

`hsh`aðk kj pjiäh ka ibcäh sbr uk tracukhl ib prb`bibkts. Wrb`ashdbktb pjr bllj, lh iuih qub surnb hquä bs lh sanuabktb? ºBs rbhldbktb ak`jdphtaclb lh bxastbk`ah ib uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs y/j ib uk tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs `jk bl djiblj ib @hlhdhkirba: Q, dès nbkbrhldbktb, ºbs ak`jdphtaclb `jk uk djiblj ib `hsh`aðk aksparhij bk su prjpubsth: Whrh rbspjkibr bsth prbnukth ibshrrjllhrá trbs hrnudbktjs. Bl pradbr hrnudbktj (ätbd 0, akfrh) `jksastb bk aibktafa`hr ijs `ratbrajs phrh iastaknuar djibljs ib tracukhl suprbdj  (qub, bvaibktbdbktb, kj sjk ljs ÿka`js, pbrj sjk ÿtalbs phrh lj qub quabrj ibdjstrhr). Bl pradbr `ratbraj bs lh fuk`aðk rbspb`tj ib ljs `hsjs qub bl tracukhl rbsublvb, puiabkij sbr uk tracukhl ib `jktrjl ib `hsjs j uk tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs sa bs qub su prbj`uph`aðk hl djdbktj ib lh hiouia`h`aðk bs prbvhlbktbdbktb rbtrjspb`tavh j prjspb`tavh. Bl sbnukij `ratbraj bs lh bxtbksaðk ibl  oua`aj rbhlazhij bk ljs `hsjs qub rbsublvb (prak`aphldbktb h kavbl rb`urshl). H phrtar ib hmä, tbkbdjs ljs djibljs ib tracukhl ib rbbkoua`ahdabktj  y tracukhl bxtrhjriakhraj, ibpbkiabkij ib sa bstè ladathih j kj h lh rbvhljrh`aðk ib prubchs j sa ÿka`hdbktb ibcb `jksaibrhr bl hkèlasas ib lh `ubstaðk ib ibrb`mj .  Bl sbnukij hrnudbktj (ätbd 9, akfrh) trhth sjcrb bl sankafa`hij ib uk «sastbdh ib prb`bibktbsµ, lj `uhl bs kb`bshraj phrh bktbkibr `uèkij pjibdjs bsthr mhclhkij ib uk «tracukhl ib prb`bibktbsµ, tbrdakhkij ib ihr `jktbkaij h lh prjpubsth ib ibrb`mj `jdphrhij yh bscjzhih. Whrh bllj, cus`hrá ibdjstrhr qub, ibsib ukh pbrspb`tavh `jk`bptuhl, uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs ib kaknukh dhkbrh sb rbiu`b ‐ka ibcb rbiu`arsb‐ h lh prè`ta`h ibl `jddjk lhw (hl dhrnbk ib qub ásth sbh duy adpjrthktb phrh lh prjpah tbjrazh`aðk sjcrb bl prb`bibktb) ka du`mj dbkjs h lh bxastbk`ah ib «prb`bibktbs  vak`ulhktbsµ (rb`taus? lh bxastbk`ah ib kjrdhs qub jclanhk tbkbr bk `ubkth j hpla`hr hlnukh kjrdh jctbkaih ibl prb`bibktb).  Wjr bllj, `jk uk hcjrihob iafbrbktb ib ljs `lèsa`js `jk`bptjs ib rhtaj ib`aibkia  y sthrb ib`asas cus`j ibdjstrhr qub mhclhr ib kjrdhs ouia`ahlbs ibravhihs ib uk prb`bibktb, ib lhs rbnlhs ibl prb`bibktb (j, dbojr, kjrdhs sjcrb quá sb pubib/ibcb/kj sb ibcb mh`br `jk lhs kjrdhs ibravhihs ib uk prb`bibktb) y ib lh rblbvhk`ah fjrdhl j bdpära`h ibl prb`bibktb h`hch pjr ihr uk `jktbkaij du`mj dès `jdplboj h bstb fbkðdbkj. Bl tbr`br hrnudbktj (ätbd 2, akfrh) cus`h ihr `jktbkaij h lj qub pubib sankafa`hr uk tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs.  Hllä prj`urhrá ibdjstrhr qub lh bxastbk`ah ib uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs y lh rblbvhk`ah bdpära`h ibl prb`bibktb (j sbh, qub lhs kjrdhs ib hqubl sastbdh sbhk `udplaihs) sjk `jkia`ajkbs kb`bshrahs y sufa`abktbs  phrh pjibr mhclhr ib uk tracukhl qub rbspjkih, hl dbkjs phr`ahldbktb, hl djiblj ib tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs. Pðlj ib bsth dhkbrh, sbnÿk ibfbkibrá, bs pjsaclb qub uk tracukhl ibsbdpbøb ukh fuk`aðk prjspb`tavh ib ibshrrjllj ibl ibrb`mj. Fakhldbktb, h phrtar ib tjij lj bxpubstj, `jk`luará `jk lj sanuabktb? ka   bl djiblj ib @hlhdhkirba ka thdpj`j uk djiblj ib tracukhl ib `hsh`aðk aksparhij bk su jcrh sjk ak`jdphtaclbs `jk uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs (ätbd 6, akfrh).  Pb trhth, pjr thktj, h phrtar ib uk hcjrihob `jk`bptuhl ib lh tbjräh ibl prb`bibktb, jfrb`br ukh iafbrbktb lb`turh ‐ y mhsth pj`j `jkvbk`ajkhl‐  ib lh jcrh ibl dhbstrj fljrbktakj.

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

3.  @hlhdhkirba, lh @hsshzajkb @avalb  y  y ljs prb`bibktbs

Bk 8137, Wabrj @hlhdhkirba pucla`ð uk lacrj qub `hdcað lh mastjrah ib ljs bstuiajs rbspb`tj ib lh `hsh`aðk? Lh `hsshzajkb `avalb, bk ijs vjlÿdbkbs8. @hlhdhkirba bs`racað iurhktb lh vanbk`ah ibl @jia`b ia Wrj`biurh @avalb athlahkj ib 8=62, bk plbkh ias`usaðk sjcrb `uèl djiblj ib tracukhl suprbdj hijpthr y, pjr `abrtj, bk uk `jktbxtj ijkib hÿk bxastähk `ak`j `jrtbs ib `hsh`aðk rbnajkhlbs bk Athlah3. Bl bstuiaj ib @hlhdhkirba hchr`h uk hdplaj hkèlasas mastðra`j ib lh ``hsh`aðk hsh`aðk (phrtabkij ibsib bl Adpbraj Sjdhkj y bl ibrb`mj nbrdèka`j pradatavj) mhsth su surnadabktj y bvjlu`aðk bk Frhk`ah, Athlah y jtrhs bxpbrabk`ahs ouräia`hs5 pbrj, h `jktakuh`aðk, sb bdchr`h bk ukh bxpjsa`aðk ib `jrtb pjläta`j y tá`ka`j sjcrb `uèl sbräh bl dbojr djiblj h hijpthr y quá `hrh`tbrästa`hs ibcbräh tbkbr bstb tracukhl. Pu jcrh, pjr thktj, ibcb sbr vasth `jdj lh prjpubsth ib uk djiblj aibhl ib tracukhl suprbdj   h phrtar ib ukh kätaih jp`aðk ib pjläta`h ibl ibrb`mj, lh `uhl tabkb su hpjyj bk ukh pbrspb`tavh mastðra`h, pbrj thdcaák ijndèta`h. Ihij qub du`mjs tbxtjs sb mhk bs`ratj phrh nrhfa`hr bl djiblj `hlhdhkirbahkj0, bl `uhl tabkb iavbrshs hrasths, prj`urhrá `bktrhrdb bk lj qub aktbrbsh phrh bfb`tjs ib bstb trhchoj9. Bs h phrtar ib ljs  fakbs ib lh `hsh`aðk qub sb bktabkib dbojr bl fukihdbktj ib bstb djiblj. Pbnÿk @hlhdhkirba, lh @jrtb kj ibcb tbkbr prbj`uph`aðk pjr ihr ousta`ah hl `hsj `jk`rbtj (lj `uhl hchr`h tutblhr `jktrh ljs va`ajs prj`bshlbs y ljs brrjrbs ib mb`mj), sakj, bk rbhlaihi, pjr lh bxh`th, ÿka`h  y

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 Bl pradbr vjludbk sb ibkjdakh «Ptjrah b lbnaslhzajkaµ y bl sbnukij «Iasbnkj nbkbrhlb ibll‑akstatutjµ. Bk hiblhktb, ushrá lh  vbrsaðk `jktbkaih bk Jpbrb Nauraia`mb, `jjriakhij pjr Dhurj @hppbllbtta, y rbbiathij y ianathlazhij bk 3781? @hlhdhkirba (3781 y 3781h). 3  Ljs rbakjs y bsthijs athlahkjs fubrjk `jkquasthijs pjr Khpjlbðk, `uyh akflubk`ah kj sjlj fub pjläta`h, sakj thdcaák ouräia`h. Lubnj ibl rbtarj ib lhs trjphs khpjlbðka`hs, iavbrsjs rbakjs athlahkjs `jdbkzhrjk su prjpaj prj`bsj ib `jiafa`h`aðk, y du`mjs ib blljs hijpthrjk `jdj djiblj lh lbnaslh`aðk frhk`bsh. Bk dhtbrah ib ibrb`mj prj`bshl kj fub iafbrbktb? @fr. Wa`hria y Naulahka (3777)5 Yhruffj (81=7? p. 22 ss.). Bsb fub, pjr bobdplj, bl `hsj ibl Sbakj ib Wahdjktb (Sbnkj ia Phribnkh), qub tuvj uk @W@ bk 8=21, bl `uhl hijptð plbkhdbktb bl djiblj ib tracukhl ib `hsh`aðk frhk`ás sbnÿk lh lby ib 8=0>. Wjstbrajrdbktb, ukh vbz j`urraih lh ukafa`h`aðk athlahkh, bk 8=68, pjr bk`hrnj ibl Sby Vä`tjr Dhkubl AA, sb prjdulnð bk 8=62 bl pradbr @W@  ibl Sbakj ib Athlah. Bl ibthllb hquä fub qub bl @W@ ib 8=62 fub prè`ta`hdbktb ukh aksparh`aðk h phrtar bl @W@ pahdjktás ib 8=21 (Yhruffj, 81=7? p. 880 ss.). Pak pbroua`aj ib bllj, ak`lusavb hktbs ib 8=62, lh ij`trakh athlahkh ias`utäh sa bs qub ibcäh hijpthrsb bl djiblj ib `hsh`aðk frhk`ás purj j bl djiblj ib rbvasaðk hlbdèk (bk bsjs tabdpjs, brh bktbkiaij `jdj ukh kubvh hpblh`aðk, bk ijkib brh pjsaclb bl rbbkoua`ahdabktj ib lh `hush). Lj `abrtj fub qub, ak`lusavb ibspuás ib 8=62, lh ias`usaðk kj `bsð. Lh phrta`ulhraihi hquä fub qub, hktbs ib lh ukafa`h`aðk, sb `rbhrjk iavbrsjs tracukhlbs ib `hsh`aðk bk hlnukjs rbakjs5 y, yh `jk Athlah ukafa`hih, sb `rbhrjk jtrhs `jrtbs ib `hsh`aðk rbnajkhlbs, ihkij uk tjthl ib `ak`j? Yuräk, Fljrbk`ah, Sjdh, Kèpjlbs y Whlbrdj. Pjlj bk 8130 sb iaj lh ukafa`h`aðk ib lhs `jrtbs ib `hsh`aðk bk ukh sjlh. @fr. Yhruffj (8118h? p. 29-22). 0  @fr. Yhruffj (8118h y, sjcrb tjij, 8118c). 9  @hlhdhkirba tabkb ukh prbfbrbk`ah h prajra pjr lh `hsh`aðk `jdj bl dbojr djiblj ib tracukhl suprbdj. Bk bfb`tj, `jdj ia`b Yhruffj, @hlhdhkirba «kj ibia`h kaknÿk hkèlasas `jrrbspjkiabktb ib sastbdh ib tbr`brh aksthk`ah j rbvasaðk, vastj sabdprb bk kbnhtavj `jdj blbdbktj ib aktbrfbrbk`ah rbspb`tj ibl djiblj purj ib lh `hsh`aðkµ (8118h? p. 29). Ib jtrj lhij, lh `jrtb sjlj ibcäh `jkj`br brrjrbs ib ibrb`mj. Kj ibcbräh hkhlazhr mb`mjs ka thdpj`j brrjrbs ib prj`biadabktj (@hlhdhkirba 3781h? p. 97 ss.), hukqub lubnj hidath qub mhy hlnukjs va`ajs qub sä hdbrathrähk sbr hkhlazhijs (p. 302 ss.). Fakhldbktb, @hlhdhkirba prjpjkäh bladakhr bl ijclb rbbkväj? lubnj ibl pradbr rbbkväj, sa lh `hush vjlväh h lh @jrtb, ásth ibcäh prjkuk`ahrsb rbspb`tj ibl fjkij (p. 3=6 ss.).

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

vbrihibrh hpla`h`aðk ib lh lby 2. Bstj bs lj qub kubstrj hutjr bktabkib pjr kjdjfalhquah («hdjr h lh

lbyµ)? `hih ukh ib lhs ib`asajkbs ib ljs tracukhlbs akfbrajrbs qub sbhk llbvhihs h lh @jrtb ibcähk sbr `jrrbnaihs, yh qub bsth brh lh suprbdh aktárprbtb ib lh lby (hl anuhl `jdj sb pbrfalhch lh @jur ib @hsshtajk frhk`bsh). H phrtar ib bstb pradbr (y fhdjsj) fak ib lh `hsh`aðk bk bl djiblj `hlhdhkirbahkj, bl hutjr bktabkib qub lh hutjraihi (y lh pucla`aihi) ib ljs prjkuk`ahdabktjs ib lh `jrtb llbvhräh h qub ljs ibdès oub`bs sb pbrsuhihk rbspb`tj ib lh aktbrprbth`aðk jfa`ahl y qub bllj, h su  vbz, llbvb h lh ukafjrdazh`aðk ouraspruibk`ahl. Bstb sbräh, pjr thktj, bl sbnukij fak ib lh `hsh`aðk, vastj `jdj ukh `jksb`ubk`ah ibl sbnukij6.  Vhlb lh pbkh ibtbkbrsb uk thktj bk bstb puktj. @hlhdhkirba bktabkib qub lh ukafjrdaihi ibl ibrb`mj jcobtavj bk uk ibtbrdakhij tbrratjraj bs hlnj pjsatavj, y qub pubib `jdpljthr `jktrh bstj bl mb`mj qub bxasthk lhnukhs ib lby y, sjcrb tjij, lh pjsacalaihi ib qub sb prjiuz`hk iavbrshs aktbrprbth`ajkbs bk vhrahs phrtbs ibl tbrratjraj bk qub ranbk thlbs kjrdhs hcstrh`ths >. Pak pbroua`aj ib bllj, bl hutjr `jksaibrh qub «lh ouraspruibk`ah ib ljs tracukhlbs tabkib h lh adath`aðk y h lh `jksthk`ahµ= pjr lj `uhl uk oubz, frbktb h ukh sjlu`aðk yh `jkshnrhih pjr prb`bibktbs ouia`ahlbs, bsthräh adpulshij h sbnuarlh, hukqub, pjr bobdplj, `jksaibrb qub pjiräh hijpthr ukh sjlu`aðk iavbrsh1. Hu`tjraths rbrud sadalatbr auia`hthrud auia`hthrud, hukqub bllj kj sbh ukh fubktb ibl ibrb`mj 87.  Ib lh plurhlaihi ib ljs tracukhlbs bk uk Bsthij sb ibravh lh plurhlaihi ib aktbrprbth`ajkbs ouraspruibk`ahlbs phrh rbsjlvbr ukh dasdh satuh`aðk ib mb`mj, lj `uhl tbrdakhräh vajlhkij bl prak`apaj `jkstatu`ajkhl ib lh anuhlihi y lh ukaihi ibl ibrb`mj jcobtavj88. Whrh rbdbiahr bstj, sbnÿk @hlhdhkirba, prb`ashdbktb kh`að bl Yracukhl ib @hsh`aðk frhk`ás, pbrj hivabrtb qub tbkibr mh`ah lh ukafjrdaihi ouraspruibk`ahl, dès qub sjlu`ajkhr lh iavbrnbk`ah aktbrprbthtavh rbspb`tj ib ukh kjrdh hcstrh`th (lj `uhl kj sbräh uk dhl bk sä dasdj), prbsupjkb `jdchtar qub, bk uk djdbktj ihij, bxasthk sjlu`ajkbs `jktrhia`tjrahs phrh ukh dasdh sjlu`aðk ib mb`mj qub rbspjkiäh h lh 2

  @hlhdhkirba (3781h? p. 11-877). Bstj rbquabrb hlnukh prb`asaðk pubstj qub, phrh @hlhdhkirba, lh vbrihi  bk bsth aktbrprbth`aðk bs rblhtavh pjrqub kj ibpbkib ib uk ihtj jcobtavj, sakj ib ukh «hprb`ah`aðk sucobtavh bdakbktbdbktb  vhrahclb b ak`abrthµ y, hibdès, ihij qub «kj mhy pjsacalaihi dhtbrahl ib ib`lhrhr bk djij hcsjlutj `uèl bs lh aktbrprbth`aðk vbrihibrh ib ukh lby js`urhµ y ib i b hmä qub phrh dhktbkbr lh `brtbzh y lh anuhlihi bk bl ibrb`mj `jrrbspjkib «`jksaibrhr jfa`ahldbktb `jdj aktbrprbth`aðk vbrihibrh ib lh lby hqubllh qub bs blbnaih pjr bl ðrnhkj ukafa`hijr ib lh ouraspruibk`ah `jdj aktbrprbth`aðk ÿka`hµ (@hlhdhkirba, 3781h? p. 877). Pjcrb bl hkèlasas ib lj qub sankafa`h «bxh`tatuiµ bk bl hrt. 62 ib lh Lby ibl Jribkh`aðk Ouia`ahl athlahkh y su trhsfjkij bk lh ij`trakh ib @hlhdhkirba, `fr. Yhruffj (8118c? p. 66 ss.). 6  @hlhdhkirba (3781h? p. 13 ss.). >  @hlhdhkirba (3781h? p. 21-63). =  @hlhdhkirba (3781h? p. 66). 1  «Wubib j`urrar, pjr thktj, qub uk oubz qub sb bk`ubktrb bk bl ibcbr ib rbsjlvbr, bk ukh `jktrjvbrsah `jk`rbth, uk puktj ib ibrb`mj qub yh mh saij ib`aiaij bk uk sbktaij `jk`jrihij pjr lh ouraspruibk`ah, sb  vbh akiu`aij h h`bpthr (…) lh sjlu`aðk yh `jkshnrhih pjr ljs prb`bibktbs ib`aiaijs, h pbshr ib qub sus hprb`ah`ajkbs pbrsjkhlbs ib ourasth, ibsib uk puktj ib vasth `abktäfa`j, lj llbvhsbk h hijpthr ukh sjlu`aðk iavbrshµ (@hlhdhkirba, 3781h? p. 6>). Kj pubib ibohr ib llhdhr lh htbk`aðk, pjr `abrtj, qub bk iavbrshs j`hsajkbs @hlhdhkirba mh`b rbfbrbk`ah h «prb`bibktbs ouia`ahlbsµ. Bstj sbrè dbk`ajkhij dès hiblhktb (ätbd 6, akfrh). 87  @hlhdhkirba (3781h? p. 6=). 88  @hlhdhkirba (3781h? p. >7 ss.), hukqub sbh `lhrj hl ib`ar qub q ub bstb prak`apaj kj ih lunhr h hutákta`js ibrb`mjs pÿcla`js sucobtavjs.

9

 

Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

dasdh kjrdh hcstrh`th (ukafjrdaihi `jktbdpjrèkbh j, thdcaák, «ukafjrdatç nauraspruibkzahlb kbllj sphzajµ). Bk `hdcaj, lh `hsh`aðk kj bsthräh pbkshih phrh ljnrhr ukh ukafjrdaihi bk bl tabdpj j mh`ah bl futurj5 dès cabk, sbnÿk @hlhdhkirba, bl djvadabktj bvjlutavj ibl ibrb`mj sb dhkafabsth bk lh ouraspruibk`ah prb`ashdbktb h trhvás ib lhs iavbrshs tbkibk`ahs ib ljs oub`bs h fak ib prbphrhr lhs djiafa`h`ajkbs ibl ibrb`mj jcobtavj83. Bk bstb puktj, bs adpjrthktb bktbkibr qub @hlhdhkirba kj ibsbh qub lhs aktbrprbth`ajkbs rbhlazhihs pjr lh ouraspruibk`ah sb dhktbknhk bstèta`hs. Wrb`ashdbktb pjr bllj bs qub lh ukafjrdazh`aðk ouraspruibk`ahl kj ibcbräh ihrsb h djij ib ljs prb`bibktbs jclanhtjrajs ib Aknlhtbrrh, «dbiahktb ljs `uhlbs lhs ib`asajkbs sjcrb `ubstajkbs ib ibrb`mj prjkuk`ahihs pjr lh `jrtb ouia`ahl tabkbk akdbiahthdbktb fubrzh jclanhtjrah phrh ljs `hsjs sadalhrbs qub surnabrhk bk bl futurj frbktb h lh dasdh `jrtb j frbktb h oub`bs akfbrajrbs ( sthrb ib`asas)µ80. Whrh kubstrj hutjr, bsth jclanhtjrabihi prjvabkb ib ukh fuk`aðk ouräia`h qub cabk pjiäh sankafa`hr uk rb`jkj`adabktj h ljs oub`bs aknlbsbs ib uk hutákta`j pjibr lbnaslhtavj j cabk uk pjibr ib ibs`ucrar, ib dhkbrh jfa`ahl y rbtrjh`tavh, prak`apajs yh rb`jkj`aijs `jksubtuiakhrahdbktb. Pb trhth, sbnÿk kubstrj hutjr, ibl « ouinb dhib-  lhwµ89. Vhlb lh pbkh trhks`racar bl phshob bk qub rb`mhzh lh sjlu`aðk akstatu`ajkhl qub, sbnÿk ál, sb prbsbkth bk bl `jddjk lhw? Rk jribkhdabktj ouräia`j bk bl `uhl lh iavbrnbk`ah ib lh aktbrprbth`aðk ouraspruibk`ah ‐bk bl sbktaij prb`ashij pjr dä‐ kj sbräh adhnakhclb sbräh hqubl bk ijkib h lh ib`asaðk ouräia`h `jktbdplhih bk tjih sbktbk`ah ouia`ahl sb lb iabsb vhljr ib kjrdh ouräia`h jclanhtjrah phrh tjijs ljs `hsjs sadalhrbs qub j`urrhk pjstbrajrdbktb. Bstb bs bl sastbdh ib ljs prb`bibkts ib ljs jribkhdabktjs hknljhdbra`hkjs, h trhvás ib ljs `uhlbs bl oubz phsh h sbr uk  ouinb dhib lhw) (…). Bstb sastbdh, qub supjkb ukh jrabkth`aðk ib lh hutákta`j `rbhijr ib ibrb`mj pjsatavj ( ouinb tá`ka`h ouräia`h hcsjluthdbktb bxtrhøj h kubstrj ibrb`mj UathlahkjT, hl dbkjs tbðra`hdbktb, mh`b adpjsaclb lh bdhkh`aðk ib ukh sbktbk`ah qub rbsublvh ukh `ubstaðk ouräia`h hcstrh`th ib djij iavbrsj h `jdj lh dasdh `ubstaðk yh mh saij rbsublth pjr jtrh sbktbk`ah qub prbvahdbktb hiquarað `jsh ouznhih. Lh rhzðk ib bllj bs qub bl sbnukij oubz sabdprb bstè jclanhij h sbnuar lh rbsjlu`aðk hijpthih pjr su prbib`bsjr ( sthrb ib`asas) (…), lh `uhl, `uhkij hiquabrb `jsh ouznhih, hiquabrb sak dès lh bfa`h`ah ib ukh kjrdh nbkbrhl jclanhtjrah. Ib bsth dhkbrh, lh iavbrnbk`ah su`bsavh ib lh aktbrprbth`aðk ouraspruibk`ahl vabkb h sbr hcsjluthdbktb hcjlaih. Bk `uhktj h lh iavbrnbk`ah `jktbdpjrèkbh, kj sb pubib bx`luar, ka saquabrh `uhkij bstá vanbktb lh jclanhtjrabihi ib ljs prb`bibktbs, qub ijs oub`bs qub h`tÿbk bk iavbrshs sbibs rbsublvhk bk sbktaij iafbrbktb, ankjrèkijsb bktrb sä lh dasdhy `ubstaðk qub prbsbktð hktb blljs hl dasdj tabdpj, bk j`hsajkbs prjiu`tj ib ijs `jktrjvbrsahs iafbrbktbs qub kuk`h sb sb mhcähk prbsbkthij h kaknÿk ðrnhkj ouia`ahl mhsth ia`mj djdbktj. Bdpbrj, bk bstb 83

 @hlhdhkirba (3781h? p. 61->7).  @hlhdhkirba (3781? p. 681-637). 89  Vhlb lh pbkh akia`hr qub @hlhdhkirba aksastb du`mj bk ljs iavbrsjs jränbkbs mastðra`js bktrb lh Mjusb jf Ljris  y lh `jrtb ib `hsh`aðk frhk`bsh (chsb phrh su djiblj), bl prj`biadabktj rb`urshl hktb hqubllh y, thdcaák, qub lh hphrbktb `jak`aibk`ah bk lh ladath`aðk h hkhlazhr sjlhdbktb brrjrbs ib ibrb`mj sb ibcb h qub, bk Aknlhtbrrh, lh iavasaðk bktrb brrjrbs ib mb`mj y ib ibrb`mj kj sb dhkafabsth hl djdbktj ib rb`urrar hl tracukhl suprbdj, sakj qub bstè prbsbktb ibsib bl prj`bsj hktb bl ourhij (@hlhdhkirba, 3781? 37 81? p. 68=-681, 638 ss.). Hsadasdj, sa cabk kj mh`b dbk`aðk h ljs prb`bibktb prb`bibktbss jclanhtjrajs bk bl `hsj ib lh bxpbrabk`ah bsthijukaibksb, sä cus`h bsthclb`br iafbrbk`ahs bktrb lh `jrtb ib `hsh`aðk frhk`bsh  y lh `jrtb suprbdh fbibrhl hdbra`hkh? «(…) dabktrhs qub lh `jrtb ib `hsh`aðk bs bktbkiaih `jdj uk ðrnhkj ib kjdjfalhquah, ibstakhij h `jktrjlhr qub bl pjibr ouia`ahl kj akvhih bl `hdpj ibl pjibr lbnaslhtavj, lh @jrtb Puprbdh ib ljs Bsthijs ukaijs bs uk ðrnhkj ib ibfbksh ib lh hutjraihi fbibrhl `jktrh lhs tbkibk`ahs phrta`ulhrästa`hs ib ljs Bsthijs, lh fabl `ustjiah ib lh @jkstatu`aðk, lh lavakn vja`b jf tmb @jkstatutajk `jktrh lhs hdbkhzhs ib ljs ðrnhkjs lbnaslhtavjs qub aktbktbk bx`bibrsb ib sus pjibrbs `jkstatu`ajkhlbsµ (3781? p. 636). 80

2

 

Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

`hsj, lh iavbrnbk`ah ib lhs ijs ib`asajkbs qub sb `jktrhia`bk y qub kj pubibk tbkbr vhljr ib lby tbkbr hl dasdj tabdpj pubib sbr `jrrbnaih pjr lh ib`asaðk ib uk oubz supbrajr qub iá vhljr ib prb`bibkt jclanhtjraj h ukh ib lhs ijs ib`asajkbs bk `jkfla`tj 82.

