Relatório de Estagio EDM
September 13, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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SGIUC^_IMHMC ZBLI]ÉOGIOH (H ZBLI]ÉOGIOH)
IG_]I]S]B _SZC^IB^ ZBLI]ÉOGIOB SGIUC^_I]È^IB MC GHOHLH ‟ I_ZSGH I_ZSGH
OS^_B0 CGKCGFH^IH CLÉO]^IOH
^CLH]ß^IB EIGHL MC C_]ÈKIB Z^BEI__IBGHL _SZC^UI_IBGHMB GH CMA_SNC_]HËÏB MC GHOHLH GB ZC^ ÁBMB MC >3/8:/>:89 ê :;/:>/>:>:
Csthkièrib0 Givhlmb Ohrlbs ]iquitc
Ghohlh-Zbrtb, >:>: 8
Givhlmb Ohrlbs ]iquitc
^CLH]ß^IB EIGHL MC C_]ÈKIB Z^BEI__IBGHL _SZC^UI_IBGHMB GH CMA_SNC_]HËÏB MC GHOHLH GB ZC^ ÁBMB MC >3/8:/>:89 ê :;/:>/>:>:
^clhtÿ rib mc Cstèkib Zrbeissibghl sunactimb ê I_ZSGHSgivcrsimhmc Zblitéogioh mc Ghohlh-Zbrtb, obab rcquisitb phroihl mc hvhlihëïb mb eighl mb oursb mc Cgkcgfhrih Clétrioh.
_upcrvisbr0
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR R Zhtr áoib Uhsob Mbaigkbs
>
CZÁK^HEC
“B obgfcoiacgtb gbs ehz rcspbgsèvcis‑ (Ofc Kucvhrh)
?
^C_SAB H cgcrkih clétrioh é uah mhs ahis gbnrcs ebrahs mc cgcrkih scougm èrih. H suh ehoilimhmc mc kcrhëïb, trhgspbrtc, mistrinuiëïb c utilizhëïb, htrinuca ê clctrioimhmc uah ohrhotcr ástioh mc ugivcrshlizhëïb. Gb augmb mc fb`c, clctrioimhmc é ua mircitb fuahgb n èsiob. Obgtumb, htrinutbs pcoulihrcs mh clctrioimhmc h tbrgha uah acrohmbrih obaplcxh mc limhr li mhr c cxikca hëócs pcrahgcgtcs mc plhgc`hacgtb, bpcrhëïb c ahgutcgëïb. Cstc rclhtÿrib hprcscgth hs prigoiphis htivimhmcs mcscgvblvimhs hb lbgkb mb cst èkib prbeissibghl supcrvisibghmb rchlizhmb pclb hutbr. B cstèkib ebi rchlizhmb gh CMA-Clcotrioimhmc mc Abëhaniquc, obgorcthacgth gh suncsthëïb mc Ghohlh-Zbrtb. H ahibr phrtc mhs htivimhmcs mcscgvblvimhs murhgtc b csthkib cst ïb rclhoibghmhs ê èrch mc sistcahs mc cgcrkih, mcgtrc clhs mcsthoha-sc bpcrhëïb c supcrvisïb mb sistcah mc trhgsaissïb c mistrinuiëïb mc cgcrkih mh oimhmc mc Ghohlh, cstumb mc igtckrh ëïb mh gbvh ocgtrhl elutuhgtc c supcrvis ïb mc trhnhlfbs mc ahgutcgëïb prcvcgtivh, cgtrc butrhs hotivimhmcs. Csths hotivimhmcs ebrha rchlizhmhs oba rcoursb h vèrihs ecrrhacgths mc Cgkcgfhrih obab hphrclfbs mc tcstcs mc cquiphacgtbs mc pbt àgoih c sbetwhrcs mc Cgkcgfhrih.
Zhlhvrhs Ofhvc0 _uncsthëïb, ]rhgspbrtc, Mistrinuiëïb mc cgcrkih,cquiphacgtbs mc pbt àgoih cstumbs mc itckrhëïb.
=
HN_]^HO] Clcotrioity is bgc be tfc gbnlcst ebras be scobgmhry cgcrky. Its chsc be kcgcrhtibg, trhgspbrt, mistrinutibg hgm usc, kivc clcotrioity h ofhrhotcristio be ugivcrshlizhtibg. Ig tbmhy's wbrlm, clcotrioity is h nhsio fuahg rikft. Fbwcvcr, clcotrioity's pcoulihr httrinutcs ahdc it h obaplcx obaabmity tb mchl witf hgm rcquirc pcrahgcgt plhggigk, bpcrhtibg hgm ahigtcghgoc hotibgs. ]fis rcpbrt prcscgts tfc ahig hotivitics mcvclbpcm murigk tfc supcrviscm prbecssibghl igtcrgsfip ohrricm but ny tfc hutfbr. ]fc igtcrgsfip whs ohrricm but ht CMA- Clcotrioity mc Abzhaniquc, spcoieiohlly ht tfc Ghohlh-Zbrtb sunsthtibg. Abst be tfc hotivitics mcvclbpcm murigk tfc igtcrgsfip hrc rclhtcm tb tfc hrch be cgcrky systcas, habgk wfiof sthgm but tfc bpcrhtibg hgm supcrvisibg be tfc cgcrky trhgsaissibg hgm mistrinutibg systca ig tfc oity be Ghohlh, stumy be igtckrhtibg be tfc gcw elbhtigk plhgt hgm supcrvisibg be wbrds prcvcgtivc ahigtcghgoc, habgk btfcr hotivitics. ]fcsc hotivitics wcrc ohrricm but usigk vhribus cgkigccrigk tbbls suof hs pbwcr cquipacgt tcstigk mcviocs mcvi ocs hgm cgkigccrigk sbetwhrc.
Dcy wbrms0 _unsthtibg, ]rhgspbrt, Zbwcr mistrinutibg, pbwcr cquipacgt, igtckrhtibg stumics st umics
3
LI_]H MC ]HNCLH_ ]hnclh 80 prigoiphis eugëócs mc prbtcoócs hpliohmhs ca suncsthëócs................................... ................................... ?=
I 5
LI_]H MC EIKS^H_
Eikurh 80visth hérch mh suncsthëïb mc Ghohlh Ghohlh ............................ ............................................. .................................. .......................... ......... 8? Eikurh >0]rhgsebrahmbrcs prigoiphis 88:/??dU mh _C Ghohlh ............................................. 8= Eikurh ?0Zhrquc mh _C Ghohlh ............................................................................................. 83 Eikurh =0]rhgsebrahmbrcs mc aémih tcgïb ??/88dU............. ??/88dU.............................. .................................. ............................... .............. 83 Eikurh 30Zhigéis mc obahgmb c obgtrblc mh shlh mc obahgmb ............................................... 85 Eikurh 50 _OHMH mh _C Ghohlh O?? Nhy .................. ........ ................... .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. ........... 8; Eikurh ;0 ; 0 _OHMH mh m h _C Ghohlh Ghohlh ...................... ....................................... .................................. .................................. .................................. ................. 86 Eikurh 60Mis`ugtbr Mchm ]fhgd mc Hlth tcgsïb h _E5 ...................................... ....................................................... .................... ... 89 Eikurh 90Nhgob mc nhtcrihs mc 88:UMO c =6UMO ............................................................... >: Eikurh 8:0Krupb kcrhmbr mc cacrkàgoih................................. .................................................. .................................. ............................ ........... >: Eikurh 880H csqucrmh h gbvh canhrohëïb mh DH^ZB[C^_FIZ ........................................ >> Eikurh 8>0Csqucaètiob mb _CZ ................................................ ................................................................. .................................. .......................... ......... >= Eikurh 8?0Mihkrhah _iaplieiohmb mc uah _uncsthëïb ]á pioh pioh mc Mistrinuiëïb ...................... ...................... >6 Eikurh 8=0Oirouitb mc Hoibghacgtb mc ua Mis`ugtbr ........................................................... >9 Eikurh 830Ofhvc _cooibghmbrh Sgipblhr mc _C oba Hoibghacgtb pbr Uhrh mc Ahgbnrh .... ?: Eikurh 850Zèrh-rhibs mc Csthëïb Zbliaériob c mc Zbroclhgh ................................................. ?: Eikurh 8;0Csqucah mc _clctivimhmc mh Zrbtcëïb ................................ ................................................. .................................. ................. ?> Eikurh 860Cquiphacgtbs mc ua sistcah mc prbtcëïb .................................. ................................................... .......................... ......... ?? Eikurh 890Hssboihëïb cgtrc ^clé c Mis`ugtbr Mis`ugtbr ............................................. .............................................................. .......................... ......... ?? Eikurh >:0Pbghs mh Zrbtcëïb Zrigoiphl Zrigoiphl ................................ ................................................. .................................. ............................... .............. ?3 Eikurh >80Pbghs mc Zrbtcëïb Zrigoiphl c mc ^cthkuhrmh....................................................... ?5 Eikurh >>0Mihkrhah mc Nlbob mh Ficrhrquih Eugoibghl mc ua _MH phrh _C ....................... ................ ....... ?6
II
;
KLB__È^IB MC HN^CUIH]S^H_ C _IKLH_
H]
Hlth ]cgsïb
NZ
Ny-phss
A]
Nhixh ]cgsïb
H]
Hlth tcgïb
Z]
Zbstb mc trhgsebrahëïb
O]
Obrrcgt trhgsebracr (]rhgsebrahmbr mc obrrcgtc)
U]
Ublthkc trhgsebracr (]rhgsebrahmbr mc tcgïb)
OH
Obrrcgtc Hltcrgh
OO
Obrrcgtc Obgtiguh
OCI OCI
Obaissïb Clctrbtéogioh Igtcrghoibghl Obaissïb Clctrbtéogioh Igtcrghoibghl
OCI
Obaissïb Clctrbtéogioh Igtcrghoibghl
OGC
Obaphgfih Ghoibghl mc Clctrioimhmc
_OHMH _upcrvisbry Obgtrbl hgm Mhth Hoquisitibg DU
Dilbvblt
A[
Ackhwhtt
A[f
Ackhwhtt fbrh
CMA
Clcotrioimhmc mc Abëhaniquc,CZ
_C
_uncsthëïb cléotrioh
AUH
Ackhvblt Hapcrc
Bee Krim Isblhmb mh rcmc Bg Krim Obgcothmb h rcmc Z__/C-??
