Relatorio Air NR 36
April 8, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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_FID]×_JK DHÄIJWF MF JE^DG]K _FLVID]×_JK HK_ED _FLVIDEFH]DMK_D H¾ 73 - WFLV_DHÌD F WDÐMF HK ]_DODIBK FE FE^_FWDW MF DOD]F F ^_KGFWWDEFH]K MF GD_HFW F MF_JSDMKW EJHJW]Ê_JK MK ]_DODIBK F ^_FSJMÀHGJD Wfgrftdrjd mf ]rdodibk Wuosfgrftdrjd mf Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk
Ordsåijd, ?>?4
FR^FMJFH]F FR^FMJFH]F EJHJW]Ê_JK MK ]_DODIBK F ^_FSJMÀHGJD
FTVJ^F ]ÊGHJGD - FRFGVÌÇK
Khyx Ikrfhzkhj
Edurk Edrqufs Euiifr - gkkrmfhdmkr Crdhgjsgk Divfs mks _fjs @ðhjkr
WFG_F]D_JD FRFGV]JSD Oruhk Wjivd Mdigkiek
^fmrk Bfhrjquf Edlijkhj md Gruz Gbrjstjdhhf Dhmrdmf _kgbd
WFG_F]D_JD MF ]_DODIBK
_ksfedry Mutrd Ifçk
Iuås Cfijpf Odtjstd mf Kijvfjrd
Frjad Divje mf Wä f Ofhfvjmfs
WVOWFG_F]D_JD MF JHW^FÌÇK MK ]_DODIBK _keuik Edgbdmk f Wjivd
Gfisk Dekrje Wdije ]bdås ]dvdrfs Odrdvjfrd Mutrd @kçk ^duik _fjs _jofjrk ]fjxfjrd
Gkkrmfhdìçk-Lfrdi mf Wflurdhìd f Wdðmf hk ]rdodibk Edrgfik Hdflfif Gkkrmfhdìçk mf Hkredtjzdìçk f _fljstrks @kfiskh Lufmfs md Wjivd Gkkrmfhdìçk-Lfrdi mf Jhtflrdìçk Cjsgdi @ksê Gdriks Wgbdredgb Gkkrmfhdìçk mf Lfstçk md Jhckredìçk Ciävjd Gdrid Ckrhfr md Wjivfjrd
Edlhk Gdvdigdhtf md Wjivd Wdrdb mf Drdð`k Gdrvdibk
^rfcägjk
K prfsfhtf mkguefhtk ckj fidokrdmk pfid Wuosfgrftdrjd mf Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk (WJ]) md Wfgrftdrjd mf ]rdodibk mk Ejhjstêrjk mk ]rdodibk f ^rfvjmàhgjd. K mfsfhvkivjefhtk mfstd Dhäijsf mf Jepdgtk _fluidt÷rjk (DJ_) pfid WJ] tfe gkek cje ðitjek k dprjekrdefhtk md qudijmdmf rfluidt÷rjd hk Ordsji, pkr efjk mf ue prkgfssk sjstfeätjgk mf dhäijsf odsfdmd fe fvjmàhgjds. D pdrtjr mf pidhk mf trdodibk dprfsfhtdmk î Gkejssçk ]rjpdrtjtf ^drjtärjd ^fredhfhtf (G]^^) fe hkvfeork mf ?>4< f dprkvdmk fe edrìk mf ?>42, ckj jepifefhtdmk ue prkgfssk mf rfvjsçk mds Hkreds _fluidefhtdmkrds (H_) mf Wflurdhìd f Wdðmf hk ]rdodibk (WW]), tfhmk gkek pjidr d puoijgdìçk md ^krtdrjd WJ] h° 4:, d pdrtjr mds mjrftrjzfs mf bdrekhjzdìçk, mfsourkgrdtjzdìçk f sjepijcjgdìçk, ckj dpfsfhtdmd, murdhtf d := f >6 mf `uhbk mf ?>4:, ued dlfhmd rfluidt÷rjd pdrd rfvjsçk mds H_. Hfssd kgdsjçk, d prkpkstd mf rfvjsçk f k rfspfgtjvk gdifhmärjk mf jepifefhtdìçk mf ?>4: ckrde dprkvdmks pfids odhgdmds mf trdodibdmkrfs f feprfldmkrfs. Hk jhågjk mfssf prkgfssk gkhgdtfhdmk mf rfvjsçk mf hkreds, diêe md puoijgdìçk md ^krtdrjd WJ] h° 4 (H_ >4), puoijgdmd pfid ^krtdrjd WF^_] h¾ 3., mf >: mf edrìk mf ?>?>, quf ibf gkhcfrju hkvd rfmdìçk mf ckred d dtudijzdr gkhgfjtks, pksjtjvdr ks rfqujsjtks qudhtk î gdpdgjtdìçk f trfjhdefhtk fe sflurdhìd f sdðmf hk trdodibk f, fspfgjdiefhtf, jhsfrjr ks pdrïeftrks pdrd k Lfrfhgjdefhtk mf _jsgks Kgupdgjkhdjs pfik feprfldmkr. Dmfedjs, mfstdgde-sf djhmd ds rfvjsöfs md Hkred _fluidefhtdmkrd h° >< (H_ >: (H_ >:), gu`ds rfmdìöfs ckrde ditfrdmds, rfspfgtjvdefhtf, pfids ^krtdrjds WF^_] h° 3.: mf edrìk mf ?>?>, f h° 3. mf edrìk mf ?>?>. Fe rdzçk mfssds puoijgdìöfs, tkrhku-sf hfgfssärjk bdrekhjzdr f dtudijzdr d Hkred _fluidefhtdmkrd h° 73 (H_ 73) cdgf î fstruturdìçk prfvjstd hd ^krtdrjd WJ] h¾ ?4, f pfik Mfgrftk h¾ 4>.=44, mf 7> mf `uhbk mf ?>?>.
Wueärjk ^rfcägjk ............... ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ................................. ............... ? J. J.
Wueärjk fxfgutjvk ............... ............................... ................................. .................................. .................................. ........................ .......::
JJ. JJ. Jmfhtjcjgdìçk mk prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk ...... ...................... .................................. ............................... ............. 4= 4= JJ.4. Jhtrkmuìçk Jhtrkmuìçk ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ 4= JJ.?. JJ.7. JJ.=. JJ.6.
Bjst÷rjgk md rfluidefhtdìçk md H_ 73 ............................................................ 73 ............................................................ 4= Dgjmfhtfs mf ]rdodibk .......................................................................................... ]rdodibk .......................................................................................... 43 ^rjhgjpdjs hçk gkhckrejmdmfs jmfhtjcjgdmds pfid Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk. ]rdodibk . 76 Gdrdgtfrjzdìçk mk prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk ......................................................... rfluidt÷rjk ......................................................... 6
SJJJ. Gkhsjmfrdìöfs rfcfrfhtfs îs jhckredìöfs f îs edhjcfstdìöfs SJJJ. rfgfojmds pdrd DJ_ fe fvfhtudjs prkgfssks mf pdrtjgjpdìçk skgjdi ........... 4>> 4>> JR. Edpfdefhtk md fxpfrjàhgjd jhtfrhdgjkhdi qudhtk îs efmjmds JR. dmktdmds pdrd d rfskiuìçk mk prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk jmfhtjcjgdmk ............. ............. 4>6 4>6 R. R. Jmfhtjcjgdìçk f mfcjhjìçk mks fcfjtks f rjsgks mfgkrrfhtfs md fmjìçk, md ditfrdìçk ku md rfvkldìçk mk dtk hkredtjvk ................ ................................. ............................... .............. 44= 44= RJ. Gkepdrdìçk mds ditfrhdtjvds gkhsjmfrdmds pdrd d rfskiuìçk mk RJ. prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk jmfhtjcjgdmk ....... ........................ .................................. ................................. ......................... ......... 442 442 RJ.4 Fstruturdìçk md eftkmkikljd DB^ ........................................................................ DB^ ........................................................................ 4?> RJ.? Grjtêrjks ........................................................................................................................ Grjtêrjks ........................................................................................................................ 4?4 RJ.7 Dvdijdìçk mds ditfrhdtjvds f grjtêrjks .................................................................. grjtêrjks .................................................................. 4?: ........................................... .................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. .......................... .... 43 ]DOFID ? ‗ GIDWWFW MD GHDF ?.> _FIDGJKHDMDW DK WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ‗ GDE^K MF D^IJG D^IJGDÌÇK DÌÇK MD H_ 73 ........................ ............................................. .............................................. .................................. ........... 4< ]DOFID 7 - KGK__ÀHGJDW MF DGJMFH]FW MK ]_DODIBK HK O_DWJI ?>43 D ?4>: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK C_JLK_ÅCJGK...................................... ............................................................ ............................................. .......................................... ................... 4< ]DOFID = - KGK__ÀHGJDW MF DGJMFH]FW MK ]_DODIBK HK O_DWJI ?>43 D ?4>: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ‗ ^K_ EK]JSK/WJ]VDÌÇK ......................................................... 42 ]DOFID 6 - JHGJMÀHGJD MF DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW (^K_ 4.>>> SÅHGVIKW) ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK C_JLK_ ÅCJGK .................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 4: ]DOFID 3 - JHGJMÀHGJD MF MKFHÌDW KGV^DGJKHDJW (^K_ 4.>>> SÅHGVIKW) ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK C_JLK_ÅCJGK...................................... ............................................................ ............................................. .......................................... ................... ?> ]DOFID < - ]DRD MF IF]DIJMDMF (^K_ 4.>>> DGJMFH]FW) ‗ WF]K_ W F]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK .. ?4 ]DOFID 2 - DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW FE ?>?>, ^K_ ^D_]F MK GK_^K D]JHLJMD GKE EDJK_ C_FTVFHGJD - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ..... ?6 ]DOFID : - DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW FE ?>?>, ^K_ DLFH]F GDVWDMK_ - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ................................................................. ?< ]DOFID 4> - DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW FE ?>?>, ^K_ WJ]VDÌÇK LF_DMK_D - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ............................................................. ?: ]DOFID 44 - DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW FE ?>?>, ^K_ HD]V_FPD MD IFWÇK - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK .............................................................. 7> ]DOFID 4? - DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW FE ?>?>, ^K_ GOK - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK C_JLK_ÅCJGK ................................... ......................................................... ............................................. .................................. ........... 77 ]DOFID 47 - J__FLVID_JMDMFW _FIDGJKHDMDW Î H_ 73 EDJW C_FTVFH]FEFH]F MF]FG]DMDW MF]FG ]DMDW FE ?>4: ........................... ................................................. ............................................. ............................................. .......................... .... 7: ]DOFID 4= - HÐEF_K MF DHÄIJWFW MF DGJMFH]FW ^K_ ]J^K F ^K_ WVOGIDWWF MF GHDF ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ‗ ?>4< D ?>?> ...................... ............................................. .......................................... ................... 6? ]DOFID 46 - HÐEF_K MF DHÄIJWFW MF DGJMFH]F ^FID L_DSJMDMF MK DGJMFH]F WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ‗ ?>4< D ?>?> ............. ................................... ............................................ .......................................... .................... 67 ]DOFID 43 - CD]K_FW GDVWDJW EDJW C_FTVFH]FW HDW DHÄIJWFW MF DGJMFH]FW MK WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ‗ ?>4< D ?>?>............................................. ................................................................... .......................... .... 67 ]DOFID 4< ‗ ^_KMVÌÇK MF GD_HFW OKSJHDW - FE EJIBÖFW MF ]KHFIDMDW ‗ EVHMK - ?>4< .................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ....................... 3? ]DOFID 42 ‗ TVDH]JMDMF MF FW]DOFIFGJEFH]KW GKE SÅHGVIK MK DHK MF ?>4: ^FIK ]DEDHBK MK FW]DOFIFGJEFH]K .......................................................... 32 ]DOFID 4: ‗ TVDH]JMDMF MF GH^@ ^FIK ^K_]F FGKHÝEJGK MD FE^_FWD ?>43 d ?>4: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK C_JLK_ÅCJGK .... .......................... ............................................ ............................................. .......................................... ................... 3: ]DOFID ?> ‗ TVDH]JMDMF MF GH^@ ^FIK ^K_]F FGKHÝEJGK MD FE^_FWD ^K_ WVOGIDWWF MD GHDF ?>43 d ?>4: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK...................... C_JLK_ÅCJGK......................................... ...................
]DOFID ?4 ‗ TVDH]JMDMF MF ]_DODIBDMK_FW ^FIK ^K_]F FGKHÝEJGK MD FE^_FWD ?>43 d ?>4: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJG C_JLK_ÅCJGK K ............................................. ............................................................ ............... 43 d ?>4: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ........ ............... ....... 4: ^FIK ]DEDHBK MK FW]D FW]DOFIFG OFIFGJEFH] JEFH]K K......................................... ............................................................... ............................................. .................................. ........... 4: ^K_ KGV^DÌÇK MD GOK ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK C_JLK_ÅCJG _ÅCJGK K ..................... ........................................... ............................................. .......................................... ................... 2> ]DOFID ?6 ‗ HÅSFI MF JE^DG JE^DG]K ]K...................... ............................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............... :4 ]DOFID ?3 ‗ DI]F_HD]JSD HK_ED]JSD0 _FSJWÇK MD H_ 73 ................................... :4 ]DOFID ?< ‗ DI]F_HD]JSDW HÇK HK_ED]JSDW0 D]VDIJPDÌÇK MK EDHVDI MF D^IJGDÌÇK MD H_ 73, CJWGDIJPDÌÇK MF WW] HK WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK F ^IDHK MF GKEVHJGDÌÇ GKEVH JGDÌÇK K WKO_F D H_ 73 ......................... ................................................ .............................................. .................................. ........... := ]DOFID ?2 ‗ DI]F_HD]JSD HK_ED]JSD + DI]F_HD]JSDW HÇK HK_ED]JSDW ....... :6 ]DOFID ?: ‗ GIDWWJCJGDÌÇK MKW HÅSFJW MF JE^DG]K ............................................ :2 ]DOFID 7> ‗ HÅSFI MF GKH]_JOVJÌÇK MDW DI]F_HD]JSDW ..................................... :: ]DOFID 74 ‗ _FWVEK ^_KOIFEDW D^KH]DMKW - ]^W H_ 73 ............................... 4>? ]DOFID 7? ‗ _FWVEK MDW GKHWFTVÀHGJDW F FSKIVÌÖFW FW^F_DMDW - ]^W H_ 73 .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. ............................................. ........................................... .................... 4>7 ]DOFID 77 ‗ _JWGKW F ^KWWÅSFJW EFMJMDW MF EJ]JLDÌÇK ................................... 443 ]DOFID 7= ‗ FWGDID MF GKE^D_DÌÇK DB^ ........................................................... 4?> ]DOFID 76 ‗ G_J]Ê G_J]Ê_JKW _JKW ..................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................ ...... 4?4 ]DOFID 73 ‗ GKE^D_DÌÇK MF G_J]Ê_JKW ............................................................... 4?? ]DOFID 7< ‗ ED]_JP MF GKE^D_DÌÇK MF G_J]Ê_JKW ........................................... 4?? ]DOFID 72 ‗ HK_EDIJPDÌÇK MD ED]_JP ‗ ^_JEFJ_D F]D^D ............................... 4?? ]DOFID 7: ‗ HK_EDIJPDÌÇK MD ED]_JP ‗ WFLVHMD F]D^D ............................... 4?7 ]DOFID => ‗ GÄIGVIK MK SF]K_ MF ^_JK_JMDMF ................................................. 4?7 ]DOFID =4 ‗ ED]_JP GKE^D_D]JSD MF G_J]Ê_JKW ................................................. 4?= ]DOFID =? ‗ ^FWKW MF GDMD VE MKW G_J]Ê_JKW .................................................. 4?= ]DOFID =7 ‗ GÄIGVIK MF SDIK_ ^_JHGJ^DI MF FJLFH ......................................... 4?6 ]DOFID == ‗ ÅHMJGF MF GKHWJW]ÀHGJD DIFD]×_JD ................................................ 4?3 ]DOFID =6 ‗ DI]F_ DI]F_HD]JS HD]JSDW DW ..................... ............................................ .............................................. ........................................... .................... 4?< ]DOFID =3 ‗ GKE^D_DÌÇK0 DI]F_HD]JSDW R ^_K]FÌÇK Î WDÐMF F Î SJMD ...... 4?< ]DOFID =< ‗ ED]_JP GKE^D_D]JSD MF DI]F_HD]JSDW GKE K G_J]Ê_JK ^_K]FÌÇK ^_K]FÌ ÇK Î WDÐMF F Î SJMD ...................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................................ ................. 4?2 ]DOFID =2 ‗ ^FWKW MF GDMD VED MDW DI]F_HD]JSDW ^D_D K G_J]Ê_JK ^_K]FÌÇK ^_K]FÌ ÇK Î WDÐMF F Î SJMD ...................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................................ ................. 4?2 ]DOFID =: ‗ GKE^D_DÌÇK0 DI]F_HD]JSDW R GVW]KW .......................................... 4?: ]DOFID 6> ‗ ED]_JP GKE^D_D]JSD MF DI]F_HD]JSDW GKE K G_J]Ê_JK GVW]KW ........................................... .................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. .......................... 4?: ]DOFID 6? 64 ‗‗ GKE^D_DÌÇK0 ^FWKW MDW DI]F_HD]JSDW FE _FIDÌÇK DK G_J]Ê_JK ....... 47> ]DOFID DI]F_HD]JSDW R WFLV_DHÌD @V_ÅMJGDGVW]KW ................. ........ .......... 47>
]DOFID 67 ‗ ED]_JP GKE^D_D]JSD MF DI]F_HD]JSDW GKE K G_J]Ê_JK WFLV_DHÌD WFLV_ DHÌD @V_ÅM @V_ÅMJGD JGD............................... ...................................................... .............................................. ........................................... .................... 474 ]DOFID 6= ‗ ^FWKW MF GDMD VED MDW DI]F_HD]JSDW FE _FIDÌÇK DK G_J]Ê_JK WFLV_DHÌD WFLV_ DHÌD @V_ÅM @V_ÅMJGD JGD............................... ...................................................... .............................................. ........................................... .................... 474 ]DOFID 66 ‗ _FWVI]DMK MDW DI]F_HD]JSDW GKHWJMF_DHMK KW G_J]Ê_JKW DHDIJWDMKW DHDIJWD MKW .................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................... 47? ]DOFID 63 ‗ ^_JK_ ^_JK_JMDMF JMDMF LIKOD LIKODII ....................................................... ............................................................................ ..................... 47?