 Hukqub kj lj llbnh h bxpla`hr `jk `lhraihi, @hlhdhkirba phrb`b tbkbr bk dbktb lh hsä llhdhih «ij`trakh djibrkh ibl sthrb ib`asasµ ib Aknlhtbrrh, akhunurhih mh`ah fakbs ibl sanlj ]A], ápj`h bk qub lh Mjusb jf Ljris ib`lhrhrh qub sb bk`jktrhch hcsjluthdbktb vak`ulhih h sus prb`bibktbs. Pbnÿk sb sublb ib`ar, bsth ij`trakh fub bsthclb`aih bk bl fhdjsj `hsj Ljkijk Yrhdwhy @j. v. Ljkijk @jukty @juk`al86, bk ijkib Ljri Mhlscury hrnudbktð qub ka saquabrh uk `hsj bxtrhjriakhraj, iafbrbktb h ljs `hsjs `jdukbs yh ib`aiaijs, pjiräh oustafa`hr uk `hdcaj ib `ratbraj, pubstj qub bllj llbvhräh h qub `uhlquabr `ubstaðk ib ibrb`mj hsbkthih pubih sbr rbias`utaih «y qub lhs rblh`ajkbs y hsuktjs ib lhs pbrsjkhs Uibhlakns jf dhkeakiT sb vublvhk iuijshs pjr `hush ib ib`asajkbs iafbrbktbsµ. Ib hmä qub sjlj ukh lby ibl Whrlhdbktj pjiräh rbvbrtar bl `ratbraj yh hsbkthij ib lh Mjusb jf Ljris8>‐8=. Wbrj hibdès ib bsth ranaibz pbr`acaih pjr @hlhdhkirba, qub `jlasajkhch `jk lh iavbrnbk`ah ouraspruibk`ahl qub h ál lb phrb`äh kb`bshrah, jtrj fh`tjr qub bstè pjr ibtrès ib sus prbj`uph`ajkbs bs qub, bk su jpakaðk, lhs ib`asajkbs ib lh @jrtb ib @hsh`aðk kj pjirähk tbkbr bfa`h`ah jclanhtjrah 82

 @hlhdhkirba (3781h? p. >1-=7).  U8=1=T H@ 0>2. 8>  Ljs prb`bibktbs h ljs qub lh Mjusb jf Ljris ib`lhrð bsthr hcsjluthdbktb vak`ulhih, bk bstb `hsj, fubrjk Biakcurnm Ptrbbt Yrhdwhys v. Ljri Wrjvjst bt`. jf Biakcurnm (U8=19T H@ 926) y Ljkijk Ptrbbt Yrhdwhys v. Ljkijk @jukty @juk`al U8=19T H@ 921. Kj jcsthktb, Ljri Mhlscury sbøhlð qub, sa pjr hlnukh `ar`uksthk`ah lh Mjusb jf Ljris ak`urrb bk brrjr ib mb`mj pjr ankjrhr hlnukh lby j pjr hpjyhrsb bk ukh lby qub, pjstbrajrdbktb, sb mhyh ibs`ucabrtj qub fubrh ibrjnhih, thl ib`asaðk `hrb`bräh ib hutjraihi. Pak pbroua`aj ib bllj, bxastbk bvaibk`ahs qub bsth ij`trakh ibl prb`bibktb yh bsthch vartuhldbktb hsbkthih hktbs Ljkijk Yrhdwhy. Bk 8=3>, bk Flbt`mbr v. Pjkibs, Ljri Blijk sbøhlð qub bxastäh jclanhtjrabihi ib sbnuar bl prb`bibktb Casmjp jf Ljkijk v. Ffyt`mb, shlvj qub bxasthk `ar`uksthk`ahs duy bspb`ahlbs qub hdbratbk hphrthrsb ( Flt`mbrs v. Pjkibs U8=3>T 8 Clanm KP 899 y Casmjp jf Ljkijk v. Ffyt`mb U8>=0T 3 Crj W@ 388 (hdchs ib`asajkbs `athihs pjr Wunslby, 8116? p. 8>3). Wjr su phrtb, Mjliswjrtm (810=? p. 827 ss.) `ath jpakajkbs qub hchr`hk bl pbräjij ib lh sbnukih dathi ibl sanlj ]VAAA b aka`ajs ibl sanlj ]A], ibsth`hkij bspb`ahldbktb lhs ib Ljri Dhksfabli, quabk bk iavbrsjs `hsjs jptð pjr sbnuar bl prb`bibktb h pbshr ib ibshprjchrlj (p. 823-820). Wbrj bl `ratbraj sbkthkij bk Casmjp jf Ljkijk v. Ffyt`mb rb`acb 86

v. Cbhdasm (U8=68T 1 ML@ 3>9), bk ijkib ljs Ljris `jk`jrihrjk qub bl `ratbraj hsbkthij uk narj Xubbk adpjrthktb bk Cbhdasm bk Ymb v. Dallas brh bquavj`hij, pbrj huk hsä sb ibcähk jcbiabk`ah h ia`mj prb`bibktb (`fr. Lhkncbak, 816=? p. =7=, kjth 25 @rjss & Mhrras, 8118? p. 8735 Wunslby, 8116? p. 8>1 ss.5 Iuxcury, 377=? p. 836, kjth 235 Custhdhktb, 3783? >2 ss.). Bk bfb`tj, bk ia`mh ib`asaðk Ljri @hdpcbll  sbøhlð qub lh rhtaj ib`aibkia prbvah `jkstatuäh ibrb`mj ( sbttlbi hs lhw), brh vak`ulhktb phrh tjijs ljs tracukhlbs akfbrajrbs y sjlhdbktb bl Whrlhdbktj pjiräh hltbrhrlj, pubs sa lh Mjusb jf Ljris lj ma`abrh sb bsthräh hrrjnhkij pjibrbs ib ástb. Bl dasdj `ratbraj ` ratbraj sb rbpatað bk `hsjs pjstbrajrbs, tjijs blljs prbvajs h Ljkijk Yrhdwhys, `athijs pjr Wunslby (8116) `jk hpjyj bk Frbibra`e Wjllj`e. 8=  Bdpbrj, `jdj bs shcaij, ibsib mh`b du`mj lh Mjusb jf Ljris iaj dhr`mh htrès bk `uhktj h lh ranaibz ib su ij`trakh ib vak`ulh`aðk h sus prjpajs prb`bibktbs, dhtbrahlazhij bk uk duy su`aktj `jduka`hij ihij bk 8166, `jkj`aij `jdj Wrh`ta`b Pthtbdbkt  ( Ouia`ahl  Ouia`ahl Wrb`bibkt, U8166T A ^LS 8309). Hllä, bl tracukhl akia`ð qub sä pjiräh hphrthrsb ib sus prb`bibktbs pjrqub ukh himbsaðk duy ränaih pjiäh llbvhr h akousta`ahs y rbstraknaräh akibcaihdbktb bl hprjpahij ibshrrjllj ibl ibrb`mj. Bl hphrthdabktj ib uk prb`bibktb, hl fakhl, sb ihräh `uhkij h lh Mjusb jf Ljris lb phrb`abrh `jrrb`tj mh`brlj. Hl rbspb`tj, Iuxcury (377=? p. 83>-83=) hpukth pbrspa`hzdbktb qub, ak`lusavb hktbs ib 8166, lh Mjusb jf Ljris  yh mhcäh iastaknuaij hlnukjs prb`bibktbs hl puktj ib pravhrlbs ib hutjraihi, lj `uhl, hl fakhl, bquavhläh h ibrjnhrljs adplä`athdbktb. Bl Pthtbdbkt, pjr thktj, ranurjshdbktb ibcbräh sbr bktbkiaij ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? lj qub lh Mjusb jf Ljris pjiräh mh`br h phrtar ib bsb djdbktj brh ibrjnhr bxprbshdbktb sus prjpajs prb`bibktbs.

6

 

Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

phrh jtrjs `hsjs pubs bsh bs ukh `hrh`tbrästa`h qub sjlj pubib tbkbr lh lby. Lh @jrtb, hcrhzhkij ukh fuk`aðk ib aus `jkstatutajkas, tabkb pjr dasaðk prjtbnbr lh lby y kj sustatuarsb bk bllh y phrh bllj sadplbdbktb ibcb bk`jktrhr lh kjrdh prjiu`tj ib lh aktbrprbth`aðk vbrihibrh ib lh lby y `jlj`hrlh bk lh prbdash dhyjr ibl saljnasdj ouia`ahl. Ib bsth dhkbrh, @hlhdhkirba bktabkib bl djiblj ib lh `hsh`aðk `jdj ukh mbrrhdabkth phrh ljnrhr lh ukafjrdaihi `jktbdpjrèkbh? uk tracukhl ib várta`b hl `uhl pubihk llbnhr tjihs lhs `jktrjvbrsahs aka`ahihs bk pradbrh aksthk`ah frbktb h oub`bs iavbrsjs y, pjr thktj, sadplafa`hr lh iavbrnbk`ah ib `ratbrajs ouraspruibk`ahlbs sjcrb `ubstajkbs ib ibrb`mj 81. Wbrj bllj kj ibstruyb lh iavbrnbk`ah ka ladath lh lacbrthi ib jpakaðk ib ljs oub`bs, prb`ashdbktb pjrqub bstj thdcaák bs ukh dubstrh ib lh bvjlu`aðk ibl ibrb`mj. Lh @jrtb ib `hsh`aðk, bk jpakaðk ib @hlhdhkirba, kj djkjpjlazh lh aktbrprbth`aðk ouraspruibk`ahl? ásth bs ibshrrjllhih `jlhcjrhtavhdbktb pjr tjijs ljs oub`bs y lj qub h lh @jrtb lb `jrrbspjkib bs ukafa`hr ia`mh lhcjr37. Lhs prbnukths qub surnbk, sak bdchrnj, sjk lhs sanuabktbs? ºBl mb`mj qub @hlhdhkirba kbnhrh phrh su djiblj ukh vak`ulh`aðk fjrdhl ib ljs prb`bibktbs ç lh aknlbsh (bspb`äfa`hdbktb, h lh prè`ta`h prbvah hl Wrh`ta`b Pthtbdbkt ib 8166), hpjsthkij, dès cabk, pjr ukh «ukafjrdazh`aðk `jktbdpjrèkbhµ mh`b qub sbh ak`jdphtaclb mhclhr ib uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs phrh su djiblj: ºBl mb`mj qub sb hijptb, bk dhyjr j dbkjr dbiaih, bl djiblj ib lh `hsh`aðk `jk aksparh`aðk bk lh jcrh ib @hlhdhkirba rbvblh ak`jdphtacalaihibs `jk lh pjsacalaihi qub bxasth uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs: @jdj lj hkta`apá, lh rbspubsth phrh hdchs prbnukths sbrè kbnhtavh, hukqub phrh bllj sbrè kb`bshraj bs`lhrb`br quá sb bktabkib pjr «sastbdh ib prb`bibktbsµ. Wbrj ak`lusavb hktbs ib bllj bs adpjrthktb ibia`hr hlnukhs läkbhs h cus`hr `jdprbkibr lh `hsh`aðk ibsib ukh pbrspb`tavh ib ibrb`mj `jdphrhij, pubstj qub, ib bsth dhkbrh, sb aktrjiu`arè uk kubvj blbdbktj bk kubstrj hkèlasas? bl djiblj ib tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs. 0.  Lh `hsh`aðk `jdj djiblj ib tracukhl suprbdj? uk bobr`a`aj ib ibrb`mj `jdphrhij

 H phrtar ib uk hkèlasas ib ibrb`mj `jdphrhij, bs pjsaclb aibktafa`hr aibktafa`hr,, bk pradbr lunhr, ijs djibljs ib tracukhlbs suprbdjs h phrtar ib su  fuk`aðk rbspb`tj ib ljs `hsjs qub rbsublvb. Bstjs djibljs sjk bl tracukhl ib `jktrjl ib `hsjs  y tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs38? 81

 @hlhdhkirba (3781h? p. =3 ss.).  @hlhdhkirba (3781h? p. =1). 38  Bsth prjpubsth yh mhcäh saij lhkzhih prbvahdbktb pjr dä (@hvhka, 378=? p. 890), hukqub kj bxpljrhih `jk sufa`abktb prjfukiaihi. @jk `hrh`tbrästa`hs uk thktj iavbrshs thdcaák mhclh ib bstjs djibljs Yhruffj (3788? p. 82 ss.). Ib jtrj lhij, Dataiabrj (3780h? p. 00 ss. y 3786h) `hrh`tbrazh ijs djibljs aibhlbs ib tracukhl suprbdj h phrtar ib lh iafbrbk`ah bk bl tapj ib tbjräh ib lh aktbrprbth`aðk ouräia`h (`jnkatavasth, kj `jnkatavasth, bt`.) qub sbräh h`jnaih pjr blljs. Bsth jp`aðk jp `aðk tbðra`h, h da oua`aj, sb dubstrh phrta`ulhrdbktb iuijsh pubstj qub bs `jk`bptuhl y prhndèta`hdbktb pjsaclb ‐ y phrh khih `jktrhia`tjraj‐  qub uk tracukhl cusqub ukafjrdazhr ouraspruibk`ah dbiahktb rbnlhs qub `jkshnrbk aktbrprbth`ajkbs qub h ástb lb phrbz`hk `jrrb`ths y, hibdès, qub hsä sbhk vasths pjr jtrjs oub`bs (sak pbroua`aj ib qub lh  vhlaih`aðk ib bsth prjpubsth pjiräh rbqubrar uk bobr`a`aj ib akvbstanh`aðk psa`jlðna`h sjcrb `uèl bs lh djtavh`aðk ib ljs dabdcrjs ibl tracukhl j `ðdj bs qub blljs pbr`acbk lh aktbrprbth`aðk bk bl ibrb`mj hl djdbktj ib hiouia`hr). Kj iavasj, pjr thktj, dhyjr ak`jdphtacalaihi bktrb «prb`bibktbs vak`ulhktbsµ y, pjr bobdplj, ukh tbjräh ib lh aktbrprbth`aðk qub 37

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

h)  Yracukhl ib `jktrjl ib `hsjs33. Lh fuk`aðk ib bstb tracukhl bstè jrabkthih prak`aphldbktb mh`ah lh tutblh ibl `hsj `jk`rbtj, `jk ukh prbj`uph`aðk `lhrh pjr bl `jktrjl  ib lh aijkbaihi j akousta`ah ib lhs ib`asajkbs ib ljs tracukhlbs akfbrajrbs. Wrbvhlb`b, pjr thktj, ukh  fuk`aðk rbtrjspb`tavh.  c)  Yracukhl ib prb`bibktbs30. Lh fuk`aðk ib bstb tracukhl, sa cabk kj iboh ib rbsjlvbr bl `hsj `jk`rbtj, kj sb ladath h cus`hr `jktrjlhr lhs ib`asajkbs ib ljs tracukhlbs akfbrajrbs, sakj, dès cabk, tabkb ukh bspb`ahl prbj`uph`aðk pjr lh ukafjrdazh`aðk ib lh ouraspruibk`ah dbiahktb «prb`bibktbsµ. Hquä prbvhlb`b ukh  fuk`aðk prjspb`tavh. @jdj vbrbdjs dès hiblhktb, bk bstb puktj `jk`rbtj mhy du`mjs dhta`bs pjr rbhlazhr. Lh hijp`aðk ib ukj u jtrj djiblj ibpbkib, khturhldbktb, ib lhs kjrdhs qub rbnulhk lh jrnhkazh`aðk ib ljs tracukhlbs y ljs prj`biadabktjs rb`urshlbs, pbrj thdcaák ib lh ``ulturh ulturh ouräia`h y ib lh trhia`aðk5 `jk`rbthdbktb, sa bs qub bk uk `jktbxtj mastðra`j ibtbrdakhij bxastb j kj lh adpjrthk`ah ibl rbspbtj pjr ib`asajkbs phshihs y, hibdès, sjcrb `ðdj bs pbr`acaih lh hutjraihi ibl tracukhl suprbdj. Hsadasdj, adpjrth du`mj bk quá dbiaih sb hsudb qub bl jcobtavj ibl ibrb`mj sbh lh prjdj`aðk ib lh anuhlihi hktb lhs ib`asajkbs ouia`ahlbs y lh sbnuraihi ouräia`h. Wbrj thdcaák bs pjsaclb aibktafa`hr ijs djibljs ib tracukhlbs suprbdjs ibsib ukh pbrspb`tavh dès tá`ka`h, `jksastbktb bk iafbrbk`ahrljs h phrtar ib lh bxtbksaðk ibl oua`aj qub bl tracukhl sublb mh`br rbspb`tj ib lh ib`asaðk adpunkhih, `uhkij bobr`ath su `jdpbtbk`ah rb`urshl. Llhdhrá h bstjs djibljs «tracukhl ib rbbkoua`ahdabktjµ y «tracukhl bxtrhjriakhrajµ. @jk bllj tbkbdjs? h)  Yracukhl ib rbbkoua`ahdabktj. Ljs rb`ursjs qub sjk rbsubltjs pjr bstb tracukhl sjk duy sadalhrbs h lh fuk`aðk ibsbdpbøhih pjr oub`bs ib hpblh`aðk5 bstj bs, kj sb ladathk h hkhlazhr ukh `ubstaðk ib ibrb`mj, sakj qub pubibk rbvhljrhr dbiajs prjchtjrajs, hukqub pubih bxastar rbstra``aðk sjcrb lh prbsbkth`aðk ib kubvhs prbtbksajkbs y dbiajs ib prubch. c)  Yracukhl bxtrhjriakhraj. Bstjs tracukhlbs kj rbbkoua`ahk sakj sb ladathk ÿka`hdbktb h rbsjlvbr `ubstajkbs ib ibrb`mj (ibfb`tjs bk lh aktbrprbth`aðk y hpla`h`aðk ib ukh kjrdh ouräia`h) bk lh rbsjlu`aðk adpunkhih, puiabkij rb`urrar j kj h lh kulaihi ib lh rbsjlu`aðk rb`urraih y, bvbktuhldbktb, hl rbbkväj. Bl prjpðsatj ib lh iafbrbk`ah bktrb tracukhl ib `jktrjl ib `hsjs  y  tracukhl   tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs, ib uk lhij, y tracukhl ib  rbbkoua`ahdabktj y  tracukhl  tracukhl bxtrhjriakhraj, ib jtrj lhij, sarvb phrh pjibr bktbkibr dbojr bl fuk`ajkhdabktj ib djibljs rbhlbs, sbnÿk lh `br`hkäh qub tbknhk h `uhlquabr ib ia`mjs djibljs aibhlbs h phrtar ib sus `hrh`tbrästa`hs bdpära`hdbktb `jksththclbs. Hsä, bs pbrfb`thdbktb pjsaclb qub uk tracukhl sbh? h) ib `jktrjl ib `hsjs y ib rbbkoua`ahdabktj5 c) ib `jktrjl ib `hsjs y bxtrhjriakhraj5 `) `jksaibrh qub, frbktb h iavbrshs pjsacalaihibs aktbrprbthtavhs, bxastb ukh `jrrb`th frbktb h `abrtj tapj ib `ratbrajs j vhljrbs (paáksbsb, pjr bobdplj, bk Iwjreak). 33  Yhruffj (3788? p. 89) lb ibkjdakh «tutblh ib lh lbnhlaihiµ, vak`ulhkij hquä lbnhlaihi `jk lh `jrrb`th hpla`h`aðk ibl ibrb`mj (p. 82). 30  Yhruffj (3788? p. 89) lb ibkjdakh «prjdj`aðk ib lh lbnhlaihiµ, hsj`aèkijlh hl ibshrrjllj y bvjlu`aðk ibl ibrb`mj.