Zbwcr _ystca _iaulhtibg ebr Cgkigccrs, vcrsibg ?? (_betwhrc mc Cgkcgfhrih)
III 6
ÁGMIOC OHZÁ]SLB I0 IG]^BMSËÏB ....................................... ................... ....................................... ................................. .............. 88 8.8 IG]^BMSËÏB ................................................................................. 88 8.> BN@C]IUB_ MB C_]ÈKIB .................................................................... 8>
OHZI]SLB II0 HZ^C_CG]HËÏB MH CAZ^C_H ....................................... ................... ........................... ....... 8? >.8 _SNC_]HËÏB MC GHOHLH ................................................................. 8? >.> LBOHL MC ]^HNHLFB ....................................................................... 85
ohpá tulb tulb III0 HO]IUIMHMC_ HO]IUIMHMC_ MC_CGUBLUIMH_ ...................................... .................. ........................... ....... 8; ?.8 Bpcrhëïb c supcrvisïb mb sistcah ....................................... .................... ....................................... ........................ .... 8; ?.> Ahgbnrhs ........................................................................................ 89 ?.? ^bugm ^cpbrt .................................................................................... 89 ?.= Ahgutcgëïb prcvcgtivh mhs Nhtcrihs .................................... ................. ....................................... ........................ .... 89 ?.3 Ahgutcgëïb prcvcgtivh mb kcrhmbr mc cacrk àgoih ...................................... .................. ........................... ....... >: ?.5 Cstumb mc igtckrh ëïb mh Gbvh Ocgtrhl Elutuhgtc ............................................... >8 ?.; MIEIOSLMHMC_ CGOBG]^HMH_ GB C_]ÈKIB ......................................... >> ?.6 OBG_IMC^HËÓC_ EIGHI_ _BN^C B C_]ÈKIB ........................................... >?
ohpá tulb tulb Iv0 ESGMHACG]H ESGMHACG]HËÏB ]Cß^IOH ................................................... >= =.8 _istcah Clétriob mc Zbtàgoih .................................................................... >= =.> _uncsthëócs ...................................................................................... >3 =.>.8 Olhssieiohëïb mhs _C0 ....................................................................... >3 =.>.> Lbohlizhëïb mc _uncsthëócs ................................................................ >5 =.>.? Cquiphacgtbs mc uah _uncsthëïb ...................................... .................. ....................................... ..................... >; =.>.= _istcah mc Zrbtcëïb......................................................................... ?8
3. OBGOLS_ïb ...................................................................................... =8 ^CEC^ÀGOIH_ NINLIBK^ÈEIOH_ .............................................................. => HGCVB_............................................................................................... =? 9
8:
OHZÁ]SLB I0 IG]^BMSËÏB 8.8 IG]^BMSËÏB
B csthkib é ua prbocssb mc hprcgmizhkca, é uah trhgsiëïb cgtrc h tcbrih c h pr ètioh quc prbpbroibgh hb cstumhgtc b obaplcacgtb mb hprcgmizhmb c h phrtioiph ëïb ca situhëócs rchis mc vimh c mc trhnhlfb, obgsblimhgmb h suh prbeissïb c cxplbrhmhs obapctàgoihs nèsiohs igmispcgsèvcis phrh uah ebrahëïb prbeissibghl étioh c ob-rcspbgsèvcl pclb mcscgvblviacgtb fuahgb c pclh aclfbrih mh quhlimhmc mc vimh. Cstc rclhtÿ rib trhz igebrahëócs kcrhis sbnrc hs htivimhmcs mcscgvblvimhs murhgtc b pcr ábmb mc rchlizhëïb mb cstèkib, nca obab bs rcsulthmbs bntimbs, hs mieioulmhmcs cgobgtrhmhs c hs heigimhmcs imcgtieiohmhs oba h cxpcriàgoih pr ètioh. B cstèkib mcscgvblvcu-sc gh caprcsh CMA-Clcotrioimhmc mc abëhaniquc, Mircoëïb mc trhgspbrtc Gbrtc, obgorcthacgtc gh _uncsthoïb mc Ghohlh-Zbrtb gh oimhmc mb acsab gbac, CMA é h caprcsh obgocssibgèrih mc cgcrkih clcotrioh gb gbssb ph ás, prbmuz h cgcrkih cléotrioh, trhgspbrth, mistrinui c obacroihlizh h acsah ca tbmb b tcrritÿrib Abëhaniohgb. H
_uncsthëïb mc Ghohlh
é uah igsthlhëïb clétrioh mc hlth tcgsïb mcstighmh h
trhgsaissïb, mistrinuiëïb mc cgcrkih cléotrioh phrh h oimhmc Ghohlh, eugoibgh obab pbgtb mc obgtrblc c trhgsecr àgoih gb sistcah mc trhgsaisshb c mistrinui ëïb mc cgcrkih mh CMA, mircoibgh c obgtrblh b eluxb cgcrkétiob, trhgsebrahgmb bs gávcis mc tcgsïb c eugoibgh obab pbgtb mc cgtrckh phrh obgsuaimbrcs obgsuaimbrcs igmustrihis c mcahis. B Cstèkib ebi rchlizhmb cectivhacgtc gb pcr ábmb mc >3 mc Butunrb mc >:89 ê :; mc Ecvcrcirb mc >:>:, tcgmb obab ohrkh fbr èrih tbthl >:: fbrhs.
88
8.> BN@C]IUB_ MB C_]ÈKIB
Bpbrtugizhr hb cstumhgtc uah obgvivàgoih oba bs prbnlcahs rchis mb cxcro áoib
b
prbeissibghl gua obgerbgtb mirctb mirctb cgtrc h tcbrih c h pr ètioh.
Cxcroithr h ohphoimhmc mb hlugb mc bnscrvhr, brkhgizhr, plhgc`hr c prbpbr sbluëócs ca
b
situhëócs rchis mc plhgc`hacgtb c cxcou ëïb, oba h bricgthëïb mbs trhnhlfhmbrcs lbohis, sbn supcrvisïb mb obbrmcghmbr mc ohapb.
Bs bn`ctivbs prigoiphis mb cstèkib ebrha mc pcrocncr obab eugoibgh b prbocssb mc
b
rcocpëïb mc cgrkih ca hlth tcgs ïb, trhgsaissïb, trhgsebrahëïb c mistrinuiëïb mc phrh bs mivcrsbs obgsuaimbrcs, obgfcocr bs mivcrsbs cquiphacgtbs quc obgstituca h suncsthëïb, gbachmhacgtc, bs cquiphacgtbs mc pbtc àgoih, acmimh, mc prbtcoëïb c obgtrblc nca obab hs eugëócs quc mcscapcgfha gb sistcah, c hpcreciëbhr b obgfcoiacgtb nèsiob sbnrc clctrioimhmc c clctr ýgioh pbr acib mc thrcehs pr ètiohs.
8>
OHZI]SLB II0 HZ^ C_CG]H C_CG]HËÏB MH CAZ^C_H CAZ^C_H >.8 _SNC_]HËÏB MC GHOHLH
H suncsthëïb mc Ghohlh quc hgtikhacgtc ocgtrhl tcrabcl éotrioh é uah igerhcstruturh pcrtcocgtc h Clcotrioimhmc mc Ab ëhaniquc, obab `è ebi rcecrimb hgtcribracgtc é b obrhëïb mb ebrgcoiacgtb mc cgcrkih phrh h oimhmc mc Ghohlh, eugoibgh obab pbgtb mc obgtrblc c trhgsecr àgoih gb sistcah mc trhgsaissïb c mistrinuiëïb mc cgcrkih clcotrioh. H suncsthëêb lbohlizh-sc gh nhixh mh oimhmc prbxiab hs igsthlh ëócs mh ZC]^BABO, cst è bpcrhgmb h auitbs hgbs, é csscgoihlacgtc obapbsth pbr mbis trhgsebrahmbrcs mc pbt àgoih mc hlth tcgsïb prigoiphis mc 88:/??dU, oba uah pbtàgoih mc ?3AUH c uah pbtàgoih tbthl igsthlhmh ;3AUH, ? trhgsebrahmbrcs mc a émih tcgshïb ??/88dU, oba uah pbtàgoih mc 8:AUH ohmh c mivcrsbs cquiphacgtbs mc pbtcgoih quc pcraitca h bpcrhohb mh acsah sbn obgmiëócs gbrahis c hgbrahis, his obab bs cquiphacgtbs mc obrtc c ahgbnrh, prbtcëïb, cquiphacgtbs mc acmiëïb c mc sighlizhëïb.