IJW]D MF CJLV_DW CJLV_D 4 ‗ DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW, ^K_ DHK WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK C_JLK_ÅCJGK...................................... ............................................................ ............................................. .......................................... ................... ?4 CJLV_D ?- DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW MF ?>43 D ?>?>, ^K_ VC - WF]K_ WF]K_ C_JLK_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ÅCJGK ....... ............................. ............................................. .............................................. .................................. ........... ?7 CJLV_D 7 - DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW MF ?>43 D ?>?>, ^K_ MV_DÌÇK MK DCDW]DEFH]K - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ........................................ ?= CJLV_D =- DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW GKE ×OJ]K FE ?>?>, ^K_ VC - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ............................................................................ ?= CJLV_D 6 ‗ HÐEF_K MF CJWGDIJPDÌÖFW ^K_ DHK _FIDGJKHDMDW Î H_ 73........ .......... 7< CJLV_D 3 ‗ HÐEF_K MF CJWGDIJPDÌÖFW _FIDGJKHDMDW Î H_ 73 FE ?>4: ^K_ VC ........................................... .................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. .......................... .... 72 CJLV_D < ‗ Ä_SK_ Ä_SK_FF MK ^_KOIF ^_KOIFED ED ..... ........................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 6< CJLV_D 2 ‗ ^D_]JGJ^DÌÇK MD ^_KMVÌÇK O_DWJIFJ_D HK EVHMK - ?>4:........... ?>4:.... ....... 37 CJLV_D : ‗ DOD]F MF OKSJHKW HK O_DWJI - ?>4: .................................................... 3= CJLV_D 4> ‗ DOD]F MF C_DHLKW HK O_DWJI- ?>4: .................................................. 36 CJLV_D 44 ‗ DOD]F MF WVÅHKW HK O_DWJI - ?>4: .................................................... 33 CJLV_D 4? - HÐEF_K MF FW]DOFIFGJEFH]KW GKE ^FIK EFHKW VE ]_DODIBDMK_ D]JSK FE 74.4?, ^K_ DHK - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ......... ................. ................ ............ 3< CJLV_D 47 ‗ HÐEF_K MF FW]DOFIFGJEFH]KW GKE ^FIK EFHKW VE ]_DODIBDMK_ D]JSK FE 74.4?.?>4:, ^K_ VC - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK C _JLK_ÅCJGK ........ ................ ............. ..... 3< CJLV_D 4= ‗ TVDH]JMDMF MF FW]DOFIFGJEFH]KW GKE FE^_FLDMKW ^K_ _FLJÇK _FLJÇ K - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK C_JLK_ÅCJGK...................... ............................................ ............................................. .......................................... ................... 32 CJLV_D 46 ‗ TVDH]JMDMF MF GH^@ ^K_ GIDWWF MF GHDF DHK MF ?>4: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK C_JLK_ ÅCJGK .................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 3: CJLV_D 43 ‗ HÐEF_K MF ]_DODIBDMK_FW D]JSKW FE 74.4?, ^K_ DHK - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK C_JLK_ ÅCJGK .................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 4:, ^K_ VC WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK C_JLK_ÅCJGK...................................... ............................................................ ............................................. .......................................... ................... 4: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK C_JLK_ÅCJGK .... .......................... ............................................ ............................................. .......................................... ................... 4: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK C_JLK_ ÅCJGK .................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... - ]_DODIBDMK_FW ^K_ CDJRD F]Ä_JD .....................................................
J. Wueärjk fxfgutjvk (jhgjsk J mk drt. 3° mk Mfgrftk h° 4>.=44, mf ?>?>) Ks qudmrks dodjxk dprfsfhtde k rfsuek mks m ks prjhgjpdjs fifefhtks md dhäijsf0 mfcjhjìçk mk prkoifed, ko`ftjvks, ditfrhdtjvds rfluidt÷rjds gkhsjmfrdmds, ditfrhdtjvd sulfrjmd. Tudi k prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk sf prftfhmf skiugjkhdr; K prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk quf sf prftfhmf skiugjkhdr ê d d cditd mf dmkìçk mf efmjmds mf prfvfhìçk mf sflurdhìd f sdðmf hds h ds dtjvjmdmfs mf trdodibk mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk. crjlkråcjgk. K sftkr crjlkråcjgk ê gkepkstk pfids krldhjzdìöfs pfrtfhgfhtfs îs sflujhtfs gidssfs mf Gidssjcjgdìçk Hdgjkhdi mf Dtjvjmdmfs Fgkhýejgd (GHDF)0 4>.44-? -Dodtf mf rfsfs, fxgftk suåhks1 suåhks1 4>.4?-4 - Dodtf Dodtf mf suåhk suåhks, s, dvfs f kutrks pfqufhks dhjedjs1 4>.47-: - Cdorjgdìçk mf prkmutks mf gdrhf1 f 4>.?>-4 - ^rfsfrvdìçk mk pfsgdmk f cdorjgdìçk mf prkmutks mk pfsgdmk. K rfcfrjmk prkoifed sf jhsfrf hk gkhtfxtk mks mjrfjtks cuhmdefhtdjs, fspfgjdiefhtf ks rfidgjkhdmks î prktfìçk î sdðmf f î vjmd, ofhs `uråmjgks tutfidmks gkhstjtugjkhdiefhtf pfik Fstdmk Ordsjifjrk, f mfvf sfr dhdijsdmk sko k prjsed mds pkiåtjgds pðoijgds hfgfssärjds pdrd sud fcftjvdìçk f pdrd d ejtjldìçk mf rjsgks jhdgfjtävfjs. K prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk tfe gdrätfr euitjcdgftdmk, pkssujhmk eðitjpids gdusds f gkhsfquàhgjds. Ks dgjmfhtfs mf trdodibk f
dmkfgjefhtks rfidgjkhdmks dk trdodibk rfprfsfhtde ds gkhsfquàhgjds edjs jepkrtdhtf md cditd mf dpijgdìçk md H_73 hk sftkr crjlkråcjgk. Kutrd ckhtf mftfrejhdhtf hd jmfhtjcjgdìçk mk prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk mjz rfspfjtk îs mfsgkhckrejmdmfs fhgkhtrdmds pfid Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk. Mfstdgde-sf, hds dìöfs cjsgdjs rfdijzdmds fe tkmk k pdås, ds jrrfluidrjmdmfs rfidgjkhdmds î H_ 73 f ds dhäijsfs mf dgjmfhtf lrdvfs f cdtdjs, rfvfidhmk jhmågjks md cditd mf dpijgdìçk md hkred f md odjxd fcftjvjmdmf hds dìöfs mf prfvfhìçk. Fe rfidìçk îs gdusds rfidgjkhdmds dk prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk, mfstdgde-sf0 •
cditd mf dtfhmjefhtk dks rfqujsjtks md H_ 731 f
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cditd mf dijhbdefhtk md H_ 73 gke ds hkreds mf WW] rfgfhtfefhtf ditfrdmds.
Tudjs ko`ftjvks sf prftfhmf digdhìdr; Gkek ko`ftjvk cuhmdefhtdi, cuhmdefhtdi, gke odsf hd dtudìçk quf sf mfsf`d skorf k prkoifed prjhgjpdi, tfe-sf d hfgfssjmdmf mf gkhcfrjr edjkr fcftjvjmdmf îs dìöfs mf prktfìçk md sflurdhìd s flurdhìd f sdðmf mk trdodibdmkr hk sftkr crjlkråcjgk. crjlkråcjgk. D pdrtjr mjssk, ckrde mfcjhjmks ks sflujhtfs ko`ftjvks fspfgåcjgks0 fspfgåcjgks0 Duefhtdr k dtfhmjefhtk dks rfqujsjtks md H_ 73 pfids
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krldhjzdìöfs1
^rkpjgjdr ue gjgik gkhtåhuk mf jmfhtjcjgdìçk, dvdijdìçk f
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prfvfhìçk mf rjsgks hk deojfhtf mf trdodibk, ckrtdifgfhmk d lfstçk jhtflrdmd fe WW]1 Bdrekhjzdr k tfxtk md H_ 73 gke ds hkvds mjspksjìöfs mf
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lfrfhgjdefhtk mf rjsgks kgupdgjkhdjs f gke ds mfedjs hkreds mf WW]1 f ^ktfhgjdijzdr d cjsgdijzdìçk mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk.
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Fspfrd-sf digdhìdr ks sflujhtfs rfsuitdmks0 4) rfmuìçk mks dgjmfhtfs mf trdodibk1 ?) rfmuìçk mks gustks mfgkrrfhtfs mks dgjmfhtfs pdrd d skgjfmdmf, lkvfrhk f krldhjzdìöfs1 f 7) sflurdhìd `uråmjgd hd dpijgdìçk md H_ 73. 73.
Tudjs ditfrhdtjvds ckrde gkhsjmfrdmds pdrd d skiuìçk mk prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk; Diêe md ’hçk dìçk―, quf mfvf sfr korjldtkrjdefhtf gkhsjmfrdmd,
ckrde dvdijdmds edjs muds ditfrhdtjvds0 skiuìçk hkredtjvd f skiuìçk hçk hkredtjvd. HK_ED]JSD HK_ED]JSD
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_fvjsçk md H_ 730 rfdijzdr d rfvjsçk lfrdi mk tfxtk md H_ 73, rfdijzdhmk k dijhbdefhtk gke ds mfedjs H_ rfgfhtfefhtf ditfrdmds f fstdofifgfhmk efmjmds mf prfvfhìçk, gkhtrkif f ekhjtkrdefhtk mks rjsgks fxjstfhtfs hds dtjvjmdmfs mfsfhvkivjmds hds feprfsds mf dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs f mfrjvdmks, vjsdhmk î sflurdhìd, î sdðmf f î qudijmdmf mf vjmd hk trdodibk.
HÇK HK_ED]JSD HK_ED]JSD
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Dtudijzdìçk mk Edhudi mf Dpijgdìçk md H_ 730 rfdijzdr d dtudijzdìçk mk Edhudi mf Duxåijk hd Jhtfrprftdìçk f Dpijgdìçk md Hkred _fluidefhtdmkrd h° 730 Wflurdhìd f Wdðmf hk ]rdodibk fe Feprfsds mf Dodtf f ^rkgfssdefhtk mf Gdrhfs f Mfrjvdmks, vjsdhmk ued jhtfrprftdìçk gkhckref ds eumdhìds hkredtjvds mds H_ rfgfhtfefhtf ditfrdmds.
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Cjsgdijzdìçk mf WW] hk sftkr crjlkråcjgk0 fidokrdr ue pidhk fspfgåcjgk mf cjsgdijzdìçk gke d cjhdijmdmf mf ldrdhtjr k gueprjefhtk mk mjspkstk hd H_ 73 pdrd d prfvfhìçk, gkhtrkif f gkrrfìçk mks rjsgks hds dtjvjmdmfs mfsfhvkivjmds hds feprfsds mf dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs f mfrjvdmks
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^idhk mf gkeuhjgdìçk skorf d H_ 730 Fidokrdr pidhk mf gkeuhjgdìçk pdrd jhckredr ks feprfldmks f feprfldmkrfs skorf ks pfrjlks f sjtudìöfs mf trdodibk dks qudjs ks trdodibdmkrfs
fstçk
fxpkstks,
vjsdhmk
duefhtdr
k
gueprjefhtk vkiuhtärjk md H_ 73.