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

ib prb`bibktbs y ib rbbkoua`ahdabktj y i) ib prb`bibktbs y bxtrhjriakhraj. Whrh bllj, sbrè kb`bshraj ibs`racar lhs kjrdhs ibl sastbdh ouräia`j ihij y, sjcrb tjij, akvbstanhr sjcrb lhs prè`ta`hs ouräia`hs ib ia`mjs tracukhlbs. Wbrj prb`ashdbktb pjr sbr djibljs aibhlbs, bs pjsaclb qub uk tracukhl bobrzh fuk`ajkbs täpa`hs ib hdcjs djibljs j qub, bk tjij `hsj, su bvjlu`aðk dubstrb qub sb bstè bk`hdakhkij mh`ah ukj ib blljs. Wubs cabk, bk lh h`bp`aðk ib `hsh`aðk `jdj djiblj ib tracukhl suprbdj39 mhy qub tbkbr ukh phrta`ulhr prbj`uph`aðk sjcrb sa kjs rbfbradjs h uk djiblj mastðra`j ib lh `hsh`aðk (`jk`rbthdbktb, bl djiblj frhk`ás ib fakbs ibl sanlj ]VAAA b aka`ajs ibl sanlj ]A]) j sa hluiadjs h hlnukhs `hrh`tbrästa`hs bspb`äfa`hs ib hlnÿk sastbdh ouräia`j qub biafa`ð lhs `jdpbtbk`ahs ib su tracukhl suprbdj `jk aksparh`aðk bk bl  djiblj ib lh `hsh`aðk, prbsbrvhkij hlnukhs `hrh`tbrästa`hs adpjrthktbs qub pbrdatbk aibktafa`hrlj, pbrj, h fak ib `ubkths, adpradabkij thdcaák `abrths phrta`ulhraihibs. Bk bfb`tj, bs uk lunhr `jdÿk qub bl djiblj ib `hsh`aðk frhk`ás kh`að sabkij uk tracukhl kbthdbktb ib rbbkväj, bvathkij prjkuk`ahrsb sjcrb bl dáratj ib lh `hush y, bk nbkbrhl, bvathkij aktbrprbthr lh lby. Hsadasdj, thl `jdj lh ij`trakh mh ibdjstrhij, jtrh `hrh`tbrästa`h prak`aphl fub lh ib `jkthr ` jkthr `jk rbstra``ajkbs phrh lh rbhprb`ah`aðk ib ljs mb`mjs prbvahdbktb vhljrhijs pjr lh `jrtb ib hpblh`aðk. Bl djiblj jranakhl, pubs, sb ladathch h hkhlazhr rb`ursjs `jk`brkabktbs h lh `ubstaðk ib ibrb`mj 32. Ib bsth dhkbrh, sa bs qub bsthdjs hktb lh bvbktuhlaihi ib qub uk tracukhl sublh `hshr lhs ib`asajkbs ib lh `jrtb ib hpblh`aðk, jribkhkij qub vublvh h prjkuk`ahrsb (sbh qub bxasth j kj uk va`aj va `aj prj`bshl), `lhrhdbktb bsthdjs frbktb h uk djiblj prjpaj ib uk tracukhl ib `jktrjl ib `hsjs. Hquä lh prbj`uph`aðk rbsaib bk `jrrbnar bl ibfb`tj ib lh sbktbk`ah adpunkhih j, bvbktuhldbktb, mh`br qub lh akousta`ah sbh rbdbiahih. Mhy, pjr thktj, ukh adpjrthktb fuk`aðk rbtrjspb`tavh. Ib jtrj lhij, sa bs qub bxastb rbstra``aðk phrh rbvhljrhr ljs dbiajs prjchtjrajs, ibcabkij `bktrhr bl hkèlasas bk lh `ubstaðk ib ibrb`mj hlbnhih, bktjk`bs sb trhth ib uk djiblj ib tracukhl bxtrhjriakhraj. Bsths sjk, pubs, lhs prak`aphlbs `hrh`tbrästa`hs ibl djiblj mastðra`j  ib lh `hsh`aðk qub, pjr `abrtj, bk cubkh dbiaih hÿk pbrsastbk mhsth mjy bk hlnukhs bxpbrabk`ahs ouräia`hs36. Kj jcsthktb, `jk bl `jrrbr ibl tabdpj, ljs tracukhlbs suprbdjs phshrjk h tbkbr `jdpbtbk`ah phrh ib`ar bl ibrb`mj, aktbrprbthkij lh lby y, hibdès, hsudabkij lh `jdpbtbk`ah ib fhllhr sjcrb bl dáratj ib lh `hush (ak`luybkij lh prjpah Frhk`ah, khturhldbktb3>), `jdplbdbkthkij su fuk`aðk ib `jktrjlhr brrjrbs ak prj`bibkij  dbiahktb lh kulaihi ib lh rbsjlu`aðk y bl rbspb`tavj rbbkväj. Hsadasdj, 39

 Lj `uhl, bvaibktbdbktb, kj sb pubib `jkfukiar `jk bl rb`ursj dbiahktb `uhl sb adpunkh ukh rbsjlu`aðk (nbkbrhldbktb ib lh `jrtb ib hpblh`aðk) phrh qub sbh hprb`ahij pjr uk tracukhl suprbdj. 32  @hlhdhkirba (3781? p. 960 ss.). 36  Waáksbsb, pjr bobdplj, bl `hsj ib lh Lby ib Bkoua`ahdabktj @aval bsphøjlh ib 3777 y lh iafbrbk`ah`aðk bktrb ijs rb`ursjs? `hsh`aðk y bl rb`ursj bxtrhjriakhraj pjr akfrh``aðk prj`bshl. Bstb ÿltadj, rbsubltj pjr ljs tracukhlbs supbrajrbs su pbrajrbs ib ousta`ah (ðrnhkjs ib várta`b ib lhs `jdukaihibs hutðkjdhs), bs bl qub tbrdakð pjr hcsjrcbr lh `hrh`tbrästa`h ibl rbbkväj ihij qub hidatb akfrh``aðk ib kjrdhs prj`bshlbs y vajlh`ajkbs hl ibcaij prj`bsj (hrts. 961 y 9>6)5 dabktrhs qub lh `hsh`aðk, ib `jkj`adabktj ibl Yracukhl Puprbdj bsphøjl y ib ljs tracukhlbs supbrajrbs ib ousta`ah, hidatb akfrh``ajkbs ib kjrdhs ibstakhihs h rbsjlvbr lhs `ubstajkbs jcobtj ibl prj`bsj (hrt. 9>>.8 y 9=>). 3>  @hlhdhkirba (3781? p. 91>)5 @hiabt (3788? p. 818-813), y bl tbxtj ib Fráibraqub Fbrrhki `jktbkaij bk bstb lacrj.

1

 

Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

aksthurhrjk faltrjs rb`urshlbs dès j dbkjs bxanbktbs (ihkij dhyjr j dbkjr lacbrthi h ljs tracukhlbs phrh sblb``ajkhr sus `hsjs) y, hsadasdj, sak pbroua`aj ib lh ibkjdakh`aðk jfa`ahl ib ljs tracukhlbs suprbdjs (@jur ib @hsshtajk, @jrtb ia @hsshzajkb, @jrtb Puprbdh ib Ousta`ah, bt`.) j ibl rb`ursj qub pbrdatb h``bibr h blljs (rb`ursj ib `hsh`aðk, rb`ursj bxtrhjriakhraj, bt`.), sb phshrjk h akstatuar, lbnaslhtavhdbktb, kjrdhs ouräia`hs rbfbraihs hl usj ib prb`bibktbs pjr phrtb ib bstjs tracukhlbs j, dès bspb`äfa`hdbktb, rbfbraihs h lh jclanh`aðk, ib phrtb ib jtrjs oub`bs, ib tjdhr bk `jksaibrh`aðk y/j hpla`hr kjrdhs ouia`ahlbs aksthurhihs pjr ljs tracukhlbs suprbdjs . @jk bllj, surnað lh pjsacalaihi ib qub tracukhlbs (aksparhijs bk bl djiblj) ib `hsh`aðk phsbk h tbkbr `jdpbtbk`ah phrh faohr `ratbrajs vak`ulhktbs, lj `uhl bs`hph kjtjrahdbktb ibl iasbøj jranakhl y thdcaák, `jdj mbdjs vastj, ibl iasbøj ib @hlhdhkirba. Yjij bstj, `jdj rbsulth `lhrj, bs uk `lhrj frutj ib lh bvjlu`aðk ibl djiblj ib lh `hsh`aðk, pbrj thdcaák ib lh prjpah fuk`aðk ib ljs tracukhlbs suprbdjs. Pak pbroua`aj ib bllj, bk lj qub aktbrbsh phrh bstb trhchoj, fhllhr sjcrb bl dáratj ibl prj`bsj kj mh`b qub, hutjdèta`hdbktb, bstbdjs frbktb h uk «tracukhl ib prb`bibktbsµ. Rk tracukhl cabk pjiräh kuk`h mh`br rbbkväj y hijpthr bl djiblj ib `jktrjl ib `hsjs. Q, hukqub subkb phrhiðoa`j, thdpj`j bs ukh `jkia`aðk sufa`abktb  ibl djiblj ib tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs bl mb`mj qub, bk uk sastbdh ouräia`j ihij, bxasthk kjrdhs qub htracuyhk lh `jdpbtbk`ah h ia`mj tracukhl suprbdj phrh bxpbiar «prb`bibktbs vak`ulhktbsµ (rb`taus? prb`bibktbs sus`bptaclbs ib bxprbshr kjrdhs fjrdhldbktb rblbvhktbs phrh `hsjs futurjs). @jdj vbrbdjs dès hiblhktb, bs pbrfb`thdbktb pjsaclb qub bxasth uk «sastbdh ib prb`bibktbsµ (bs ib`ar, uk sastbdh ouräia`j hl `uhl pbrtbkbz`hk hlnukhs kjrdhs sjcrb bl prb`bibktb) pbrj qub bl tracukhl suprbdj ib lh jrnhkazh`aðk ouia`ahl hfalahih h ia`mj sastbdh kj sbh prjpahdbktb uk tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs (ätbd 2 akfrh). Bstj, bk cubkh dbiaih, sb ibcb h lh iastak`aðk plhktbhih bktrb bl djiblj ib tracukhl ib `jktrjl ib `hsjs y bl ib tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs qub kj sb iboh hsar fè`aldbktb. @jrrbspjkib hmjrh ibshrrjllhr lj qub bktabkij pjr «sastbdh ib prb`bibktbsµ. 9.  Bl «sastbdh ib prb`bibktbsµ Wjirähdjs ib`ar qub trbs ib ljs blbdbktjs dès adpjrthktbs ib lh tbjräh ibl prb`bibktb sjk bl 3=

`jk`bptj ib prb`bibktb, lh rhtaj ib`aibkia  y bl sthrb ib`asas .  Bl hkèlasas sbrè fukihdbkthldbktb

`jk`bptuhl h fak ib qub bllj pubih bs`lhrb`br bs` lhrb`br dbojr kubstrh mapðtbsas ib trhchoj. 9.8.  Bl `jk`bptj ib prb`bibktb

 Vhlb lh pbkh phrtar ib lh `jktracu`aðk ib Wabrluana @mahssjka, quabk `jkstruyb ukh ibfaka`aðk hkhläta`h ib lj qub ál ibkjdakh prb`bibktb-sbktbk`ah? rbsjlu`aðk ouia`ahl (a) `jdj uk tjij ‐lh sbktbk`ah, ak`luybkij lh rhtaj ib`aibkia j mjliakn , dès lhs ibtbrdakh`ajkbs akiavaiuhlbs phrh bl `hsj akiavaiuhl qub kjs j`uph ‐, (aa) ia`thih `jk hktbrajraihi t --8, (aaa) bfb`tavhdbktb pucla`hih (a.b., pucla`hih ib thl dhkbrh qub sbh sus`bptaclb ib sbr `jkj`aih `jkj`a ih y utalazhih bk bl futurj 3=

 Lj qub sanub bk lh bxpjsa`aðk ibl ätbd k. 9 bs dhtbrah ib da tbsas ib ij`tjrhij (bk blhcjrh`aðk) bk lh Rkavbrsatht ib Narjkh, choj lh iarb``aðk ibl Wrjf. Ir. Ojria Fbrrbr Cbltrèk.

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

pjr latanhktbs y oub`bs ib ukh ibtbrdakhih ourasia``aðk), y (av) qub trhthk ib ljs dasdjs j sadalhrbs (tapjs ib) mb`mjs y `ubstajkbs qub sb ibcbk rbsjlvbr bk bsth j`hsaðk t.31 

Yrhchohr `jk bsth ibfaka`aðk bs duy ÿtal pjrqub tabkb ukh prbtbksaðk ib `jdprbkibr lh dhyjr `hktaihi ib fbkðdbkjs pjsaclbs vak`ulhijs hl usj ibl tárdakj «prb`bibktbµ. H phrtar ib hquä bs pjsaclb rbhlazhr hlnukhs hl rbspb`tj. Bk pradbr lunhr, «rbsjlu`aðkµ pubib bkt bktbkibrsb bkibrsb `jdj ij`udbktj  y `jdj`jksaibrh`ajkbs h`tj. Lh rbsjlu`aðk-ij`udbktj mh`b rbfbrbk`ah h uk `jkouktj ib bkuk`ahijs bdhkhij ib uk ðrnhkj qub sublb tbkbr `jdpbtbk`ah phrh mh`brlj. Pa sb trhth ib uk ðrnhkj ouia`ahl, pjr bobdplj, sb mhclh ib « Sbsjlu`aðk K· 9 ib fb`mh 8 ib hcral ib 81=>µ j «bk lh rbsjlu`aðk adpunkhih  sb ib`aiað kj hidatar bl rb`ursj ibl ibdhkihktbµ, bt`. Hsä, H sä, `uhkij sb trhth sjcrb lhs phrtbs bxpjsatavh, `jksaibrhtavh y iaspjsatavh sb hluib h kj jtrh `jsh qub h  frhndbktjs ib lh rbsjlu`aðk-ij`udbktj. Wjr su phrtb, lh rbsjlu`aðk-h`tj  mh`b hlusaðk h uk mb`mj ouräia`j  vjlukthraj  fjrdhij h phrtar ib lh dhkafbsth`aðk ib vjlukthi ib uk ðrnhkj ibtbrdakhij (hibdès ib jtrjs blbdbktjs prbsbktbs bk lh  fhttaspb`ab ib thl mb`mj). H bstb h`tj, pubs, pjibdjs ibkjdakhrlb ib`asaðk07. @jdj bs `lhrj, bstj kj sb `jkfukib `jk lh kjrdh qub pubih sbr akfbraih ib lh ib`asaðk? bsth sb jctabkb h phrtar ib lh aktbrprbth`aðk ibl ij`udbktj qub, h su vbz, `jktabkb bsth ÿltadh. Wubs cabk, `rbj qub @mahssjka bktabkib pjr «prb`bibktb-sbktbk`ahµ,   ranurjshdbktb, uk ij`udbktj kjrdhtavj5  j sbh, ukh rbsjlu`aðk-ij`udbktj, hl puktj qub `jlj`h `jdj ukh ib sus `hrh`tbrästa`hs qub sbh pucla`hij. Lh phrta`ulhraihi bs qub bsth sbktbk`ah, phrh hsudar lh `hrh`tbrästa`h ib prb`bibktb, yh ak`luyb ukh kjrdh chsthktb phrta`ulhr (lh rhtaj ib`aibkia) hsä `jdj lh prjpah ib`asaðk (fhllj) ibl `hsj08. Ybkbdjs, pubs, qub hllä ijkib sb mhclh ib «prb`bibktb-sbktbk`ahµ (ukh rbsjlu`aðk ouia`ahl), bk rbhlaihi prbvahdbktb tbkiräh qub iafbrbk`ahrsb bktrb prb`bibktb `jdj ij`udbktj  y prb`bibktb `jdj ib`asaðk. Whrb`bräh, pubs, qub lh h`bp`aðk dès prb`ash sbräh lh pradbrh, hl dbkjs phrh bxpla`hr lh bxprbsaðk «aktbrprbthr prb`bibktbsµ, ihij qub hluib h tbkbr qub aktbrprbthr uk ij`udbktj phrh jctbkbr kjrdhs. Bdpbrj, bsth h`bp`aðk kj llbnh h bxpla`hr ibl tjij jtrhs bxprbsajkbs thlbs `jdj «hpla`hr prb`bibktbsµ, «iastaknuar prb`bibktbsµ j «prb`bibktbs vak`ulhktbsµ, pjrqub bs `lhrj qub uk ij`udbktj kj sb «hpla`hµ, kj sb «iastaknubµ (kj, hl dbkjs, bk lj qub adpla`h lh tá`ka`h ibl iastaknuasmakn ) ka du`mj dbkjs bs sus`bptaclb ib «vak`ulhrµ. «v ak`ulhrµ. Hllä ijkib sb mhclh «hpla`hr prb`bibktbsµ j «prb`bibktbs vak`ulhktbsµ, bvaibktbdbktb, sb bstè mh`abkij rbfbrbk`ah h lh kjrdh (j kjrdhs) qub pubibk bxtrhbrsb ib uk ij`udbktj hutjrathtavj bdhkhij pjr uk tracukhl ib ousta`ah. Bk tjij `hsj, `jksaibrj qub bs pjsaclb hfardhr qub uk prb`bibktb cabk pubib sbr bktbkiaij `jdj uk ij`udbktj 31

 @mahssjka (3782? p. 39). Cubkh phrtb ib lh ij`trakh ibl `jddjk lhw bktabkib qub bl prb`bibktb bs ukh ib`asaðk ouia`ahl qub `jktabkb lh rhtaj, sbh lj qub bsth quabrh sankafa`hr. Váhsb, pjr bobdplj, lh `lèsa`h ibfaka`aðk ib Phldjki? «Rk prb`bibktb, pjr thktj, bs ukh ib`asaðk ouia`ahl qub `jktabkb bk sä dasdj uk prak`apaj. Bl prak`apaj sucyh`bktb qub pjr thktj fjrdh su blbdbktj hutjrathtavj sublb sbr ibkjdakhij `jdj rhtaj ib`aibkia. Lh ib`asaðk `jk`rbth bs jclanhtjrah bktrb lhs phrtbs mh`ah bllh, pbrj bs lh rhtaj ib`aibkia hcstrh`th lh qub pjr sä sjlh tabkb lh fubrzh ib lby bk lj qub `jk`abrkb hl dukij bktbrjµ (hpui Njjimhrt, 8107? p. 868). 07  Wjr supubstj qub pjr ib`asaðk thdcaák sb pubib bktbkibr lh `jk`lusaðk ib uk rrhzjkhdabktj, hzjkhdabktj, sbh rblhtavj h lh prbdash kjrdhtavh j h lh prbdash fè`ta`h j, ak`lusavb, h iavbrshs akfbrbk`ahs qub pubibk `jdpjkbk `hih ukh ib ia`mhs prbdashs. 08   Pbnÿk @mahssjka, bstjs ijs blbdbktjs thdcaák pjirähk sbr aibktafa`hijs `jdj «prb`bibktb- rhtajµ y «prb`bibktbdhkihtjµ (3779? p. >= y 3782? p. 39-32) .

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

bk lh dbiaih qub sbh sus`bptaclb ib qub ib ástb sb jctbknh ukh kjrdh pjtbk`ahldbktb hpth phrh rbnulhr `hsjs futurjs.

Bk sbnukij lunhr,  @mahssjka `jlj`h `jdj blbdbktj `jkstatutavj ib lh ibfaka`aðk ib prb`bibktb (bktbkiaij `jdj sbktbk`ah) «qub trhthk (sa`) ib ljs dasdjs, j sadalhrbs (tapjs ib) mb`mjs y `ubstajkbs qub sb ibcbk rbsjlvbr bk bsth j`hsaðk tµ. Bstj `lhrhdbktb cus`h rbflbohr lh prè`ta`h ibl `jddjk lhw (prak`aphldbktb bl aknlás), bk qub sb bktabkib qub ljs oub`bs ibcbk htbkbrsb ranurjshdbktb h lh hiouia`h`aðk ibl `hsj `jk`rbtj,  pjr lj qub bl dhtbrahl fè`ta`j adpjrth sjcrbdhkbrh phrh lh aktbrprbth`aðk ib lh ib`asaðk y lh prjpah hpla`h`aðk ibl prb`bibktb, hukqub hdchs jpbrh`ajkbs ibkjtbk uk hltj nrhij ib `jdplboaihi (`uhkij kj ib ias`rb`ajkhlaihi 03). Pak pbroua`aj ib bllj, bk bl `jktbxtj ib lhs kjrdhs ouia`ahlbs hpla`hclbs h `hsjs futurjs, pabksj qub bs pjsaclb mhclhr ib kjrdhs  prjvbkabktbs ib prb`bibktbs qub pubibk vak`ulhrsb dès j dbkjs iarb`thdbktb h ljs mb`mjs ibl `hsj y, ib jtrj lhij, ib lbnaslh`aðk ouia`ahl. Bstj ibdjstrhrè, h da oua`aj, qub lh tbjräh ibl prb`bibktb kj kb`bshrahdbktb tabkb qub bsthr `jdprjdbtaih `jk lh prè`ta`h ibl `jddjk lhw. Lh rblh`aðk bktrb prb`bibktb, rhtaj ib`aibkia y mb`mjs sbrè ibshrrjllhih h `jktakuh`aðk. `jktakuh`aðk. 9.3.  Shtaj ib`aibkia  Kj sjk pj`hs lhs ibfaka`ajkbs ib rhtaj ib`aibkia jfrb`aihs pjr lh ij`trakh bspb`ahlazhih 00. Frbktb h bllj, ibsib ukh pbrspb`tavh `jk`bptuhl (akibpbkiabktb, pjr thktj, ib hlnukh bxpbrabk`ah ouräia`h bspb`äfa`h), ukh hltbrkhtavh bs hijpthr ukh ibfaka`aðk lhtassadj sbksu. Hsä, ibsib bstb puktj ib vasth, lh rhtaj ib`aibkia sbräh «ukh kjrdh qub fjrdh phrtb ib lh oustafa`h`aðk aktbrkh j bxtbrkh ib lh ib`asaðk, pbrj kj lh tjthlaihi ibl rhzjkhdabktj ouia`ahl, ka sjlj lh prbdash qub fuk`ajkh ``jdj jdj prbdash dhyjr 09 ibl saljnasdj prè`ta`j `uyj rbsulthij bs lh ib`asaðk ourasia``ajkhlµ . H phrtar ib hquä, sb mhclh ib rhtajkbs sjcrb `ubstajkbs prj`bshlbs, prjchtjrahs, aktbrprbthtavhs, sjcrb mb`mjs, bt`. 02  Bktbkibr lh rhtaj ib`aibkia ibsib ukh pbrspb`tavh thk hdplah, sak bdchrnj, kj bstè akdukb h ultbrajrbs prjclbdhtazh`ajkbs. Whrtabkij ib lh prbdash qub lh rhtaj ib`aibkia bs, hktbs qub khih, ukh kjrdh  ouia`ahl,  ibsib ukh pbrspb`tavh `jk`bptuhl bs pjsaclb aibktafa`hr iavbrsjs tapjs ib kjrdhs ouia`ahlbs sus`bptaclbs ib sbr hpla`hihs bk `hsjs futurjs. Ybkbdjs, pjr thktj, bl sanuabktb phkjrhdh h phrtar ibl nákbrj «kjrdh ouia`ahlµ?

03

 @fr. Kÿøbz Vhqubrj (3786).  @fr. @rjss & Mhrras (8118? p. 01 ss.)5 Dh`@jrda`e (3772? p. 820). 09  Kÿøbz Vhqubrj (378=? 26). Bl dasdj hutjr, bk uk trhchoj hktbrajr, sbøhlh qub hl dbkjs pjiräh iastaknuarsb ijs sbktaijs ib rhtaj ib`aibkia? h) «lh kjrdh nbkbrhl hpla`hih bk lh ib`asaðkµ (j sbh, lh prbdash dhyjr ibl saljnasdj ouia`ahl) y c) «tjijs ljs blbdbktjs bsbk`ahlbs j kb`bshrajs phrh lh ib`asaðk ouia`ahlµ (3786? 808). 02   Bspb`äfa`hdbktb, Kÿøbz Vhqubrj prjpjkb lh sanuabktb ibfaka`aðk ib rhtaj ib`aibkia? «(…) kjrdh bdplbhih, j dbrhdbktb fjrdulhih, bk lh oustafa`h`aðk aktbrkh j bxtbrkh ib ukh ib`asaðk ourasia``ajkhl, qub bs `hlafa`hih `jdj kjrdhtavhdbktb rblbvhktb pjr lh rbnlh ibl sthrb ib`asas phrh `hsjs iafbrbktbs h hqubl bk bl qub fub fjrdulhihµ (378=? 2>).

00

83

 

Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

a) 

Kjrdh ouia`ahl 8 (KO8)? Kjrdhs ouia`ahlbs bxplä`aths j adplä`aths qub sb jctabkbk ib lh

akfbrbk`ah ib pradbr nrhij ib lh prbdash kjrdhtavh y ib jtrhs akfbrbk`ahs dès hcstrh`ths sabdprb qub tbknhk vak`ulh`aðk iarb`th `jk ljs mb`mjs ib lh `hush (bstj bs lj qub bktbkibrá pjr rhtaj ib`aibkia bk sbktaij bstra`tj)5 aa)  Kjrdh ouia`ahl 3 (KO3)? Kjrdhs ouia`ahlbs bxplä`aths j adplä`aths qub sb jctabkbk ib lh `hibkh ib akfbrbk`ahs ib lh l h prbdash kjrdhtavh sak vak`ulh`aðk iarb`th `jk ljs mb`mjs ib lh `hush (bstj bs lj qub bktbkibrá pjr rhtaj ib`aibkia bk sbktaij hdplaj)5 aaa)  Kjrdh ouia`ahl 0 (KO0)? Kjrdhs ouia`ahlbs qub sb jctabkbk h phrtar ib bkuk`ahijs bxprbshdbktb faohijs pjr bl ðrnhkj ib`asjr bk bl `jktbxtj ib uk `hsj `jk`rbtj, `jk akibpbkibk`ah ib ljs mb`mjs ib lh `hush5 y av)  Kjrdh ouia`ahl 9 (KO9)? Kjrdhs ouia`ahlbs qub sb jctabkbk h phrtar ib uk bkuk`ahij bxprbshdbktb akstatuaij pjr uk ðrnhkj (ourasia``ajkhl j kj) hl dhrnbk ib lh rbsjlu`aðk ib uk `hsj `jk`rbtj06.