Eikurh 80visth hérch mh suncsthëïb mc Ghohlh
Ebgtc0 Kbbklc Ahps, Ahps, fttps0//www.kbbklc.oba/ahps
8?
Bs mbis trhgsebrahmbrcs prigoiphis mc ?3AUH bpcrha ca phrhlclb, rcocnca gb scu oirouitb priaèrib uah tcgsïb mc 88:dU c pbr suh vcz nhixha phrh uah tcgsïb mc ??dU mcnithmh pclb scu oirouitb scougmhrib, b oirouitb scougm èrib hliacgth ua nhrrhacgtb mc ??dU, gcstc nhrrhacgtb é bgmc csthb obgcothmbs hs ligfhs mc mistruio ïb phrh bs mivcrsbs obgsuaimbrcs mc aémih tcgsïb h ??dU c é b pbgtb mc hliacgthohb mbs trhgsebrahmbrcs mc ??dU Eikurh >0]rhgsebrahmbrcs >0]rhgsebrahmbrcs prigoiphis 88 88:/??dU :/??dU mh _C G Ghohlh hohlh
Ebgtc0 Hutbr mb rclht rclht ÿrib
H iahkca hnhixb ilustrh bs trhgsebrahmbrcs mc a émih tcgshïb quc bpcprha ikuhlacgtb ca phrhlclb nhixhgmb h tcgshb mc ??dU phrh 88d, sïb hliacgthmbr hphrtir mb nhrrhacgtb mc ??dU c hliacgtha b nhrrhacgtb mc 88dU, gcstc nhrrhacgtb shca ligfhs mc mimtrinui ëïb h ua gávcl mc 88dU phrh hliacgthr bs mivcrsbs obgsuaimbrcs
mc A] c Z]s phrh pbstcribracgtc
hliacgthr bs mivcrsbs obgsuaimbrcs mc m c nhixh tcgsïb
8=
Eikurh ?0Zhrquc ?0Zhrquc mh _C Ghohlh
Ebgtc0 Hutbr mb rclht rclht ÿrib
Eikurh =0]rhgsebrahmbrcs =0]rhgsebrahmbrcs mc aémih tcgïb ??/88dU
Ebgtc0 Hutbr mb rclht rclht ÿrib
83
Csth ugimhmc brkîgioh mh CMA pcrtcgoc h èrch mc trhgspbrtc mc cgcrkih cl éotrioh mh rckiïb Gbrtc mb ph p hás, caprckh mc ebrah mircoth 6 eugoibgèribs téogiobs clcotrioisths, bs quhis vclha pclb sistcah cl c léotriob, cxcoutha thrcehs mc bpcrhohb, supcrvishb, kcsthb mc ohrkh mb sistcah, ahgutcghb prcvcgtivh c obrcotivh mbs cquiphacgtbs mc pbtcgoih.
>.> LBOHL MC ]^HNHLFB
Hpcshr mc scr ua hanicgtc hoblfcmbr pclh nbh rcocp ëïb c obgvivàgoih há cgobgtrhmh, h shlh mc obahgmb é b lbohl bgmc ahibr phrtc mc tcapb b cstèkib ebi mcscgvblvimb hprcscgth uah situhohb quc ac hpbqucgth, pbr scr ua csphëb ecxmb sca `hgclhs, gïb fè oiroulhohb livrc mc hr ca abacgtbs mc liapczh, iss issb b prbvboh auith houaulhohb mc pbcirhs b q quc uc nhsthgtc prc`umioihl phrh b hanicgtc hanicgtc ca sc (phrh hs pcssbhs) c phrh cquiphacgtb, bs cquiphacgtbs mc obgtrblc, igebraètiobs, mc acmimhs hlá cxistcgtcs sïb nhsthgtc scgsivcis, csth situhëïb pbmcr è rcmuzir obgsimcrhvclacgtc h vimh util mbs mb s cquiphacgtbs. Eikurh 30Zhig 30Zhigéis mc obahgmb c obgtrblc mh shlh mc obahgmb
Ebgtc0 Hutbr mb rclht rclht ÿrib
85
OHZÁ]SLB III0 HO]IUIMHMC_ MC_CGUBLUIMH_
Cstc ohpitulb hprcscgth mc ebrah rcsuaimh tbmhs hotivimhmcs rchlizhmhs ca trhnhlfbs gb mcoursb mb cstèkib.
?.8 Bpcrhëïb c supcrvisïb mb sistcah
_cgmb h bpcrhëïb uah èrch eugmhacgthl gh rcmc cléotrioh, h bpcrhëïb c supcrvisïb mh rcmc mc hlth tcgsïb é kuihmh pbr prbocmiacgtbs c cgklbnh mivcrshs hotivimhmcs, gbachmhacgtc0 supcrvisïb c obgtrblb mh rcmc, ahgbnrhs gbs hphrclfbs/cquiphacgtbs, igspco ëïb, ahgutcgëïb mh priacirh ligfh, cto Csth hotivimhmc obgsistiu ca rchlizhëïb mc vèrihs thrcehs hoiah mcsoriths mc ebrah obgt águh oba b prigoiphl bn`cotivb khrhgtir h sckurhgëh mhs pcssbhs, mbs cquiphacgtbs c b ebrgcoiacgtb obgtágub mh cgcrkih h oimhmc mc Ghohlh. Obgsgtcacgtc htrhvés mb _OHMH supcrvisibghabs bs phr îactrbs mc cgcrkih cléotrih mc ebrah h khrhgtir quc cstivcssca mcgtrb mbs liaitcs csthnclioimbs, obab b gávcl mc tcgsïb, obrrcgtcs, pbtàgoih hotivh, rchotivh c ehotbr mc pbtàgoih. Eikurh 50 _OHMH _OHMH mh _C Ghohl Ghohlh h O?? Nhy
8;
Eikurh ;0 _OHMH mh _C Ghohlh
Ebgtc0 Hutbr mb rclht rclht ÿrib
Mihrihacgtc c mc Fbrh h fbrh eizcabs h igspcgohb visuhl mbs cquiphacgtbs mc pbtàgoih, obab b obgtrbl mc tcapcrhturhs mc ÿlcb c mc cgrblhacgtbs mb trhsebrahmbr mc pbt àgoih, gávcl mc ÿlcb, csthmb mbs Nusfigks mb trhgsebrahmbr, vcrieioh ëïb mb csthmb mbs U]s c O]s cgtrc butrbs cquiphacgtbs c ehzcr b mcvimb rckistb mbsscs mhmbs. _cahghlacgtc vcrieiohohabs aigugoibshacgtc b gávcl mc khs _E5 gbs mis`ugtbrcs mc hlth thgtb mc hlth c a émih tcgsïb, vistb quc b kès mcscapcgfh ua phpcl prcpbgmcrhgtc gb eugoibghacgtb mbs mis`ugtbrcs, sïb rcspbgshvcis pclh cxtigsïb mb hrob cléotriob gb abacgtb ca quc sc likh c mcslikh-sc b mis`ugtbr. É cxtrcahacgtc pcrikbsb bpcrhr cstc cquiphacgtb sca bu oba ua nhixb gávcl mc _E5. _caprc quc obgsththabs ua hnhixhacgtb mb givcl mc _E5 eizcabs b mcvimb horcsoiab phrh khrhgtir b nba eugoibghacgtb c bpcrhëïb sckurh mb cquiphacgtb.
86
Eikurh 60Mis`ugtbr 60Mis`ugtbr Mchm ]fhgd mc Hlth tcgsïb h _E5
Ebgtc0 Hutbr mb rclh rclhÿrib
?.> Ahgbnrhs
Obgsistiu ca htcgmcr sblioithëócs mc obrtc c htcrrhacgtbs mhs ligfhs mc H] c A.]ca phrh igtcrvcgëïb gh ligfh ca rcphrhëïb mc hvhrihs bu quhlqucr butrh igtcrvcgëïb mc cxtrcah iapbrtîgoih, phrh khrhgtir h sckurhgëh mb pcssbhl h igtcrvir gb tcrrcgb.
?.? ^bugm ^cpbrt
Zclb acgbs uah vcz pbr scahghs rclizhabs b rbugm rcpbrt, hotivimhmc quc obgsistiu ca vcrieiohr b csthmb mc tbmh h suncsthëïb, cquiphacgtb pbr cquiphacgtb igoluigmb h igerh cstruturh mc ebrah ahis aigugsibsh pbssávcl c rcpbrthr oba mcsthquc hs hgbahlihs.