Tudi d efibkr ditfrhdtjvd dpkhtdmd pdrd rfskivfr k prkoifed f pkr quà; Hd fidokrdìçk mfstd dhäijsf, tfghjgdefhtf, kptku-sf pkr dmktdr d Dhäijsf Euitjgrjtêrjk (DEG), eftkmkikljd fspfgåcjgd pdrd dcfrjìçk md rdzkdojijmdmf mk jepdgtk fgkhýejgk. D DEG ê gkhsjmfrdmd ued têghjgd
qudij-qudhtjtdtjvd, quf dlrfld gdrdgtfråstjgds mf têghjgds qudijtdtjvds, gkek d utjijzdìçk mf lrupks mf mjsgussçk f têghjgds mf ordjhstkrejhl , f mf têghjgds qudhtjtdtjvds, gkek d utjijzdìçk mf fsgdids f pfsks pdrd ks mjcfrfhtfs jhmjgdmkrfs mk ekmfik. Fhtrf ds mjvfrsds têghjgds mf DEG quf pkmfe sfr utjijzdmds pdrd jmfhtjcjgdìçk md efibkr kpìçk rfluidt÷rjd, dmktku-sf pdrd fssf cje d eftkmkikljd mf ^rkgfssk mf Bjfrdrqujd Dhdiåtjgd ( Dhdiytjg Dhdiytjg Bjfrdrgby ^rkgfs ^rkgfsss - DB^) pdrd edpfdr ks jepdgtks mf sud dtudìçk rfluidt÷rjd. r fluidt÷rjd. Gueprf mfstdgdr quf d DB^ ê ued têghjgd pdrd d gkepdrdìçk mks jepdgtks mds kpìöfs rfluidt÷rjds quf duxjijd k tkedmkr mf mfgjsçk d ijmdr gke prkoifeds gkepifxks fe ue gkhtfxtk gke eujtds jhgfrtfzds, ued vfz quf pfrejtf ued dprkxjedìçk sjstfeätjgd gke d dpijgdìçk mf grjtêrjks, suo`ftjvks ku qudijtdtjvks, pdrd d tkedmd mf mfgjsçk, fe ue deojfhtf gke ued lrdhmf qudhtjmdmf mf jhckredìöfs. Dssje, ckj utjijzdmd d dhäijsf euitjgrjtêrjk, hks tfreks mk jhgjsk J, mk drt. .=44, mf ?>?>, gke d mfcjhjìçk mf grjtêrjks pdrd gkepdrdìçk mds ditfrhdtjvds f d gkhsfqufhtf dvdijdìçk f gkepdrdìçk fhtrf ds ditfrhdtjvds sfifgjkhdmds. Hfssf sfhtjmk, gkhgiuju-sf quf k grjtêrjk quf efibkr dtfhmf dks ko`ftjvks prkpkstks ê k grjtêrjk mf ^rktfìçk î Wdðmf f î Sjmd, sfhmk quf d ditfrhdtjvd rfgkefhmdmd ê ued gkeojhdìçk mds ditfrhdtjvds hkredtjvd f hçk hkredtjvd.
JJ. Jmfhtjcjgdìçk mk prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk (jhgjsk JJ mk drt. 3° mk Mfgrftk h° 4>.=44, mf ?>?>)
JJ.4. Jhtrkmuìçk Hfstf gdpåtuik,gke sfräd dprfsfhtdmk rfluidt÷rjk sf prftfhmf skiugjkhdr, dprfsfhtdìçkkmfprkoifed suds pkssåvfjs gdusdsquf f sud fxtfhsçk. ^kr efjk mf ued gkhstruìçk dhdiåtjgd, ousgd-sf dprfsfhtdr d gkeprffhsçk mk prkoifed, sfhmk quf d prjefjrd ftdpd md dhäijsf mf jepdgtk rfluidt÷rjk gkhsjstf hd jmfhtjcjgdìçk f dhäijsf mk prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk, mf ckred d pfrejtjr ued efibkr gkeprffhsçk mds suds gdusds f gkhsfquàhgjds. Hfssf sfhtjmk, k prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk ckj mjdlhkstjgdmk d pdrtjr mks suosåmjks rfuhjmks mf mjcfrfhtfs ckhtfs, d cje mf ldrdhtjr sfu depdrk fe fvjmàhgjds, gkhckref ds sflujhtfs dokrmdlfhs0 Dprfsfhtdìçk mk bjst÷rjgk sugjhtk md H_ 730 puoijgdìçk f suds dtudijzdìöfs1 Dprfsfhtdìçk mks gfhärjks mf dgjmfhtf tåpjgks mf trdodibk f mf dmkfgjefhtks kgupdgjkhdjs, jhmjgdhmk d qudhtjmdmf, gdrdgtfråstjgds mks dgjmfhtfs f mkfhìds f, sf pkssåvfi, d gdusd edjs gkeue1 Dprfsfhtdìçk mds prjhgjpdjs hçk gkhckrejmdmfs jmfhtjcjgdmds d pdrtjr mks rfidt÷rjks mf jhspfìçk cjsgdi0 dutks mf jhcrdìçk idvrdmks, cjsgdijzdìöfs, rfluidrjzdìöfs, mfhtrf kutrks dspfgtks1 f •
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Gdrdgtfrjzdìçk mk prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk f suds prjhgjpdjs
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gdusds.
JJ.?. Bjst÷rjgk md rfluidefhtdìçk md H_ 73 D H_ 73, puoijgdmd pfid ^krtdrjd h¾ 666, mf 42 mf dorji mf ?>47, rfprfsfhtd d rfdijzdìçk mf ue fsckrìk mf, pfik efhks, ued mêgdmd, mk fhtçk Ejhjstêrjk mk ]rdodibk, gke d pdrtjgjpdìçk md CVHMDGFH]_K, mk Ejhjstêrjk ^ðoijgk mk ]rdodibk, mf trdodibdmkrfs f mf feprfldmkrfs, gke k jhtujtk mf ckefhtdr gkhmjìöfs sflurds f sdumävfjs hfssf rdek mf dtjvjmdmf.
K prkgfssk mf gkhstruìçk md hkred prkprjdefhtf mjtd jhjgjku-sf fe ?>4> pkr mfedhmd mks sjhmjgdtks mf trdodibdmkrfs f feprfldmkrfs mk sftkr, quf skijgjtdrde dk fhtçk Ejhjstêrjk mk ]rdodibk d fidokrdìçk mf ued hkred fspfgåcjgd pdrd d jhmðstrjd mf dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs. Fe rdzçk mfssd mfedhmd, ofe gkek pfid gkepifxjmdmf f dordhlàhgjd mk sftkr fgkhýejgk fhvkivjmk, k prkgfssk mf grjdìçk g rjdìçk md hkred ckj ikhlk. D prkpkstd mf tfxtk jhjgjdi ckj fidokrdmd f idokrdmd pkr ue Lrupk mf Fstumks ]rjpdrtjtf (LF]), gkepkstk pkr têghjgks rfprfsfhtdhtfs mk lkvfrhk (Dumjtkrfs-Cjsgdjs mk ]rdodibk f pfsqujsdmkrfs md CVHMDGFH]_K), mks feprfldmkrfs f mks trdodibdmkrfs, quf vfjk d sfr mjspkhjojijzdmd pdrd gkhsuitd pðoijgd, pkr efjk md ^krtdrjd WJ] h.° ?44. Dp÷s d cdsf mf gkhsuitd pðoijgd, ckj gkhstjtuåmk k Lrupk ]êghjgk ]rjpdrtjtf (L]]), gke rfprfsfhtdhtfs mk lkvfrhk, mks feprfldmkrfs f mks trdodibdmkrfs, pdrd dhäijsf mds prkpkstds rfgfojmds pfid skgjfmdmf f cjhdijzdìçk mk tfxtk odsf md hkred mf crjlkråcjgks, quf ckj dprkvdmk pkr gkhsfhsk pfik L]] f, pkstfrjkrefhtf, fhgdejhbdmk î Gkejssçk ]rjpdrtjtf ^drjtärjd ^fredhfhtf (G]^^), pdrd mfijofrdìçk cjhdi f dprkvdìçk md hkred. D H_ 73 ckj puoijgdmd fe ?>47 utjijzdhmk-sf mk fstdmk md drtf vjlfhtf skorf d eftkmkikljd dmfqudmd pdrd sf fidokrdr ued ifljsidìçk. Dssje, ckj gkhsjmfrdmd hd gkhstruìçk mk tfxtk, diêe md fxpfrjàhgjd mks DumjtkrfsCjsgdjs mk ]rdodibk, mds feprfsds, têghjgks f sjhmjgdtks fhvkivjmks gke fstf sftkr, ued vdstd rfvjsçk md ojoijklrdcjd hdgjkhdi f jhtfrhdgjkhdi skorf ds qufstöfs gkhtfepidmds hd hkred. D ditfrdìçk edjs sjlhjcjgdtjvd kgkrrfu gke d puoijgdìçk md ^krtdrjd h° 644, mf ?: mf dorji mf ?>43 (MKV mf >?/>6/?>43 ‗ Wfìçk 4), quf jhgiuju hd hkred k Dhfxk JJ - _fqujsjtks mf sflurdhìd fspfgåcjgks pdrd eäqujhds utjijzdmds mf dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs f mfrjvdmks mfstjhdmkshds dk jhmðstrjds gkhsuek buedhk. Fe ?>42, ckrde fcftudmds djhmd tràs ditfrdìöfs, sfhmk ued pdrd jhgiusçk mk Dhfxk J ‗ Likssärjk, f ds mfedjs pdrd jhsfrìçk, hk Dhfxk JJ, mf rfqujsjtks mf sflurdhìd pdrd eäqujhd sfrrd mf cjtd f eäqujhd pdrd gkrtf mf gdrgdìds mf dhjedjs mf eêmjk f lrdhmf pkrtf. Gkhckref gidssjcjgdìçk prfvjstd hd ^krtdrjd WJ] h° 4:, ckrde rfljstrdmks hk pdås k tktdi mf 62?.6>< dgjmfhtfs mf trdodibk fhvkivfhmk trdodibdmkrfs cjijdmks dk _fljef Lfrdi mf ^rfvjmàhgjd Wkgjdi (_L^W), dmejhjstrdmk pfik Jhstjtutk Hdgjkhdi mk Wflurk Wkgjdi (JHWW), gkhckref dpkhtdmk hd ]dofid 4. _fssditd-sf quf k tfrek dgjmfhtf mk trdodibk, qudhmk feprfldmk mf edhfjrd lfrdi hfstf mkguefhtk, rfcfrf-sf dks dgjmfhtfs tåpjgks, dgjmfhtfs mf trd`ftk f mkfhìds mk trdodibk. DGJMFH]FW MK ]_DODIBK HK O_DWJI ]DOFID 4 - KGK__ÀHGJDW MF?>43 D ?4>:
?>43
?>4<
?>42
?>4:
Mkfhìds mk ]rdodibk Wfe GD] _fljstrdmd (d pdrtjr mf ?>> 4>2.66 ? 47.:?< 4>2.>2 ? 4>.6:< 4>=.>? = 623.>4
7?.?4 7 :.76? :3.7:<
]ktdi mf Dgjmfhtfs mk ]rdodibk hk
7=4. > 4>4.46 3 4>.:27 4>7.43-?>4:) (?>43 -?>4:)
D pdrtjr mfssf qudhtjtdtjvk tktdi mf dgjmfhtfs mf trdodibk, pdssd-sf d dprfsfhtdr ued dvdijdìçk edjs mftdibdmd mf ue suogkh`uhtk rfidgjkhdmk dk sftkr crjlkråcjgk. Wdijfhtd-sf quf tkmk fsckrìk hd ärfd mf sflurdhìd f sdðmf vjsd î fijejhdìçk/rfmuìçk mfssfs fvfhtks f, gkhsfqufhtfefhtf, î prfsfrvdìçk md vjmd f edhutfhìçk md jhtflrjmdmf f sdðmf sd ðmf mk trdodibdmkr. ^drd fcfjtk mf gkhtdojijzdìçk mks dgjmfhtfs mf trdodibk rfidgjkhdmks dk sftkr crjlkråcjgk, ckrde gkhsjmfrdmds ds gidssfs md Gidssjcjgdìçk Hdgjkhdi mf Dtjvjmdmfs Fgkhýejgds (GHDF) jhmjgdmds hd ]dofid ?. D GHDF, edhtjmd pfik Jhstjtutk Ordsjifjrk mf Lfklrdcjd f Fstdtåstjgd (JOLF), ê ue jhstruefhtk mf pdmrkhjzdìçk f gidssjcjgdìçk mf dtjvjmdmfs fgkhýejgds pdrd usk
lfhfrdijzdmk pfiks prkmutkrfs mf jhckredìöfs fgkhýejgds mk pdås. Fid fstdofifgf g÷mjlks dpijgdmks d tkmks ks dlfhtfs fgkhýejgks prkmutkrfs mf ofhs f sfrvjìks, gkeprffhmfhmk mfsmf fstdofifgjefhtks prjvdmks f pðoijgks, dtê fstdofifgjefhtks dlrågkids, jhstjtujìöfs sfe cjhs iugrdtjvks f dlfhtfs dutýhkeks (pfsskd cåsjgd). D GHDF fstä fstruturdmd fe gjhgk håvfjs bjfrärqujgks0 sfìçk, mjvjsçk, lrupk, gidssf f suogidssf. ]DOFID ? ‗ GIDWWFW MD GHDF ?.> _FIDGJKHDMDW DK WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ‗ GDE^K MF D^IJGDÌÇK MD H_ 73 Lrupk Gidssf Gidssf
Wuogidssf Mfhkejhdìçk
4>.4
Dodtf f cdorjgdìçk mf prkmutks mf gdrhf
4>.44-? 4>44-?/>4 4>44-?/>? 4>44-?/>7 4>44-?/>= 4>44-?/>6 4>.4?-4
Dodtf mf rfsfs, fxgftk suåhks Crjlkråcjgk - dodtf mf okvjhks Crjlkråcjgk - dodtf mf fqùjhks Crjlkråcjgk - dodtf mf kvjh kvjhks ks f gdprjhks Crjlkråcjgk - dodtf mf oucdijhks Edtdmkurk - dodtf mf rfsfs sko gkhtrdtk, fxgftk dodtf mf suåhks Dodtf mf suåhks, dvfs f kutrks pfqufhks dhjedjs
4>4?-4/>4 4>4?-4/>? 4>4?-4/>7 4>4?-4/>=
Dodtf mf dvfs Dodtf mf pfqufhks dhjedjs Crjlkråcjgk - dodtf mf suåhks Edtdmkurk - dodtf mf suå suåhks hks sko gkh gkhtrdtk trdtk 4>.47-: Cdorjgdìçk mf prkmutks mf gdrhf 4>47-:/>4 Cdorjgdìçk mf prkmutks mf gdrhf 4>47-:/>? ^rfpdrdìçk mf suoprkmutks mk dodtf ^rfsfrvdìçk mk pfsgdmk f cdorjgdìçk mf prkmutks mk pfsgdmk
4>.?
4>.?>-4
^rfsfrvdìçk mk pfsgdmk f cdorjgdìçk mf prkmutks mk pfsgdmk 4>?>-4/>4 ^rfsfrvdìçk mf pfjxfs, grustägfks f ekiusgks 4>?>-4/>? Cdorjgdìçk mf gkhsfrvds m mff pfjxfs, grustägfks f ek ekiusgks iusgks
Ckhtf0 Hkred _fluidefhtdmkrd h¾ 73 f GHDF ?.>/JOLF
^krtdhtk, hfstf rfidt÷rjk, d rfcfràhgjd dk sftkr crjlkråcjgk sjlhjcjgd ued rfejssçk mjrftd d fssds qudtrk gidssfs mf GHDF f suds suogidssfs. D tktdijzdìçk mf dgjmfhtfs mf trdodibk hks GHDF mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk, hk pfråkmk mf ?>43 d ?>4:, ê dprfsfhtdmd hd ]dofid 7. ]DOFID 7 - KGK__ÀHGJDW MF DGJMFH]FW MK ]_DODIBK HK O_DWJI ?>43 D ?4>: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK Gidssf mk GHDF ?.>
?>43
?>4<
?>42
?>4:
Dodtf mf _fsfs, Fxgftk Wuåhks
3?26
>
2=43
Ckhtf0 Dhuärjk Fstdtåstjgk mf Dgjmfhtfs mk ]rdodibk (DFD]) - ^rfvjmàhgjd Wkgjdi (?>43-?>4:) (?>43 -?>4:)
D ]dofid = dprfsfhtd d tktdijzdìçk mf dgjmfhtfs mf trdodibk hks GHDF mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk pfid fspêgjf mf dgjmfhtf rfljstrdmk. ]DOFID = - KGK__ÀHGJDW MF DGJMFH]FW MK ]_DODIBK HK O_DWJI ?>43 D ?4>: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ‗ ^K_ EK]JSK/WJ]VDÌÇK Ektjvk/Wjtudìçk Ektjvk/Wjtudì çk ]åpjgk-Gke Gdt ]rd`ftk-Gke Gdt Mkfhìd mk ]rdodibk-Gke Gdt Wfe Gdt ]ktdi
?>43
?>4<
?>42
472< 42?>: 4=4<
43>4
427?