@jdj pubib vbrsb, bl `ratbraj `lhsafa`htjraj bdplbhij rbsaib fukihdbkthldbktb bk lh `jdcakh`aðk ib ijs vhrahclbs? sa thlbs kjrdhs tabkbk rblh`aðk `jk ljs mb`mjs ib lh `hush y sa sb bk`ubktrhk bk bl `jktbxtj ib lh rbsjlu`aðk ib uk `hsj `jk`rbtj . @jkvabkb bk bstb djdbktj rbhlazhr ukh jcsbrvh`aðk adpjrthktb. Lh prbdash kjrdhtavh ib ukh ib`asaðk ouia`ahl, ranurjshdbktb, vabkb h sbr uk bk`hibkhdabktj ib hrnudbktjs b akfbrbk`ahs qub, h su vbz, tabkbk sus prjpahs prbdashs y `jk`lusajkbs 0>. Pa bstj bs vbrihi, `uhkij sb mhclh ib qub lh prbdash kjrdhtavh bs «lh kjrdhµ, bk rbhlaihi bsthdjs hktb lh `jk`lusaðk ibl hrnudbktj fakhl, bstj bs, hqubl qub `jrjkh tjijs ljs hrnudbktjs qub `jdpjkbk bl rhzjkhdabktj rbspb`tj ib lh `ubstaðk ib ibrb`mj. Waáksbsb, pjr bobdplj, bk ukh sbktbk`ah qub, bk sus fukihdbktjs, `jktbknh ukh tapjljnäh ib lh djtavh`aðk ib lhs rbsjlu`ajkbs ouia`ahlbs 0=5 qub aktbrprbtb y ibladatb bl `jktbkaij kjrdhtavj ib lh nhrhktäh ibl ibcaij prj`bsj sbnÿk `abrtj `ratbraj ouraspruibk`ahl phrh ib`aiar sa bs qub sb `jk`ul`ð bk bl `hsj `jk`rbtj5 bk lh blb``aðk ib hlnÿk hrnudbktj aktbrprbthtavj (pjr bobdplj, bl nrhdhta`hl) bxpjkabkij sus vbkthohs frbktb h jtrj phrh bfb`tjs ib aktbrprbthr lh lbnaslh`aðk lbnasl h`aðk tracuthrah5 bk lh blb``aðk ib hlnukh ij`trakh qub jfrbz`h ukh dbtjijljnäh phrh lh pjkibrh`aðk ib prak`apajs5 bk lh blb``aðk ib hlnukh tbjräh ibl01 ijdakaj ibl mb`mj phrh htracuar rbspjkshcalaihi pbkhl pjr mjda`aiaj pjr hutjräh dbiahth, bt`.  Yjihs bsths ib`asajkbs ‐sustbkthihs bk hrnudbktjs j rhzjkbs‐ 

06

 @jdj qubihrè `lhrj dès hiblhktb, hquä kj db bstjy rbfarabkij h lhs kjrdhs prjvbkabktbs ib rbnlhdbktjs j iarb`tavhs qub bxpaibk ljs tracukhlbs ib ousta`ah sjcrb su prjpaj fuk`ajkhdabktj b, ak`lusavb, bl prj`biadabktj sbnuaij hktb blljs? `fr. Dbkibs ib Jlavbarh (3737). 0>  Bstj, pjr supubstj, vastj ibsib lh iadbksaðk lðna`h ibl i bl rhzjkhdabktj ouräia`j? `fr. Mbrkèkibz Dhräk (3780? p. 62 ss.). Kj sbräh duy iafbrbktb, pjr `abrtj, ib lj qub pubib ib`arsb ibl rhzjkhdabktj rbspb`tj ib lh prbdash fè`ta`h, h lh qub pubib ibkjdakhrsb akfbrbk`ah prjchtjrah (`fr. Njkzèlbz Lhnabr, 3772? p. 20-22), sak pbroua`aj ib lhs phrta`ulhraihibs ibl usj ib prbsuk`ajkbs, dèxadhs ib bxpbrabk`ah, bt`. phrh `jkstruar lhs akfbrbk`ahs ib ljs mb`mjs prjchtjrajs qub llbvhrähk h ljs mb`mjs prjchijs. 0=  Wjr bobdplj, lh PY@ >3=-377=-WM@/Y@, ibl Yracukhl @jkstatu`ajkhl pbruhkj (`hsj Naulahkh Llhdjoh). 01  Pbktbk`ah ib lh Phlh Wbkhl Bspb`ahl ib lh @jrtb Puprbdh pbruhkh, Bxp. H.V. 81-3778, ibl > ib hcral ib 3771 (`hsj  Hlcbrtj Fuoadjra).

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

sjk phrtb ibl rhzjkhdabktj ouia`ahl qub, bk su `jkouktj, tbrdakh oustafa`hkij lh `jkstru``aðk ib lh prbdash kjrdhtavh.

Db phrb`b qub bk bl dasdj sbktaij sb bk`ubktrh @mahssjka `uhkij, hl ibfakar bl `jk`bptj jcobtavj  ib rhtaj ib`aibkia97, akia`h qub pubib mhcbr dès ib ukh rhtaj bk thktj sbh pjsaclb qub lh ib`asaðk sb ibravb ib iafbrbktbs  ‐ pbrj pbrj `jkvbrnbktbs ‐   akfbrbk`ahs ibl djius pjkbks.  Bstj quabrb ib`ar qub lh rb`jkstru``aðk lðna`h ib lhs prbdashs ib ukh ib`asaðk choj lh fjrdh ib lh rbnlh ib akfbrbk`ah djius pjkbks (j sbh? «sa sb ihk lhs `ar`uksthk`ahs ] bktjk`bs sb ibcb ihr lh `jksb`ubk`ah Qµ) pubib ihr `jdj rbsulthij iavbrshs akfbrbk`ahs qub sbhk `hph`bs ib oustafa`hr (aktbrkhdbktb) lh ib`asaðk . Bstj bs hsä pjrqub pubib mhcbr dès ib ukh kjrdh qub `jkstatuyh lh prbdash kjrdhtavh98.  H H bstj @mahssjka lb ibkjdakh «rhtaj ib`aibkia ib pradbr nrhijµ. Wbrj thdcaák ibsth`h lh pjsacalaihi ib qub pubih mhclhrsb ib iavbrshs rhtajkbs ib`aibkia, ibsib lh dbkjs hcstrh`th mhsth lh dès hcstrh`th, ihij qub «lh prbdash nbkbrhl kjrdhtavh ib lh akfbrbk`ah ib pradbr nrhij, hl dasdj tabdpj, bs lh `jk`lusaðk kjrdhtavh ib lh akfbrbk`ah ib sbnukij nrhijµ93. Bk bsb sbktaij, h bfb`tjs ib lj qub kjs aktbrbsh, sb hcrb uk phkjrhdh ib hkèlasas hshz `jdplboj? ºXuá blbdbktj(s) ibl rhzjkhdabktj qub bstru`turh lh prbdash kjrdhtavh pjiräh sbr `hlafa`hij `jdj rhtaj ib`aibkia: ºPbräh ÿka`hdbktb lh `jk`lusaðk ib lh prbdash kjrdhtavh  ‐ j sbh, lh prjpah kjrdh hpla`hih hl `hsj prb`bibktb phrh sustbkthr lh ib`asaðk ‐  j   j hlnukh ib lhs prbdashs j `jk`lusajkbs prbvahs qub sustbkthk hqubllh `jk`lusaðk: ºWjirähk sbr thktj lh `jk`lusaðk `jdj thdcaák jtrjs blbdbktjs, pbrdatabkij lh aibktafa`h`aðk ib iavbrshs rhtajkbs:90  Lj bxpubstj yh pbrdatb ibshrrjllhr lh tapjljnäh ib kjrdhs ouia`ahlbs hkuk`ahih hktbrajrdbktb, bspb`äfa`hdbktb bk lj qub `jk`abrkb h lh rblh`aðk `jk ljs mb`mjs ib lh `hush? KO8 y KO3. Ihij qub lj qub iafbrbk`ah h hdchs bs lh vak`ulh`aðk va k`ulh`aðk iarb`th j akiarb`th ib lh kjrdh rb`jkstruaih `jk hqublljs, bs adpjrthktb bktbkibr qub «trhchohr `jk mb`mjsµ rbfabrb h uk rhzjkhdabktj ibl oubz ibl `hsj prbsbktb  `jksastbktb bk ibtbrdakhr bl nrhij ib sadalatui ib ljs mb`mjs mb` mjs ibl(js) `hsj(s) prb`bibktb(s) y ibl `hsj

97

 Lh ibfaka`aðk prjpjr`ajkhih pjr @mahssjka bs lh sanuabktb? «Rkh kjrdh nbkbrhl (rbnlh, prak`apaj, `ratbraj) qub sb bk`ubktrh bxprbshdbktb bk uk bkuk`ahij ibl tbxtj ib prb`bibktb-sbktbk`ah, j adplä`ath bk bstb, bs lh rhtaj ib`aibkia ib uk `hsj bk rblh`aðk `jk `abrth `ubstaðk pjr ib`aiar, ib`aia r, sa y sjlj sa, bs lh prbdash kjrdhtavh nbkbrhl ibl djius pjkbks, h phrtar ib lh `uhl, ouktj `jk hl dbkjs jtrh prbdash (lh prbdash akiavaiuhl sucsuktavh), sb pubib ibravhr bl ib`asudµ (3782? 01). 98  Aturrhlib akia`h qub lh dbojr rbprbsbkth`aðk fjrdhl ib lh ib`asaðk ib`a saðk ouia`ahl kj bs prjpahdbktb bl saljnasdj sakj lh rbnlh djius pjkbks pjrqub bl saljnasdj «tabkib h prbsbkthrsb kj `jdj ukh `hibkh aktbrdbiah ib lh ib`asaðk fakhl, sakj `jdj lh ÿka`h `jksb`ubk`ah pjsaclb y `jrrb`th ib lhs prbdashsµ y «`uhktj dès sb bstru`turh lh djtavh`aðk sbnÿk bl djij ibiu`tavj, thktj dbkjs bdbrnbk ljs rhsnjs bsbk`ahlbs bk lh oustafa`h`aðk ib ukh ib`asaðk qub sb hsudb kj bs bl rbsulthij hutjdèta`j ib ukh sbrab ib phsjs fjrdhlbsµ (8118? 36>-36=). Kj jcsthktb, vhlb lh pbkh akia`hr akia` hr qub lh hutjrh, h iafbrbk`ah ib lj hfardhij hquä, bktabkib qub lh prbdash dhyjr kj pubib sbr ukh kjrdh sakj ukh prjpjsa`aðk kjrdhtavh. 93  @mahssjka (3782? 01-97). Hfardh, hibdès, `jrrb`thdbktb, qub bl `jk`bptj jcobtavj ib rhtaj kj pubib bxpla`hr `uèl ib lhs rhtajkbs bs lh qub ibcbräh sbr bdplbhih (sjlj pjiräh mh`brlj uk `ratbraj ouräia`j-pjläta`j). 90  Lj `uhl sb hnrhvh pjr bl mb`mj qub, ibsib ukh pbrspb`tavh akstatu`ajkhl, kj bxasthk prjpahdbktb kjrdhs sjcrb `ðdj aibktafa`hr lh rhtaj ib`aibkia ka `ðdj bs`jnbr bktrb vhrahs rhtajkbs. @fr. Iuxcury (377=? p. 6=-61).

89

 

Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

qub ibcb rbsjlvbr, h bfb`tjs ib `jksaibrhr sa bs qub lh rhtaj ibl `hsj hktbrajr bs j kj hpla`hclb 99. Whrh llbvhr h `hcj bstb rhzjkhdabktj, sak bdchrnj, bxastb uk praus lðna`j? lh aibktafa`h`aðk ib ukh kjrdh (j kjrdhs) ib rbfbrbk`ah  qub rbnulh ljs mb`mjs ibl pradbr `hsj (yh ib`aiaij) h bfb`tjs ib ibtbrdakhr lh rblbvhk`ah ib lhs `hrh`tbrästa`hs qub `jdphrtbk `jk ljs mb`mjs ibl sbnukij `hsj (pjr ib`aiar) 92. Llhdhrá rhtaj ib`aibkia bk sbktaij bstra`tj  (KO8) prb`ashdbktb h bsth kjrdh ib rbfbrbk`ah. Whrh bllj bs duy ÿtal  ‐  y mhsth kb`bshraj ‐  bl  bl hkèlasas lðna`j qub pubih rbhlazhrsb rbspb`tj ibl prb`bibktb, `uhkij dbkjs bk lj qub `jk`abrkb h lh akfbrbk`ah ib pradbr nrhij, ihij qub bsth prbsupjkb iarb`thdbktb lh `jksaibrh`aðk ib ljs mb`mjs. «@jksaibrhr ljs mb`mjsµ, bvaibktbdbktb, bstè hfb`tj h ukh `jksaibrhclb akibtbrdakh`aðk. Ib lj qub sb trhth prjpahdbktb bs qub lh prjpah aibktafa`h`aðk ib lh rhtaj `jdj kjrdh kj pubib ibohr ib akvjlu`rhr uk hkèlasas `jksastbktb bk jpbrh`ajkbs thktj lðna`hs `jdj hrnudbkthtavhs, llbvhihs h `hcj pjr bl oubz pjstbrajr, rbspb`tj ib lh prbdash fè`ta`h 5 bstj bs, lh prbdash dbkjr ib lh ib`asaðk qub, hl anuhl qub lh dhyjr, vabkb h sbr ukh `hibkh ib hrnudbktjs b akfbrbk`ahs qub `jkiu`bk h ibtbrdakhr ib tbrdakhr quá mb`mjs 96 hlbnhijs pjr lhs phrtbs bstèk prjchijs j kj . Yhlbs jpbrh`ajkbs, pjr bobdplj, pubibk `jksastar bk lh prjpah aibktafa`h`aðk ib ljs mb`mjs9> tbkaijs `jdj prjchijs pjr bl oubz ibl prb`bibktb h phrtar ib ukh rb`jkstru``aðk ib lhs akfbrbk`ahs lðna`j-prjchtjrahs5 bk lh ias`radakh`aðk  ib `uèlbs mb`mjs (prjchijs) sjk bsbk`ahlbs y `uèlbs kj lj sjk (ukh ib lhs `lèsa`hs prbj`uph`ajkbs ib Njjimhrt 9=)5 bk lh blb``aðk ib lh rblbvhk`ah ib ljs mb`mjs rblbvhktbs frbktb h jtrjs (phrh lj `uhl, pjr `abrtj, phrb`bräh sbr akbvathclb tbkbr bk `ubkth ljs mb`mjs ibl `hsj prbsbktb), bt`. H fak ib `ubkths, sa lh rhtaj bs ukh kjrdh, bsth tabkb uk sjpjrtb fè`ta`j qub bs `jdplbthij h phrtar ib ljs blbdbktjs fè`ta`js rb`jkstruaijs ibl prjpaj prb`bibktb91. 99

 Lj `uhl bs hdplahdbktb h`bpthij pjr lh ij`trakh ibl `jddjk lhw `jk ukh prbj`uph`aðk fukihdbkthl ib ibs`racar su prè`ta`h j, `jdj vadjs, prjpjkbr tbjrähs qub tbknhk lh hptatui ib bxpla`hrlh. @fr. Dhttba (8113? p.307)5 P`mhubr (3771? p. 92 ss.). Wjr rhzjkbs qub sb vbrèk dès hiblhktb, bsth ibfaka`aðk hÿk pjsbb uk adpjrthktb nrhij ib hdcanübihi, sjcrb tjij bk lj qub `jk`abrkb h ljs «mb`mjsµ. 92  @fr. Fbrrbr Cbltrèk (3786? p. 8>=). 96  Lj `uhl, sbnÿk Fbrrbr Cbltrèk (377>? p. 92 ss.) akvjlu`rh h`tavaihibs ib vhljrh`aðk ib ljs dbiajs ib prubch y lh ib`asaðk  y oustafa`h`aðk ib ia`mh vhljrh`aðk. Bsth ib`asaðk, `jdj bs `lhrj, sb rbfabrb h hqubllh `jk lh qub sb hrrach h lh `jk`lusaðk j hrnudbktj fakhl ibl rhzjkhdabktj prjchtjraj, j, thdcaák, hl «ÿltadj bslhcðkµ ib lh akfbrbk`ah prjchtjrah `jdplbth (`fr. Njkzèlbz Lhnabr, 3772? p. 22), lh `uhl kj sb pubib `jkfukiar `jk lh ib`asaðk ib lh akfbrbk`ah ib pradbr nrhij, `jdj `jk`lusaðk thktj ib lh prbdash fè`ta`h `jdj ib lh kjrdhtavh. 9>  Pa cabk lj qub sb prubch ranurjshdbktb sjk hlbnh`ajkbs ib mb`mj j bkuk`ahijs rbspb`tj ib mb`mjs, pjr `jdjiaihi ibl lbknuhob sadplbdbktb mhclhrá ib «mb`mjsµ. 9=  Njjimhrt (8107). 91  Bstj pubib sbr nrhfa`hij `jk bl fhdjsj `hsj Ijkjnmub v. Ptbvbksjk U8103T P@ (ML) 08 (REML, 36 ib dhyj ib 8103, `jk bspb`ahl rbfbrbk`ah hl fhdjsj vjtj ib Ljri Hteak). Lh Prh. Ijkjnmub, bk 813=, fub h uk `hfá lj`hlazhij bk Nlhsnjw ouktj `jk ukh hdanh suyh y paiað uk vhsj ib mblhij `jk `brvbzh ib obknacrb . Bl iubøj ibl lj`hl, Frhk`as Daknmbllh, htbkiað bl pbiaij y lb sarvað phrtb ib lh cjtbllh ‐qub brh jph`h, ib dhr`h «I. Ptbvbksjk, Nlbk Lhkb, Whaslbyµ ‐ bk bl mblhij. @uhkij lh hdanh ib lh Prh. Ijkjnmub lb sarvað bl rbsthktb ib lh cjtbllh `hyð uk `hrh`jl bk bsthij ib ibs`jdpjsa`aðk. Lh Prh. Ijkjnmub sb saktað dhl, `jk ijljrbs bk bl hcijdbk y pjstbrajrdbktb sb lb iahnkjsta`ð nhstrjbktbratas y smj`e trhudèta`j. H pbshr qub kj bxastähk prb`bibktbs bk qub sb mhyh bk`jktrhij rbspjkshcalaihi ibl prjiu`tjr frbktb hl `jksudaijr fakhl, lh Mjusb jf Ljris fakhldbktb `jksaibrð qub bxastäh uk ibcbr ib `uaihij ib phrtb ibl prjiu`tjr qub, bstb `hsj, mhcäh vajlhij, iarb`thdbktb pubstj qub ibcb bvathrsb bk h`tjs qubljsrhzjkhclbdbktb pubibk prbvbrsb qubbkj`hsajkhrähk ihøjsaij h hqublljs hfb`thijs pjrak`urrar thlbs h`tjs (j sbh, `jksudaijrbs

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

Bk bstb sbktaij, y bklhzhkij `jk lj bxpubstj hktbrajrdbktb, `uhkij dbkjs phrb`b phrta`ulhrdbktb `jdpla`hij pjibr prbs`akiar ib lh akfbrbk`ah ib pradbr nrhij h bfb`tjs ib ibladathr ib ladathr `jk`bptuhldbktb  27 lh rhtaj ib`aibkia bk sbktaij bstra`tj . Ihij qub, pjr ibfaka`aðk, lh rhtaj ib pradbr nrhij sb ibravh ib lhs hsä llhdhihs «jtrhs rhtajkbsµ  (ib sbnukij, tbr`brj, `uhrtj nrhij, bt`.), bs lh dbkjs  hcstrh`th y, hibdès, `jdprbkib iarb`thdbktb lh `jk`lusaðk nljchl ib tjij bl `hsj, lh `jk`lusaðk bs qub sb trhth ib lh kjrdh qub bstè akvjlu`rhih dès iarb`thdbktb `jk lh ib`asaðk rbspb`tj ib ljs mb`mjs prjchijs 28.  Pa, hl fakhl, bs pjsaclb aibktafa`hr lðna`hdbktb iavbrshs kjrdhs bk lh prbdash kjrdhtavh ib ukh ib`asaðk, kj tjihs bllhs bstèk (iarb`thdbktb) rblh`ajkhihs `jk ljs mb`mjs ibl `hsj (vbr kjth sjcrb Ijkjnmub). Pjlj lhs kjrdhs qub sä lj bstèk, h da oua`aj, rb`acarähk lh ibkjdakh`aðk ib «rhtaj ib`aibkia bk sbktaij bstra`tjµ qub bs, pjr `abrtj, lj qub `jk ` jk du`mh khturhlaihi pjiräh h`bpthrsb bk lh prè`ta`h fakhlbs)91. Wubs cabk, bl puktj hquä bs qub hl dbkjs kj bs pjsaclb ibohr ib aibktafa`hr, `jdj rhtaj ib`aibkia ib pradbr nrhij, ukh kjrdh qub phrth ib `jksaibrhr ljs mb`mjs ib bstb `hsj. Bllj kj bladakh qub pubih aibktafa`hrsb jtrhs kjrdhs (dès hllè qub pjihdjs `hlafa`hrlhs j kj `jdj rhtajkbs, `jdj vbrbdjs dès hiblhktb), pbrj, phrh bfb`tjs ib su hpla`h`aðk h futurjs `hsjs, `jksaibrhr ljs mb`mjs bs akbxjrhclb. Pak bdchrnj, bstj kj sjlu`ajkh ljs prjclbdhs bk lh aktbrprbth`aðk ib prb`bibktbs pjrqub, ak`lusavb bk lh rhtaj ib pradbr nrhij pubib mhcbr du`mhs iavbrnbk`ahs. Wjr bobdplj, ukh rhtaj phsaclb ib sbr rb`jkstruaih ib Ijkjnmub sbräh hlnj `jdj sanub? «Pa uk fhcra`hktb blhcjrh uk prjiu`tj qub adpaih lh pjsacalaihi ib uk bxhdbk h fak ib bvathr qub sbhk hiquaraijs, shcabkij qub lh husbk`ah ib `uaihij rhzjkhclb bk lh prbphrh`aðk j `jksbrvh`aðk ib thl prjiu`tj pjiräh nbkbrhr uk ihøj bk lh vaih va ih j shlui ibl `jksudaijr (j sbh, tabkb ibcbr ib tjdhr bsb `uaihij), y sa kj lj tjdh, bktjk`bs bsthrè suobtj h uk rbshr`adabktjµ (Aturrhlib, 8112? p. 13). Kj jcsthktb, sa sb hprb`ah `jk ibtbkadabktj, mhy ukh sbrab ib mb`mjs akia`hijs bk bl `hsj (y qub, pjr `abrtj, bstèk prjchijs) qub kj bstèk prbsbktbs bk lh rhtaj ib`aibkia fjrdulhih. Wjr bobdplj? bl sbxj ib lh pbrsjkh hfb`thih (duobr), bl lunhr bk qub sb `jksudað (uk `hfá bk Nlhsnjw), lh prj`bibk`ah ibl fhcra`hktb (bs`j`ás), bl bkvhsb bspb`äfa`j (cjtbllh), bl tapj ib prjiu`tj (`brvbzh ib obknacrb), bl tapj ib ibfb`tj qub pubib nbkbrhr bl ihøj (`hrh`jl bk ibs`jdpjsa`aðk), bt`. Bk `hdcaj, sä qub bstèk `jksaibrhijs blbdbktjs `jdj uk prjiu`tjr, uk `jksudaijr fakhl, uk prjiu`tj, bl ibcbr ib ialanbk`ah bk lh prbphrh`aðk j `jksbrvh`aðk ib bstb, lh pjsacalaihi ib uk ihøj, bt`. Pak bstjs blbdbktjs, hl fakhl, kj sbräh pjsaclb rb`jkstruar lh rhtaj. Wjiräh ias`utarsb, sak bdchrnj, sa bs qub lh rhtaj ib Ijkjnmub bxanb kb`bshrahdbktb qub bxasth uk prjiu`tjr y, thdcaák, sa bs qub bl `jksudaijr fakhl ibch rbhlazhr uk bxhdbk prbvaj sjcrb bl bsthij ibl prjiu`tj phrh bvathr hiquararlj y `jksudarlj. Bstj bs rblbvhktb h prjpðsatj ib Mhsbliakb v. Ihw U8198T 3 E.C. 090, rbsubltj pjr lh Eakn‑s Cbk`m ib lh @jurt jf Hppbhl, lh `uhl akvj`ð Ijkjnmub phrh `jkibkhr h uk rbshr`adabktj h ukhs pbrsjkhs qub rbphrhrjk uk hs`bksjr bk uk biafa`aj ibcaij qub bstb, lubnj ib lh prbsth`aðk ibl sbrva`aj, `hyð hcrupthdbktb prjiu`abkij ihøj bk ljs usuhrajs. Bl ibthllb hquä bs qub ljs rbphrhijrbs kj brhk prjiu`tjrbs y, hibdès, bk tbjräh, sä brh pjsaclb tbstbhr bl hs`bksjr lubnj ib lh rbphrh`aðk. Huk hsä, bl `hsj kj sb iastaknuað ib Ijkjnmub sakj qub sb rbaktbrprbtð lh rhtaj ib`aibkia ib bsth.  27  Kðtbsb, hibdès, qub lh (rb)fjrdulh`aðk ib lh rhtaj ib`aibkia j rhtajkbs ib`aibkia ib uk `hsj tbkabkij bk `jksaibrh`aðk lh prbdash dbkjr ib lh ib`asaðk ib`asað k bs, thdcaák, uk praus lðna`j phrh bl bdplbj ib ijs ib lhs prak`aphlbs tá`ka`hs bdplbhihs bk lh prè`ta`h ibl `jddjk lhw phrh (ak)hpla`hr prb`bibktbs (j, dbojr ia`mj, rhtajkbs)? bl iastaknuasmakn  y bl jvbrrulakn. Dès hllè qub bk lh prè`ta`h, akhivbrtaih j iblacbrhihdbktb, su bdplbj pubih sbr ak`jksastbktb j qub hl fakhl sbhk bs`hrhduzhs phrh hrrachr h lh ib`asaðk qub hl oubz ibl `hsj prbsbktb lb phrbz`h `jrrb`th, duy hl dhrnbk ib lj qub mhyh bsthclb`aij bl oubz ibl `hsj prb`bibktb, kaknukh ib bllhs pubib sbr llbvhih h `hcj sak ias`urrar h trhvás ib prj`biadabktjs qub tabkbk qub vbr `jk lh ibladath`aðk ib ljs mb`mjs ibl `hsj prb`bibktb y, pjstbrajrdbktb, `jk bl bk`uhirhdabktj ib ljs mb`mjs bk lh rhtaj fjrdulhih h phrtar ib hqublljs. 28  Bsth bs ukh rhzðk ‐bktrb jtrhs‐ pjr lh qub, h pbshr ib ibsth`hr lh rblbvhk`ah ib lh aktbrprbth`aðk rbhlazhih pjr bl sbnukij

oubz phrh(8119 aibktafa`hr lh rhtaj j rhtajkbs , `jksaibrj qub kj bs bsth pjsaclb hsudar ukh pjsturh rhia`hl(3786). `jdj lj mh`b Yhruffj y 377>). Hl rbspb`tj, rbvblhkij `räta`hdbktb pjsturh dbthtbðra`h, `fr.ausrbhlasth Fbrrbr Cbltrèk