?.= Ahgutcgëïb prcvcgtivh mhs Nhtcrihs
Hotivimhmc cecotuhmh ca ohmh 83 mihs, quc obgsistiu ca liaphr h pbcirh ghs nhtcrihs, vcrieiohr hs obgcxbcs mbs scus nbrgcs, cecotuhr acmiëócs mc tcgsïb mhs ugimhmcs c acmir h mcgsimhmc mh èkuh mcslilhmb phrh khrhgtir quc csths cstc`ha ca pcrahgcgtc eugoibghacgtb, pbrquc hs nhtcrihs sïb clcacgtbs vithis mh suncsthëïb, hliacgtha tbmbs bs oirouitbs mc prbtcoëócs, obgtrblc c obaugiohëïb. 89
Eikurh 90Nhgob mc nhtcrihs mc 88:UM 88:UMO O c =6UMO
Ebgtc0 Hutbr mb rclh rclhÿrib
?.3 Ahgutcgëïb prcvcgtivh mb kcrhmbr mc cacrkàgoih
Hotivimhmc mcscapcgfhmh scahghlacgtc quc obgsistiu ca liapcsh mb krupb kcrhmbr mc cacrkcgoih, vcrieiohëïb mb csthmb c gávcl mc ÿlcb mb abmbr micscl, vcrieiohëïb mb gávcl mc Micscl gb thgquc c horcsocgthr ohsb ebssc gcocss èrib. B krupb kcrhmbr micscl hliacgth bs scrviobs huxihrcs mh _C, ohrkhs pcrahgcgtcs mc OH, csscgoihis c ohrrckhmbrcs mc nhtcrihs/rctieiohmbrcs ca ohsbs mc ehlth mc tcgsïb gh ligfh prigoiphl 88:dU, c hrrhgohr hrr hgohr b krupb gua pcr ábmb mc acih fbrh. Eikurh 8:0Krupb kcrhmbr kcrhmbr mc cacrk àgoih
Ebgtc0 Hutbr mb rclh rclhÿrib
>:
?.5 Cstumb mc igtckrhëïb mh Gbvh Ocgtrhl Elutuhgtc
Cquiphs obg`ugth mh Clcotrioimhmc mc Abohaniquc c mh caprcsh ]uroh Dhrpbwcrsfip gh qu quhl hl cu eiz phrtc, prbocmcrha mc mih >> h >6 mc Gbvcanrb mc >:89, h sunstitui ëïb mb Nhrob quc hlncrkh h ocgtrhl tcrabcléotrioh elutuhgtc mc Ghohlh. Csth hoëhb obgsistiu ca vèribs prcbocssbs c trhnhlfbs ca cquipcs, hp ÿs h obgcxïb mh ligfh gh gbvh canhrohoïb, fbuvc ua cstumb oba rcoursb h sbetwhrcs mc Cgkcgfhrih obab Z__C-?? c Zbwcr quhlity acttcr bgligc, quc lcvbu h vèribs tcstcs mc ohrkh c mcsohrkh mh gbvh ocgtrhl gb Bee Krim c Bg Krim c hp ÿs b téraigb bs rcsulthmbs ebrha shtisehtÿribs. H oimhmc mc Ghohlh, hgtcs mh cgtrhmh mh gbvh canhroh ëïb vigfh sbercgmb pbr séribs prbnlcahs mc cgcrkih, elutuhëócs obgsthgtcs prigoiphlacgtc ca fbrhs mc pbgth, h trboh mbs ghvibs obgsistiu ca rcsblvcr cstcs prbnlcahs. Ca tcrabs obaphrhtivbs, H hgtikh ocgtrhl prbmuzih 8:>.5 Ackhwhtts A ckhwhtts oba 5 krupbs mc m c 8;.8A[f hphrtir mc Micscl b bu u ÿlcb pcshmb c h gbvh tca 8:9.9>A[ oba 5 krupbs mc 86.?>A[f ohmh, c h miecrcg ëh gïb rcsimc hpcghs gh ohphoimhmc mc prbmu ëïb, csthabs thanéa mihgtc mc tcogblbkihs mc pbgth ca tcrabs mc sistcah mc phrhactrbs mc bpcrhëïb, b gbvb sistcah tca than éa h vhgthkca mc trhnhlfhr h Micscl, ÿlcb pcshmb c h kès ghturhl obgebrac h bpëïb mh CMA, cgquhgtb b butrb trhnhlfhvh hpcghs h Micscl c ÿlcb pcshmb c h butrh vhgthkca pbr vcgturh h ahis rclcvhgtc é quc h gbvh ocgtrhl obgecrc ahibr csthnilimhmc gb sistcah, pbssui ua cquiphacgtb ofhahmb Z__ (Zbwcr _istca _thnilizcr) quc h`umh h habrtizhr hs bsoilhëócs gh rcmc prbvbohmhs pbr pcrturnhëócs vèrihs, pbmc fhvcr quhlqucr bsoilhëïb, ahgtcabs b ebrgcoiacgtb mc cgcrkih, g ïb hnhghabs c gca oblhpshabs b sistcah. Ca suah csth hotivimhmc ebi ua suocssb.
>8
Eikurh 880H csqucrmh h gbvh canhro canhroh hëïb mh DH^ZB[C^_FIZ
Ebgtc0 Likhëïb Cxprcssb, Abisé s Ahnugmh c Hrquivbs, Hrquivbs, >:89
?.; MIEIOSLMHMC_ CGOBG]^HMH_ GB C_]ÈKIB
Gh rchlizhëïb mc cstumbs mc igtckrhëïb mh gbvh canhrohëïb mc prbmuëïb mc cgcrkih gb hanitb mb aclfbrhacgtb mc csthnilimhmc mb sistcah cgcrk étiob mc trhgspbrtc mh CMA, ebi h hotivimhmc quc ahis ac mcspcrtbu ouribsimhmcs, mðvimhs c mieioulmhmcs. Zbr mivcrshs vczcs ebrha gcocssèrihs obgsulth hbs ahguhis bu csolhrcoiacgtb mc mðvimhs oba bs Cgkcgfcirbs cgvblvimbs gb trhnhlfb. Hs mðvimhs prigoiphis csthvha rclhoibghmhs ca obab trhnhlfhr oba b sbetwhrc mc Cgkcgfhrih Z__C-?? c bntcr mhmbs obgsisbs gh cxcou ëïb mc siaulhëócs gb mcscgfb mh obgeikurhëïb mb sistcah cgcrkétiob, h ehlth mb obgfcoiacgtb pr évib mc mcthlfcs c ocrtbs prbocmiacgtbs tbrghrha mie áocis b acu trhnhlfb, pÿrca cgohrci b trhnhlfb obab ua nba mcsheib mcsheib , oba h`umh mb pcssbhl obgsckui ultrhphsshr hs miei mieiolmhmcs. olmhmcs.
>>
?.6 OBG_IMC^HËÓC_ EIGHI_ _BN^C B C_]ÈKIB
Gïb fè mð vimhs quc b cstèkib trhz ncgce áoibs hb cstumhgtc. Murhgtc b tcapb mc rchlizh ëïb mhs htivimhmcs mc cstèkib cstrcithabs obgfcoiacgtbs téogiobs c pr ètiobs, c mcssh ebrah b obgvávib oba caprcsh c pcssbhs mh acsah èrch c ahis cxpcricgtcs, c hs thrcehs obtimihghs mh caprcsh obaplcacgtha b quc butrbrh ebrh vistb mc ebrah tcÿ rioh murhgtc hs hulhs. Obgsimcrb quc auiths mðvimhs cxistcgtcs oba rclhëïb hbs sistcahs cléotriobs mc trhgspbrtc c mistrinuiëïb mc cgcrkih c b scu eugoibghacgtb, hssia obab oirouitbs mc ebrah kcrhl ebrha csolhrcoimhs murhgtc bs trhnhlfbs mc bpcrhëïb c cstumbs.. Zbr eia, obgsimcrb quc hs cxpcriàgoihs vivimhs murhgtc b cstèkib ebrha mc suah iapbrtîgoih gh ebrahëïb mb csthkièrib. Hs miecrcgtcs ligfhs mc trhnhlfb cgobgtrhmhs prbpbroibghrha riohs cxpcriàgoihs quc vca h sbahr gb ourr áoulb mb oursb.
>?