42:3
??:=
?6><
42.=22 ?>.?23 ?7.>?> ?7.7?>
Ckhtf0 Dhuärjk Fstdtåstjgk mf Dgjmfhtfs mk ]rdodibk (DFD]) - ^rfvjmàhgjd Wkgjdi (?>43-?>4:) (?>43 -?>4:)
^fid dhäijsf mds tdofids dprfsfhtdmds, hk pfråkmk mf ?>43 d ?>4:, vfrjcjgd-sf quf skefhtf k sftkr crjlkråcjgk gkhtrjouju gke 7,32% mk tktdi mf dgjmfhtfs mk pdås. Wf kosfrvdmd d tktdijzdìçk pkr ektjvk/sjtudìçk, k sftkr =,6:%deoks crjlkråcjgk gkhtrjouju, hk mds pfråkmk gjtdmk0 mk tktdi mks dgjmfhtfs tåpjgks f 3,=2% mk tktdi mkfhìds mk gke trdodibk, gke fejssçk mf Gkeuhjgdìçk f Dgjmfhtf mf ]rdodibk (GD])1 f gke ?,77% mk tktdi dgjmfhtfs mk pfråkmk sfe fejssçk mf GD].
Mk dgkepdhbdefhtk mk Dhuärjk Fstdtåstjgk mf Dgjmfhtfs mk ]rdodibk (DFD]) rfdijzdmk pfid Wfgrftdrjd Fspfgjdi mf ^rfvjmàhgjd f ]rdodibk, ckrde ousgdmks diluhs jhmjgdmkrfs gkhsjmfrdmks edjs jepkrtdhtfs pdrd d prfsfhtf dhäijsf. Gkhckref k DFD] ?>42, ’jhmjgdmkrfs ’ jhmjgdmkrfs mf dgjmfhtfs mk trdodibk sçk utjijzdmks pdrd efhsurdr d fxpksjìçk mks trdodibdmkrfs dks håvfjs mf rjsgk jhfrfhtfs î dtjvjmdmf fgkhýejgd, pfrejtjhmk k dgkepdhbdefhtk mds ciutudìöfs f tfhmàhgjds tfhmàhgjds bjst÷rjgds mks dgjmfhtfs f sfus sfus jepdgtks hds feprfsds f hd vjmd mks trdodibdmkrfs trdodibdmkrfs―. ―.
?>4:
D sflujr, rfprkmuzfe-sf ks fsgidrfgjefhtks mk DFD] ?>42 skorf gdmd tjpk mf jhmjgdmkr utjijzdmk f, gkepifefhtdrefhtf, ds ]dofids 6, 3 f < dprfsfhtde ks mdmks fspfgåcjgks mfssfs jhmjgdmkrfs pdrd k sftkr sftk r crjlkråcjgk. 4) ]dxd mf jhgjmàhgjd fspfgåcjgd pdrd dgjmfhtfs mk trdodibk tåpjgks Fssd tdxd ê gdiguidmd sfluhmk d sflujhtf c÷reuid0
ð ℈ å ð ê å
∜ 4.>> 4.>>> >
D tdxd mf jhgjmàhgjd fspfgåcjgd pdrd dgjmfhtfs mk trdodibk tåpjgks gkhsjmfrd fe sfu huefrdmkr skefhtf ks dgjmfhtfs tåpjgks, ku sf`d, dqufifs mfgkrrfhtfs mds gdrdgtfråstjgds md dtjvjmdmf prkcjssjkhdi mfsfepfhbdmd pfik dgjmfhtdmk. Mdmd d sud hdturfzd ê gdiguidmd tfhmk fe vjstd skefhtf ks dgjmfhtfs gke GD] rfljstrdmd, pdrd ks qudjs ê pkssåvfi jmfhtjcjgdr k ektjvk mk dgjmfhtf. ]DOFID 6 - JHGJMÀHGJD MF DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW (^K_ 4.>>> SÅHGVIKW) ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ?>43
?>42
?>4:
2,33 2,?>
2,33
2, 4=,7 ?
46,= :
44<
Ckhtf0 Dhuärjk Fstdtåstjgk mf Dgjmfhtfs mk ]rdodibk (DFD]) - ^rfvjmàhgjd Wkgjdi (?>43?>4:)
?) ]dxd mf jhgjmàhgjd fspfgåcjgd pdrd mkfhìds mk trdodibk Fssd tdxd ê gdiguidmd sfluhmk d sflujhtf c÷reuid0
ð ì ℈ ð ê å
∜ 4.>> 4.>>> >
K huefrdmkr mfstd tdxd mf jhgjmàhgjd fspfgåcjgd gkhsjmfrd skefhtf ks dgjmfhtfs mk trdodibk gu`k ektjvk sf`d mkfhìd prkcjssjkhdi ku mk trdodibk, ku sf`d, dqufid prkmuzjmd ku mfsfhgdmfdmd pfik fxfrgågjk mk trdodibk, pfguijdr d mftfrejhdmd dtjvjmdmf f gkhstdhtf mf rfidìçk fxjstfhtf hk _fluidefhtk mf Ofhfcågjks md ^rfvjmàhgjd Wkgjdi. ]DOFID 3 - JHGJMÀHGJD MF MKFHÌDW KGV^DGJKHDJW (^K_ 4.>>> SÅHGVIKW) ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ?>43
?>4<
?>42
?>4:
]K]DI (tkmks ks GHDF)
>,7= >,?3 >,?6 >,??
Dodtf mf rfsfs, fxgftk suåhks
4,3: 4,37 4,=6 4,>>
Dodtf mf suåhks, dvfs f kutrks pfqufhks dhjedjs
4,3< 4,6> ?,44 4,,:3 >,27 >,67 >,7:
^rfsfrvdìçk mk pfsgdmk f cdorjgdìçk mf prkmutks mk pfsgdmk
>,>3 >,=< >,46 >,6>
Ckhtf0 Dhuärjk Fstdtåstjgk mf Dgjmfhtfs mk ]rdodibk (DFD]) - ^rfvjmàhgjd Wkgjdi (?>43(?>43 ?>4:)
7) ]dxd mf Iftdijmdmf Fhtfhmf-sf pkr iftdijmdmf d edjkr ku efhkr pkssjojijmdmf mf k dgjmfhtf tfr gkek gkhsfquàhgjd d ekrtf mk trdodibdmkr dgjmfhtdmk. Ê ue oke jhmjgdmkr pdrd efmjr d lrdvjmdmf mk dgjmfhtf. K gkfcjgjfhtf ê gdiguidmk pfik hðefrk mf ÷ojtks mfgkrrfhtfs mks dgjmfhtfs mk trdodibk f k hðefrk tktdi mf dgjmfhtfs, gkhckref mfsgrjtk dodjxk0
ð ÷ ℈ ð ℈ ç
∜ 4.>> 4.>>> >
]DOFID >> DGJMFH]FW) ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ?>43
?>4<
?>42
?>4:
]K]DI (tkmks ks GHDF)
7,:4 7,2? 7,3= 7,
Cdorjgdìçk mf prkmutks mf gdrhf
4,6= =,:4 4,
^rfsfrvdìçk mk pfsgdmk f cdorjgdìçk mf prkmutks mk pfsgdmk
=,=> =,2< ?,>3
-
Ckhtf0 Dhuärjk Fstdtåstjgk mf Dgjmfhtfs mk ]rdodibk (DFD]) - ^rfvjmàhgjd Wkgjdi (?>43?>4:)
Fe rfidìçk dks gkfcjgjfhtfs dhdijsdmks, vfrjcjgd-sf quf fe sud edjkrjd ds gidssfs mf GHDF mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk cjgde dgjed mks gkfcjgjfhtfs rfcfrfhtfs dk gkh`uhtk mks GHDF. D sflujr, pdssd-sf d dprfsfhtdr rfsuitdmks fxtrdåmks mk odhgk mf mdmks md Gkeuhjgdìçk mf Dgjmfhtf mf ]rdodibk (GD]), gkhtjmks fe sfrvjmkrfs md Wuosfgrftdrjd mf Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk, rfcfrfhtfs dks dhks mf ?>43 d mfzfeork mf ?>?>, gkhtdojijzdhmk dpfhds dgjmfhtfs tåpjgks f dmkfgjefhtks kgupdgjkhdjs, sfe d jhgiusçk mks dgjmfhtfs mf trd`ftk. Fssd odsf mf mdmks tdeoêe gkhsjmfrd ks dgjmfhtfs vjhguidmks d ofhfcågjks dgjmfhtärjks gkhgfmjmks pfid ^rfvjmàhgjd Wkgjdi, efsek sfe d fejssçk mf GD]. Fhtrf `dhfjrk mf ?>43 d mfzfeork mf ?>?>, ckrde rfljstrdmks 26.4?7 dgjmfhtfs tåpjgks f dmkfgjefhtks kgupdgjkhdjs hk sftkr crjlkråcjgk, mks qudjs 3= ckrde cdtdjs. D Cjlurd 4 dprfsfhtd d qudhtjmdmf mf dgjmfhtfs tåpjgks f dmkfgjefhtks kgupdgjkhdjs pkr dhk. CJLV_D 4 ‗ DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW, ^K_ DHK - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK
Ckhtf0 Gkeuhjgdìöfs mf Dgjmfhtfs mf ]rdodibk (GD])
Dk sf dhdijsdr d kgkrràhgjd mks dgjmfhtfs pkr Vhjmdmf md Cfmfrdìçk (VC), kosfrvd-sf gkhgfhtrdìçk fe dilueds uhjmdmfs, gke mfstdquf pdrd ks fstdmks mk _jk Lrdhmf mk Wui, ^d ^drdhä rdhä f Wçk ^duik, ^duik, gkhckref mfekhstrd d Cjlurd ?.
CJLV_D ?- DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW MF ?>43 D ?>?>, ^K_ VC - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK
Ckhtf0 Gkeuhjgdìöfs mf Dgjmfhtfs mf ]rdodibk (GD])
Dk sf dhdijsdr k dcdstdefhtk mfgkrrfhtf mks dgjmfhtfs, kosfrvd-sf quf =?,6=% mks dgjmfhtfs tåpjgks f mkfhìds kgupdgjkhdjs lfrdrde dcdstdefhtks mds dtjvjmdmfs idokrdjs fhtrf 4 f 46 mjds mf trdodibk, gkhckref fvjmfhgjd d Cjlurd 7. Hktd-sf tdeoêe quf, fe 6,3:% mks gdsks, bkuvf dcdstdefhtk mk trdodibk supfrjkr d 46 mjds, rfprfsfhtdhmk fvfhtks gke edjkr lrdvjmdmf.
CJLV_D 7 - DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW MF ?>43 D ?>?>, ^K_ MV_DÌÇK MK DCDW]DEFH]K - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK
Ckhtf0 Gkeuhjgdìöfs mf Dgjmfhtfs mf ]rdodibk (GD])
Mfstdquf-sf quf fssfs mdmks hçk ifvdrde fe gkhtd k fcftjvk pfråkmk mf ofhfcågjk prfvjmfhgjärjk, eds skefhtf d murdìçk prfvjstd mk dcdstdefhtk jhckredmd hk odhgk mf mdmks. D sflujr, pdssd-sf d mftdibdr ks mdmks mk dhk mf ?>?> fe rfidìçk îs GD] mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk. D Cjlurd = fvjmfhgjd d qudhtjmdmf mf dgjmfhtfs tåpjgks f dmkfgjefhtks kgupdgjkhdjs gke ÷ojtk. CJLV_D =- DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW GKE ×OJ]K FE ?>?>, ^K_ VC - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK
Ckhtf0 Gkeuhjgdìöfs mf Dgjmfhtfs mf ]rdodibk (GD])
Fe rfidìçk dk dhk mf ?>?>, d ]dofid 2 fifhgd ds pdrtfs mk gkrpk dtjhljmds gke edjkr crfquàhgjd, hk sftkr crjlkråcjgk. Mfstdquf pdrd k mfmk, eçk, pê, dpdrfibk rfspjrdt÷rjk f dhtfordìk, ds gjhgk pdrtfs mk gkrpk gke edjkr hðefrk mf GD] fejtjmds. ]DOFID 2 - DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW FE ?>?>, ^K_ ^D_]F MK GK_^K D]JHLJMD GKE EDJK_ C_FTVFHGJD - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ^drtf mk gkrpk dtjhljmd
Tudhtjmdmf mf GD]
^frgfhtudi
Mfmk
633:
7>,=%
Kibk (jhgiusjvf hfrvk ÷tjgk f vjsçk)
264
=,34%
@kfibk
634
7,>=%
^uhbk
644
?,2
?,?4%
^frhd (fhtrf k tkrhkzfik f d pêivjs)
7:4
?,4?%
^frhd (mk tkrhkzfik, fxgiusjvf, dk `kfibk, fxgiusjvf)
76<
4,:=%
Mkrsk (jhgiusjvf eðsguiks mkrsdjs, gkiuhd f efmuid fspjhbdi)
7>4
4,37%
^drtfs eðitjpids. Dpijgd-sf qudhmk edjs mf ued pdrtf jepkrtdhtf j epkrtdhtf mk gkrpk ckr dcftdmd, gkek pkr fxfepik, ue ordìk f ued pfrhd
?6?
4,76%
]rkhgk, HJG
42<
4,>4%
Gkxd
42<
4,>4%
Efeorks supfrjkrfs, HJG
4,:6%
Efeorks jhcfrjkrfs, HJG
46<
>,26%
Tudmrjs pêivjgks (jhgiusjvf f hämflds)pêivjs, ÷rlçks
467
>,27%
Efeorks supfrjkrfs, pdrtfs eðitjpids (qudiqufr gkeojhdìçk mds pdrtfs dgjed)
477
>,?>, ks sflujhtfs lrupks mf dlfhtfs gdusdmkrfs gke edjkr qudhtjmdmf mf GD] rfidgjkhdmds0 Cfrrdefhtd, eäqujhd, fqujpdefhtk, vfåguik1 Wuostïhgjd quåejgd, edtfrjdi, prkmutk1 Wupfrcågjf f fstruturd1 Ärfd ku deojfhtf mf trdodibk, ekojijärjk, feodidlfhs f rfgjpjfhtfs. D ijstdlfe mf tkmks ks lrupks mf dlfhtfs gdusdmkrfs pkmf sfr vjsudijzdmd hd ]dofid :. ]DOFID : - DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW FE ?>?>, ^K_ DLFH]F GDVWDMK_ - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK Dlfhtf gdusdmkr Tudhtjmdmf mf GD] ^frgfhtudi Cfrrdefhtd, eäqujhd, fqujpdefhtk, vfåguik
242
42,64%
Wupfrcågjf f fstruturd
4=22
2,>2%
Ärfd ku deojfhtf mf trdodibk, ekojijärjk, feodidlfhs f
4=72
?
4,4>%
_fdìçk mk gkrpk d ekvjefhtk
4
>,:?%
Gkhtdtk gke ko`ftk ku suostïhgjd d tfepfrdturd eujtk ditd/odjxd
46=
>,2=%
Jhdidìçk, jhlfstçk ku doskrìçk
4>4
>,66%
Dlfhtf mk dgjmfhtf, HJG ku jhfxjstfhtf
33
>,73%
Dfrkmjspfrs÷jmfs, hfoijhd, läs f vdpkr
=4
>,??%
Fhfrljd, prfssçk, ruåmk, cklk ku tfepfrdturd deojfhtf
7:
>,?4%
Fxpksjìçk dk ruåmk
7?