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

ib ljs tracukhlbs ibl `jddjk lhw. Bk bfb`tj, adhnakbdjs qub bk ukh sbktbk`ah ouia`ahl tbkbdjs bl hrnudbktj qub jpth pjr ukh dbtjijljnäh sjcrb `ðdj ` ðdj ibrrjthr ukh kjrdh akfrh`jkstatu`ajkhl frbktb h ukh ib obrhrquäh `jkstatu`ajkhl. Bsth, sak iuih hlnukh, bs ukh akfbrbk`ah qub phsh h sbr uk bsl bslhcðk hcðk bk lh `hibkh akfbrbk`ahl qub, h su vbz, ibravh bk lh prbdash kjrdhtavh nbkbrhl. Pb trhth, ak`lusavb, ib ukh akfbrbk`ah kb`bshrah (hukqub kj sufa`abktb) phrh lh oustafa`h`aðk aktbrkh ibl ib`asud y, `jdj sb pubib aktuar, bs ukh kjrdh qub kj tabkb ukh rblh`aðk iarb`th `jk ljs mb`mjs ibl `hsj. Bstjs bk khih oubnhk uk phpbl phrh lh rb`jkstru``aðk ib hqubllh kjrdh. Wubs cabk, ºbs pjsaclb bktbkibr bsth kjrdh `jdj ukh rhtaj ib`aibkia:  Ibsib ukh pbrspb`tavh lhtassadj sbksu lh rbspubsth sbräh hfardhtavh. Bsthrähdjs mhclhkij hquä, `uhkij dbkjs, ib ukh rhtaj ib sbnukij nrhij j ib ukh dès hcstrh`th.  Hsä, bsth kjrdh sjcrb lh ibrrjthcalaihi sbräh ukh KO3, bstj bs, `jdj sb mh ia`mj, hqubllh kjrdh bxplä`ath j adplä`ath qub sb jctabkb ib lh `hibkh ib akfbrbk`ahs ib lh prbdash kjrdhtavh sak  vak`ulh`aðk iarb`th `jk ljs mb`mjs ib lh `hush. Lh vbkthoh ib mhclhr ib «rhtaj ib`aibkia bk sbktaij bstratjµ y «rhtaj ib`aibkia bk sbktaij lhtjµ phrtb ib qubrbr rbspjkibr `jk dhyjr faiblaihi h ukh prè`ta`h ouia`ahl duy prjpah ib ljs jpbrhijrbs ouräia`js ibl `jddjk lhw qub, pjr bsj dasdj, `jkstatuyb ukh prè`ta`h duy rblbvhktb23 ak`lusavb mh`ah fubrh ibl prjpaj `jddjk lhw. Wbrj kj sjlj bllj, pubs, mastðra`h y `jktbdpjrèkbhdbktb, bl fbkðdbkj ib ljs prb`bibktbs thdcaák bstè prbsbktb bk bl `aval lhw20  ibcaij h qub bxastbk aktbrfbrbk`ahs mjrazjkthlbs29  ak`lusavb bk lh dbtjijljnäh  phrh trhchohr `jk prb`bibktb22. Aktbrbsh, pjr thktj, mhclhr ib kjrdhs ouia`ahlbs qub tabkbk rblbvhk`ah (vbr ätbd 9.0 akfrh). Hsä, pjr bobdplj, ukh KO3 bk lh prè`ta`h ibl `jddjk lhw sbräh vasth `jdj uk ia`tud y, pjr prjpah ibfaka`aðk, k kjj sbräh fjrdhldbktb rblbvhktb rblbvhktb (hukqub sä pjiräh sbrlj bdpära`hdbktb), pbrj bk jtrhs lhtatuibs dès cabk sbräh lj `jktrhraj? KO8 kj tbkiräh rblbvhk`ah y sä, dès cabk, KO3. Bstj sb ibcb h qub kj mhy ukh rblh`aðk `jk`bptuhl bktrb rhtaj ib`aibkia  y lh jclanhtjrabihi ib sbnuarlh. Yhl `jdj sb mh hivbrtaij, mhclhr ib kjrdhs ouia`ahlbs kj sb rbstraknb h KO8 j KO3, prb`ashdbktb pjrqub bxastbk jtrjs ij`udbktjs hutjrathtavjs prjiu`aijs pjr tracukhlbs ib ousta`ah qub hsudbk `hrh`tbrästa`hs duy iafbrbktbs, `jk`rbthdbktb, kjrdhs qub sb jctabkbk h phrtar ib bkuk`ahijs bxprbshdbktb faohijs pjr bl ðrnhkj ib`asjr, qub pubibk sbr bk bl `jktbxtj ib lh hiouia`h`aðk ib uk

23

 Hl fak y hl `hcj, db phrb`b qub bsh mh saij lh prbtbksaðk ib ukh vhsth dhyjräh ib hutjrbs ibl `jddjk lhw qub sb hrrabsnhrjk h prjvbbr ukh ibfaka`aðk ib rhtaj ib`aibkia? iblakbhr uk `jk`bptj lj sufa`abktbdbktb h`bpthclb phrh qub bxplaqub, ib fjrdh sankafa`htavh, su prjpah prè`ta`h ouia`ahl. 20  @ruz b Yu``a (3781)5 Dh`@jrda`e & Puddbrs (811>? p. 208 ss.). 29  Bsth frhsb pbrtbkb`b h Yhruffj (3778? 38), lh `uhl quabrb ib`ar «lh adath`aðk ib uk sastbdh j djiblj pjr phrtb ib jtrjs sastbdhs, huk `uhkij sb ibravbk ib bxpbrabk`ahs mastðra`hs j läkbhs bvjlutavhs duy mbtbrjnákbhsµ. 22  Rk bobdplj ib bllj bs lh @jrtb @jkstatu`ajkhl `jljdcahkh, lh `uhl, hukqub bdplbhkij tárdakjs dès `jdprbksaclbs phrh su trhia`aðk ouräia`h (`jdj lh «`jsh ouznhih bxplä`athµ, «`jsh ouznhih adplä`athµ y lh «`jsh ouznhih hphrbktbµ), mh rb`urraij h `jk`bptjs `jdj rhtaj ib`aibkia  y jcatbr ia`tud, bkfhtazhkij sjcrb lh kb`bsaihi ib ibtbrdakhr bl «prak`apaj ouraspruibk`ahl vanbktb ibktrj ib lh läkbh ouraspruibk`ahlµ, hukqub js`alhkij bktrb aktbrprbth`ajkbs dès fjrdhlasths ib lh rhtaj y jtrhs dès rbhlasths. Pbh `jdj fubrb, lh akflubk`ah ib lh prè`ta`h ibl `jddjk lhw bs chsthktb kjtjrah. @fr. Lðpbz Dbiakh (3781? p. 38=h ss., 390 ss.), ihkij `ubkth hdplahdbktb ib lh bvjlu`aðk ibl `ratbraj ib lh @jrtb sjcrb bstb tbdh y mh`abkij rbfbrbk`ahs du`mhs sbktbk`ahs.

8>

 

Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

`hsj `jk`rbtj, `jk akibpbkibk`ah ib ljs mb`mjs ib lh `hush (KO0) j ak`lusavb hl dhrnbk ib lh rbsjlu`aðk ib uk `hsj `jk`rbtj (KO9). Rk bobdplj ib KO0 sjk lhs sbktbk`ahs hijpthihs pjr bl plbkj ib lhs Phlhs P hlhs @avalbs ib lh @jrtb Puprbdh 26 pbruhkh . Rk plbkj `hshtjraj bs lh rbukaðk ib ljs oub`bs suprbdjs ib lhs Phlhs P hlhs Puprbdhs `avalbs qub, `jkfjrdhkij uk kubvj ðrnhkj, bdatb ukh sbktbk`ah plbkhrah. Lh iafbrbk`ah bktrb bsth sbktbk`ah y ukh sbktbk`ah `hshtjrah `jdÿk y `jrrabktb bs qub, lubnj ib lh phrtb ib`asjrah, vabkbk akstatuaihs ukh sbrab ib rbnlhs, bkuk`ahihs ib fjrdh chsthktb nbkbrhl y hcstrh`th y qub kj kb`bshrahdbktb tabkbk rblh`aðk iarb`th `jk ljs mb`mjs ibl `hsj. Pb trhth dès cabk ib kjrdhs aktbrprbthtavhs ib iaspjsa`ajkbs lbnhlbs bdplbhihs phrh rbsjlvbr bl `hsj2> j, ak`lusavb, ib hutákta`hs djiafa`h`ajkbs ib fh`tj h iaspjsa`ajkbs kjrdhtavhs akstatuaihs pjr bl lbnaslhijr2=. Ib jtrj lhij, uk `hsj duy täpa`j ib KO9 bs lh sÿdulh crhsalbøh. Lhs sÿdulhs21 hl dbkjs pjr lh fjrdh `ðdj sb jranakhrjk bk bl `jktbxtj ibl Puprbdj Yracukhl Fbibrhl crhsalbøj, `jkshnrhk lh tbsas ouräia`h prjvbkabktb ibl rbsulthij ib ukh `abrth ib`asaðk j ib`asajkbs hijpthihs prbvahdbktb pjr lh lh dhyjräh hcsjluth ib sus dabdcrjs. Bsth tbsas, pjstbrajrdbktb, sb `jkibksh bk uk bkuk`ahij hprjchij pjr bl plbkj ibl PYF y, ranurjshdbktb, kj `jkfanurh ukh rbsjlu`aðk ouia`ahl ka ukh sbktbk`ah pubs kj bstè bkdhr`hij bk bl `jktbxtj ib uk prj`bsj ka rbsublvb kaknÿk `hsj `jk`rbtj. Bk rbhlaihi, bstb ij`udbktj kjrdhtavj bk qub bstè `jktbkaih lh sÿdulh  bs uk hutákta`j h`tj lbnaslhtavj ouia`ahl bxpbiaij pjr uk tracukhl ib ousta`ah `jk `jdpbtbk`ah phrh akstatuar bsths kjrdhs (`jk`rbthdbktb bl PYF y bl Pupbrajr Yracukhl ib Ousta`ah crhsalbøjs, hukqub sjlj lhs sÿdulhs ibl pradbrj sjk vak`ulhktbs), bk khih iafbrbktbs h lh prjiu``aðk lbnaslhtavh ib uk phrlhdbktj, pjr bobdplj67. Pabkij ukh lbnaslh`aðk hijpthih fubrh ib lh hiouia`h`aðk, bs `lhrj qub lh rblh`aðk bktrb bsth kjrdh bstè chsthktb hlbohih ib ljs mb`mjs qub djtavhrjk lhs ib`asajkbs qub `jkshnrhrjk lh tbsas ouräia`h hijpthih, j, h lj sudj, tabkbk ukh rblh`aðk chsthktb akiarb`th, qub bk khih sb iafbrbk`ah ib lh jpbrh`aðk ib bk`uhirhdabktj ib ljs mb`mjs bk bl sjpjrtb fè`ta`j qub `hrh`tbrazh h ukh iaspjsa`aðk lbnhl akstatuaih pjr `uhlquabr jtrj ðrnhkj lbnaslhtavj (`jdj bs bl `hsj ` hsj ib lh lby)68. 26

 Bl pjibr phrh bsthclb`br kjrdhs ouraspruibk`ahlbs ib bstb tapj bstè prbvastj bk bl hrtä`ulj 977 ibl @ðianj Wrj`bshl

@aval pbruhkj. Jtrhs kjrdhs ibl sastbdh rbnulhk lj prjpaj, pjr bobdplj, phrh lhs Phlhs Wbkhlbs y lhs Phlhs ib Ibrb`mj @jkstatu`ajkhl y Pj`ahl ib lh @jrtb suprbdh pbruhkh y bl Yracukhl @jkstatu`ajkhl. @fr. @hvhka (378=? 8>6 ss.). 2>  Váhsb, pjr bobdplj, lh rbnlh vak`ulhktb K· 3 ib lh sbktbk`ah plbkhrah hijpthih bk bl AAA Wlbkj @hshtjraj @aval (@hs. K· 9669-3787-Wukj). 2=  Váhsb, pjr bobdplj, bl «prb`bibktb sbnukijµ ib lh sbktbk`ah plbkhrah hijpthih bk bl VA Wlbkj @hshtjraj @aval (@hs. K· 3973-3783-Lhdchybqub). 21  Lh trhiu``aðk latbrhl ib «sÿdulhµ bs «sudallhµ j «rbsudbkµ, pbrj bstj mhräh pbribr tjij bl sankafa`hij ib lh akstatu`aðk. 67  Wjr supubstj qub pjiräh `ubstajkhrsb qub sbh uk nbkuakj bobr`a`aj ibl pjibr ourasia``ajkhl (bktbkiaij bstb `jdj ukh fuk`aðk ibl pjibr pÿcla`j ib rbsjlu`aðk ib `jkfla`tjs) y sä, dès cabk, ib lh fuk`aðk lbnaslhtavh qub, bk jtrjs `jktbxtjs, sjlj `jrrbspjkibräh hl Whrlhdbktj j hl Bob`utavj y ohdès hl Ouia`ahl. 68  Pjcrb bl tbdh, hdplahdbktb, `fr. @ruz b Yu``a (3781). Bl `hsj ib lh dhssadh athlahkh bs duy pb`ulahr, pubstj qub uk ðrnhkj kj ourasia``ajkhl (bl Rffa`aj ibl Dhssadhraj b ibl Sujlj) sblb``ajkh hlnukhs sbktbk`ahs y rbsjlu`ajkbs aktbrlj`utjrahs ib lhs sb``ajkbs ukaihs j ib hlnukh sb``aðk sadplb ib lh @jrtb ia @hsshzajkb h fak ib jctbkbr prak`apajs ib ibrb`mj akstatuaijs pjr hlnukh, rb`jkstruyákijljs ib dhkbrh nbkbrhl y hcstrh`th h phrtar ib bkuk`ahijs kjrdhtavjs qub, h su vbz, dhssadb rhtajlhs ib`aibkia aktbnrhkjblbkdhssadhraj (bl `jkouktj ib lhs8119? `jk hcsjluth akibpbkibk`ah sa sb trhth ib ukh bk sbktaij bstra`tj sbktaij lhtj (`fr. Yhruffj, p. ),933-930). Hsä, lj qub prjpahdbktb vak`ulh kj sjk rbnlhs `jktbkaihs

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

Wjr bllj, bl trhchoj `jk`bptuhl hpukth h iblakbhr hlnukjs `jktjrkjs ib ukh tbjräh qub pubih sbr ib utalaihi sa bs qub sb quabrb aibktafa`hr lh rhtaj h phrtar ib ljs mb`mjs, `jk hcsjluth prbs`akibk`ah ib sa bk hlnukh prè`ta`h ouia`ahl bspb`äfa`h sb sublh trhchohr `jk kjrdhs ouia`ahlbs jctbkaihs ib iavbrshs aktbrprbth`ajkbs ibl prb`bibktb, ak`luybkij hqubllhs qub  kj akvjlu`rhk prjpahdbktb trhchohr `jk mb`mjs . Bstj quabrb ib`ar qub bs pbrfb`thdbktb pjsaclb qub bk uk sastbdh ouräia`j `jbxasthk KO8 y KO3 (y mhsth KO0 y KO9) sak qub bsths sbhk ak`jdphtaclbs j qub bl sastbdh sbh `jktrhia`tjraj bktrb sä. Wjr bobdplj, bk ukh prè`ta`h qub sb `hrh`tbrazh pjr trhchohr `jk KO0 j KO9 (qub sb pubib vbrafa`hr bk hlnukhs bxpbrabk`ahs ibl `aval lhw, `jdj Wbrÿ j Crhsal), pjiräh sbr phrta`ulhrdbktb rblbvhktb trhchohr `jk KO8 y/j KO3 dès hllè qub kj bxasth vak`ulh`aðk fjrdhl htracuaih h bsths. Lj `abrtj bs qub «trhchohr `jk prb`bibktbsµ bstè rbstraknaij h lhs rhtajkbs bk sbktaij bstra`tj y bk sbktaij lhtj y h KO0. Wbrj KO9, sabkij lbnaslh`aðk ouia`ahl, bs`hph ib bstjs `jkfakbs. 9.0.  Pthrb ib`asas  Ibsib uk bktbkiadabktj `lèsa`j ib ljs sastbdhs ibl `jddjk lhw  ‐phrta`ulhrdbktb Aknlhtbrrh‐  lh «ij`trakh ibl sthrb ib`asasµ sb bktabkib `jdj sakðkadj ib «ij`trakh ibl prb`bibktbµ j «rbnlhs ibl prb`bibktbµ, y `jk bllj sb mh qubraij sankafa`hr hqubllhs kjrdhs ouräia`hs (adplä`aths j kj) qub adpjkbk lh jclanh`aðk ib sbnuar ljs prb`bibktbs ( rb`taus? lh rbnlh j rbnlhs hsudaclbs `jdj rhtaj ib`aibkia ibravhihs ib ljs prb`bibktbs). Kj jcsthktb, ibsib ukh pbrspb`tavh `jk`bptuhl ‐ y tbkabkij sabdprb prbsbktb lh prbtbksaðk ib bxpla`hr fbkðdbkjs ib jclanhtjrabihi ibl prb`bibktb phrh dès hllè ibl `jddjk lhw‐ `uhkij dbkjs bxastbk ijs hspb`tjs qub ibcbk sbr rbshlthijs y qub, bk lh dbiaih ib lj pjsaclb, cus`hrá bs`lhrb`br bk lhs pènakhs qub sanubk. Bstjs sjk ljs sanuabktbs? a)  Rkh nrhk akibtbrdakh`aðk ibl `jk`bptj «sthrb ib`asasµ. Bstb kj sjlj sublb sbr aibktafa`hij `jk

ukh kjrdh ouräia`h qub adpjkb hlnÿk tapj ib jclanh`aðk j ibcbr ib sbnuar uk prb`bibktb (ib hmä ljs tárdakjs « hcaibµ, «cjukiµ j «`jkstrhakbiµ), sakj thdcaák `jdj uk « prak`aplb jf pjla`yµ ouia`ahl (bk bl bspb`äfa`j `hsj ibl hsä llhdhij «sthrb ib`asas mjrazjkthlµ ib lh Puprbdh @jrtb bsthijukaibksb), h`hsj phrh kj rb`jkj`br ukh vak`ulh`aðk ränaih h ljs prb`bibktbs ibl dasdj tracukhl. Wbrj ak`lusavb ibktrj ib su h`bp`aðk `jdj kjrdh ouräia`h, kj llbnh h iafbrbk`ahrsb lh bxastbk`ah ib kjrdhs qub adpjkbk iavbrshs djihlaihibs ibðkta`hs rbspb`tj ib quá «mh`brµ `jk ukh kjrdh ouia`ahl ibravhih ib uk prb`bibktb (pjr bobdplj? jclanh`aðk, pbrdasj j prjmaca`aðk ib hpla`hrlh, choj quá bx`bp`ajkbs pjiräh kj `udplarsb thl jclanh`aðk, bt`.) ka thdpj`j lhs kjrdhs qub tabkbk qub vbr `jk bl èdcatj ib su oustafa`h`aðk . 63

bk lhs rbsjlu`ajkbs ib ljs ðrnhkjs ourasia``ajkhlbs, sakj hqubllhs qub sjk aktbrprbthihs ib ljs tbxtjs kjrdhtavjs ibl dhssadhraj qub fubrjk akstatuaijs pjr bl Rffa`aj. Bk ranjr, pjr thktj, sb trhthräh ib ukh kjrdh akiarb`thdbktb ouia`ahl? @fr. Whsshkhktb (378=?`fr. p. Kÿøbz 881 ss.).Vhqubrj (3786? p. 802-806).  Pjcrb bl tbdh,

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

aa)   Hl djdbktj rbhlazhr hfardh`ajkbs sjcrb uk sastbdh ouräia`j j sjcrb ukh prè`ta`h ouia`ahl bspb`äfa`h, sublb mhcbr ukh `jksthktb `jkfusaðk bktrb rblbvhk`ah fjrdhl y rblbvhk`ah bdpära`h ibl

prb`bibktb5 bstj bs, bktrb lh bxastbk`ah ib ukh kjrdh ouräia`h fjrdhldbktb aksthurhih qub kjs ia`b hlnj rbspb`tj ib quá mh`br `jk ljs prb`bibktbs (thlvbz hquä pjiräh aibktafa`hrsb bl sbktaij `lèsa`j sthrb ib`asas, prak`aphldbktb bk Aknlhtbrrh) y, ib jtrj lhij, lh bxastbk`ah ib ukh prè`ta`h dès j dbkjs nbkbrhlazhih ib sbnuar ibtbrdakhijs prb`bibktbs, `jk hcsjluth prbs`akibk`ah ib ukh kjrdh fjrdhldbktb aksthurhih.  Hkhla`bdjs hdcjs puktjs `jk dhyjr dhyjr prjfukiaihi. a) 

Akibtbrdakh`aðk `jk`bptuhl ibl «sthrb ib`asasµ 

Bs duy usuhl mhclhr ib sthrb ib`asas (j «prb`bibktbµ) mjrazjkthl y vbrta`hl, b, ak`lusavb, ib «hutjprb`bibktbµ. Wjr bobdplj, sb hfardh qub bk Bsthijs Rkaijs bl sthrb ib`asas bsthräh rbsbrvhij h lj qub sb bktabkib pjr «sthrb ib`asas mjrazjkthlµ, dabktrhs qub bl «sthrb ib`asas vbrta`hlµ sb aibktafa`hräh `jk

«prb`bibktbµ (h sb`hs)60. Wjr su phrtb, `urajshdbktb thdcaák sb mh llbnhij h hfardhr lj `jktrhraj? bl «prb`bibktb vbrta`hlµ sb aibktafa`hräh `jk bl sthrb ib`asas (h sb`hs) y sabdprb sbräh vak`ulhktb5 bl «prb`bibktb mjrazjkthlµ qub, pjr trhthrsb ib oub`bs iafbrbktbs iafbr bktbs bk lh dasdh obrhrquäh, pjr rbnlh nbkbrhl kj vak`ulhräh5 y bl «hutjprb`bibktbµ, bstj bs, bl prb`bibktb prb` bibktb ihij pjr bl prjpaj tracukhl qub lj hpla`h, 69 qub sä nbkbrhräh vak`ulh`aðk , hukqub bs `jdÿk qub bsth `htbnjräh bstá `jdprbkiaih bk bl èdcatj mjrazjkthl62. @jdj sb vb, lh tbrdakjljnäh kj bs khih ph`äfa`h y bk lh `hrh`tbrazh`aðk bstèk akibcaihdbktb dbz`lhijs ljs `jk`bptjs «prb`bibktbµ y «sthrb ib`asasµ. Bdpbrj, lj qub bsth `lhsafa`h`aðk `l hsafa`h`aðk phrb`b cus`hr aibktafa`hr, h da oua`aj, bs bl èdcatj ib lh jclanhtjrabihi ib sbnuar prb`bibktbs ibpbkiabkij ib quá ðrnhkj bdatað bl prb`bibktb y quá ðrnhkj tabkb bl ibcbr ib sbnuarlj (bstj bs, qub bsthräh vak`ulhij pjr hlnukh ibtbrdakhih kjrdh ouräia`h qub pubih jctbkbrsb ib bstb). Kj jcsthktb, sarvb ib duy pj`j bdprbkibr ukh `lhsafa`h`aðk sa bs qub hktbs kj sb rbsublvb, hukqub sbh phr`ahldbktb, lh akibtbrdakh`aðk ibl `jk`bptj «sthrb ib`asasµ.  Hl rbspb`tj, uk hpjrtb duy rblbvhktb bk bstb sbktaij mh saij jfrb`aij pjr Èlvhrj Kÿøbz Vhqubrj? 60

 P`mhubr (3771? p. 06-0>).   Nhs`ðk Hcbllèk (8110, 3788 y 3789? p. 099-092). Pbnÿk lh hutjrh, bxastbk rhzjkbs qub oustafa`hk su hutjkjdäh `jk`bptuhl, prak`aphldbktb pjrqub? a) bl hutjprb`bibktb rbspjkib hl prak`apaj ib lh ukavbrshlaihi y, pjr thktj, hl vhljr ib lh rh`ajkhlaihi, h iafbrbktb ibl prb`bibktb vbrta`hl, qub bstè rblh`ajkhij dès cabk `jk lh sbnuraihi ouräia`h y `jk lh ukafjrdaihi ibl ibrb`mj5 y aa) bl prb`bibktb mjrazjkthl, qub rbfabrb h kjrdhs hijpthihs bk ib`asajkbs pjr oub`bs bk lh dasdh obrhrquäh, sublb sbr pbrsuhsavj, h iafbrbktb hl hutjprb`bibktb. 62  @fr. Crbkkbr & Pphbtm (8112? p. 8). Ojsbpm Dbhi, pjr bobdplj, bktabkib qub bl sthrb ib`asas mjrazjkthl bstè rbfbraij h ukh prè`ta`h ib lh `jrtb bk qub tabkb ibfbrbk`ah h sus prjpahs ib`asajkbs (3783? p. >17), pbrj uk puktj adpjrthktb bs qub, hl mhclhr ib «`jrtbµ bl hutjr tabkb bk lh darh kj h uk ouznhij j `jlbnahij bspb`äfa`j sakj h uk tracukhl `jdpubstj pjr iavbrsjs phkblbs y oub`bs (`jdj lhs `ar`uat `jurts, bk bl `hsj ib lh @jurt jf Hppbhls bsthijukaibksb). Wrjchclbdbktb kj 69

sthrb bk ib`asas sb mhclb ib mjrazjkthl phrh rbfbrar qub h oub`bs ib kaknukh `jrtbs iastakths (pjr bobdplj, ib hpblh`aðk ib iastaktjs Bsthijs) pjrqub Bsthijs Rkaijs sb hsudb kj mhy vak`ulh`aðk fjrdhl bk`jrtbs bsjs `hsjs.