OHZÁ]SLB IU0 ESGMHACG]HËÏB ]Cß^IOH
Cstc ohpátulb ebrgcoc uah nhsc tcÿrioh phrh h obaprccgsïb c vhlimhëïb mhs htivimhmcs rchlizhmhs. =.8 _istcah Clétriob mc Zbtàgoih
B sctbr clétriob augmihl phssh obgsthgtcacgtc pbr haplb prbocssb mc rccstruturhëïb brkhgizhoibghl. Htuhlacgtc, bs sistcahs clétriobs mc pbtàgoih sïb mivimimbs ca quhtrb krhgmcs èrchs0 kcrhëïb, trhgsaissïb, mistrinuiëïb c utilizhëïb, scgmb ohmh uah mhs phrtcs iaprcsoigmávcl phrh b ebrgcoiacgtb ebrgcoiacgtb c hprbvcithacgtb hprbvcithacgtb mh cgcrkih clétrioh. Sa csqucaètiob mb _istcah Clétriob mc Zbtàgoih (_CZ) pbmc scr vistb gh Eik. 8. Gclc, pbmcsc bnscrvhr hs quhtrb scëócs oithmhs hgtcribracgtc. Mcsthohabs b ehtb mc quc cssc csqucaètiob gïb obgtcaplh h kcrhëïb mistrinuámh, bu obkcrhëïb, quc `è é vcrmhmc ca gbssbs mihs c quc `è ehz phrtc mb _CZ.T8Q Eikurh 8>0Csqucaètiob mb _CZ
Ebgtc0 mcsobgfcoimh mcsobgfcoimh
>=
=.> _uncsthëócs
“Obg`ugtb mc igsthlhëócs clétriohs ca aémih bu hlth tcgsïb quc hkruph bs cquiphacgtbs, obgmutbrcs c hocssÿribs, mcstighmbs ê prbtcëïb, acmiëïb, ahgbnrh c trhgsebrahëïb mc krhgmczhs clétriohs.‑ TZrbmistQ Hs suncsthëócs (_C) sïb pbgtbs mc obgvcrkàgoih, cgtrhmh c shámh, mc ligfhs mc trhgsaissïb bu mistrinuiëïb. Oba ercqüàgoih, obgstituca uah igtcrehoc cgtrc mbis sunsistcahs. T8Q =.>.8 Olhssieiohëïb mhs _C0
H) H) Xuhgtb ê Eugëïb0 _C mc Ahgbnrh0 Zcraitc ahgbnrhr phrtcs mb sistcah, igscrigmb bu rctirhgmb-hs mc scrviëb, ca ua acsab gávcl mc tcgsïb. _C mc ]rhgsebrahëïb4 _C Clcvhmbrh0
• Lbohlizhmhs gh shámh mhs usighs kcrhmbrhs. • Clcvha h tcgsïb phrh gávcis mc trhgsaissïb c sun-trhgsaissïb (trhgspbrtc cobgýaiob mh cgcrkih). _C Hnhixhmbrh0
• Lbohlizhmhs gh pcriecrih mhs oimhmcs. • Miaiguca bs gávcis mc tcgsïb cvithgmb igobgvcgicgtcs phrh h pbpulhëïb obab0 r èmib igtcrecr àgoih, ohapbs ahkgétiobs igtcgsbs, c ehixhs mc phsshkca p hsshkca auitb lhrkhs. _C mc Mistrinuiëïb 0Miaiguca h tcgsïb phrh b gávcl mc mistrinuiëïb priaèrih (8?,6dU ‟ ?=,3dU). Zbmca pcrtcgocr ê obgocssibgèrih bu h krhgmcs krhgmcs obgsuaimbrcs. obgsuaimbrcs. _C mc ^ckulh ëïb mc ]cgsïb0 Htrhvés mb caprckb mc cquiphacgtbs mc obapcgshëïb this obab rchtbrcs, ohphoitbrcs, obapcgshmbrcs cstètiobs, cto. cto. _C Obgvcrsbrhs0 Hssboihmhs h sistcahs mc trhgsaissïb ca OO (_C ^ctieiohmbrh c _C Igvcrsbrh) Igvcrsbrh) N) N) Xuhgtb hb Gá vcl vcl mc ]cgsïb0 _C mc Hlth ]cgsïb ‟ tcgs tcgsïb gbaighl hnhixb mc >?:dU4 C mc Cxtrh Hlth ]cgsïb - tcgsïb gbaighl hoiah mc >?:dU. >3
O) Xuhgtb hb ]ipb mc Igsthlhëïb0 _uncsthëócs Mcshnrikhmhs Mcshnrikhmhs - obgstruámhs h oéu hncrtb ca lbohis haplbs hb hr livrc4 _uncsthëócs Hnrikhmhs Hnrikhmhs - obgstruámhs ca lbohis igtcribrcs4 Hnrikhmbs4 _uncsthëócs Nligmhmhs4 Obgstruá mhs mhs ca lbohis hnrikhmbs0 Bs cquiphacgtbs sïb obaplcthacgtc prbtckimbs c isblhmbs ca ÿlcb bu ca kès (hr obapriaimb bu _E5). _E5). M) Xuhgtb ê Ebrah mc Bpcrhëïb. h. _uncsthëócs oba Bpcrhmbr0 Bpcrhmbr0 i. Cxikc hltb gávcl mc trcighacgtb mc pcssbhl ii. Ssb mc obaputhmbrcs gh supcrvisïb c bpcrhëïb lbohl sÿ sc `ustieioh phrh igsthlhëócs mc ahibr pbrtc. n. _uncsthëócs _cai-Hutbaètiohs0 tiohs0 i. Zbssuca obaputhmbrcs lbohis bu igtcrtrhvhacgtbs clctrb-aco îgiobs quc iapcmca bpcrhëócs igmcvimhs pbr phrtc mb bpcrhmbr lbohl. o. _uncsthëócs Hutbahtizhmhs Hutbahtizhmhs i. _ïb supcrvisibghmhs ê mistîgoih pbr igtcraémib mc obaputhmbrcs c _OHMH (_upcrvisbry (_upcrvisbry Obgtrbl hgm Mhth Mhth Hoquisitbg). Hoquisitbg). =.>.> Lbohlizhëïb mc _uncsthëócs
Obgsimcrhëócs quhgtb h csoblfh mc lbohl phrh igsthlhëïb mc _C0 »
Lbohlizhëïb imchl0 ocgtrb mc ohrkh4
»
Ehoilimhmc mc hocssb phrh ligfhs mc suntrhgsaissïb (cgtrhmhs) c ligfhs mc mistrinuiëïb (shámhs) cxistcgtcs c euturhs4
»
Csphëb phrh cxphgsïb4
»
^ckrhs mc usb c bouphëïb mb sblb4
»
Aigiaizhëïb mb gðacrb mc obgsuaimbrcs hecthmbs pbr mcsobgtiguimhmc mc scrviëb4 cto.
>5
=.>.? Cquiphacgtbs mc uah _uncsth ëïb
_ïb vèribs bs cquiphacgtbs cxistcgtcs ca uah _C, this obab0
∞ Nhrrhacgtbs ∞ Ligfhs c hliacgthmbrcs ∞ Cquiphacgtbs mc mis`ugëïb0 mis`ugtbrcs, rclikhmbrcs, ofhvcs. ∞ Cquiphacgtbs mc trhgsebrahëïb0 trhgsebrahmbrcs mc pbtàgoih, trhgsebrahmbrcs mc igstruacgtbs ‟ trhgsebrahmbr trhgsebrahmbr mc pbtcgoihl c mc m c obrrcgtc, c trhgsebrahmbr mc scrviëb.
∞ Cquiphacgtbs mc prbtcëïb0 rclés (priaèrib, rcthkuhrmh c huxilihr), eusávcis, pèrh-rhibs c ahlfh mc tcrrh.
∞ Cquiphacgtbs mc obapcgshëïb0 rchtbrcs, ohphoitbrcs, obapcgshmbrcs ságorbgbs, obapcgshmbrcs cstètiobs. Hs suncsthëócs (_C) sïb obapbsths pbr obg`ugtbs mc clcacgtbs, oba eug ëócs cspcoáeiohs gb sistcah clétriob, mcgbaighmbs vïbs (nhys nhys)) quc pcraitca h obapbsiëïb mh suncsthëïb ca aÿmulbs. Hs _C mistrinuimbrhs, usuhlacgtc, sïb obapbsths pclbs sckuigtcs vïbs0 cgtrhmh mc ligfh (CL)4 shámh mc ligfh (_L)4 nhrrhacgtbs mc hlth c a émih tcgsïb (N> c N8)4 vïb mc trhgsebrahëïb (]^)4 nhgob mc ohphoitbr bu vïb mc rckulhëïb (NO) c shámh mc hliacgthmbr (HL). Ohmh vïb mh suncsthëïb mcvc pbssuir mispbsitivbs mc prbtc ëïb (rclés) c cquiphacgtb mc mis`ugëïb oba h eighlimhmc mc liaithr bs iaphotbs prbpbroibghmbs pbr bobrr àgoihs gb sistcah clétriob this obab0 mcsohrkhs htabse ériohs, oblisïb, ehlfhs mc cquiphacgtbs, ourtbsoirouitbs, cto.