>,4,4>%
Fxpksjìçk d fhfrljd fiêtrjgd
2
>,>=%
Fxpksjìçk î pkiujìçk
6
>,>7%
Fxpksjìçk î prfssçk deojfhtf
4
>,>4%
Fxpksjìçk î rdmjdìçk hçk jkhjzdhtf
4
>,>4%
Ckhtf0 Gkeuhjgdìöfs mf Dgjmfhtfs mf ]rdodibk (GD])
Tudhtk î sjtudìçk lfrdmkrd, kosfrvd-sf quf, hk dhk mf ?>?>, ds tràs prjhgjpdjs sjtudìöfs lfrdmkrds mks dgjmfhtfs tåpjgks f dmkfgjefhtks kgupdgjkhdjs ckrde0 jepdgtk skcrjmk pkr pfsskd, dtrjtk ku dordsçk f jepdgtk
mf pfsskd gkhtrd ko`ftk. D ]dofid 4> gkhtêe d rfidìçk gkepiftd mds sjtudìöfs lfrdmkrds mds GD] mk dhk mf ?>?>.
]DOFID 4> - DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW FE ?>?>, ^K_ WJ]VDÌÇK LF_DMK_D - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK Wjtudìçk lfrdmkrd
Tudhtjmdmf ^frgfhtudi mf GD]
Jepdgtk skcrjmk pkr pfsskd
=??%
Jepdgtk mf pfsskd gkhtrd ko`ftk
7>66
43,63%
Dprjsjkhdefhtk fe, skorf ku fhtrf
46?7
2,?3%
Tufmd mf pfsskd fe efsek håvfi
4=2>
2,>?%
Dtdquf mf sfr vjvk, gkhtdtk gke pfsskds mkfhtfs ku edtfrjdi jhcfgtk-gkhtdljdhtf jhcfgtk-gkhtdljdhtf
4>46
6,6>%
_fdìçk mk gkrpk d ekvjefhtk
2?>, ds gjhgk edjs rfljstrdmds hds GD] ckrde0 gkrtf, idgfrdìçk, cfrjmd gkhtusd, puhgturd (cfrjmd dofrtd)1 gkhtusçk, fsedldefhtk (supfrcågjf gutïhfd jhtdgtd)1 ifsçk jefmjdtd, HJG1 crdturd f mkfhìd, HJG. D rfidìçk gkepiftd md hdturfzd md ifsçk jhckredmd hds GD] mk dhk mf ?>?> mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk pkmf sfr vfrjcjgdmd hd ]dofid 44. ]DOFID 44 - DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW FE ?>?>, ^K_ HD]V_FPD MD IFWÇK - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK Hdturfzd md ifsçk
Tudhtjmdmf ^frgfhtudi mf GD] 3647
76,7:%
Gkhtusçk, fsedldefhtk (supfrcågjf gutïhfd jhtdgtd)
7=26
42,:7%
Ifsçk jefmjdtd, HJG
433:
:,>
=,,%
Ifsçk jefmjdtd
4?7
>,3,3=%
Ifsöfs eðitjpids
4>4
>,66%
^frmd ku mjejhujìçk efmjdtds mf sfhtjmk
:?
>,6>%
Kutrds ifsöfs, HJG
:4
>,=:%
Fhvfhfhdefhtk sjstàejgk - gkhmjìçk e÷rojmd sjstàejgd prkvkgdmd pkr jhdidìçk, jhlfstçk ku doskrìçk gutïhfd mf suostïhgjd t÷xjgd, quf dcftf k eftdokijsek, k cuhgjkhdefhtk mk sjstfed hfrvksk, mk dpdrfibk gjrguidt÷rjk, mk dpdrfibk mjlfstjvk, mk dpdrfibk rfspjrdt÷rjk, mks ÷rlçks mf fxgrfìçk, mk sjstfed eðsguik-fsqufiêtjgk eðsguik-fsqufiêtjgk,, ftg., jhgiuj dìçk mf prkmutk quåejgk, efmjgdefhtk,
32
>,7,?=%
Mfredtksf (frupìçk, jhcidedìçk md pfif, jhgiusjvf curðhguik ftg.). Lfrdiefhtf prkvkgdmd pfik gkhtdtk mjrftk gke suostïhgjds ku dlfhtfs sfhsjojijzdhtfs ku jrrjtdhtfs, tdjs gkek efmjgdefhtks, efmjgdefhtk s, ÷ifks, dlfhtfs ojki÷ljgks, pidhtds, edmfjrds ku eftdjs. Hçk jhgiuj ifsçk prkvkgdmd pfid dìçk gkrrksjvd mf prkmutks quåejgks, qufjedmurd pkr gkhtdtk gke suostïhgjds qufhtfs, fcfjtk mf fxpksjìçk î rdmjdìçk, fcfjtk mf fxpksjìçk d odjxds tfepfrdturds ku jhcidedìçk
7<
>,?>%
ku jrrjtdìçk gdusdmd pkr crjgìçk ku jepdgtk Mkfhìd gkhtdljksd ku jhcfggjksd (tuofrguiksf, orugfiksf ftg.)
4=
>,>2%
Gkhgussçk gfrfordi
44
>,>3%
Dscjxjd, fstrdhluidefhtk, dckldefhtk
:
>,>6%
Jhtfredìçk, jhskidìçk, gçjord, fxdustçk f kutrks fcfjtks md tfepfrdturd deojfhtf fifvdmd - hçk jhgiuj qufjedmurd mf ski ku kutrks fcfjtks mf rdmjdìçk
3
>,>7%
Bêrhjd mf qudiqufr hdturfzd, rupturd Fcfjtk mf rdmjdìçk (efmjdtk) - qufjedmurd mk ski f tkmd ckred mf ifsçk mf tfgjmk, kssk, ku ciujmk krlïhjgk pkr fxpksjìçk î rdmjdìçk.
6 ?
>,>7% >,>4%
Gkhlfidefhtk, lfidmurd f kutrks fcfjtks md Gkhlfidefhtk, fxpksjìçk î odjxd tfepfrdturd
?
>,>4%
Ckhtf0 Gkeuhjgdìöfs mf Dgjmfhtfs mf ]rdodibk (GD])
Gke odsf hd Gidssjcjgdìçk Ordsjifjrd mf Kgupdìöfs (GOK), d ]dofid 4? ekstrd ds kgupdìöfs mks trdodibdmkrfs mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk, hk dhk mf ?>?>,
quf skcrfrde dgjmfhtfs tåpjgks f mkfhìds kgupdgjkhdjs gke edjkr crfquàhgjd. Gueprf mfstdgdr quf d GOK ê rfcfràhgjd korjldt÷rjd mks rfljstrks dmejhjstrdtjvks quf jhckrede ks mjvfrsks prklrdeds md pkiåtjgd mf trdodibk mk pdås, gke odsf ifldi hds ^krtdrjds h° 7.36=, mf ?= mf hkvfeork mf 4:?. Ê cfrrdefhtd cuhmdefhtdi pdrd ds fstdtåstjgds mf feprflk-mfsfeprflk, pdrd k fstumk mds tdxds mf hdtdijmdmf f ekrtdijmdmf mds kgupdìöfs, pdrd k pidhf`defhtk mds rfgkhvfrsöfs f rfqudijcjgdìöfs kgupdgjkhdjs, hd fidokrdìçk mf gurråguiks, hk pidhf`defhtk md fmugdìçk prkcjssjkhdi, hk rdstrfdefhtk mf vdlds, mks sfrvjìks mf jhtfrefmjdìçk mf eçk mf kord. ]DOFID 4? - DGJMFH]FW ]Å^JGKW F DMKFGJEFH]KW KGV^DGJKHDJW FE ?>?>, ^K_ GOK - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK GOK
Mfsgrjìçk md GOK
Tudhtjmdmf mf GD]
^frgfhtudi
2=26?> 6
Edldrfcf Dijefhtdmkr mf ijhbd mf prkmuìçk
=32? =>7:
?6,76
Dodtfmkr
?3><
4=,47%
2=2646
Mfskssdmkr
Kpfrdmkr mf eäqujhds cjxds, fe
637
7,>6%
:447>6
lfrdi Efgïhjgk mf edhutfhìçk mf eäqujhds, fe lfrdi
=??
?,?:%
7:4?>6
Jhspftkr mf qudijmdmf
?7<
4,?2%
=4=44>
Dredzfhjstd
46>
>,24%
2=2446
Wdisjgbfjrk (cdorjgdìçk mf ijhlùjìd, sdisjgbd f prkmutks sjejidrfs)
4=7
>,
>,36%
=4=?4>
Dpkhtdmkr mf prkmuìçk
44=
>,3?%
=4=446
Odidhgfjrk
4>3
>,64>6
Wupfrvjskr mf prkmuìçk md jhmðstrjd dijefhtågjd
4>?
>,66%
2=264>
Dìkulufjrk
4>4
>,66%
23?4?>
Kpfrdmkr mf gdimfjrd
:<
>,67%
:644>6
Fiftrjgjstd mf edhutfhìçk fiftrkfiftrýhjgd
22
>,=2%
Kpfrdmkr mf fepjibdmfjrd
23
>,=,=6%
=4=4>6
Diekxdrjcf
24
>,==%
43 d ?>4:, gkhckref dprfsfhtdmk hd ]dofid 4, ckrde hktjcjgdmks gkek mkfhìds mk trdodibk, k quf pkmf dgdrrftdr mjstkrìöfs hks mdmks mks dgjmfhtfs mftfgtdmks. Mfvjmk d fssd suohktjcjgdìçk, hk sftkr crjlkråcjgk, vfrjcjgd-sf quf d edjkrjd mds mkfhìds hktjcjgdmds ê gkhstdtdmd dpfhds murdhtf d rfdijzdìçk md pfrågjd eêmjgd, gkhckref mdmks mk DFD], fe quf sf gkhstdtd quf, hk pfråkmk fhtrf ?>43 f ?>4:, ks dgjmfhtfs sfe fejssçk mf GD] gkhstjtufe ue hðefrk supfrjkr fe edjs mf 7>>% gkepdrdmks dk hðefrk mf mkfhìds mk trdodibk gke fejssçk mf GD]. _fljstrd-sf quf, hk ïeojtk prfvjmfhgjärjk, ds dtjvjmdmfs mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk sçk fhqudmrdmds hk lrdu mf rjsgk eäxjek pdrd cjhs mf cjhdhgjdefhtk mk sflurk gkhtrd dgjmfhtfs mk trdodibk (WD]). Ks mdmks mf dgjmfhtfs ifvdhtdmks odsfdrde-sf skefhtf hks GHDF mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk, hçk sfhmk gkhsjmfrdmks ks dgjmfhtfs rfidtjvks d feprfldmks mf feprfsds mf GHDF mjvfrsks quf prfstde sfrvjìks hfssfs fstdofifgjefhtks. Ks dgjmfhtfs tåpjgks f ks dmkfgjefhtks kgupdgjkhdjs dprfsfhtdmks hfstd dhäijsf rfprfsfhtde ued jepkrtdhtf gkhsfquàhgjd md cditd mf dmkìçk mf efmjmds mf prfvfhìçk mf sflurdhìd f sdðmf hds dtjvjmdmfs mf trdodibk mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk.
JJ.=. ^rjhgjpdjs hçk gkhckrejmdmfs jmfhtjcjgdmds pfid Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk JJ.=.4 Jhtrkmuìçk Mfhtrf ds mjvfrsds ckhtfs quf gkhtrjoufe pdrd d jmfhtjcjgdìçk mk prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk, mfstdgde-sf, gkek fspfgjdiefhtf jepkrtdhtfs, ds hçk gkhckrejmdmfs fhgkhtrdmds pfid Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk. Gdof fhcdtjzdr quf d Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk, cuhìçk tåpjgd mf Fstdmk, tfhmk pkr odsf ifldi d Gkhstjtujìçk Cfmfrdi (Drt. ?4, RRJS), k ]åtuik SJJ md Gkhskijmdìçk mds Ifjs mk ]rdodibk (GI]), d Gkhvfhìçk 24 md Krldhjzdìçk Jhtfrhdgjkhdi mk ]rdodibk (KJ]), d Ifj h° 4>.6:7, mf >3 mf mfzfeork mf ?>>?, fvfrjcjgdìçk k Mfgrftk =.66?, mf ?< mf mfzfeork mf ?>>?, idokrdi. ê rfspkhsävfi pfid mkh° krmfhdefhtk `ustrdodibjstd hk deojfhtf
^krtdhtk, d Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk, pkr efjk mf efgdhjseks jhstjtugjkhdjs f mk pkmfr mf pkiågjd, dlf fe hkef md skgjfmdmf pdrd cdzfr gueprjr ds hkreds trdodibjstds gklfhtfs, ousgdhmk d efibkrjd mds gkhmjìöfs deojfhtdjs (sflurdhìd f sdðmf) f mds rfidìöfs mf trdodibk. Gueprf fsgidrfgfr quf k ^idhf`defhtk Fstrdtêljgk f Kpfrdgjkhdi md Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk odsfjd-sf hk usk mf mdmks md rfdijmdmf, jhgiujhmk jhckredìöfs mf feprfsds f feprfldmks, mdmks fpjmfejki÷ljgks mf dgjmfhtfs f mkfhìds rfidgjkhdmds dk trdodibk. Fstf gkh`uhtk mf jhckredìöfs suosjmjd d mfcjhjìçk mds mjrftrjzfs fstrdtêljgds, sftkrfs f dtjvjmdmfs prjkrjtärjds quf mfvfrçk sfr fxfgutdmds pfids uhjmdmfs mfsgfhtrdijzdmds, quf, pkr sud vfz, tdeoêe utjijzde mdmks pdrd d`ustfs î rfdijmdmf f hfgfssjmdmfs ikgdjs. Fssf gkh`uhtk mf mfgjsöfs lfrfhgjdjs odsfdmds fe fvjmàhgjds guiejhd hd fejssçk mf Krmfe mf Wfrvjìks (KW) dks Dumjtkrfs-Cjsgdjs mk ]rdodibk pdrd k gueprjefhtk mds dìöfs cjsgdjs. ^krtdhtk, d dutkrjmdmf trdodibjstd hçk ê dikgdmd mf ckred difdt÷rjd ku mf kcågjk, fxgftudhmk-sf gdsks prfvjstks fe ifj. Ks dtks dmejhjstrdtjvks fedhdmks pfik Dumjtkr-Cjsgdi mk trdodibk t rdodibk sçk rfljstrdmks pkr efjk mf ue sjstfed mfhkejhdmk Wjstfed Cfmfrdi mf Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk (WCJ]), hk qudi sçk rfljstrdmks tkmks ks mdmks mds dìöfs cjsgdjs, tdjs gkek jtfhs hkredtjvks dumjtdmks, sjtudìçk fhgkhtrdmd, ofe gkek ds efmjmds dmktdmds pfid dutkrjmdmf trdodibjstd. Hk pr÷xjek t÷pjgk, sfrçk dprfsfhtdmks mdmks mds dìöfs cjsgdjs rfidgjkhdmds î H_ 73, d fxfepik mk qudhtjtdtjvk mf dìöfs cjsgdjs, mk pfrgfhtudi mf dìöfs gke dilued jrrfluidrjmdmf f mks tjpks mf jrrfluidrjmdmfs mftfgtdmds.
JJ.=.? Dìöfs cjsgdjs f dutudìöfs Fhtrf `dhfjrk mf ?>4< d mfzfeork mf ?>?>, ckrde rfdijzdmds ?66.2% mds dìöfs dìöfs d dutkrjmdmf trdodibjstd gkhstdtku dk efhks ue jtfe fe mfsgkhckrejmdmf î Hkred _fluidefhtdmkrd h° 73.