37

 

Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

(…) `uhkij mhclhdjs ib rbnlh ibl sthrb ib`asas kj bsthdjs mhclhkij ib ukh sjlh kjrdh, sakj ib uk aktrak`hij

`jkouktj ib kjrdhs. Pa cabk lh `ubstaðk rbqubraräh sak iuih uk dhyjr hkèlasas, uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktb `jdprbkib, hl dbkjs, lhs sanuabktbs kjrdhs? (8) ukh kjrdh qub `hlafa`h su usj akstatu`ajkhl (pbrdataij, jclanhtjraj j prjmacaij)5 (3) ukh kjrdh sjcrb quá h``ajkbs adpla`hk bdplbhr uk prb`bibktb pjr phrtb ib uk ðrnhkj ourasia``ajkhl (dbk`ajkhr, tbkbr bk `ubkth j hpla`hr)5 (0) jtrh sjcrb bl `jktbxtj oustafa`htavj bk bl qub sbräh bfa`hz (rbs auia`hth, aktbrprbthth, vbrafa`hth)5 (9) ukh kjrdh h`br`h ib lh fubrzh oustafa`htavh ib ia`mh kjrdh (`jk`luybktb j `jktracuybktb)5 y (2) ukh kjrdh sjcrb bl tapj ib rhzðk ib sbnukij jribk qub ak`jrpjrh (prjtbnaih j kj prjtbnaih) 66. 

Bxastabkij iavbrshs kjrdhs, ibsib yh, sb dubstrh hkhläta`hdbktb du`mj dès `lhrj mhclhr ib «rbnlhs ibl prb`bibktbµ qub ib «sthrb ib`asasµ, prb`ashdbktb pjrqub sb trhth ib uk `jkouktj ib rbnlhs pbrtbkb`abktbs h uk sastbdh ouräia`j qub `rbhk uk dhr`j phrh bl «trhchojµ `jk prb`bibktbs. Hsä, sbnÿk Kÿøbz Vhqubrj, lhs kjrdhs 8 y 3 `jdprbkibk lh iadbksaðk akstatu`ajkhl ib lhs rbnlhs ibl prb`bibktb, dabktrhs qub lhs kjrdhs 0, 9 y 2 `jkfjrdhk ` jkfjrdhk lh iadbksaðk oustafa`htavh ib ia`mhs rbnlhs. Bk bl `hsj ib lh iadbksaðk akstatu`ajkhl, pubibk aibktafa`hrsb iavbrshs h``ajkbs iaranaihs h ljs oub`bs? pbrdasaðk, prjmaca`aðk j lh jclanh`aðk qub, h su vbz, pubibk rbfbrarsb h iavbrsjs `jdpjrthdabktjs thlbs `jdj «dbk`ajkhrµ uk prb`bibktb, «tbkbr bk `ubkthµ uk prb`bibktb j «ushrµ uk prb`bibktb. Wjr thktj, pjirähk aibktafa`hrsb kjrdhs dès bspb`äfa`hs h phrtar ib bsths `jdcakh`ajkbs? a) pbrdataij dbk`ajkhr5 aa) pbrdataij tbkbr bk `ubkth5 aaa) pbrdataij ushr5 av) prjmacaij dbk`ajkhr5 v) prjmacaij tbkbr bk `ubkth5 va) prjmacaij ushr5 vaa) jclanhtjraj dbk`ajkhr5 vaaa) jclanhtjraj tbkbr bk `ubkth5 y ax)  jclanhtjraj ushr. Bstj bs phrta`ulhrdbktb rblbvhktb pjrqub `uhkij cubkh phrtb ib lh ij`trakh (sbh ibl `jddjk lhw, sbh ibl `aval lhw) mhclh ib «sthrb ib`asasµ ib djij nbkára`j sublb pbkshr bk lh kjrdh ax). Bstj, sak bdchrnj, bs ukh adprb`asaðk kj sjlj `jk`bptuhl sakj thdcaák ijndèta`h, pjrqub cabk pubib sbr pjsaclb qub uk sastbdh ouräia`j ihij `jktbdplb lhs kjrdhs vaa) y vaaa) pbrj kj lh ax) y sä, dès cabk, lh aaa). Bktrb bsths kjrdhs pubibk fjrdhrsb du`mhs vhrahclbs qub, ak`lusavb, sbrèk iafbrbktbs ibpbkiabkij ibl prb`bibktb qub sb trhtb, pubs hlnj cabk shcaij bs qub kj tjijs tabkbk bl dasdj vhljr j rblbvhk`ah. Ak`lusavb, bstj sb `jdplboazh du`mäsadj dès sa bs qub iastaknuadjs bktrb KO8, KO3 y KO0, pubs lhs kubvb vhrahclbs thdcaák sb pubibk hpla`hr h bstjs trbs tapjs ib kjrdhs jctbkaihs ib uk prb`bibktb. Bk bl `hsj ib lh iadbksaðk oustafa`htavh ‐sabdprb sbnÿk Kÿøbz Vhqubrj‐ pubib mhcbr iafbrbktbs tapjs ib prb`bibktbs sbnÿk lh rblbvhk`ah qub tbknhk phrh lh oustafa`h`aðk (thlbs `jdj «prb`bibktb ib sjlu`aðkµ, «prb`bibktb ib aktbrprbth`aðkµ, bt`.). Bstj bs phrta`ulhrdbktb rblbvhktb phrh sastbdhs ouräia`js iafbrbktbs h ljs ibl `jddjk lhw bk ljs qub kj sjlj sb bk`ubktrhk prb`bibktbs ib ljs l js `uhlbs sb ibcbk bxtrhbr kjrdhs phrh rbsjlvbr iarb`thdbktb uk `hsj, sakj thdcaák prb`bibktbs qub sb `bktrhk bspb`äfa`hdbktb bk aktbrprbthr ukh `abrth iaspjsa`aðk kjrdhtavh `jk ukh prbtbksaðk ib nbkbrhlaihi6> 

66

 Kÿøbz Vhqubrj (3786? p. 802-806).  Wjr bobdplj, lh pradbrh rbnlh vak`ulhktb ib lh sbktbk`ah plbkhrah hijpthih bk bl ] Wlbkj @hshtjraj @aval (@hs. K· 8393-378>-Ladh Bstb)? « Bl hrtä`ulj 819 ibl @ðianj Wrj`bshl @aval `jktabkb uk bkuk`ahij lbnhl qub `jkfabrb hl oubz uk 6>

pjibr prjchtjraj `jk `hrè`tbr ib hsä fh`ulthi bx`bp`ajkhl y kj ukh jclanh`aðk5 bsth iaspjsa`aðk lbnhl mhcalath hl oubz h rbhlazhr prubch ib jfa`aj, `uhkij bl `hsj lj hdbratb, rbspbthkij ljs lädatbs adpubstjs pjr bl lbnaslhijrµ.

38

 

Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

j, ak`lusavb, qub iasbøh rbnlhs qub kj tabkbk prjpahdbktb ak`aibk`ah bk lh ib`asaðk ib dáratj ibl `hsj6=.  Hsadasdj, jtrj jtrj ibsijclhdabktj ib lh iadbksaðk oustafa`htavh bs bktbkibr bl prb`bibktb bk bl sbktaij ib qub jfrb`b rhzjkbs phrh lh h``aðk, ib dhkbrh qub pubib `jkstatuar ukh rhzðk `jk`luybktb j `jktracuybktb (ibpbkiabkij ib sa sb trhth ib ukh rhzðk qub, pjr sä sjlh, s jlh, bs hrnudbktj sufa`abktb phrh qub ukh ib`asaðk ouia`ahl bstá oustafa`hih j sa, dès cabk, bs ukh qub h`jdphøh h jtrjs hrnudbktjs, rbfjrzèkijljs) j, bk tjij `hsj, `jdj «rhzjkbs prjtbnaihsµ, bstj bs, ukh rhzðk ib sbnukij jribk, qub  vhrahrè sbnÿk bl nrhij, mh`abkij dès j dbkjs ibrrjthclb h lh kjrdh ouia`ahl jctbkaih ibl prb`bibktb61. Bktjk`bs, sa bs qub bl sthrb ib`asas ibsib ukh pbrspb`tavh `jk`bptuhl hchr`h du`mj dès qub ukh kjrdh qub adpjkb nbkára`hdbktb lh «jclanhtjrabihi ib hpla`hr prb`bibktbsµ y sä dès cabk ukh  vjrènakb ib kjrdhs iafbrbktbs bktrb sä, qub ihk phsj h du`mäsadhs vhrahclbs y qub, hl fakhl, tabkbk ukh ak`aibk`ah iavbrsh bk bl prj`bsj ib prjiu``aðk ib ib`asajkbs ouia`ahlbs y bk su oustafa`h`aðk, bs chsthktb h`brthij `jk`luar qub `hih sastbdh ouräia`j bspb`äfa`j `jk`rbtazhrè ib iafbrbktb dhkbrh thlbs rbnlhs ibl prb`bibktb. Dès prb`ashdbktb, bsths kjrdhs ibpbkibrèk ib iavbrsjs fh`tjrbs `jdj bl `jktbxtj tbdpjrhl bk qub sjk rb`jkj`aihs (pjr bobdplj, h phrtar ib quá djdbktj mastðra`j bs qub fjrdhldbktb sb rb`jkj`b lh vak`ulh`aðk rbspb`tj ib ðrnhkjs obrèrqua`hdbktb supbrajrbs, trhtèkijsb ib lh trhia`aðk ibl `jddjk lhw)5 ibl tapj ib tracukhl ib ousta`ah qub bdatb bl prb`bibktb (prb`bibktbs ib lh @jrtb Puprbdh, ibl Yracukhl @jkstatu`ajkhl j ib hlnÿk tracukhl ib hpblh`aðk)5 bl tapj ib ib`asaðk `jk`rbth ib hlnukjs tracukhlbs qub bdatbk bl prb`bibktb, hl dhrnbk qub sbhk j kj k j blbnaihs pjr blljs dasdjs phrh qub tbknh uk dhyjr vhljr (paáksbsb bk bl `hsj ib lhs sbktbk`ahs plbkhrahs pbruhkhs j hqubllhs hijpthihs pjr uk `abrtj kÿdbrj ib vjtjs)5 j, ak`lusavb, bl frhndbktj j bxtrbdj kjrdhtavj akia`hij bxplä`athdbktb pjr bl tracukhl rbspb`tj ib ukh bspb`äfa`h ib`asaðk suyh, bl `uhl bs ijthij ib bfa`h`ah jclanhtjrah fjrdhl (h iafbrbk`ah i afbrbk`ah ib jtrjs frhndbktjs j bxtrbdjs kjrdhtavjs qub kj lh tbkirähk).  H phrtar ib bllj, ukh rbnlh ibl prb`bibktb pubib pbrtbkb`br h hlnÿk sastbdh ouräia`j pjrqub bxastb ukh prbvasaðk kjrdhtavh bxplä`ath bk hlnÿk ij`udbktj hutjrathtavj (sbh lbnaslhtavj j ak`lusavb ouia`ahl)5 pjrqub sb `jk`rbtazh hlnÿk prak`apaj ouräia`j vbrafa`hij bk lh prè`ta`h ouia`ahl `uhkij kj mhy prbvasaðk kjrdhtavh bxplä`ath (`jdj sbräh, pjr bobdplj, bl `hsj ` hsj ib lh sbnuraihi ouräia`h)5 pjrqub sb aibktafa`h hlnukh rbnlh ibl prb`bibktb `jdj kjrdh akibpbkiabktb, hl dhrnbk ib lh bxastbk`ah ib 6=

 @jdj bs bl `hsj ibl Yracukhl @jkstatu`ajkhl pbruhkj, `uyjs «prb`bibktbs ib jcsbrvhk`ah jclanhtjrahµ mhk sbrvaij phrh ibshrrjllhr rbnlhs prj`bshlbs rbspb`tj ib lh prj`bibk`ah ib ibdhkihs `jkstatu`ajkhlbs (mècbhs `jrpus, ` jrpus, hdphrj, bt`.) j ibl prjpaj rb`ursj dbiahktb bl `uhl sb h``bib h ia`mj tracukhl. Vbr, pjr bobdplj, ljs `hsjs Blnj Säjs (Bxp. K· 730103780) y Vèsqubz Sjdbrj (Bxp. K· 771=>-3789-WH/Y@). 61  Kÿøbz Vhqubrj (3786? 80= ss.). Iuxcury prjclbdhtazh hdplahdbktb, h phrtar ib lh tbjräh ib lh hutjraihi ib Shz (`bktrhih fukihdbkthldbktb bk lhs rhzjkbs phrh lh h``aðk), sa bs qub ljs prb`bibktbs pubibk `jkstatuar j kj rhzjkbs bx`luybktbs j rhzjkbs prjtbnaihs (377=? p. 873 ss.). Bs choj bl `jktbxtj ib lhs rhzjkbs phrh sbnuar j kj prb`bibktbs pjr bl sbnukij oubz qub Iuxcury, `jdj vadjs sjdbrhdbktb dès hrrach, tbrdakh bkfrbkthkij bstb tbdh, pubs su prbj`uph`aðk rbsaib bkqub quátbrdakh dbiaih prb`bibktbs hutákta`hs nuähsÿtalibphrh `jkiu`th phrh oub`bs. Wrb`ashdbktb pjr bllj bs pjrljs ibs`hrthr lh rhtajpubibk ib`aibkiasbr `jdj uk `jk`bptj rbspjkibr h suljsprbnukth.

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

prbvasaðk bxprbsh y ib hlnÿk prak`apaj ouräia`j5 y, fakhldbktb, bk `hsjs bk qub kj sb rb`jkjz`h ukh rbnlh ibl prb`bibktb `jk `hrè`tbr nbkbrhl, pjrqub hlnukhs ib`asajkbs bspb`äfa`hs sjk tjdhihs prjpahdbktb `jdj prb`bibktbs>7. aa) 

Sblbvhk`ah fjrdhl y bdpära`h

Lh iafbrbk`ah bktrb rblbvhk`ah fjrdhl  y rblbvhk`ah bdpära`h bs ukh prjpubsth tbðra`h ibshrrjllhih pjr Wabrluana @mahssjka. Bl hutjr lh bxpla`h ib lh l h sanuabktb dhkbrh? Lh rblbvhk`ah ib aurb j  fjrdhl bs ukh `ubstaðk ib kjrdhs ouräia`hs? bs su rblbvhk`ah akstatu`ajkhl, `jkstatuaih y rbnulhih pjr kjrdhs ouräia`hs (rbnlhs, bstèkihrbs, prak`apajs). Pb trhth, dès prb`ashdbktb, ib lh rblbvhk`ah (fubrzh, akflubk`ah, adpjrthk`ah, `jksaibrh`aðk) bk lhs dhkbrhs y nrhijs ibtbrdakhijs pjr kjrdhs ouräia`hs, qub ljs prb`bibktbs ouia`ahlbs, thl y `jdj lj ibfakbk bsths kjrdhs, pubibk j ibcbk tbkbr, ib h`ubrij hl ibrb`mj pjsatavj, phrh lh rbsjlu`aðk ib `hsjs futurjs ib lh dasdh j sadalhr khturhlbzh, bk `abrtj tabdpj t, y bk uk ibtbrdakhij sastbdh ouräia`j PO. Wjr bl `jktrhraj, lh rblbvhk`ah ib fh`tj j bdpära`h bs ukh `ubstaðk ib mb`mj? sb trhth ib lh rblbvhk`ah (fubrzh, akflubk`ah, adpjrthk`ah, `jksaibrh`aðk) ib qub, ib mb`mj, ljs prb`bibktbs ouia`ahlbs (ib `abrth khturhlbzh) bfb`tavhdbktb njzhk phrh lh rbsjlu`aðk ib `hsjs futurjs ib lh dasdh j sadalhr khturhlbzh, bk `abrtj tabdpj t, y bk uk ibtbrdakhij sastbdh ouräia`j PO >8.

  Kðtbsb qub mhclhr ib «rblbvhk`ahµ kj sb `ar`uks`racb h lh bxastbk`ah ib kjrdhs qub adpjkbk lh jclanhtjrabihi ib hpla`hr j ushr prb`bibktbs5 ib hmä qub sb bdplbb bl `jk`bptj ib «rblbvhk`ahµ qub bs phsaclb ib hchr`hr tjihs lhs rbnlhs ibl prb`bibktb ibs`raths bk bl h`èpatb hktbrajr. Hsadasdj, lh iastak`aðk bktrb rblbvhk`ah fjrdhl y rblbvhk`ah bdpära`h kj `jksastb bk qub, bk uk `hsj, bxastbk kjrdhs ouräia`hs qub sb `jksusthk`ahk bk rbnlhs sjcrb bl prb`bibktb y, bk bl jtrj, kj bxastbk. Bk bfb`tj, sa bs qub sb `jk`luyb qub bk uk `jktbxtj mastðra`j ibtbrdakhij bxastb ukh prè`ta`h ib sbnuar prb`bibktbs mhclhdjs prjpahdbktb ib ukh `jstudcrb  y, pjr thktj, ib ukh kjrdh ouräia`h `jksubtuiakhrah qub phsh h fjrdhr phrtb ibl sastbdh ouräia`j. Ib hmä qub, h da oua`aj, kj pjiräh bktbkibrsb qub lh rblbvhk`ah fjrdhl sjlj prbsupjkb lh bxastbk`ah ib kjrdhs ouräia`hs prjvbkabktbs ib ij`udbktjs hutjrathtavjs (lbybs j ak`lusavb prb`bibktbs), dabktrhs qub lhs kjrdhs `jksubtuiakhrahs qubihrähk rblbnhihs hl èdcatj ib lh rblbvhk`ah bdpära`h. Rk bktbkiadabktj sbdbohktb kj bxpla`hräh, pjr bobdplj, lh ij`trakh ibl sthrb ib`asas (bl hsä llhdhij «vbrta`hlµ) bk sastbdhs ouräia`js `jdj bl aknlás j bl bsthijukaibksb, bk `uyj sbkj surnað prjpahdbktb `jdj ukh `jstudcrb y bk ljs qub mjy sb `jksthth ukh `jkvbrnbk`ah thktj ib lh rblbvhk`ah fjrdhl `jdj bdpära`h ibl prb`bibktb (paáksbsb bk ljs prb`bibktbs ib lh Mjusb jf Ljris hfardhkij qub bllh y lh @jurt jf Hppbhl aknlbsh bstèk vak`ulhihs h sus prjpahs ib`asajkbs). Lh iadbksaðk akstatu`ajkhl, ib

>7

 Kÿøbz Vhqubrj (3786? p. 898-893).  @mahssjka (3782? p. 27). Wj`j dès hiblhktb h iblhktb bl hutjr bs`lhrb`b qub lh rblbvhk`ah bdpära`h tabkb tab kb qub vbr `jk lhs prè`ta`hs ouräia`hs rbhlbs, lh `ulturh y lh trhia`aðk ouräia`h (3782? p. 22). Lh iastak`aðk bktrb rblbvhk`ah fjrdhl y bdpära`h yh mhcäh

>8

saij aka`ahldbktb fjrdulhih bkp.uk trhchoj (@mahssjka, 3779? 16 ss. y 3781? 388 ss.). hktbrajr suyj y mh vubltj h aksastar bk bllh bk uk bkshyj dès rb`abktb

30

 

Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

aurb j pjsatavh qub `hrh`tbrazh h lh rblbvhk`ah fjrdhl, hchr`h thdcaák h lhs kjrdhs `jksubtuiakhrahs

fjrohihs bk ljs tracukhlbs. Bktjk`bs, ºquá bs lj qub qubihräh bk lh rblbvhk`ah bdpära`h: Wrb`ashdbktb lh `lhvb bstè bk lh `jktrhpjsa`aðk bktrb ukh iadbksaðk ib fh`tj frbktb h lh iadbksaðk ib aurb. Bl puktj bs qub, `jk prbs`akibk`ah ib qub bxasth ukh kjrdh bk bl sastbdh qub adpjknh bl sbnuadabktj ib prb`bibktbs, lh rblbvhk`ah bdpära`h cus`h rbfbrar qub ljs oub`bs sä ljs sanubk j, pjr bl `jktrhraj, qub kj lj mh`bk. Ib bsth dhkbrh, h pradbrh vasth, pjirähk aibktafa`hrsb `uhtrj vhrahclbs? h)  c)  `)  i) 

Bxastb rblbvhk`ah fjrdhl y ljs oub`bs sanubk/sublbk sbnuar ljs prb`bibktbs5 p rb`bibktbs5 bxastb rblbvhk`ah fjrdhl y ljs oub`bs kj sanubk/sublbk sbnuar ljs prb`bibktbs5 prb` bibktbs5 kj bxastb rblbvhk`ah fjrdhl y ljs oub`bs sanubk/sublbk sbnuar ljs prb`bibktbs5 y kj bxastb rblbvhk`ah fjrdhl y ljs oub`bs kj sanubk/sublbk sbnuar ljs prb`bibktbs.