>;
á pioh Eikurh 8?0Mihkrhah 8?0Mihkrhah _iaplieio _iaplieiohmb hmb mc uah _unc _uncsth sthëïb ] á mc Mistrinui Mistrinuiëïb
Ebgtc0 www.mcc.ueo.nr/~ Ebgtc0 www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb rlchb
=.>.?.8 Nhrrhacgtbs
Bs nhrrhacgtbs sïb obgmutbrcs rcebr ëhmbs, kcrhlacgtc sÿlimbs c mc iapcmîgoih mcsprczávcl, quc scrvca obab ocgtrbs obaugs mc oblcth c rcmistrinuiëïb mc mc obrrcgtc. H mcgbaighëïb hrrhg`b é ushmh phrh hs ebrahs mc sc obgcothrca cgtrc si hs ligfhs, trhgsebrahmbrcs c ohrkhs mc uah suncsthëïb.T8Q H sckuir scr ïb hprcscgthmbs bs hrrhg`bs ahis obaugs phrh hs _C0 _C 0 Nhrrhacgtb siaplcs ‟ Nhrrhacgtb ‟ Muplb Muplb nhrrhacgtb siaplcs
‟ Nhrrhacgtb Nhrrhacgtb siaplcs scooibghmb ‟ Nhrrhacgtb Nhrrhacgtb prigoiphl c mc trhgsecr àgoih ‟ Nhrrhacgtb Nhrrhacgtb muplb oba ua mis`ugtbr m is`ugtbr ‟ Nhrrhacgtb Nhrrhacgtb muplb oba mis`ugtbr muplb ‟ Nhrrhacgtb Nhrrhacgtb muplb mc mis`ugtbr c acib Nhrrhacgtb ca hgcl ‟ Nhrrhacgtb >6
=.>.?.> Mis`ugtbr
Mispbsitivb mc ahgbnrh c prbtcëïb quc pcraitc h hncrturh bu ecofhacgtb mc oirouitbs mc pbtàgoih ca quhisqucr obgmiëócs mc bpcrhëïb, gbrahl c hgbrahl, ahguhl bu hutba ètioh. Bs cquiphacgtbs mc ahgbnrh sïb miacgsibghmbs phrh supbrthr obrrcgtcs mc ohrkh c mc ourtboirouitb gbaighis.T8Q Eikurh 8=0Oirouitb mc Hoibghacgtb mc ua Mis` Mis`ugtbr ugtbr
Ebgtc0 www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb
Bs mis`ugtbrcs sïb olhssieiohmbs c mcgbaighmbs sckugmb h tcogblbkih caprckhmh phrh h cxtigëïb mb hrob clétriob. Bs tipbs obaugs mc mis`ugtbrcs sïb0 H) Mis`ugtbrcs h sbprb ahkgétiob4 N) Mis`ugtbrcs h ÿlcb4 O) Mis`ugtbrcs h vèoub4 M) Mis`ugtbrcs h hr obapriaimb4 C) Mis`ugtbrcs h _E5 (Fcxhelubrctb mc cgxberc)4 =.>.?.? Ofhvcs Clétriohs/ _cooibghmbrcs
Hs ofhvcs clétriohs sïb mispbsitivbs mc ahgbnrh, mcstighmbs h csthnclcocr bu igtcrrbapcr h obrrcgtc ca ua oirouitb clétriob. _ïb mbthmhs mc obgthtbs aÿvcis c obgthtbs eixbs c pbmca bu gïb scr obahgmhmhs ob ahgmhmhs oba ohrkh.T8Q
>9
Eikurh 830Ofhvc _cooibghmbrh _cooibghmbrh Sgipblhr mc _C oba Hoibghac Hoibghacgtb gtb pbr Uhrh mc Ah Ahgbnrh gbnrh
Ebgtc0 www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb
=.>.?.= Ofhvcs mc Htcrrhacgtb
_ïb ofhvcs mc sckurhgëh quc khrhgtca quc uah ligfh sc`h htcrrhmh murhgtc bpcrh ëïb mc ahgutcgëïb gh ligfh. Hs ofhvcs mc htcrrhacgtb sïb bpcrhmhs (hnrir c ecofhr) sbacgtc quhgmb qu hgmb h ligfh cstè mcscgcrkizhmh c é utilizhmh phrh quc sc cvitca cgcrkizh ëócs igmcsc`hmhs mb nhy nhy,, lbohlizhmb gb cxtrcab bpbstb, obab than éa phrh cliaighëïb mhs igmuëócs mcvimb ê prbxiaimhmc mc ligfhs bu ca eugëïb mc sbnrctcgsócs mc brikca htabse ériohs, hs quhis pbmca hssuair vhlbrcs pcrikbsbs.T8Q =.>.?.3 Zèrh-^hibs
_ïb ca kcrhl lbohlizhmbs ghs cgtrhmhs mc ligfh, sh ámhs mc ligfhs c gh cxtrcaimhmc mc hlkuahs nhrrhs mc aémih tcgsïb mc suncsthëócs phrh prbtcëïb obgtrh sbnrctcgsó cs prbabvimhs pbr ofhvchacgtbs c mcsohrkhs htabse ériohs gb sistcah. Bs p èrh-rhibs sïb thanéa lbohlizhmbs gbs trhgsebrahmbrcs mc mistrinuiëïb.T?Q
Eikurh 850Z èrh-rhibs mc Csthëïb Zbliaériob c mc Zbroclhgh
Ebgtc0 www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb
?:
=.>.= _istcah mc Zrbtcëïb
H eugëïb mc ua csqucah mc prbtcëïb ca ua sistcah clétriob mc pbtàgoih é mctcothr ehlth c isblhr h èrch hecthmh gb acgbr tcapb pbssávcl, mc ebrah obgeièvcl c oba aágiah igtcrrupëïb pbssávcl.T?Q Bn`ctivbs mc ua _istcah mc Zrbtcëïb0
∞ _ckurhgëh pcssbhl4 ∞ Ahgtcr h igtckrimhmc mbs cquiphacgtbs4 ∞ Isblhr h phrtc hecthmh mb rcsthgtc mb sistcah4 ∞ Hssckurhr h obgtiguimhmc mc ebrgcoiacgtb. ^cquisitbs mb _istcah mc mc Zrbtcëïb ‟ prbpricmhmcs quc mcsorcvca hs ohrhotcr ástiohs eugoibghis mc ua sistcah mc prbtcëïb0 mctcraigh h obbrmcghëïb mh prbtcëïb ∞ _clctivimhmc ‟ mctcraigh
∞ ^hpimcz bu Uclboimhmc ∞ _cgsinilimhmc ∞ Obgeihnilimhmc ∞ Oustb H) _clctivimhmc0 _clctivimhmc0 é h prbpricmhmc mh prbtc ëïb ca misoriaighr c sbacgtc mcsobgcothr mb sistcah h phrtc htigkimh pclb mcecitb. H sclctivimhmc é h prigoiphl obgmiëïb phrh hssckurhr hb obgsuaimbr ua scrviëb sckurb c obgtágub pbr mcsobgcothr h acgbr scëïb mh rcmc gcocssèrih phrh isblhr h ehlth.
?8
Eikurh 8;0Csqucah mc _clctivimhmc mh Zrbtcëïb
Ebgtc0 www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb
=.>.=.8 ^clés
Bs rclés mc prbtcëïb sïb mispbsitivbs rcspbgsèvcis pclb kcrcgoihacgtb c abgitbrhacgtb mhs krhgmczhs clétriohs ca ua mctcraighmb oirouitb. Bs rclés sïb prb`cthmbs phrh scgtir pcrturnhëócs gb sistcah clétriob c hutbahtiohacgtc cxcouthr hëócs mc obgtrblc sbnrc mispbsitivbs mc mis`ugëïb h eia mc prbtckcr pcssbhs c cquiphacgtbs. B sistcah mc prbtcëïb gïb é obapbstb hpcghs pclb rclé, ahs pbr ua obg`ugtb mc sunsistcahs igtckrhmbs quc igtcrhkca cgtrc si oba b bn`ctivb mc prbmuzir h aclfbr htuhëïb sbnrc b sistcah, bu sc`h, isblhr h èrch mcecitubsh mcecitubsh sca quc csth obaprbacth obaprbacth b rcsthgtc mb _CZ. Cstcs sunsistcahs sïb ebrahmbs nhsiohacgtc pbr rclés, mis`ugtbrcs, trhgsebrahmbrcs mc igstruacgthëïb c pclb sistcah mc supriacgtb mc cgcrkih. H Eikurh abstrh h hssboihëïb cgtrc ua rclé mc prbtcëïb c bs mcahis clcacgtbs mb sistcah mc prbtc ëïb.T?Q
?>
Eikurh 860Cquiphacgtbs 860Cquiphacgtbs mc ua sistcah sistcah mc prbtcëïb
www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb Ebgtc0 www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb
H eugëïb prigoiphl mc ua rclé mc prbtcëïb é cgvihr ua sighl mc misphrb, htrhvés mc ua obgthtb scob (_M), phrh uah nbnigh mc hncrturh bu mc aágiah tcgsïb mbs mis`ugtbrcs hssboihmbs. Bs rclés mc prbtcëïb htuha h phrtir mh obaphrhëïb mbs mhmbs acmimbs gb sistcah clétriob oba vhlbrcs pr é-h`usthmbs gb pr ÿ prib rclé. Bs rclés rcocnca sighis mc tcgsïb c/bu sighis mc obrrcgtc htrhvés mc trhgsebrahmbrcs mc igstruacgtbs, ]Z c ]O, rcspcotivhacgtc, obaphrh oba vhlbrcs pr é-mceigimbs, c ohsb imcgtieiquca h cxistàgoih mc hlkuah hgbrahlimhmc, bu sc`h, hs krhgmczhs acmimhs pclb rclé gh zbgh mc prbtc ëïb sbn h suh rcspbgshnilimhmc htigkir vhlbrcs hoiah bu hnhixb mbs vhlbrcs pr émceigimbs, bs rclés cgviha obahgmbs mc hncrturh (trip ( trip)) phrh b(s) mis`ugtbr(cs) c cstc isblh h phrtc mb sistcah clétriob sbn ehlth, mb rcsthgtc mb sistcah. Eikurh 890Hssboihëïb cgtrc ^cl é c Mis`ugtbr
Ebgtc0 www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb
??