Dk ikhlk mfssf pfråkmk, ckrde rfdijzdmds 3= jhtfrmjìöfs f >4 feodrlk,, rfvfidhmk sjtudìöfs fe quf k Dumjtkr-Cjsgdi mk ]rdodibk mftfgtku feodrlk rjsgks lrdvfs f jejhfhtfs î sdðmf f jhtflrjmdmf mk trdodibdmkr hk sftkr crjlkråcjgk, fxjljhmk k pkmfr/mfvfr md dutkrjmdmf trdodibjstd pdrd dmkìçk mf efmjmds gdutfidrfs gke k ko`ftjvk mf rfsludrmdr d sdðmf f sflurdhìd mk trdodibdmkr. D Cjlurd 6 dprfsfhtd k hðefrk mf cjsgdijzdìöfs rfidgjkhdmds î H_ 73, pkr dhk, ofe gkek d qudhtjmdmf mf dìöfs gke pfik efhks ued jrrfluidrjmdmf mftfgtdmd. Ê pkssåvfi kosfrvdr ue mfgrêsgjek hk hðefrk mf dìöfs mf ?>42 pdrd ?>4:, gkhtumk, sf edhtfhmk dgjed mk pdtdedr mf ?>4?>, kosfrvd-sf ue ckrtf jepdgtk hd fxfguìçk mds dìöfs cjsgdjs mfvjmk dk gkhtfxtk mf pdhmfejd md GKSJM-4:. CJLV_D 6 ‗ HÐEF_K MF CJWGDIJPDÌÖFW ^K_ DHK _FIDGJKHDMDW Î H_ 73
Ckhtf0 Wcjtwfo/WJ] D dhäijsf qudhtjtdtjvd mk hðefrk mf dìöfs cjsgdjs rfidgjkhdmds î H_ 73 pkr VC, rfidtjvds dk dhk mf ?>4:, tdeoêe ckj rfdijzdmd, gkhckref
mfekhstrdmk hd Cjlurd 3. Hktd-sf quf Ejhds Lfrdjs, Wçk ^duik, ^drdhä f Edtk Lrkssk mk Wui, fe gkh`uhtk, skede =4: ^K_ VC
Ckhtf0 Wcjtwfo/WJ]
Mfhtrf ds mfz jrrfluidrjmdmfs edjs crfqufhtfs rfidgjkhdmds d H_ 73 fidokrdr ^idhk mftfgtdmds ?>4: pfid Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk, mfstdgde-sf mf _fspkstd fe d Fefrlàhgjds pdrd kpfrdìöfs gke deýhjd sfe k gkhtfðmk eåhjek prfvjstk hd H_ 73 f mfjxdr mf edhtfr mjspksjtjvk quf pkssjojijtf d dofrturd sfe eujtk fsckrìk mds pkrtds mf gïedrds crjds pfik jhtfrjkr f/ku mfjxdr mf edhtfr didref ku kutrk mjspksjtjvk mf gkeuhjgdìçk hk jhtfrjkr mf gïedrds crjds , gke
edjs mf =% mk tktdi, gdmd ued. Mfstdgd-sf d lrdhmf mjvfrsjmdmf mf jrrfluidrjmdmfs gkhstdtdmds fe rfidìçk î H_ 73. D ]dofid 47 ekstrd 24 mjcfrfhtfs tjpks mf jrrfluidrjmdmfs quf skede ,=% mk tktdi.
]DOFID 47 - J__FLVID_JMDMFW _FIDGJKHDMDW Î H_ 73 EDJW C_FTVFH]FEFH]F MF]FG]DMDW FE ?>4: Mfsgrjìçk md Jrrfluidrjmdmf
Tudhtjmdmf ^frgfhtudi
Fidokrdr ^idhk mf _fspkstd d Fefrlàhgjds pdrd kpfrdìöfs gke deýhjd sfe k gkhtfðmk eåhjek prfvjstk hd H_ 73.
6:
=,,:,:,:,2:%
Mfjxdr mf drtjguidr k ^rklrded mf ^rfvfhìçk mf _jsgks Deojfhtdjs - ^^_D, k ^rklrded mf Gkhtrkif Eêmjgk mf Wdðmf Kgupdgjkhdi - ^GEWK f ds mfedjs hkreds
44
>,2:%
44
>,2:%
Mfjxdr mf jepifefhtdr ^rklrded mf Gkhsfrvdìçk Dumjtjvd, pdrd ks trdodibdmkrfs fxpkstks d håvfjs mf prfssçk skhkrd dgjed mks håvfjs mf dìçk.
44
>,2:%
Fcftudr dtjvjmdmfs quf fxj`de edhusfjk f/ku gdrrfldefhtk edhudi mf pfìds, vkiueksds ku pfsdmds, quf pkssde
44
>,2:%
f sfhtdmk f/ku ckrhfgfr dssfhtks fe mfsdgkrmk gke ds rfgkefhmdìöfs md Dhäijsf Frlkhýejgd mf ]rdodibk - DF].
rfluidefhtdmkrds. Mfjxdr mf ckrhfgfr efjds ijepds f/ku bjljfhjzdmds mjdrjdefhtf pdrd ks trdodibdmkrfs fxpkstks dk crjk.
gkeprkeftfr d sflurdhìd f d sdðmf mk trdodibdmkr. Dmktdr pdjhfi mf gkhtrkif mk sjstfed mf rfcrjlfrdìçk quf hçk dgjkhf dutkedtjgdefhtf dutkedtjgdef htf k didref fe gdsk mf
4>
>,24%
4>
>,24%
Mfjxdr mf gkikgdr fe prätjgd ued dokrmdlfe pidhf`dmd, fstruturdmd f likodi md prfvfhìçk, pkr efjk mk lfrfhgjdefhtk mks cdtkrfs mf rjsgk fe Wflurdhìd f Wdðmf hk ]rdodibk - WW], utjijzdhmk-sf mf tkmks ks efjks têghjgks, krldhjzdgjkhdjs f dmejhjstrdtjvks pdrd dssflurdr k ofe-fstdr mks trdodibdmkrfs f ldrdhtjr quf ks deojfhtfs f gkhmjìöfs mf trdodibk sf`de sflurks f sdumävfjs.
4>
>,24%
Mfjxdr mf fejtjr d GD] G D] qudhmk gkhstdtdmd d kgkrràhgjd ku k dlrdvdefhtk mf mkfhìds kgupdgjkhdjs, dtrdvês mf fxdefs eêmjgks quf jhgiude ks mfcjhjmks hd H_-< ku sfhmk vfrjcjgdmds ditfrdìöfs quf rfvfife qudiqufr tjpk mf mjscuhìçk mf ÷rlçk ku sjstfed ojki÷ljgk, dtrdvês mks fxdefs eêmjgks, efsek sfe sjhtkedtkikljd.
4>
>,24%
Mfjxdr mf jhstdidr pdjhfi mf gkhtrkif mk sjstfed mf rfcrjlfrdìçk qudhmk md utjijzdìçk mf deýhjd.
4>
>,24%
vdzdefhtk mf deýhjd. Duefhtdr d gdmàhgjd jhmjvjmudi pdrd d jhtrkmuìçk mds pdusds f/ku hçk prkpjgjdr gkhmjìöfs pdrd quf ds pdusds sf`de usucruåmds ckrd mks ikgdjs mf trdodibk f fe deojfhtfs quf kcfrfìde gkhckrtk têrejgk f/ku dgðstjgk f/ku gke mjspkhjojijmdmf mf odhgks ku gdmfjrds f/ku älud pktävfi.
Mfjxdr mf rfdijzdr fstumk pdrd mftfrejhdr ds eumdhìds fstruturdjs hfgfssärjds hks fqujpdefhtks f/ku hk ekmk mf prkmuìçk d cje mf fijejhdr ku rfmuzjr ks håvfjs mf ruåmk.
4>
>,24%
Mfjxdr mf sfifgjkhdr fqujpdefhtks mf prktfìçk jhmjvjmudi - F^J mf ckred d kcfrfgfr fcjgägjd hfgfssärjd pdrd k gkhtrkif md fxpksjìçk dk rjsgk f/ku gkhckrtk f/ku mfjxdr mf dtfhmfr k prfvjstk hds H_->3 (Fqujpdefhtks mf prktfìçk Jhmjvjmudi - F^J) f/ku H_->: (^rklrded mf ^rfvfhìçk mks _jsgks Deojfhtdjs - ^^_D).
4>
>,24%
Mjspkhjojijzdr odhgdmds f/ku fstfjrds f/ku h÷rjds f/ku efsds f/ku eäqujhds quf hçk
4>
>,24%
Mfjxdr mf dmktdr efmjmds têghjgds f krldhjzdgjkhdjs dprkprjdmds f/ku mf ckrhfgfr ks efjks dmfqudmks pdrd rfmuzjr d hfgfssjmdmf mf gdrrfldefhtk edhudi gkhstdhtf mf prkmutks f/ku gdrlds gu`k pfsk pkssd gkeprkeftfr d sflurdhìd f sdðmf mks trdodibdmkrfs.
:
>,,,,,,,,,36%
mjefhsjkhdefhtk f/ku pksjgjkhdefhtk jhdmfqudmds îs gdrdgtfråstjgds md dtjvjmdmf f/ku quf hçk cdgjijtfe d tdrfcd d sfr fxfrgjmd f/ku quf fxj`d k usk mf ckrìd c krìd fxgfssjvd f/ku quf fxj`d d dmkìçk mf pksturds fxtrfeds ku hkgjvds mf trdodibk. Mfjxdr mf dmktdr efmjmds mf prktfìçk gkiftjvd qudhmk md utjijzdìçk mf deýhjd pdrd sjhdijzdìçk f jmfhtjcjgdìçk mks gkepkhfhtfs, jhgiusjvf ds tuouidìöfs.
Mfjxdr mf dmktdr efmjmds prfvfhtjvds quf ldrdhtde d sflurdhìd mks trdodibdmkrfs f k pksjgjkhdefhtk dmfqudmk mks sflefhtks gkrpkrdjs hks gdsks fe quf ckr tfghjgdefhtf jhvjävfi d dmkìçk mf ludrmd-gkrpks fe pidtdckreds fifvdmds.
2
>,36%
Mfjxdr mf dmktdr efmjmds quf prjkrjzfe d fijejhdìçk mf ruåmk f/ku rfmuìçk md fejssçk mf ruåmk f/ku d rfmuìçk md fxpksjìçk d ruåmk f/ku dmktdr fstds efmjmds ckrd mfssd krmfe.
2
>,36%
Mfjxdr mf jepifefhtdr efmjmds mf gkhtrkif quf fvjtfe quf ks trdodibdmkrfs, dk rfdijzdr suds dtjvjmdmfs, sf`de korjldmks d fcftudr mf ckred gkhtåhud f
2
>,36%
Mfjxdr mf jhckredr tkmks ks trdodibdmkrfs skorf ks rjsgks rfidgjkhdmks dk trdodibk f/ku suds gdusds pktfhgjdjs f/ku fcfjtks skorf d sdðmf f/ku efmjmds mf prfvfhìçk.
2
>,36%
Mfjxdr mf trkgdr ds vfstjefhtds mf trdodibk mjdrjdefhtf f/ku mfjxdr mf
2
>,36%
Vtjijzdr eäqujhd sfrrd mf cjtd quf pfrejtd dgfssk î zkhd mf pfrjlk 4 (cjtd mf gkrtf) sfe gdhdiftd rfluiävfi mfsijzdhtf quf fhgidusurf k pfråeftrk md cjtd sfrrjibdmd hd rfljçk mf gkrtf.
2
>,36%
Mfjxdr mf dmktdr efmjmds mf prktfìçk gkiftjvd, qudhmk md utjijzdìçk mf deýhjd, pdrd edhutfhìçk mf sdåmds mf fefrlàhgjd mfskostruåmds f/ku dmfqudmdefhtf sjhdijzdmds.
<
>,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,=:%
Mfjxdr mf dvdijdr f/ku vdijmdr d fcjgägjd mds rfgkefhmdìöfs jepifefhtdmds d pdrtjr mds dhäijsfs frlkhýejgds.
3
>,=:%
Mfjxdr mf gkhsjmfrdr rfpfrgussöfs skorf d sdðmf mk trdodibdmkr tkmk f qudiqufr sjstfed mf dvdijdìçk mf mfsfepfhbk pdrd fcfjtk mf rfeuhfrdìçk f vdhtdlfhs mf qudiqufr fspêgjf.
3
>,=:%
Mfjxdr mf gueprjr ue ku edjs mjspksjtjvks rfidtjvks dk trdodibk rfdijzdmk fxgiusjvdefhtf fe pê.
3
>,=:%
Mfjxdr mf jhstdidr rfi÷ljk mf cägji vjsudijzdìçk pfiks trdodibdmkrfs hks ikgdjs mf rfpkusk.
3
>,=:%
Mfjxdr mf krldhjzdr ds tdrfcds pdrd quf d gdmàhgjd rfqufrjmd hd rfdijzdìçk mf ekvjefhtks mf efeorks supfrjkrfs f/ku jhcfrjkrfs hçk gkeprkeftd d sflurdhìd f/ku d sdðmf mks trdodibdmkrfs.
3
>,=:%
Mjspkhjojijzdr dssfhtks quf hçk pkssude sjstfeds mf d`ustf mf cägji edhusfjk f/ku gkhstruåmks gke edtfrjdi quf hçk prjkrjzf k gkhckrtk têrejgk f/ku fe mfsdgkrmk gke ds gdrdgtfråstjgds bjljàhjgk-sdhjtärjds ifldjs.
3
>,=:%
Mjspkr mf gdjxds f/ku kutrks gkhtjhfhtfs utjijzdmks pdrd mfp÷sjtk mf prkmutks ikgdijzdmks mf ekmk d hçk cdgjijtdr d pfld
3
>,=:%
f/ku quf fxj`d d dmkìçk fxgfssjvd f gkhtjhudmd mf tkrìçk f jhgijhdìöfs mk
trkhgk f/ku fifvdìçk f/ku fxtfhsçk mks ordìks f keorks. Mfjxdr mf dmktdr efmjmds prfvfhtjvds jhmjvjmudjs f/ku gkiftjvds, fe rdzçk md
6
>,=4%
Mfjxdr mf dmktdr efmjmds mf prktfìçk gkhtrd d ekvjefhtdìçk jhtfepfstjvd f/ku pfrjlksd mks dhjedjs mf lrdhmf pkrtf quf pkssde lfrdr rjsgk dks trdodibdmkrfs hds dtjvjmdmfs mf rfgfpìçk f mfsgdrld mf dhjedjs.
6
>,=4%
Mfjxdr mf dvdijdr f/ku rfvjsdr ds jhtfrvfhìöfs fcftudmds d pdrtjr mds dhäijsfs frlkhýejgds f/ku hçk jhgiujr d pdrtjgjpdìçk mks trdodibdmkrfs f/ku supfrvjskrfs f/ku lfrfhtfs hds dvdijdìöfs f/ku rfvjsöfs mds dhäijsfs frlkhýejgds.
6
>,=4%
Mfjxdr mf gueprjr ue ku edjs mjspksjtjvks rfidtjvks dk edhusfjk f trdhspkrtf jhmjvjmudi mf gdrlds.
6
>,=4%
Mfjxdr mf mjspkhjojijzdr sjstfed pdrd dqufgjefhtk mds eçks pr÷xjek mks sdhjtärjks ku mks ikgdjs mf crujìçk mf pdusds, qudhmk ds dtjvjmdmfs edhudjs ckrfe rfdijzdmds fe deojfhtfs crjks ku fxj`de gkhtdtk gkhstdhtf gke supfrcågjfs f prkmutks crjks.