 Hsadasdj, @mahssjka @mahssjka iastaknub trbs tapjs ib rblbvhk rblbvhk`ah `ah bdpära`h? sb`ukiud lbnbd, `jktrh lbnbd y prhbtbr lbnbd. Bk bl pradbr `hsj, bxastabkij rbnlhs bk lh iadbksaðk akstatu`ajkhl sjcrb bl prb`bibktb (pjr bobdplj, lh kjrdh qub jclanh ushr) mhy uk bfb`tavj rbspbtj ib bllh, bstj bs, ljs oub`bs sä sanubk bl prb`bibktb5 bk bl sbnukij `hsj, h pbshr qub bxastb ia`mh kjrdh, ljs oub`bs kj ljs sanubk (j sbh, bdpära`hdbktb kj sbrähk rblbvhktbs)5 bk bl tbr`br `hsj, h pbshr ib qub kj bxastb prjpahdbktb rblbvhk`ah fjrdhl ib ljs prb`bibktbs, lh prè`ta`h ouia`ahl sb jrabkth bk bl sbktaij ib sbnuarljs>3. Ib bsth dhkbrh, bs pjsaclb `jk`luar rbspb`tj ibl nrhij ib `udpladabktj ib lhs rbnlhs ibl prb`bibktb , pubstj qub, ukh vbz aibktafa`hihs lhs rbnlhs ibl prb`bibktb bk uk sastbdh ouräia`j y bk uk `jktbxtj tbdpjrhl ibtbrdakhij, bs pjsaclb rbhlazhr bstuiajs bdpära`js phrh djstrhr bl nrhij ib himbrbk`ah ib ljs oub`bs h ljs prb`bibktbs, bxh`thdbktb ib lh dasdh fjrdh qub sb ibtbrdakhräh bl nrhij ib `udpladabktj ib `uhlquabr jtrh kjrdh ouräia`h pjr ljs `auihihkjs. Bstb bstuiaj b stuiaj duy prjchclbdbktb hrrjohräh qub bl rbspbtj h ljs prb`bibktbs sbräh ukj ib tapj  nrhiuhl5 bstj bs, qub kj mhcräh ukh rblbvhk`ah bdpära`h kulh ka thdpj`j hcsjluth, ihij qub pjiräh mhclhrsb ib lh `hktaihi ib ib`asajkbs ib uk oubz j tracukhl (j iavbrsjs oub`bs j tracukhlbs, sbnÿk lh hdplatui ibl bstuiaj bdpära`j) qub bfb`tavhdbktb rbspbthk bl prb`bibktb. Ib bsth dhkbrh, trhs lj bxpubstj, uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs rbfabrb h uk `jkouktj ib kjrdhs pbrtbkb`abktbs h uk sastbdh ouräia`j qub, sbh bk ukh iadbksaðk akstatu`ajkhl j oustafa`htavh, akstatuybk quá ibcbdjs/pjibdjs/kj ibcbdjs mh`br `jk lhs kjrdhs qub, h su vbz, sb pubibk jctbkbr ib ukj j dès prb`bibktbs, sbh qub hqubllhs bsták j kj vak`ulhihs iarb`thdbktb `jk ljs mb`mjs (rhtaj ib`aibkia bk sbktaij bstra`tj j bk sbktaij hdplaj ‐ KO8 j KO3) j qub sbh bxprbshdbktb bkuk`ahih pjr bl tracukhl (KO0). Wbrj, hibdès ib lh rblbvhk`ah fjrdhl, bl rbspbtj h uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs thdcaák pubib sbr dbiaij bk tárdakjs bdpära`js, rbvblhkij hmä ukh sbrab ib prè`ta`hs p rè`ta`hs qub, sa fubsbk `jktakuhihs y nbkbrhlbs, pubibk ihr jranbk h ukh kjrdh qub tbrdakb pjr pbrtbkb`br >3

 @mahssjka (3782? 28). Bsth rblbvhk`ah bdpära`h prhbtbr lbnbd, pjr supubstj, pubib sbr `ubstajkhih ib lh dasdh fjrdh

qub lh `lhsafa`h`aðk `uhkij y, lh pjr rblbvhk`ah fjrdhl bs ihih `jksubtuiakhrah. prb`bibktb sb fjrdhhktbrajr, ukh `jstudcrb thktj, bl ibrb`mj yh kjpjr bs ukh dès kjrdh «akiafbrbktbµ hl rbspb`tj.Pa ljs oub`bs sanubk bl

39

 

Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

hl sastbdh y, ib jtrj lhij, prè`ta`hs qub cabk pubibk ibs`jkj`br ibs` jkj`br lhs kjrdhs fjrdhldbktb akstatuaihs qub `jdpjkbk ia`mj sastbdh. 2.  Pastbdh ib prb`bibktbs y tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs

Lh ianrbsaðk rbspb`tj ibl `jk`bptj ib prb`bibktb, lh rhtaj ib`aibkia  y bl sthrb ib`asas, qub llbvð h `jk`bptuhlazhr bl sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs, bs uk blbdbktj adpjrthktb phrh `hrh`tbrazhr hl djiblj ib tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs. @jdj sb iaoj hktbrajrdbktb, lh iafbrbk`ah bktrb uk djiblj ib tracukhl ib `jktrjl ib `hsjs y uk tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs rhia`h bk sa tabkb ukh fuk`aðk prbvhlbktbdbktb rbtrjspb`tavh j prjspb`tavh5 bstj bs, sa bstè jrabkthih prak`aphldbktb mh`ah lh tutblh ibl `hsj `jk`rbtj, `jk ukh prbj`uph`aðk `lhrh pjr bl `jktrjl ib lh aijkbaihi j akousta`ah ib lhs ib`asajkbs ib ljs tracukhlbs akfbrajrbs j, bk `hdcaj, sa tabkb ukh bspb`ahl prbj`uph`aðk pjr lh ukafjrdazh`aðk ib lh  ouraspruibk`ah dbiahktb (kjrdhs phsaclbs phsaclbs ib sbr jctbkaihs h phrtar ib ljs) prb`bibktbs.

Ihij qub sb trhth ib djibljs aibhlbs, bs iafä`al pbkshr qub hlnÿk tracukhl pubih bk`hohr h lh pbrfb``aðk bk ukj u jtrj. @jdj ia`b Yhruffj, sjk `hrhs ib lh dasdh djkbih, ihij qub uk tracukhl pubib thktj `jktrjlhr rbh`tavhdbktb `jdj ibshrrjllhr bl ibrb`mj prjspb`tavhdbktb. Ia`b bl hutjr? Lh iastak`aðk hmjrh prjpubsth, sak bdchrnj, pbrdhkb`b sankafa`htavh sbh choj bl pbrfal hkhläta`j, bk `uhktj `jlj`h bk bvaibk`ah ijs hspb`tjs iafbrbktbs ibl fbkðdbkj `jksaibrhij, `jksaibrhij , sbh pjrqub kj sabdprb lhs ijs fuk`ajkbs vabkbk ibshrrjllhihs `jkoukthdbktb, puiabkij j`urrar qub sb rbpradhk vajlh`ajkbs ibl ibrb`mj sak darhr mh`ah bl futurj, j puiabkij `jkfanurhrsb ukh fuk`aðk prjh`tavh `uyj bobr`a`aj kj ibpbkih ib lh vajlh`aðk ib lh lbnhlaihi bspb`äfa`h yh vbrafa`hih. Hsadasdj, lhs ijs fuk`ajkbs pubibk sbr ibshrrjllhihs `jk ukh aktbksaihi iavbrsh ibpbkiabkij ibl `hsj y ib lhs `jrtbs qub sb tjdb bk `jksaibrh`aðk >0.

Bk bfb`tj, uk tracukhl sabdprb rbsublvb `hsjs, sak bdchrnj, cabk pubib prjyb`thr su lhcjr mh`ah bl jtjrnhdabktj ib lh ousta`ah hl `hsj `jk`rbtj j cabk tbkbr ukh bspb`ahl prbj`uph`aðk pjr lh rbpla`hcalaihi ib ljs `ratbrajs y rbnlhs qub hsabkth bk sus ib`asajkbs, trhchohkij ib `br`h `jk bllhs bk `hsjs futurjs. Bstj, pjr supubstj, `jdj cabk ia`b Yhruffj, pubib `jbxastar bk lh prè`ta`h ib uk tracukhl b, ak`lusavb, qub hdchs sbhk ibshrrjllhihs `jk dhyjr j dbkjr aktbksaihi. @jk bllj, uk tracukhl pjiräh hcrhzhr uk djiblj ib `jktrjl ib `hsjs `jk hlnukhs `hrh`tbrästa`hs ib uk tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs j va`bvbrsh. Lj qub bs `abrtj bs qub, bk rbhlaihi, mhy ukh akdbksh bs`hlh ib nrasbs qub pbrdathk hprjxadhrsb dès h uk djiblj j h jtrj. Bl puktj hquä bs qub lh bxastbk`ah ib uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs y ib lh rblbvhk`ah bdpära`h ibl prb`bibktb, `jkoukthdbktb, bs `jkia`aðk kb`bshrah  y sufa`abktb  phrh qub uk tracukhl sb ibsbdpbøb, hl dbkjs phr`ahldbktb, `jdj ukj ib prb`bibktbs. Kaknukj ib ia`mjs blbdbktjs akiavaiuhldbktb `jksaibrhijs, sa cabk sjk `jkia`ajkbs kb`bshrahs, pubibk sbr sufa`abktbs. @jdj rbsulth khturhl, phrh qub uk tracukhl bobrzh ukh fuk`aðk ib ibshrrjllj ibl ibrb`mj bk bl dhr`j ibl sastbdh ouräia`j bk bl qub jpbrh, ibcbk bxastar kjrdhs fjrdhldbktb akstatuaihs j prjiu`tj ib lh >0

 Yhruffj (3788? p. 89-82).

32

 

Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

prè`ta`h rbatbrhih qub `hlafaqubk bl usj akstatu`ajkhl ib lhs kjrdhs jctbkaihs ibl prb`bibktb (pjr bobdplj? ukh kjrdh qub jtjrnub `jdpbtbk`ah phrh faohr rbnlhs vak`ulhktbs, ib lh `uhl sb ibravhrè ukh kjrdh qub jclanh h jtrjs oub`bs h ushr ia`mhs rbnlhs) j cabk qub jrabktbk sjcrb `ðdj fuk`ajkhk lhs kjrdhs jctbkaihs ib uk prb`bibktb `jdj rhzjkbs bk lh oustafa`h`aðk ib `hsjs futurjs (pjr bobdplj? ukh kjrdh qub ibtbrdakb qub uk prb`bibktb hijpthij pjr ukhkadaihi tabkb dhyjr pbsj oustafa`htavj, j qub sjlj pjiräh sbr rbvbrtaij pjr jtrh ib`asaðk hijpthih, thdcaák, pjr ukhkadaihi)>9.  Hsä, hl dhrnbk ib qub rbsultb chsthktb adplhusaclb qub uk sastbdh ouräia`j `hrbz`h pjr `jdplbtj ib hlnukh rbnlh sjcrb bl prb`bibktb>2, lj `abrtj bs qub uk tracukhl ihij tbkibräh h hprjxadhrsb dès hl djiblj ib tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs sa bs qub, bk thl sastbdh ouräia`j, bxastb ukh dhyjr `hktaihi ib kjrdhs sjcrb bl prb`bibktb, hibdès ib hqubllhs qub `jkfanurhk uk iasbøj akstatu`ajkhl qub hpubstb pjr bl dbojr ibsbdpbøj ib lh fuk`aðk ib ibshrrjllhr ib shrrjllhr bl ibrb`mj mh`ah bl futurj >6. Bdpbrj, `jdj cabk mh saij hivbrtaij, pubib ihrsb bl `hsj qub lhs fuk`ajkbs qub rbhldbktb  ibsbdpbøhk ljs tracukhlbs suprbdjs kj kb`bshrahdbktb sb `jrrbspjkibk `jk lhs fuk`ajkbs iblakbhihs pjr lhs kjrdhs ibl sastbdh ouräia`j qub rbnulhk hqubllhs>>. Wrb`ashdbktb pjr bllj, lh jtrh `jkia`aðk kb`bshrah phrh lh bxastbk`ah ib uk tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs bs lh rblbvhk`ah bdpära`h ibl prb`bibktb lj `uhl, `jdj mbdjs vastj, sankafa`h qub, bk lh prè`ta`h ib ia`mj tracukhl? h) bxasth uk bfb`tavj sbnuadabktj ib hlnukhs (j tjihs) lhs kjrdhs ibl sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs j c) hl dhrnbk ib lh bxastbk`ah ib `abrths kjrdhs ib bstb sastbdh, lh `jrtb sublh rbpla`hr `ratbrajs y kjrdhs hsbkthijs bk sus prjpajs prb`bibktbs, dhktbkabkij bsthclb su ouraspruibk`ah. Wjr thktj, bk lj qub aktbrbsh phrh lh `uhlafa`h`aðk ib «tracukhl ib prb`bibktbsµ, lh rblbvhk`ah bdpära`h kj (sðlj) ibcb ihrsb bk ljs ðrnhkjs akfbrajrbs, sakj bk bl prjpaj tracukhl . Rk tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs kj pubib sbr thl sa bs qub, bdpära`hdbktb, kj rbspbth lhs kjrdhs ibl sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs rbspb`tj ib lhs `uhlbs ál dasdj bs ibstakhthraj j, ib jtrj lhij, sa kj lb jtjrnh kaknukh rblbvhk`ah h sus ib`asajkbs phshihs, `jk hcsjluth prbs`akibk`ah ib qub bxasth, pjr bobdplj, hlnukh rbnlh ibl prb`bibktb qub lb jclanub h tbkbr bk `ubkth j hpla`hr ukh j dès kjrdhs bxtrhäclbs ib hqubl >=. Bk ukh phlhcrh, bstj quabrb ib`ar qub uk tracukhl pjiräh bsthr duy lbojs ib trhchohr sjfasta`hihdbktb `jk lh rhtaj ib`aibkia bk sbktaij bstra`tj y, hibdès, qub kj bxasth bk bl sastbdh ukh kjrdh qub adpjknh lh jclanh`aðk ib hpla`hr rbnlhs jctbkaihs ib uk prb`bibktb, pbrj, huk hsä, bsthr `br`hkj hl djiblj ib tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs. Ib mb`mj, lhs rhtajkbs ib`aibkia bk sbktaij bstra`tj qub pubihk >9

 Kubvhdbktb, `fr. Kÿøbz Vhqubrj (3786? p. 802 ss.).  Kÿøbz Vhqubrj (3786? p. 801-897). >6  Kðtbsb qub uk db`hkasdj `jdj lh ias`rb`ajkhlaihi phrh sblb``ajkhr ljs `hsjs h `jkj`br, sa cabk fh`alath bl trhchoj `jk prb`bibktbs ihij qub hyuih h `jktrjlhr lh `hrnh ib trhchoj ibl tracukhl, kj llbnh h sbr uk rbquasatj sakb quh kjk. Wubib mhcbr uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs sak uk faltrj ranurjsj ib sblb``aðk ib rb`ursjs. Lj qub pjiräh qubihr `jdprjdbtaij bs ljnrhr ukh hib`uhih ukafjrdazh`aðk ouraspruibk`ahl, hukqub bllj thdcaák ibpbkibrè ib hspb`tjs `ulturhlbs y ib lh jcbiabk`ah ib ljs ibdès oub`bs. Bs, pjr thktj, ukh `jkbxaðk `jktaknbktb. >>  Qh hivbrtaij pjr Yhruffj (3788? p. 89, kjth 87). >=  Bs pjr bsh rhzðk, pjr bobdplj, qub lh Puprbdh @jrtb ib Bsthijs Rkaijs kj iboð ib sbr uk tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs bk lh ápj`h bk qub ^allahd Sbmkquast brh `mabf ousta`b y, bk dÿltaplbs j`hsajkbs, `hdcahrjk su `ratbraj, hlbnhkij qub bl sthrb >2

ib`asas brh ukh ouia`ahl pjla`y y kj prjpahdbktb prjpahdbktb ukh kjrdh kjrdh qub lbs `jkstrbøäh h sbnuar sbnuar sus ib`asajkbs phshihs. @fr. Crbkkbr

& Pphbtm (8112? p. 02 ss.)5 Lbb (8111? p. >79 ss.) Nbrmhrit (377=? p. 8> ss.).

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

jctbkbrsb ib `uhlquabr  ib`asaðk  ib`asaðk ib uk tracukhl pjirähk sbr hcsjluthdbktb arrblbvhktbs, pbrj ástb cabk pjiräh trhchohr `jk ranjr `jk sus rhtajkbs ib`aibkia bk sbktaij lhtj (pjr bobdplj? sa hpla`h ukh dasdh aktbrprbth`aðk sjcrb `abrth iaspjsa`aðk kjrdhtavh j sa bsthclb`b `ratbrajs sjcrb `ðdj vhljrhr ukh `abrth prubch tbstadjkahl bk uk nrupj ib `hsjs) j qub, h pbshr ib dhr`mhs y `jktrhdhr`mhs sjcrb `ðdj rbsjlvbr hlnukjs `hsjs bspb`äfa`js, `jksanub `jksjlaihr iavbrsjs `ratbrajs bk su prè`ta`h ouraspruibk`ahl, `jk bl `jksb`ubktb bfb`tj prè`ta`j bk ljs oub`bs ib dbkjr obrhrquäh. Hsä, ibsib bsth pbrspb`tavh, kj sbräh `jrrb`tj bktbkibr qub uk tracukhl sðlj pjiräh h`br`hrsb h uk djiblj ib tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs sa bs qub rbpla`h lh prè`ta`h y hsudb `hrh`tbrästa`hs ib tracukhlbs `jdj lh Puprbdh @jrtb ib Bsthijs Rkaijs j ibl Sbakj Rkaij >1. Ib bsth dhkbrh, ukh vbz bxpla`hij bl djiblj ib tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs, hlboèkijlj `jk`bptuhldbktb ib lhs bxpbrabk`ahs qub pjirähk bk`jktrhrsb bk bl `jddjk lhw, `jrrbspjkib prjclbdhtazhr sjcrb lh ukafjrdazh`aðk ib lh ouraspruibk`ah, jfrb`abkij ukh rblb`turh ib bstb `lèsa`j fak ib lh `hsh`aðk. 6.  ºBs `jdphtaclb uk djiblj ib `hsh`aðk `jk uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs: prb`bibktbs : @jdj vadjs, @hlhdhkirba ÿka`hdbktb tbkäh bk dbktb lh `hrh`tbrästa`h dès shlthktb ibl sastbdh ib prb`bibktb aknlás prb-8166 (lh vak`ulh`aðk hcsjluth ib lh Mjusb jf Ljris h sus prjpajs prb`bibktbs), akfarabkij ib bllj qub bl tracukhl suprbdj `jkshnrhräh kjrdhs hcstrh`ths y nbkbrhlbs, `uhl sa fubrh uk lbnaslhijr y, hibdès, adpaiabkij qub bl ibrb`mj pubih bvjlu`ajkhr. @abrthdbktb lh rhzðk bsthch b sthch `jk kubstrj hutjr `uhkij vbäh, bk uk sastbdh `jdj ástb, du`mhs iafa`ulthibs phrh lh hihpth`aðk ibl ibrb`mj h lhs kubvhs `ar`uksthk`ahs sj`ahlbs (ib mb`mj, bsth fub ukh rhzðk phrh lh prjdulnh`aðk ibl Wrh`ta`b Pthtbdbkt). Bdpbrj kj db phrb`b qub sbh bk vhkj qub kubstrj hutjr, h pbshr ib rb`mhzhr ljs «prb`bibktbs ç lh `jddjk lhwµ `jdj ukh mbrrhdabkth ib ukafjrdazh`aðk ib lh ouraspruibk`ah, dbk`ajkh bk iavbrshs phrtbs ib su bxpjsa`aðk bl tárdakj «prb`bibktbµ phrh rbfbrar prb`ashdbktb h ib`asajkbs ib lh @jrtb ib `hsh`aðk qub ljs oub`bs bdpära`hdbktb mhcrähk ib sbnuar, hukqub kj bxasth  fjrdhldbktb ukh jclanh`aðk ib mh`brlj. Hsä, dès hllè ib su hfardh`aðk (kj `jdprjchih y chsthktb `ubstajkhclb) ib qub lh ouraspruibk`ah tabkib h ukafjrdazhrsb, ál sä vb ukh pjtbktb p jtbktb rblbvhk`ah bdpära`h ibl prb`bibktb ib su djiblj aibhl ib `jrtb5 y, ib mb`mj, bstj kj pubib sbr ib jtrh dhkbrh pubstj qub, ib lj `jktrhraj, sbräh adpjsaclb qub sb bladakb hqubllj qub ál bktabkib sbr thk ihøakj? qub bxasthk ijs sjlu`ajkbs iavbrshs phrh rblh`ajkbs aiákta`hs sucsudaihs bk lh dasdh kjrdh ouräia`h. Ib lh dasdh dhkbrh, sa cabk @hlhdhkirba kj pjiräh hfardhr qub, bk su djiblj, lh @jrtb ib `hsh`aðk ibcbräh bsthr vak`ulhih h sus prjpajs prb`bibktbs, sä qub pubib akfbrarsb qub ásth ibcb dhktbkbr bsthclb su ouraspruibk`ah. Bk bfb`tj, sa bs qub lh iavbrnbk`ah ib aktbrprbth`ajkbs sb vh sadplafa`hkij bk lh dbiaih qub sb ushk ljs db`hkasdjs rb`urshlbs, tbrdakhkij pjr ibshphrb`br `uhkij llbnh hl ðrnhkj ib várta`b=7, bktjk`bs `uhkij kj sb prbsbkth lh iavbrnbk`ah (prjiu`tj ib lh aibktafa`h`aðk ib lh aktbrprbth`aðk vbrihibrh y bl rbspb`tavj sbnuadabktj ib ásth pjr ljs oub`bs), lh @j @jrtb rtb ib `hsh`aðk yh

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 @fr. Hkirbws(3781h? (3788) yp.bl=0-=9). duy alustrhtavj bkshyj ib Ojmk Pjrhcoa `jktbkaij bk bstb vjludbk.  @hlhdhkirba

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

kj tbkiräh kaknÿk phpbl qub `udplar. Wjr bllj, sa sb mh ljnrhij ukh «ukafjrdaihi `jktbdpjrèkbhµ kj bs lh `jrtb quabk ibcbräh hltbrhrlh, sjlj ibcabkij `jrrbnar `uhkij sb lb llbvb ia`mj prjclbdh. Wjr su phrtb, sa bs qub, h pbshr ib lh faoh`aðk ib lh aktbrprbth`aðk pjr phrtb ib lh @jrtb ib `hsh`aðk bxastbk oub`bs rbh`ajs h sbnuarlh, ihkij ib`asajkbs `jk ukh aktbrprbth`aðk iavbrsh, hqubllh tbkirè kubvhs jpjrtukaihibs phrh aksastar bk su aktbrprbth`aðk, `hshkij lh ib`asaðk j rbsjlvabkij sjcrb bl fjkij. Q bstj tabkb du`mj sbktaij? sa bs qub lh `jrtb yh mh aibktafa`hij lh aktbrprbth`aðk vbrihibrh y lb llbnh ukh ib`asaðk bk qub kj sb mh hpla`hij ibcabkij mhcbrsb hpla`hij, lj qub sb bspbrh ib lh `jrtb bs qub mhnh prbvhlb`br ia`mh aktbrprbth`aðk. Wjr thktj, kj bs pjsaclb kbnhr lh kb`bsaihi ib ukh rblbvhk`ah prè`ta`h ib ljs prb`bibktbs ib lh @jrtb ib `hsh`aðk `hlhdhkirbahkh phrh bllh dasdh. Pak kaknukh prbtbksaðk ib ouznhr tabdpjs phshijs `jk jojs ibl prbsbktb, pabksj qub @hlhdhkirba sðlj mhcäh pbr`acaij ukh `hrh ib lh djkbih? pbkshr bk lh ukafjrdazh`aðk ouraspruibk`ahl bk tjrkj h lhs su`bsavhs aktbrprbth`ajkbs vbrihibrhs ib lh lby qub lh @jrtb ib `hsh`aðk ach prjvbybkij, h phrtar ib uk bobr`a`aj purhdbktb saljnästa`j ib lh kjrdh k jrdh hcstrh`th (prbdash dhyjr) bk ljs mb`mjs ibl `hsj (prbdash dbkjr). Bdpbrj, kj pbr`acað qub, dès hllè ib qub pubih bxastar ukh aktbrprbth`aðk bxh`th, sabdprb mhcrè ibsh`ubrijs aktbrprbthtavjs sjcrb ljs bkuk`ahijs kjrdhtavjs y qub lh @jrtb ib `hsh`aðk, hl fakhl, tbrdakhräh `jkshnrhkij hutákta`hs kjrdhs sjcrb `ðdj aktbrprbthr ia`mjs bkuk`ahijs =8. Bstj, db phrb`b, bs akbvathclb sa bs qub, `jdj @hlhdhkirba, sb rb`mhzh lh pjsacalaihi ib qub bl tracukhl sb jdath ib djtavhr=3. Bsth djtavh`aðk `jkiu`b h qub ljs oub`bs ib `hsjs futurjs, hl `jlj`hr bk su saljnasdj lh kjrdh yh faohih pjr lh `jrtb, bk rbhlaihi thdcaák ibcbrèk htbkibr h lh oustafa`h`aðk ihih pjr ásth. Bsths kjrdhs aktbrprbthtavhs, pubs, sjk lhs qub hl fakhl f akhl tbrdakhrähk sabkij rbpla`hclbs y lj qub, fakhldbktb, nbkbrhräh lh hkmblhih ukafjrdazh`aðk ouraspruibk`ahl. Wjr thktj, ibl djiblj `hlhdhkirbahkj, ibsib lh iadbksaðk akstatu`ajkhl ibl prb`bibktb, hl dbkjs sb ibiu`bk ijs `jshs? a) Bxastarähk lhs kjrdhs «pbrdataij dbk`ajkhrµ, «pbrdataij tbkbr bk `ubkthµ  y, sjcrb tjij, «pbrdataij ushrµ (lj `uhl rbvblh lh bxastbk`ah ib uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs, `jdj sb mh  vastj) rbfbraihs h lhs kjrdhs qub vbrshk sjcrb lh aktbrprbth`aðk ib lh lby blhcjrhihs pjr lh @jrtb iibb `hsh`aðk5 aa) sb hpubsth pjr ukh fubrtb rblbvhk`ah prè`ta`h ib sus prb`bibktbs. Ib bsth dhkbrh, sak pbroua`aj ib lhs `jksthktbs akvj`h`ajkbs h kbnhr lh pjsacalaihi ib qub lh @jrtb ib `hsh`aðk hpuktb mh`ah ukh ukafjrdazh`aðk iakèda`h (mh`ah bl futurj), qub ásth ibch blbnar lh aktbrprbth`aðk bxh`th/vbrihibrh/`jrrb`th ib lh lby y hl `jkshcaij rb`mhzj ib ljs prb`bibktbs ibl ibrb`mj aknlás, @hlhdhkirba tbrdakð pjr `jkstruar uk djiblj ib tracukhl ib `jktrjl `jk ukh vj`h`aðk `lhrhdbktb rbtrjspb`tavh pubs ibcb rbsjlvbr tjijs ljs `hsjs, pbrj khih ak`jdphtaclb `jk uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs. Wbrj ak`lusavb, h da oua`aj, `jlj`ð adpjrthktbs `hrh`tbrästa`hs ibl djiblj ib tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs h su ðrnhkj ib várta`b. Lhs `jksaibrh`ajkbs hktbrajrbs pbrdatbk rbhlazhr, pjr thktj, ukh rbflbxaðk rbspb`tj ib ljs djibljs ib tracukhl ib `hsh`aðk `jk aksparh`aðk bk lh jcrh ib @hlhdhkirba. Bk du`mjs ib blljs `lhrhdbktb ` lhrhdbktb  yh kj sb vasludcrh dès ak`jdphtacalaihibs `jk uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs qub `jktbknh lh kjrdh =8

 @jkfjrdb? Vhqubrj (3786? p. 801).  @hlhdhkirbaKÿøbz (3781h? p. >=->1).