=.>.=.> Eugëócs mc Zrbtcëïb
Bs rclés tàa hs suhs eugëócs mc prbtcëïb imcgtieiohmhs pbr gðacrbs, mc hobrmb oba h hs gbrahs ICCC ( Igstitutc be b e Clcotriohl hgm Clcotrbgios Cgkigccrs Cgkigccrs), ), HG_I ( Hacriohg Ghtibghl _thgmhrms Igstitutc) Igstitutc) c ICO ( Igtcrghtibghl Igtcrghtibghl Clcotrbtcofgiohl Obaaissibg). Obaaissibg). H ]hnclh hnhixb hprcscgth hlkugs mbs oÿmikbs mc eugëócs mc prbtcëïb phmr ïb prhtiohmbs pclb ICCC/HG_I. ]hnclh 80 prigoiphis eugëócs mc prbtcoócs hpliohmhs ca suncsthëócs
Eugëïb
Mcsoriëïb
3:
Eugëïb mc sbnrcobrrcgtc igsthgtîgch mc ehsc
38
Eugëïb mc sbnrcobrrcgtc tcapbrizhmh mc ehsc
3:G 3:/38G_ 38NE
Eugëïb mc sbnrcobrrcgtc tcapbrizhmh mc gcutrb Eugëïb mc sbnrcobrrcgtc gcutrb scgsávcl? Eugëïb mc ehlfh mc mis`ugtbr
=5
Eugëïb mc scqüàgoih gckhtivh
5;
Eugëïb mc sbnrcobrrcgtc mircoibghl mc ehsc
5;G
Eugëïb mc sbnrcobrrcgtc mircoibghl mc gcutrb
>8
Eugëïb mc prbtcëïb mc mistîgoih
>;
Eugëïb mc suntcgsïb
39
Eugëïb mc sbnrctcgsïb
;9
Eugëïb mc rclikhacgtb
3:NE
Eugëïb mc ehlfh mb mis`ugtbr
38K
Eugëïb mc sbnrcobrrcgtc mc tcrrh
6;
Eugëïb mc miecrcgoihl
58
Eugëïb mc mcscquilá nrib nrib mc obrrcgtc
>3
Eugëïb mc sigorbgisab
?=
>5
Eugëïb tcapcrhturh mb ÿlcb
=9
Eugëïb tcapcrhturh mb cgrblhacgtb
5?
Eugëïb mc prcssïb mb kès mb trhgsebrahmbr mc pbtàgoih
;8
Eugëïb mc gávcl mb ÿlcb
96
Eugëïb mc bsoilbkrheih
=?
Eugëïb trhgsecr àgoih mh prbtcëïb
65
Eugëïb mc nlbqucib www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb Ebgtc0 www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb
H eilbsbeih kcrhl mc hpliohëïb mc rclés ca uah suncsthëïb é mivimir b sistcah clétriob ca zbghs scphrhmhs, quc pbmca scr prbtckimhs c mcsobgcothmhs igmivimuhlacgtc gh bobrr àgoih mc uah ehlth, phrh pcraitir hb rcstb mb sistcah obgtiguhr ca scrviëb sc pbssávcl. H lÿkioh mc bpcrhëïb mb sistcah mc prbtc ëïb mivimc b sistcah mc pbt àgoih ca vèrihs zbghs mc prbtcëïb, ohmh uah rcqucrcgmb scu pr ÿ prib krupb mc rclés.
Eikurh >:0Pbghs mh Zrbtc Zrbtcëïb Zrigoiphl
Ebgtc0 www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb
Hlkugs rclés bpcrha sbacgtc phrh ehlths mcgtrb mc suh zbgh mc prbtc ëïb prigoiphl. Zbr éa, cxistca rclés quc sïb ohphzcs mc mctcothr ehlths mcgtrb mc uah zbgh phrtioulhr c thanéa ebrh ?3
mclh, usuhlacgtc ca zbghs hm`hocgtcs, pbmcgmb scr ushmbs obab prbtcëïb mc rcthkuhrmh mh prbtcëïb prigoiphl. Sa pbgtb csscgoihl phrh khrhgtir h obgeihnilimhmc mb sistcah, é b sistcah mc prbtcëïb quc mcvc scr ohphz mc isblhr quhlqucr quc sc`h h ehlth, acsab quc h prbtc ëïb prigoiphl hssboihmh gïb bpcrc. Zbrthgtb, sc pbssávcl, tbmb vïb mcvc scr prbtckimb pclbs rclés mc prbtcëïb prigoiphl c mc rcthkuhrmh. Eikurh >80Pbghs mc Zrbtc Zrbtcëïb Zrigoiphl c mc ^cthkuhrmh
Ebgtc0 www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb
H prbtcëïb mc rcthkuhrmh pbmc scr lbohl bu rcabth, c obrrcspbgmc h ua cquiphacgtb bu sistcah mc prbtcëïb mcstighmb h bpcrhr quhgmb uah ehlth gb sistcah cl étriob, pbr quhlqucr rhzïb, gïb é isblhmh gb mcvimb tcapb, pclh prbtcëïb prigoiphl. Zhrh rchlizhr istb, b rclé mc prbtcëïb mc rcthkuhrmh tca ua clcacgtb scgsbr quc pbmc scr siailhr bu gïb hb mb sistcah mc prbtcëïb prigoiphl, ahs quc than éa igolui ua rcthrmb mc tcapb quc ehoilith rcmuzir h vclboimhmc mc bpcrhëïb mb rclé c mcstc abmb pcraitc h prbtc ëïb prigoiphl bpcrhr priacirb. Ca uah suncsthëïb mc mistrinuiëïb hs prbtcëócs gbrahlacgtc cgobgtrhmhs gbs vïbs sïb0 _ïb hssckuir hprcscgthmhs hs Eugëócs mc Zrbtcëïb Hssboihmhs ca Ohmh vïb mc uah _C ]á pioh. pioh. Uïb
Eugëócs mc Zrbtcëïb Aá giahs giahs
Cgtrhmh mc Ligfh 0 3:/38, 3:/38G, 3:/38G, 5;/5;G, >;, 39 39 c 3:NE _há mh mh mc Ligfh 0
>8, 3:/38, 3:/38G, 5;/5;G, =5H, ;9 c 3:NE
]rhgsebrahmbr0
>5, =9, 5?, 5?H, ;8, 6:, 3:/38, 3:/38G c 6; ?5
Nhrrh mc 83dU0
3:/38, 3:/38G, 3:NE
Hliacgthmbr0
3:/38, 3:/38G, 3:/38G_, =5, =5H, >;, ;9 c 3:NE
Sah mhs prigoiphis eugëócs mc prbtcëïb é h eugëïb mc sbnrcobrrcgtc. _ckugmb h gbrah ICO 5:>33-?, 899> hs ourvhs ohrhotcr ástiohs mc obrrcgtc sïb mb tipb0
∞ Gbrahl igvcrsh, ∞ Auitb igvcrsh, ∞ Cxtrcahacgtc igvcrsh, ∞ ]capb lbgkb igvcrsb c ∞ Abmcrhmhacgtc igvcrsh.
=.>.=.? _istcah Mikithl mc Hutbahëïb
]rhmioibghlacgtc hs suncsthëócs crha prbtckimhs htrhvés mc rclés clctrbacoîgiobs c clctr ýgiobs. Oba b hvhgëb tcogblÿkiob gh èrch mc ]IO (]cogblbkih mc Igebra ètioh c Obaugioh ëïb), hs caprcshs mc cgcrkih clétrioh, hb lbgkb mb tcapb, ebrha iaplhgthgmb sistcahs mc hquisiëïb mc mhmbs, supcrvisïb c obgtrblc (_OHMH/CA_) gbs ocgtrbs mc bpcrhëïb mc sistcahs. Igioihlacgtc hs Sgimhmcs ]craighis ^cabths (S]^), lbohlizhmhs ghs suncsthëócs, rchlizhrha h igtcrehoc cgtrc b sistcah _OHMH mb OB_ c bs rclés clctrbacoîgiobs c/bu clctr ýgiobs4 mis`ugtbrcs c scoibghmbrcs. Oba h rcmuëïb mbs oustbs mh tcogblbkih aiorbprbocsshmh c h obgsblimhëïb gb acrohmb mbs rclés mikithis aultieugëïb, nhschmbs ca aiorbprbocsshmbr, surkirha bs sistcahs mikithis phrh p hrh hutbahëïb mc suncsthëïb (_MH). Gh eikurh quc sc sckuc é hprcscgthmb ua mihkrhah mc nlbob siaplieiohmb mc ua MH_ phrh uah suncsthëïb oba bs rcspcotivbs gávcis eugoibghis.T8Q
?;
Eikurh >>0Mihkrhah mc Nlbob mh F Ficrhrquih icrhrquih Eugo Eugoibghl ibghl mc ua _MH phrh _C
Ebgtc0 www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb
Bs _MHs, obgebrac hprcscgthmb gh Eikurh =.3>, sïb obapbstbs mc tr às gávcis eugoibghis0
∞ Gávcl :0 obrrcspbgmc hb prbocssb ‟ vvïbs, mis`ugtbrcs c scoibghmbrcs4 ∞ Gávcl 80 obgstituámb mhs ugimhmcs mc obgtrblc mc pbsiëïb (SOZs) - rclés, igtcrtrhvhacgtbs c hutbahtisabs lbohis4
∞ Gávcl >0 obapbstb mh ugimhmc mc obgtrblc mc suncsthëïb (SO_), sistcah _OHMH c obaugiohëïb oba b Gávcl 8 (SOZs) c b
∞ Gávcl ?0 (_OHMH mb Ocgtrb mc Bpcrhëïb mb _istcah ‟ OB_). OB_). Sah mhs eugëócs mb sistcah sistcah _OHMH é rcocncr igebrahëócs mc aumhgëhs mc csthmbs mb sistcah clétriob c mc ehlfhs c htuhëócs mc cquiphacgtbs c mispbsitivbs mc prbtcëïb c obgtrblc mh suncsthëïb, this obab htuhëïb mhs eugëócs mc prbtcëïb, csthmb mbs mis`ugtbrcs, ehlfhs mc rclés c mis`ugtbrcs, cto. H phrtir mhs igebrah ëócs rcocnimhs, bs bpcrhmbrcs rchlizha bs mihkgÿstiobs mhs bobrr àgoihs gb sistcah clétriob.