6
>,=4%
Mfjxdr mf fidokrdr rfgkefhmdìöfs frlkhýejgds fspfgåcjgds pdrd ks pkstks f/ku dtjvjmdmfs dvdijdmds hds dhäijsfs frlkhýejgds.
6
>,=4%
fxpksjìçk mf trdodibdmkrfs fe deojfhtfs drtjcjgjdiefhtf rfcrjlfrdmks f/ku dk gdikr fxgfssjvk.
Mfjxdr mf jmfhtjcjgdr dlfhtfs pdtklàhjgks f/ku efjks mf trdhsejssçk fxpkhmk trdodibdmkrfs î gkhtdejhdìçk ojki÷ljgd.
6
>,=4%
Mfjxdr mf jepfmjr, pkr efjk mf prktfìçk e÷vfi jhtfrtrdvdmd, k dgfssk, fe tkmds ds
6
>,=4%
Mfjxdr mf utjijzdr hk trdhspkrtf mf prkmutks d sfrfe fspkstf`dmks fe ijhbd f/ku trjibdlfe dêrfd efgdhjzdmd f/ku fstfjrds gke gdrdgtfråstjgds f/ku mjefhsöfs quf fvjtfe d dmkìçk mf pksturds fxgfssjvds f gkhtjhudmds mks efeorks supfrjkrfs f/ku md hugd.
6
>,=4%
Edhtfr pkstks mf trdodibk sfe prktfìçk gkhtrd jhtfepêrjfs qudhmk ds dtjvjmdmfs kgkrrfrfe fe ärfd fxtfrhd.
6
>,=4%
^frejtjr edhusfjk mf dhjedjs ku prkmutks quf fxj`d k usk mf ckrìd eusguidr fxgfssjvd pkr pdrtf mks trdodibdmkrfs.
6
>,=4%
^frejtjr k ifvdhtdefhtk hçk fvfhtudi mf gdrlds qudhmk d mjstïhgjd mf digdhgf bkrjzkhtdi md pfld ckr supfrjkr d 3> ge fe rfidìçk dk gkrpk.
6
>,=4%
cdgfs, î zkhd 7, pkijds jhcfrjkr f supfrjkr, f/ku î zkhd =, cjtd mf gkrtf ckrd md ärfd mf gkrtf, md eäqujhd sfrrd mf cjtd.
Ckhtf0 Wcjtwfo/WJ]
Fssfs mdmks pfrejtfe gkhgiujr quf, hk pfråkmk mf ?>4< d ?>?>, fe pfik efhks 3>% mds dìöfs cjsgdjs rfidgjkhdmds î H_ 73 ckj mftfgtdmd dk efhks ued jrrfluidrjmdmf. Hktd-sf tdeoêe quf, dk ikhlk mf ?>4:, ckrde mftfgtdmds, dprkxjedmdefhtf, ??< tjpks mf jrrfluidrjmdmfs mjcfrfhtfs, pkrtdhtk, mfhktdhmk d fhkref vdrjfmdmf mf mfsgkhckrejmdmfs mftfgtdmds fe rfidìçk î H_ 73.
JJ.=.7 Dhäijsf mf dgjmfhtfs Kutrd ckhtf jepkrtdhtåssjed mf jhckredìöfs sçk ds dhäijsfs mf dgjmfhtfs mf trdodibk rfdijzdmds pfid Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk. ]rdtd-sf mf ue suogkh`uhtk mds dìöfs cjsgdjs fe quf sf fidokrd ued rfgkhstruìçk mk fvfhtk f ued dvdijdìçk mds sjtudìöfs lfrdmkrds gke d fspfgjcjgdìçk mks pkssåvfjs cdtkrfs gdusdjs, gke k ko`ftjvk prfvfhjr kgkrràhgjds cuturds. Hk pfråkmk mf ?>4< d ?>?>, ckrde rfdijzdmds 3.2>< 3.2>4?> Wuogidssf mf GHDF Crjlkråcjgk - dodtf mf okvjhks Edtdmkurk - dodtf mf rfsfs sko gkhtrdtk, fxgftk dodtf mf suåhks
DGJMFH]F
MKFHGD =<
]ktdi Lfrdi 7
4
6> 4
Dodtf mf dvfs
76
47
=2
Crjlkråcjgk - dodtf mf suåhks Cdorjgdìçk mf prkmutks mf gdrhf
4: 42
6 4
?= 4:
^rfpdrdìçk mf suoprkmutks mk dodtf
=
=
Cdorjgdìçk mf gkhsfrvds mf pfjxfs, grustägfks f ekiusgks
6
6
]ktdi
4?:
??
464
D ]dofid 46 dprfsfhtd d mjstrjoujìçk mds dhäijsfs mf dgjmfhtf rfidgjkhdmds î H_ 73 qudhtk î lrdvjmdmf mk dgjmfhtf. Mfstdquf-sf quf ?2% ?2% mds dhäijsfs gkrrfspkhmfe d dgjmfhtfs cdtdjs. cdtdjs. Dgjmfhtf lrdvf ê dqufif quf lfrd dcdstdefhtk mk trdodibk mf 46 mjds ku edjs. Ks mfedjs dgjmfhtfs gkrrfspkhmfe dks gdsks mf lrdvjmdmf ifvf ku ekmfrdmd, gke dcdstdefhtks jhcfrjkrfs d 46 mjds. ]DOFID 46 - HÐEF_K MF DHÄIJWFW MF DGJMFH]F ^FID L_DSJMDMF MK DGJMFH]F - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ‗ ?>4?> Lrdvjmdmf mk dgjmfhtf
Tudhtjmdmf mf dhäijsfs rfdijzdmds
CD]DI
=7
L_DSF
3=
Mfedjs
?4
]K]DI
464
D ]dofid 43 dprfsfhtd d rfidìçk mf cdtkrfs gdusdjs edjs crfqufhtfs, k hðefrk mf vfzfs quf ckrde fifhgdmks hds dhäijsfs mf dgjmfhtfs mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk f k pfrgfhtudi mf pdrtjgjpdìçk cdgf k qudhtjtdtjvk tktdi mf cdtkrfs gdusdjs dpurdmks (4.=44), krmfhdmks mk edjkr pdrd k efhkr hðefrk. h ðefrk. ]DOFID 43 - CD]K_FW GDVWDJW EDJW C_FTVFH]FW HDW DHÄIJWFW MF DGJMFH]FW MK WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ‗ ?>4?> CD]K_ GDVWDI
Tudhtjmdmf
^frgfhtudi
Cdibds fe pidhk mf fefrlàhgjd.
%
]rdodibk rfpftjtjvk.
4<
4,?>%
Gkhmjìöfs mf mfsgkhckrtk têrejgk.
43
4,47%
Jhfxjstàhgjd / cditd dgfssk d edhudjs / rfgkefhmdìöfs mkmf cdorjgdhtf.
46
4,>3%
]rdodibk fxjlf dprkxjedìçk fhtrf k trdodibdmkr f pdrtfs e÷vfjs, gkrtdhtfs ku pfrcurdhtfs mf fqujpdefhtk, mjspksjtjvk, ku cfrrdefhtd edhudi.
46
4,>3%
Dusàhgjd / jhsucjgjàhgjd mf rfljstrks mf edhutfhìöfs.
4=
>,::%
Dusàhgjd mf jhckredìçk skorf ks rjsgks f efgdhjseks mf gkhtrkif (mfsprktfìçk gklhjtjvd).
4=
>,::%
Cdmjld / mjejhujìçk mk fstdmk mf vjlåijd.
4=
>,::%
Kutrks cdtkrfs hçk fspfgjcjgdmks mk lfrfhgjdefhtk mf pfsskdi.
4=
>,::%
Wjstfeds mf prktfìçk jhdmfqudmks ku jhsucjgjfhtfs fe eäqujhds, fqujpdefhtks, cfrrdefhtds.
4=
>,::%
]drfcd edi gkhgfojmd.
4=
>,::%
]rdodibk ekh÷tkhk. Cdibd hk mjdlh÷stjgk md sjtudìçk / krjlfhs mf pdhfs ku mfcfjtks.
4= 47
>,::% >,:?%
Jhfxjstàhgjd ku jhdmfqudìçk mf sjstfed mf pfrejssçk mf trdodibk.
47
>,:?%
]drfcd gu`k rjtek pkssuj gkhtrkif fxtfrhk dk kpfrdmkr/fqujpf.
47
>,:?%
Mjcjguimdmf mf gjrguidìçk jhtfrhd.
4?
>,26%
Jiuejhdìçk jhsucjgjfhtf f, ku jhdmfqudmd.
4?
>,26%
Jhsucjgjàhgjd mf prklrded mf edhutfhìçk.
4?
>,26%
Eäqujhd ku fqujpdefhtk cuhgjkhdhmk prfgdrjdefhtf.
4?
>,26%
_uåmk.
4?
>,26%
Ärfd mf gjrguidìçk hçk mfedrgdmd f/ku kostruåmd1 pjsk fe mfshåvfi f/ku jrrfluidr f/ku fsgkrrfldmjk1 vjds mf gjrguidìçk mf vfåguiks gke prkoifeds mf edhutfhìçk ftg.
44
>,,,,
>,,3=%
Cdibds hd krldhjzdìçk f/ku kcfrtd mf prjefjrks skgkrrks.
:
>,3=%
Jeprkvjsdìçk
:
>,3=%
Kutrks cdtkrfs md edhutfhìçk.
:
>,3=%
^kstk mf trdodibk jhdmfqudmk ku pfrjlksk.
:
>,3=%
Cdibds hd gkkrmfhdìçk fhtrf efeorks mf ued fqujpf.
2
>,6,6,6,6,6?>, mf 4.=7< krldhjzdìöfs dumjtdmds hk sftkr crjlkråcjgk, :4< (37,24%) ckrde dutudmds pkr cditd mf dtfhmjefhtk dks rfqujsjtks md H_ 73. Tudhmk ds f mf krldhjzdìöfs mf WW], kosfrvdr ds hkreds rfluidefhtdmkrds dpijgdr okds mfjxde prätjgds mf d gkhsfquàhgjd edjs pfrvfrsd ê k grfsgjefhtk mks dgjmfhtfs f mkfhìds rfidgjkhdmds dk trdodibk. Jssk cjgku fvjmfhtf hks mdmks fxpkstks hk t÷pjgk ’JJ.7 Dgjmfhtfs mf trdodibk― f, fspfgjdiefhtf, pfid dhäijsf mks jhmjgdmkrfs mf dgjmfhtdijmdmf, quf rfvfidrde k sfu grfsgjefhtk hk sftkr crjlkråcjgk, hks ðitjeks dhks. Kutrk cdtkr jepkrtdhtf ê k rfmuzjmk jhvfstjefhtk pkr pdrtf mk feprfldmkr fe sflurdhìd f sdðmf hk trdodibk. D rfdijmdmf cätjgd fhgkhtrdmd pfid Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk ê mf odjxk jhvfstjefhtk fe efmjmds prfvfhtjvds f mf cditd mf pidhf`defhtk mf WW] hds krldhjzdìöfs. Diêe mjssk, d cditdgkhtrjouj mf gkhbfgjefhtk mds feprfsds skorf WW] f d cditd mf pfrgfpìçk mks rjsgks pdrd d hçk jmfhtjcjgdìçk md rfifvïhgjd f md hfgfssjmdmf mf jhvfstjr rfgursks cjhdhgfjrks hd prfvfhìçk mf dgjmfhtfs f mkfhìds rfidgjkhdmds dk trdodibk. Dhtf k fxpkstk, dk sf cdzfr ued dhäijsf skorf k dtfhmjefhtk dks rfqujsjtks md H_ 73, cuhmdefhtdi pdrd prfvfhìçk mf dgjmfhtfs f mkfhìds rfidgjkhdmds dk trdodibk hk sftkr crjlkråcjgk, pkmf-sf mfprffhmfr quf fxjstf ued odjxd dmfràhgjd ifldi mds krldhjzdìöfs.
o) cditd mf dijhbdefhtk md H_ 73 gke ds hkreds mf WW] rfgfhtfefhtf ditfrdmds
Hks ðitjeks mkjs dhks kgkrrfrde ekmjcjgdìöfs suostdhtjvds fe värjds hkreds mf WW]. D cditd mf rfvjsçk mk tfxtk md H_ 73 tfe k pktfhgjdi mf lfrdr gkhcijtks hkredtjvks f prkoifeds mf mjvfrsds krmfhs pdrd d prfvfhìçk fe WW]. Mfhtrf ks prjhgjpdjs dspfgtks d sfrfe bdrekhjzdmks, gjtde-sf0 •
H_ >4 ‗ Mjspksjìöfs Lfrdjs, rfvjsdmd fe ?>4:, ^krtdrjd WF^_]
h.° :46, mf 7> mf `uibk mf ?>4:, fe mfhtrf kutrds ditfrdìöfs, ckj prfvjstk ue trdtdefhtk mjcfrfhgjdmk dk quf, Ejgrkfeprffhmfmkr Jhmjvjmudi (EFJ), î Ejgrkfeprfsd (EF) f î Feprfsd mf ^fqufhk ^krtf (F^^)1 •
H_ >4 ‗ Mjspksjìöfs Lfrdjs f Lfrfhgjdefhtk mf _jsgks Kgupdgjkhdjs, rfvjsdmd fe ?>?>, ^krtdrjd WF^_] h.° 3., mf ?>?>, fe quf ckj prfvjstk gdpåtuik fspfgåcjgk skorf k prkgfssk mf ’Lfrfhgjdefhtk mf _jsgks Kgupdgjkhdjs―, mfcjhjhmk, mf ckred dordhlfhtf, d lfstçk mf tkmds ds
efmjmds mf prfvfhìçk mf WW], jhgiujhmk ks cdtkrfs frlkhýejgks1 •
H_ >< ‗ ^rklrded mf Gkhtrkif Eêmjgk mf Wdðmf Kgupdgjkhdi (^GEWK), rfvjsdmd fe ?>?>, ^krtdrjd WF^_] h.° 3., fspfgjdiefhtf fe rfidìçk î hfgfssjmdmf mf rftkrhk lrdmdtjvk dk trdodibk pkr efjk md dvdijdìçk eêmjgd f md rfdijzdìçk md Dhäijsf Frlkhýejgd mk ]rdodibk (DF]), qudhmk sulfrjmd pfik dgkepdhbdefhtk mf sdðmf mks trdodibdmkrfs, hks tfreks mk ^GEWK f md H_ >41 •
H_ 4? - Wflurdhìd hk ]rdodibk fe Eäqujhds f Fqujpdefhtks, rfvjsdmd fe ?>4:, ^krtdrjd WF^_] h.° :43, mf 7> mf `uibk mf ?>4:, gu`d dtudijzdìçk trkuxf d hfgfssjmdmf mf jhgiusçk mks dspfgtks frlkhýejgks rfidtjvks dk trdodibk gke eäqujhds, fqujpdefhtks f cfrrdefhtds edhudjs hk tfxtk md H_ 44:, mjvuildmks pfid Wfgrftdrjd Fspfgjdi mf ^rfvjmàhgjd f ]rdodibk, fe bttp0//pmft.etf.lkv.or/rdjs.. bttp0//pmft.etf.lkv.or/rdjs @ä k jtfe JJJ.6 dprfsfhtd mdmks mdmks skorf d jhspfìçk mk trdodibk tdjs gkek suds gkepftàhgjds ifldjs, dtjvjmdmfs f d fvkiuìçk mk qudhtjtdtjvk mf Dumjtkrfs-Cjsgdjs mk ]rdodibk pkr dhk.