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

«jclanhtjraj ushrµ rbspb`tj ib hlnukh ib lhs kjrdhs bsthclb`aihs pjr bl tracukhl suprbdj (sbh rhtaj ib`aibkia bk sbktaij bstra`tj, rhtaj ib`aibkia bk sbktaij lhtj, j ak`lusavb KO0). @jdj mbdjs vastj, bl sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs pubib hijpthr ukh `jkfjrdh`aðk duy iavbrsh bk uk sastbdh ouräia`j ihij b, ak`lusavb, pubib hidatar kjrdhs qub bsthclb`bk `jdpbtbk`ahs phrh faohr «prb`bibktbs «prb`b ibktbs ouia`ahlbsµ=0  j «ij`trakh ouraspruibk`ahlµ=9, `jk lh `jrrbspjkiabktb kjrdh qub adpjkb lh jclanh`aðk ib hpla`hr ia`mhs rbnlhs faohihs pjr bl tracukhl, llbnhkij ak`lusavb h pbrdatar qub bl prjpaj tracukhl pubih `jkstruar bl bkuk`ahij kjrdhtavj ibl `uhl sb ibcbrè aktbrprbthr lh kjrdh rbpla`hclb phrh `hsjs futurjs. Khih ib bstj pjiräh `jksaibrhrsb bxtrhøj bk sastbdhs ibl `aval lhw=2. Rk nrhij hib`uhij ib ukafjrdazh`aðk ib lh ouraspruibk`ah kj sjlhdbktb sb pjiräh hl`hkzhr h trhvás ib ukh prè`ta`h ouräia`h qub trhchob `jk lh rhtaj ib`aibkia bk sbktaij bstra`tj j ijkib bxasth ukh kjrdh qub jclanub h hpla`hrlh, `jdj bk bl `jddjk lhw. Hquä @hlhdhkirba bstè `jk lh rhzðk. Rk djiblj `jdj bl aknlás prb-8166, `jkshnrhkij ukh ij`trakh duy ränaih ibl sthrb ib`asas, kj bs bl ÿka`j h sbnuar phrh ljnrhr bstb fak, dès hÿk tbkabkij bk `ubkth qub su `jksb`u`aðk bs nrhiuhl (y ibpbkiabktb, hibdès, ib du`mjs fh`tjrbs akstatu`ajkhlbs y bxtrhakstatu`ajkhlbs). Hsä, tbðra`hdbktb sä bs pjsaclb ukh ukafjrdazh`aðk bobr`athkij ukh fuk`aðk täpa`h ib `jktrjl. Bl puktj bs qub, sa sb ih ákfhsas kj sjlj bk bl `jktrjl j `jrrb``aðk ib lh aktbrprbth`aðk ib lh lby `hsj h `hsj, sakj thdcaák, `jdj lj mh`b @hlhdhkirba, bk lj qub ia`mj tracukhl ibcb cus`hr `jk bsb `jktrjl (ukaihi ibl ibrb`mj jcobtavj b anuhlihi dbiahktb lh ukafjrdazh`aðk ib lhs aktbrprbth`ajkbs ib ljs oub`bs sustbkthih bk lh rblbvhk`ah prè`ta`h ib ia`mjs prb`bibktbs), bktjk`bs mhclhdjs ib uk tracukhl qub bsthräh h dathi ib `hdakj bktrb bl djiblj ib `jktrjl ib `hsjs y bl djiblj ib tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs. Fakhldbktb, bs adpjrthktb hivbrtar qub ukh `abrth `jkfjrdh`aðk ibl sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs, ib jtrhs rbnlhs jrnhkazh`ajkhlbs ibl tracukhl suprbdj y, hibdès, ibl nrhij ib rblbvhk`ah bdpära`h ib lhs kjrdhs jctbkaihs ib uk prb`bibktb sjk fh`tjrbs qub `jktracuybk j `jdpljthk `jk ukh dhyjr j =0

 Vbr bl hrt. 977 @W@ pbruhkj? «Lh Phlh Puprbdh @aval pubib `jkvj`hr hl plbkj ib ljs dhnastrhijs suprbdjs `avalbs h bfb`tjs ib bdatar sbktbk`ah qub `jkstatuyh j vhräb uk prb`bibktb ouia`ahl. Pbnukij pèrrhfj. Lh ib`asaðk qub sb tjdb bk dhyjräh hcsjluth ib ljs hsastbktbs hl plbkj `hshtjraj `jkstatuyb prb`bibktb ouia`ahl y vak`ulh h ljs ðrnhkjs ourasia``ajkhlbs ib lh Sbpÿcla`h, mhsth qub sbh djiafa`hih pjr jtrj prb`bibktb (…)µ. Bl hrt. 13> ibl @W@ crhsalbøj, hukqub `jk phrta`ulhraihibs, thdcaák vh bk ukh läkbh sadalhr? «Ljs oub`bs y tracukhlbs jcsbrvhrèk? A ‐ lhs ib`asajkbs ibl Puprbdj Yracukhl Fbibrhl bk `jktrjl `jk`bktrhij ib `jkstatu`ajkhlaihi5 AA ‐ ljs bkuk`ahijs ib sÿdulh vak`ulhktb5 AAA ‐  lhs sbktbk`ahs `jlbnahihs bk bl ak`aibktb ib hsuk`aðk ib `jdpbtbk`ah j ib rbsjlu`aðk ib ibdhkihs rbpbtatavhs y bk bl ouznhdabktj ib rb`ursjs bxtrhjriakhrajs rbpbtatavjs5 AV ‐ ljs bkuk`ahijs ib lhs sÿdulhs ibl Puprbdj Yracukhl Fbibrhl bk dhtbrah `jkstatu`ajkhl y ibl Pupbrajr ib Ousta`ah bk dhtbrah akfrh`jkstatu`ajkhl5 V ‐ lh jrabkth`aðk ibl plbkhraj j ibl ðrnhkj bspb`ahl h ljs `uhlbs bstuvabsbk vak`ulhijsµ. =9  Wjr bobdplj, bl hrt. 910 ib lh LB@? «Lh sbktbk`ah qub sb ia`tb bk ljs rb`ursjs bk aktbrás ib lh lby rbspbthrè, bk tjij `hsj, lhs satuh`ajkbs ouräia`hs phrta`ulhrbs ibravhihs ib lhs sbktbk`ahs hlbnhihs y, `uhkij fubrb bstadhtjrah, faohrè bk bl fhllj lh ij`trakh ouraspruibk`ahl. Bk bstb `hsj, sb pucla`hrè bk bl “Cjlbtäk Jfa`ahl ibl Bsthij— y, h phrtar ib su aksbr`aðk bk ál, `jdplbdbkthrè bl jribkhdabktj ouräia`j, vak`ulhkij bk thl `jk`bptj h tjijs ljs Oub`bs y tracukhlbs ibl jribk ourasia``ajkhl `aval iafbrbktbs hl Yracukhl Puprbdjµ. =2   Yabkb rhzðk Kÿøbz Vhqubrj (3786? p. 801) `uhkij sbøhlh qub «rbsulth pubs duy pj`j plhusaclb pbkshr qub ljs tracukhlbs ib `hsh`aðk sb ibia`hk ÿka`hdbktb h vblhr pjr lh cubkh hpla`h`aðk ibl ibrb`mj. Hktbs cabk, ia`mjs tracukhlbs bsthclb`bk ukh `jdj lh aktbrprbth`aðk  vb`bs ib `hrè`tbr sudhdbktb nbkbrhlµ. vak`ulhktb ibl ibrb`mj, fjrdulhkij ib bstb djij dbth-rbnlhs aktbrprbthtavhs, h

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Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

dbkjr ukafjrdazh`aðk ib lh ouraspruibk`ah, ibshrrjllj y bvjlu`aðk ibl ibrb`mj j, thdcaák, ib lh sbnuraihi ouräia`h. Pbnurhdbktb ukh dhyjr ukafjrdazh`aðk sb pjirè vbrafa`hr bk sastbdhs bk qub mhy ukh fubrtb sblb``aðk ib `hsjs, pbrdatabkij qub bl tracukhl rbsublvh uk `bktbkhr ib `hsjs pjr høj y ijkib lh kjrdh «jclanhtjraj ushrµ sbh hdplahdbktb sbnuaih5 pbrj kj pubib kbnhrsb k bnhrsb qub huk bk bstjs sastbdhs (täpa`js ibl `jddjk lhw) bs pbrfb`thdbktb pjsaclb lh prè`ta`h ib rbhlazhr ukh aktbrprbth`aðk iafbrbktb ib ljs mb`mjs ibl `hsj phrh h`jnbrsb h uk prb`bibktb j phrh kj hpla`hrlj =6. Bstb sbräh bl `hsj ib iastak`ajkbs ak`jksastbktbs qub kj sabdprb sbrèk `jrrbnaihs pjr bl tracukhl suprbdj. Wjr su phrtb, bs pjsaclb aktuar qub ukh dbkjr ukafjrdazh`aðk sb ihräh bk uk djiblj `jdj bl prjpubstj pjr @hlhdhkirba, bk ijkib lh `jrtb ibcb rbsjlvbr tjijs ljs rb`ursjs sjcrb `ubstajkbs ib ibrb`mj qub lb llbnubk y fjrdhldbktb kj mhy jclanh`aðk ib sbnuar thlbs prb`bibktbs. Hquä lj qub pjiräh j`urrar sbrè, dès cabk, ukh iavbrnbk`ah ouraspruibk`ahl bk bl prjpaj tracukhl suprbdj `jk bfb`tjs pbrka`ajsjs phrh tjij bl sastbdh. Wbrj ‐ y hquä lj rblbvhktb ‐ bk hdcjs `hsjs bsthrbdjs frbktb h uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs. >.  @jk`lusajkbs

Nrh`ahs h uk hcjrihob `jk`bptuhl ib hlnukjs blbdbktjs ib lh tbjräh ibl prb`bibktb (`jk`bptj, rhtaj ib`aibkia y sthrb ib`asas) sb mh pjiaij iblakbhr `jk `lhraihi bl `jk`bptj ` jk`bptj ib sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs y, `jk bllj, ihrlb uk `jktbkaij dès prb`asj h lh `jktrhpjsa`aðk ` jktrhpjsa`aðk bktrb bl djiblj ib tracukhl ib `jktrjl ` jktrjl y bl ib tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs, qub sublb blhcjrhrsb h kavbl ib ibrb`mj `jdphrhij. H phrtar ib hdchs prbdashs, mh saij pjsaclb jfrb`br ukh rblb`turh ib lh jcrh ib Wabrj @hlhdhkirba, bspb`äfa`hdbktb bk su fjrdulh`aðk ibl fak ukafjrdazh`aðk ib lh ouraspruibk`ah, h fak ib ibdjstrhr qub bl djiblj prjpubstj pjr bl hutjr kj bs ak`jdphtaclb `jk uk sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs (dès cabk lj prbsupjkb) y qub bl djiblj ib @jrtb ib `hsh`aðk prjpubstj pjr ál sä qub tabkb `abrtjs `ab rtjs blbdbktjs adpjrthktbs ibl djiblj ib uk tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs. Kj jcsthktb, rbspb`tj h ljs djibljs ib tracukhlbs suprbdjs `jktbdpjrèkbjs, thdcaák bs pjsaclb `jk`luar qub, dès hllè ibl kjdcrb jfa`ahl ib lh `jrtb, ibl rb`ursj bdplbhij phrh llbnhr h bllh j ib lh plhsdh`aðk lbnaslhtavh ib `abrths `hrh`tbrästa`hs prjpubsths pjr @hlhdhkirba, tjijs blljs sb aksbrthk bk uk sastbdh ouräia`j qub `jktabkb uk (suc)sastbdh ib prb`bibktbs (`uyh `jkfjrdh`aðk pubib vhrahr bk nrhk dbiaih) lj `uhl, sudhij h jtrjs blbdbktjs `jdj lh rblbvhk`ah prè`ta`h ib lhs kjrdhs bsthclb`aihs pjr bl tracukhl suprbdj, ibtbrdakhrè uk dhyjr j dbkjr nrhij ib ukafjrdazh`aðk ouraspruibk`ahl y, hibdès, su `br`hkäh h uk djiblj ib tracukhl ib prb`bibktbs. =.  Sbfbrbk`ahs

 Hkirbws, Kbal (3788). Ymb Rkatbi Eaknijd‑s Puprbdb @jurt? Ymrbb Pebpta`hl Sbflb`tajks `jk`brkakn tmb Kbw @jurt. Rthm Lhw Sbvabw, 1, p. 1-39. Crbkkbr, Phul & Pphbtm, Mhrjli O. (8112). Pthrb akib`asas. Ymb Hltbrhtajk jf Wrb`bibkt jk tmb Puprbdb @jurt, 8196-8113. Kbw Qjre? @hdcrainb Rkavbrsaty Wrbss. =6

 @fr. Iuxcury (377=? p. 87=-887).

07

 

Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

Custhdhktb, Ymjdhs ih Sjsh (3783). Ybjrah ij prb`bibktb ouia`ahl. H oustafa`hîàj b h hpla`hîàj ib rbnrhs  ouraspruibk`ahas. Pàj Whulj? Kjbsbs. @hiabt, Ljê` (3788). Lb rùlb akstatutajkkbl bt pjlataqub ib lh @jur ib `hsshtajk bk Frhk`b? trhiatajk, trhksatajk, duthtajk:  Hkkuhraj ia iarattj `jdphrhtj b stuia lbnaslhtava. Khpjla? Biazajka P`abktafa`mb Athlahkb, p. 8=0-333. @hlhdhkirba, Wabrj (3781). Jpbrb Nauraia`mb, VA. Lh `hsshzajkb `avalb (phrtb pradh). Sjdh? SjdhYrb Wrbss. ZZZ (3781h). Jpbrb Nauraia`mb, VAA. Lh `hsshzajkb `avalb (phrtb sb`jkih). Sjdh? SjdhYrb Wrbss.  @hvhka, Sbkzj (378=). Ybjräh adpunkhtjrah. Sb`ursjs y rbvasaðk ib lh `jsh ouznhih bk bl prj`bsj `aval. Ladh? Nh`bth Ouräia`h. @mahssjka, Wabrluana (3779). Al prb`bibktb nauiazahlb. Yrb bsbr`aza ia iasak`hktj.  Hkhlasa b iarattj (hl `uaihij ib W. @jdhkiu``a y S. Nuhstaka). Yjrakj? Nahppa`mblla. ZZZ (3782). Lh faljsjfäh ibl prb`bibktb? hkèlasas `jk`bptuhl y rb`jkstru``aðk rh`ajkhl. Fukihdbktjs  faljsðfa`js ib lh tbjräh ibl prb`bibktb prb`bibktb ouia`ahl (bis.? @. Cbrkhl & Y. Custhdhktb). Cjnjtè? Rkavbrsaihi ibl Bxtbrkhij, p. 38-66. ZZZ (3781). Aktbrprbthtajk watmjut Yrutm. H Sbhlast Akquary. @mhd? Ppraknbr. @rjss, Supbrt & Mhrras, O. ^. (8118). Wrb`bibkt ak Bknlasm Lhw, 9tm biatajk. Jxfjri? @lhrbkijk Wrbss. @ruz b Yu``a, Ojsá Sjnáraj (3781). Wbrspb`tavh mastðra`h ij prb`bibktb `jdj fjktb ij iarbatj (8ª bi. 3779),  3ª bia`aðk akáiath nbktaldbktb `biaih pjr bl hutjr. Nhs`ðk Hcbllèk, Dhrakh (8110). Anuhlihi y rbspbtj hl prb`bibktb. Ibrb`mjs y lacbrthibs, p. 388-33=. ZZZ (3788). Sh`ajkhlaihi y (hutj) prb`bibktb. Crbvbs `jksaibrh`ajkbs sjcrb bl fukihdbktj b adpla`h`ajkbs ib lh rbnlh ibl hutjprb`bibktb. Ybjribr , 87, p. 803-89=. ZZZ (3789). Wrb`bibktb y hrnudbkth`aðk.  Hrnudbkth`aðk ouräia`h (`jjri.? D. Nhs`ðk). Vhlbk`ah? Yarhkt lj Clhk`m, p. 090-0>7. Nbrmhrit, Da`mhbl O. (377=). Ymb Wjwbr jf Wrb`bibkt. Kbw Qjre? Jxfjri Rkavbrsaty Wrbss. Njjimhrt, Hrtmur L. (8107). Ibtbrdakakn tmb Shtaj Ib`aibkia jf h @hsb. Qhlb Lhw Ojurkhl, 97, 3, p. 868-8=0. Njkzèlbz Lhnabr, Ihkabl (3772). Xuhbstaj fh`ta.  Bkshyjs sjcrb `hushlaihi, prubch y h``aðk. Ladh-Cjnjtè? Whlbstrh-Ybdas. Iuxcury, Kbal (377=). Ymb Khturb hki Hutmjraty jf Wrb`bibkt. Kbw Qjre? @hdcrainb Rkavbrsaty Wrbss. Fbrrbr Cbltrèk, Ojria (377>). Lh vhljrh`aðk rh`ajkhl ib lh prubch. Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks. ZZZ (3786). Bl nbk ausrbhlasth ib Da`mblb Yhruffj? lh tbjräh ibl prb`bibktb ouia`ahl. Ibchtabkij `jk Yhruffj (`jbis. O. Fbrrbr Cbltrèk y @hrdbk Vèzqubz). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks, p. 8>0-8=>. Mbrkèkibz Dhräk, Shfhbl (3780). Shzjkhdabktjs bk lh sbktbk`ah ouia`ahl. Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks. Mjliswjrtm, ^allahd P. (810=). H Mastjry jf Bknlasm Lhw (vjl. ]AA), 3h bi. Ljkijk? Dbtmubk & @j. Aturrhlib Pbsdh, Va`tjrah (8112). Bl prb`bibktb bk bl `jddjk lhw. Dhirai? @avaths. Lhkncbak, Ojmk L. (816=). Djibrk Ouraspruibk`b ak tmb Mjusb jf Ljris tmb Whssakn jf Ljkijk Yrhdwhys. @jrkbll Lhw Sbvabw 20, p. =7>-=80. Lbb, Ymjdhs (8111). Pthrb Ib`asas ak Mastjra`hl Wbrspb`tavb? Frjd tmb Fjukiakn Brh tj tmb Sbmkquast @jurt. Vhkibrcalt Lhw Sbvabw 23, p. 69>->02.

08

 

Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

Lðpbz Dbiakh, Iabnj B. (3781). Bl ibrb`mj ib ljs oub`bs. Jclanhtjrabihi ibl prb`bibktb `jkstatu`ajkhl, hkèlasas ib sbktbk`ahs y tbjräh ibl ibrb`mj ouia`ahl. Cjnjtè? Lbnas. Dh`@jrda`e, Kbal (3772). Smbtjra` hki tmb Sulb jf Lhw. H Ymbjry jf Lbnhl Sbhsjkakn. Jxfjri? Jxfjri Rkavbrsaty Wrbss. ZZZ & Puddbrs, Sjcbrt P. (811>). Furtmbr Nbkbrhl Sbflb`tajks hki @jk`lusajks. Aktbrprbtakn Wrb`bibktbs. Ihrdjutm? Hlibrsmjt. Dhttba, Rnj (8113). @jddjk Lhw. Al iarattj hknlj-hdbra`hkj. Yjrakj? RYBY. Dbhi, Ojsbpm ^. (3783). Pthrb Ib`asas ak tmb Akfbrajr @jurts jf tmb Rkatbi Pthtbs. Kbvhih Lhw  Ojurkhl, 83, 0, p. >=>-=07. Dbkibs ib Jlavbarh, Whulj (3737). Sbnadbktjs aktbrkjs `jdj fjktb ib kjrdhs prj`bssuhas? j pjibr kjrdhtavj ijs tracukhas. Phlvhijr? OusWjiavd. Dataiabrj, Ihkabl (3780). @jrtbs supbrajrbs b `jrtbs suprbdhs. Ih pbrsuhsàj ç vak`ulhîàj, ih ouraspruiïk`ah hj prb`bibktb. Pàj Whulj? Sbvasth ijs Yracukhas . ZZZ (3786). Wrb`bibktbs. Ih pbrsuhsàj ç vak`ulhîàj U0ª bi., 378=T. Pàj Whulj? Sbvasth ijs Yracukhas. ZZZ (3786h). Ijs djibljs ib `jrtbs ib várta`b ‐ `jrtbs supbrajrbs y `jrtbs suprbdhs (trhi. S. @hvhka), ak D. Yhruffj, L. N. Dhrakjka, I. Dataiabrj (`jjris.). Lh dasaðk ib ljs tracukhlbs suprbdjs. Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks, p. >>-837. Kÿøbz Vhqubrj, Èlvhrj (3786). Pak prb`bibktbs. Rkh darhih bs`ápta`h hl sthrb ib`asas. Ijxh. @uhibrkjs ib faljsjfäh ibl ibrb`mj, 01, p. 83>-826. ZZZ (378=). Wrb`bibktb bk dhtbrah ib mb`mjs. Sbvasth ib Ibrb`mj (Vhliavah), ]]]A, 8, p. 28->=. Whsshkhktb, Lu`h (378=). Al prb`bibktb adpjssacalb. @jktracutj hllj stuiaj ibl iarattj nauraspruibkzahlb kbl prj`bssj `avalb. Yjrakj? Nahppa`mblla. Wa`hria, Ka`jlh & Naulahka, Hlbsshkirj (3777). Ybsta b ij`adbkta pbr lh stjrah ibl prj`bssj. A @jia`a Khpjlbjka`a, t. 8. @jia`b ia Wrj`biurh @avalb. Dalhkj? Nauffrí. Wunslby, Ihvai (8116). Ljkijk Yrhdwhys (8=1=). Ojurkhl jf Lbnhl Mastjry, 8>, 3, p. 8>3-8=9. P`mhubr, Frbibra`e (3771). Ymakeakn Laeb h Lhwybr. H Kbw Aktrjiu`tajk tj Lbnhl Sbhsjkakn. S bhsjkakn. @hdcrainb, Dhss.-Ljkijk? Mhrvhri Rkavbrsaty Wrbss. Yhruffj, Da`mblb (81=7). Lh naustazah `avalb ak Athlah ihll‑>77 h jnna. Cjljnkh? Al Dulakj. ZZZ988-907. (8119). Iadbksajka ibl prb`bibktb nauiazahraj. Savasth tradbstrhlb ia iarattj b prj`biurh `avalb , 3, p. ZZZ (8118). @hsshzajkb b rbvasajkb? uk prjclbdh kbllh stjrah ibllb astatuzajka nauiazahrab. Al vbrta`b hdcanuj. Phnna sullh `hsshzajkb `avalb. Cjljnkh? Al Dulakj, p. 3>-27. ZZZ (8118h). @hlhdhkirba b l‑ukafa`hzajkb ibllh `hsshzajkb. Al vbrta`b hdcanuj. Phnna sullh `hsshzajkb `avalb. Cjljøh? Al Dulakj, pp. 28-2=. ZZZ (8118c). Lh @jrtb ia @hsshzajkb b lh lbnnb. Al vbrta`b hdcanuj. Phnna sullh `hsshzajkb `avalb. Cjljnkh? Al Dulakj, p. 21-877. ZZZ (3778). Hspbtta fjkihdbkthla ibl prj`bssj `avalb ia `aval lhw b ia `jddjk lhw. Sbvasth ih Fh`ulihib ib Iarbatj ih RFWS , 06, p. 3>-9=. ZZZ (377>). Wrb`bibktb b nauraspruibkzh. Savasth tradbstrhlb ia iarattj b prj`biurh `avalb , 68, 0, p. >71>32.

03

 

Bstb tbxtj bs lh vbrsaðk fakhl ib uk hrtä`ulj h rtä`ulj yh bkvahij h pucla`h`aðk. @athr ib lh sanuabktb dhkbrh? @hvhka, S. (3738). @hsh`aðk y prb`bibktb. Sbflbxajkbs h phrtar ib @hlhdhkirba. Lh `hsh`aðk mjy, 877 højs ibspuás ib @hlhdhkirba (iars.? O. Kabvh Fbkjll y S. @hvhka). Dhirai? Dhr`ahl Wjks (bk prbksh). 

ZZZ (3788). Lb fukzajka ibllb `jrta suprbdb. @bkka nbkbrhla.  Hkkuhraj ia iarattj `jdphrhtj b stuia lbnaslhtava. Khpjla? Biazajka P`abktafa`mb Athlahkb, p. 88-02.

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