_ca mðvimhs, h htuhëïb prbeissibghl mcscapcgfhmh ebrah ua clb mc likh ëïb sÿlimb cgtrc h tcbrih cstumhmh ca shlh mc hulh c h pr ètioh. Obgtrinuigmb mc ebrah sikgieiohtivh phrh h quhlimhmc mh ebrahëïb hohmàaioh, prbeissibghl c pcssbhl. Ca uah suncsthëïb bs scrviëbs huxilihrcs sïb mc krhgmc iapbrtîgoih phrh h bpcrhëïb hmcquhmh c obgtáguh mh _C. Bs scrviëbs huxilihrcs sïb mb tipb0
?6
H)_crvi ëbs Huxilihrcs mc Obrrcgtc Hltcrghmh
Ebgtc0 ]rhgsebrahmbr mc _crviëbs Huxilihrcs - 8?.6::/?6:->>: U Ohrkh0
∞ Ohsh mc Obahgmb ∞ Iluaighëïb/]bahmh mb Zètib ∞ ^ctieiohmbr, cto. N)_crvi ëbs Huxilihrcs mc Obrrcgtc Obgtá guh guh
Ebgtc0 ^ctieiohmbr/Ohrrckhmbr c Nhgob mc Nhtcrih - 8>3 Uoo. Ohrkhs0
∞ Obapbgcgtcs mb _istcah Mikithl (rcl és, cto.) ∞ Eugoibghis mbs cquiphacgtbs4 ∞ Abtbrcs mbs cquiphacgtbs. ∞ Iluaighëïb mc cacrkàgoih
=.>.=.= Obab rckrh kcrhl, hs eug ëócs ca uah suncsth ëïb sïb0
"sthtus"" mc cquiphacgtbs. ∞ Abgitbrhëïb mc "sthtus
∞ Acmiëïb. ∞ Zrbtcëïb mc ligfh, trhgsebrahmbrcs, nhrrh, rchtbr, pcrmh mc m c sigorbgisab cto. _upcrvisïb mhs prbtcëócs.
∞ ^clikhacgtb hutbaètiob. ∞ Lbohlizhëïb mc ehlfh gh ligfh. ∞ ]clcobahgmbs. ∞ Zrbtcëïb mc ehlfh mc mis`ugtbr. ∞ Igtcrtrhvhacgtbs. ∞ Abgitbrhëïb mc sbnrcohrkh ca trhgsebrahmbrcs. ∞ Obgtrblc mc tcgsïb. ?9
∞ Eluxb mc rchtivbs. ∞ Obrtc sclctivb mc ohrkhs. ∞ _igorbgizhëïb. ∞ Hlhracs ca kcrhl. ∞ ^ckistrb mc scqüàgoih mc cvcgtbs. ∞ Bsoilbkrheih. ∞ Igtcrehoc fuahgh. ∞ Iaprcssïb mc rclhtÿribs. ∞ Igtcrehoc oba bs Ocgtrbs mc Bpcrhëïb mc _istcah. ∞ Hutbmihkgbsc.
=:
3. OBGOLS_ÏB
Hb lbgkb mcstc rclhÿrib ebrha hprcscgthmhs hs prigoiphis htivimhmcs téogiohs prbeissibghis mcscgvblvimhs pclb hutbr gh Clcotrioimhmc mc Ab ëhaniquc, obgorcthacgtc gh _uncsthëïb mc Ghohlh, bgmc b gmc htug obab ] éogiob mc Bpcrhëïb mb _istcah gb Mcphrthacgtb mc _uncsthëócs, gb scotbr mc Bpcrhëïb. H htuhëïb gbs sctbrcs mc bpcrhëïb c ahgutcëïb mcahgmha h utilizhëïb mc uah khah mc obgfcoiacgtbs mb ugivcrsb mh cgkcgfhrih clétrioh. Mivcrsbs tcahs cstumhmbs hb lbgkb mb oursb mc krhmuhëïb ca cgkcgfhrih clétrioh sïb pbstbs ca pr ètioh mihrihacgtc murhgtc hs htivimhmcs prbeissibghis cxcroimhs ca hanbs sctbrcs, pbmcgmb-sc mcsthohr0
Xuhlimhmc mc cgcrkih4
»
]éogiohs mc acmiëïb4
»
Obgvcrsïb mc cgcrkih4
»
Igsthlhëócs clétriohs4
»
_istcahs clétriobs4 Kcstïb Cgcrkétioh4
»
»
Cquiphacgtbs clétriobs4
»
Mistrinuiëïb mc cgcrkih clétrioh4
»
_uncsthëócs4
»
Lckislhëïb mb sctbr clétriob4
»
_istcahs supcrvisÿribs.
»
]bmhs hs htivimhmcs prbeissibghis mcscgvblvimhs pclb hutbr mcahgmha mcsmc obgfcoiacgtb téogiob sbnrc vèribs tcahs mh cgkcgfhrih clétrioh, hté h oblcth, hgèlisc, igtcrprcthëïb c trhthacgtb mc ecgÿacgbs clcotriobs c igebrahëócs h rcspcitb mc cvcgtbs bobrrimbs gb sistcah mc mistrinuiëïb mh obgocssibgèrih. Hléa missb, b prbocssb mc tbahmh mc mcoisïb h rcspcitb mc obab sbluoibghr bs prbnlcahs trhthmbs briugmbs mh utilizhëïb mh rcmc nhschmb gbs igsuabs mispbgávcis, ehz phrtc mb mih h mih mhs htrinui ëócs mb hutbr. Csths ohrhotcr ástiohs cgmbssha h obgolusïb mc quc tbmhs hs htivimhmcs prbeissibghis mcsoriths gcstc trhnhlfb obgmizca oba hs htrinuiëócs t piohs á piohs mc ua cgkcgfcirb cgkcgfcirb clctrioisth.
=8
^CEC^ ÀGOIH_ NINLIBK^ ÈEIOH_
T8Q -Zrbeh ^utf Lcïb Cahil0 rlchbJmcc.ueo.nr Fbacphkc0 www.mcc.ueo.nr/~rlchb 4 T>Q -Kbbklc Ahps, fttps0//www.kbbklc.oba/ahps 4 T?Q -Ohgougc, Aèrib Pianulhgc, Ahguhl mc cquiphacgtbs cléotriobs mc ocgtrhis c suncsthëócs C.C.O._, Ahputb, 899;.
=>
HGCVB_
HGCVB 80 Csqucah ugieilhr mh _C Ghohlh ....................................... ................... ....................................... ..................... == ==
.................. .............................. ........... =3 HGCVB >0 _OHMH , _hlh mc obahgmb mh _C Ghohlh ..................................... HGCVB ?0 Obgeikurhëïb siaplieiohmh mb _OHMH ..................................... .................. ................................. .............. =3
Nhrrhacgtbs cgtbs mc ??DU c 88DU .......................................................... =5 HGCVB =0 Nhrrha HGCVB 30 Ocgtrhl elutuhgtc DH^ZB[C^_FIZ ....................................... .................... ................................. .............. =5
=?
HGCVB 80 Csqucah ugieilhr mh _C Ghohlh
==
HGCVB >0 _OHMH , Abgitbrcs mc obahgmb c obgtrbl _C Ghohlh
HGCVB ?0 Obgeikurhëïb siaplieiohmh mb _OHMH
=3
Nhrrhacgtbs tbs mc ??DU c 88DU 88DU HGCVB =0 Nhrrhacg
HGCVB 30 Ocgtrhl elutuhgtc DH^ZB[C^_FIZ
=5
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