JJJ.?. Mdmks rfsuejmks md prkmuìçk mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk ^drd ued efibkr dhäijsf, ê prfgjsk gkeprffhmfr d jepkrtïhgjd mk sftkr mf dodtf f mf prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs f mfrjvdmks hk Ordsji. Jssk pkmf sfr gidrdefhtf kosfrvdmk pfiks mdmks md prkmuìçk f mf ekvjefhtdìçk gkefrgjdi mk sftkr. Gkhckref fvjmfhgjd d ]dofid 4 edjkrfs prkmutkrfs mf gdrhfs mk euhmk, dträs dpfhds mk Fstdmks Vhjmks md Deêrjgd (FVD) f î crfhtf md Vhjçk Furkpfjd. ]DOFID 4< ‗ ^_KMVÌÇK MF GD_HFW OKSJHDW - FE EJIBÖFW MF ]KHFIDMDW ‗ EVHMK - ?>4< _dhajhl
^dås
?>4<
%
4
Fstdmks Vhjmks
44,72
42,27
?
Ordsji
:,?2
46,76
7
Vhjçk Furkpfjd
44,=4
Ckhtf0 Cdrehfws
Mf dgkrmk gke d Feprfsd Ordsjifjrd mf ^fsqujsd Dlrkpfguärjd (Feordpd), d fxpkrtdìçk mf gdrhf okvjhd `ä rfprfsfhtd 7% mds fxpkrtdìöfs ordsjifjrds f ue cdturdefhtk mf 3 ojiböfs mf rfdjs. _fprfsfhtd 3% mk ^rkmutk Jhtfrhk Orutk (^JO) ku 7>% mk ^JO mk Dlrkhfl÷gjk, gke ue ekvjefhtk supfrjkr d =>> ojiböfs mf rfdjs, quf duefhtku fe qudsf =6% hks ðitjeks 6 dhks.
(mjspkhåvfi fe fe bttps0//www.feordpd.or/qudijmdmf-md-gdrhf/gdrhf-okvjhd) bttps0//www.feordpd.or/qudijmdmf-md-gdrhf/gdrhf-okvjhd).. Djhmd gkhckref mdmks md Feordpd, gke rfidìçk î gdrhf mf crdhlk, fhtrf ?>>> f ?>?>, sf mfstdgde0 fe prjefjrk iuldr, ks FVD, gke ued prkmuìçk (fe ejibdrfs mf tkhfidmds) mf ?>.3461 fe sflujmd, d Gbjhd, gke 4=.2>>1 f, fe tfrgfjrk iuldr, k Ordsji, gke 47.:>6, f î crfhtf md Vhjçk Furkpfjd, gu`d prkmuìçk ckj mf 4?.3>>. Gke rfidìçk îs fxpkrtdìöfs mf gdrhf mf crdhlk, fe ?>4:, k Ordsji cjgku fe prjefjrk iuldr euhmjdi, gbfldhmk d fxpkrtdr =,? ejiböfs mf tkhfidmds, sfluhmk mdmks md Dsskgjdìçk Ordsjifjrd mf ^rktfåhd Dhjedi (DO^D). Hk gkhtfxtk mf fxpkrtdìçk mf gdrhfs, hfssf efsek dhk mf ?>4:, ckrde prkmuzjmds hk Ordsji 7.:2 ejiböfs mf tkhfidmds mf suåhks f fxpkrtdmds eji tkhfidmds (=° iuldr euhmjdi tdhtk fe prkmuìçk gkek fe fxpkrtdìçk), gkhckref Cjlurd 2.
CJLV_D 2 ‗ ^D_]JGJ^DÌÇK MD ^_KMVÌÇK O_DWJIFJ_D HK EVHMK - ?>4:
Ckhtf0 FEO_D^D. Mjspkhåvfi fe fe bttps0//www.feordpd.or/sujhks-f-dvfs/gjds/edpds bttps0//www.feordpd.or/sujhks-f-dvfs/gjds/edpds..
Ds Cjlurds : d 44 dprfsfhtde ks mdmks md prkmuìçk mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk pkr rfljçk mk pdås, hk dhk mf ?>4:.
CJLV_D : ‗ DOD]F MF OKSJHKW HK O_DWJI - ?>4:
Ckhtf0 FEO_D^D. Mjspkhåvfi fe fe bttps0//www.feordpd.or/sujhks-f-dvfs/gjds/edpds bttps0//www.feordpd.or/sujhks-f-dvfs/gjds/edpds..
CJLV_D 4> ‗ DOD]F MF C_DHLKW HK O_DWJI- ?>4:
Ckhtf0 FEO_D^D. Mjspkhåvfi fe fe bttps0//www.feordpd.or/sujhks-f-dvfs/gjds/edpds bttps0//www.feordpd.or/sujhks-f-dvfs/gjds/edpds..
CJLV_D 44 ‗ DOD]F MF WVÅHKW HK O_DWJI - ?>4:
Ckhtf0 FEO_D^D. Mjspkhåvfi fe fe bttps0//www.feordpd.or/sujhks-f-dvfs/gjds/edpds bttps0//www.feordpd.or/sujhks-f-dvfs/gjds/edpds..
JJJ.7. Feprfldmkrfs Wfluhmk mdmks md _DJW ?>4:, ckrde rfljstrdmks fe tkmk k Ordsji 7.277.?2< fstdofifgjefhtks gke dk efhks ue feprfldmk. Hk sftkr crjlkråcjgk, fssfs mdmks ekstrde =.6:> =.6:> fstdofifgjefhtks fstdofifgjefhtks gke dk efhks ue feprfldmk. D Cjlurd 4? dprfsfhtd mdmks md fvkiuìçk mk hðefrk mf fstdofifgjefhtks mfgidrdhtfs md _DJW, hk qudi ê pkssåvfi hktdr quf k hðefrk eäxjek mf fstdofifgjefhtks ckj dtjhljmk hk dhk mf ?>4:.
CJLV_D 4? - HÐEF_K MF FW]DOFIFGJEFH]KW GKE ^FIK EFHKW VE ]_DODIBDMK_ D]JSK FE 74.4?, ^K_ DHK - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK
Ckhtf0 _DJW / WF^_]-EF
Fe rfidìçk î mjstrjoujìçk lfklräcjgd, hktd-sf quf edjs mf 6>% mds krldhjzdìöfs mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk fstçk gkhgfhtrdmds fe Wçk ^duik, Ejhds Lfrdjs, _jk Lrdhmf mk Wui f Wdhtd Gdtdrjhd, gkhckref Cjlurd 47. CJLV_D 47 ‗ HÐEF_K MF FW]DOFIFGJEFH]KW GKE ^FIK EFHKW VE ]_DODIBDMK_ D]JSK FE 74.4?.?>4:, ^K_ VC - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK
Ckhtf0 _DJW / WF^_]-EF
Dlrupdhmk-sf ks mdmks pkr rfljçk, vfrjcjgd-sf quf qudsf % % mks fstdofifgjefhtks fhgkhtrde-sf hds rfljöfs WVI f WVMFW]F, gkhckref Cjlurd 4=.
CJLV_D 4= ‗ TVDH]JMDMF MF FW]DOFIFGJEFH]KW GKE FE^_FLDMKW ^K_ _FLJÇK - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK
Ckhtf0 _DJW / WF^_]-EF
D ]dofid 42 dprfsfhtd d qudhtjmdmf mf fstdofifgjefhtks, hk dhk mf ?>4:, pkr cdjxds mf våhguiks. Sfrjcjgd-sf d lrdhmf edjkrjd mf fstdofifgjefhtks hd cdjxd mf dtê 4> trdodibdmkrfs. ]DOFID 42 ‗ TVDH]JMDMF MF FW]DOFIFGJEFH]KW GKE SÅHGVIK MK DHK MF ?>4: ^FIK ]DEDHBK MK FW]DOFIFGJEFH]K Hðefrk mf feprfldmks
Tudhtjmdmf mf Fstdofifgjefhtks
Dtê 4>
?=?2
Mf 44 d 6>
44=<
Mf 64 d 4>> Mf 4>4 d ?>>
747 ?7:
Dgjed mf ?>>
=37
Ckhtf0 _DJW / WF^_]-EF
^dssd-sf d fxpkr mdmks rfidtjvks î qudhtjmdmf mf GH^@ pkr gidssf mf GHDF f dk pkrtf fgkhýejgk mds feprfsds. ^drd fssd pfsqujsd, ckrde utjijzdmks ejgrkmdmks md _DJW mk pfråkmk mf ?>43 d ?>4: gkhtjmks hds ]dofids ]O_djs, mk odhgk MO_djs, mk sfrvjmkr Gdrdhbd md Wuosfgrftdrjd mf Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk. Gdof mfstdgdr quf k qudhtjtdtjvk mf GH^@ mfssd odsf hçk cfgbd pfid gke Wfgrftdrjd k tktdi mfFspfgjdi fstdofifgjefhtks mfgidrdhtfs md _DJW ?>4: mjvuildmk mf ^rfvjmàhgjd f ]rdodibk, gkhckref
mdmks dgjed dprfsfhtdmks. Jssk kgkrrf prkvdvfiefhtf pkrquf ks mdmks md Wfgrftdrjd Fspfgjdi ckrde suoeftjmks î mfpurdìçk fspfgåcjgd f/ku pkr jhgiujr skefhtf fstdofifgjefhtks gke pfik efhks ue våhguik. K hðefrk mf trdodibdmkrfs tktdijzdmks tdeoêe hçk cfgbd, prkvdvfiefhtf, pkr mjcfrfhìds hks grjtêrjks mf dpurdìçk f/ku dlrfldìçk mf mdmks. D Cjlurd dprfsfhtd mf GH^@ (gke ku sfe feprfldmks) pkr 46 gidssf mf GHDF dmk qudhtjmdmf sftkr crjlkråcjgk. CJLV_D 46 ‗ TVDH]JMDMF MF GH^@ ^K_ GIDWWF MF GHDF DHK MF ?>4: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK
Ckhtf0 Mdmks md WJ]
Ds ]dofids 4: f ?> ekstrde d fvkiuìçk md qudhtjmdmf mf GH^@ (gke f sfe feprfldmks) pkr dhk. D ]dofid 4: ekstrd d tktdijzdìçk pkr pkrtf fgkhýejgk, fhqudhtk d ]dofid pfids ?> dprfsfhtd ue mftdibdefhtk d pdrtjr mk pkrtf fgkhýejgk mjstrjouåmk suogidssfs md GHDF pdrd k sftkr crjlkråcjgk. ]DOFID 4: ‗ TVDH]JMDMF MF GH^@ ^FIK ^K_]F FGKHÝEJGK MD FE^_FWD ?>43 D ?>4: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ^krtf Fgkhýejgk
?>43
?>4<
?>42
?>4:
EF
7.3><
7.6:<
7.==<
7.376
F^^
:>:
:6<
:=<
4.4>4
Lfrdi
7.72:
7.===
7.=3?
?.43
EF
7.3>< 7.6:< 7.==< 7.376
]ktdi mf GH^@ EF
?>42
?>4:
Crjlkråcjgk - dodtf mf okvjhks
624
6?
Crjlkråcjgk - dodtf mf fqùjhks
<
6
=
7
72
77
7?
77
=
3
=
7
Edtdmkurk - dodtf mf rfsfs sko gkhtrdtk, fxgftk dodtf mf suåhks
?2<
?>
=64
Dodtf mf pfqufhks dhjedjs
3?
3>
62
67
Crjlkråcjgk - dodtf mf suåhks
4:?
44<
4.734 4.=?6 4.=47 4.6>3
^rfpdrdìçk mf suoprkmutks mk dodtf
422
4:=
4:<
4:<
^rfsfrvdìçk mf pfjxfs, grustägfks f ekiusgks
46=
466
436
4:=
Cdorjgdìçk mf gkhsfrvds mf pfjxfs, grustägfks f ekiusgks
4=:
473
474
4:
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:=< 4.4>4
Crjlkråcjgk - dodtf mf okvjhks
???
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??3
?36
Crjlkråcjgk - dodtf mf fqùjhks
7
=
7
4
Crjlkråcjgk - dodtf mf kvjhks f gdprjhks
6
3
6
4>
Crjlkråcjgk - dodtf mf oucdijhks
4
7
?
4
63
36
6:
3?
Edtdmkurk - dodtf mf rfsfs sko gkhtrdtk, fxgftk dodtf mf suåhks
Dodtf mf dvfs
43 D ?>4: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ^krtf Fgkhýejgk
?>43
?>4<
?>42
?>4:
EF
?6.>43
?=.272
?6.???
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?.
362.3?3
3=?.7:4
]ktdi Lfrdi
36=.3=
.43 D ?>4: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK ^krtf Gidssf mf GHDF Fgkhýejgk EF
?>43
?>4<
?>42
?>4:
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?6.???
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Crjlkråcjgk - dodtf mf okvjhks
6.??>
6.76=
6.34<
2
?
?
Crjlkråcjgk - dodtf mf kvjhks f gdprjhks
4=7
4>6
=:
?.4=3
4.4=4
4.3 442.33? :
6.?64
4>.4.467
4>.>?>
3.3>6
3.334
2.63=
:.237
46.?6=
46.46=
4=.% mks trdodibdmkrfs fstçk hk fstdmk mk ^drdhä, gkhckref mjstrjoujìçk dprfsfhtdmd hd Cjlurd 4% mk tktdi mf trdodibdmkrfs mk sftkr.
CJLV_D 44:, ^K_ VC - WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK
Ckhtf0 _DJW / WF^_]-EF
D ]dofid ?7 dprfsfhtd d qudhtjmdmf mf trdodibdmkrfs, hk dhk mf ?>4:, pfik tdedhbk mk fstdofifgjefhtk, gkhsjmfrdmds cdjxds mf hðefrk mf feprfldmks. Ê mf sf mfstdgdr quf ks fstdofifgjefhtks fhqudmrdmks hd cdjxd mf ?>> trdodibdmkrfs ku edjs feprflde =64.::7 =64.::7 trdodibdmkrfs hk pdås. ]DOFID ?7 ‗ TVDH]JMDMF MF ]_DODIBDMK_FW MK DHK MF ?>4: ^FIK ]DEDHBK MK FW]DOFIFGJEFH]K Cdjxd mf hðefrk mf feprfldmks Dtê 4>
Tudhtjmdmf tktdi mf feprfldmks 2.
?
??.2?7
Mf 4>4 d ?>>
77.>
=64.::7
Ckhtf0 _DJW / WF^_]-EF
Hd Cjlurd 42, ê pkssåvfi kosfrvdr d qudhtjmdmf mf trdodibdmkrfs pkr gidssf mf GHDF hk dhk mf ?>4:. CJLV_D 42 - TVDH]JMDMF MF ]_DODIBDMK_FW ^K_ GIDWWF MF GHDF DHK MF ?>4: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK
Ckhtf0 _DJW / WF^_]-EF
Kosfrvd-sf quf, hk sftkr crjlkråcjgk, gfrgd sçk bkefhs, gkhckref dprfsfhtdmk hd Cjlurd 4:.mf 3?% mks trdodibdmkrfs
CJLV_D 4: - TVDH]JMDMF MF ]_DODIBDMK_FW ^K_ WFRK DHK MF ?>4: ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK
Ckhtf0 _DJW / WF^_]-EF
Fe rfidìçk î cdjxd ftärjd, kosfrvd-sf quf edjs mf 36% mks trdodibdmkrfs mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk pkssufe jmdmf fhtrf ?6 f =: dhks, gkhckref jiustrd d Cjlurd ?>. CJLV_D ?> - ]_DODIBDMK_FW ^K_ CDJRD F]Ä_JD
Ckhtf0 _DJW / WF^_]-EF
Fe rfidìçk dk lrdu mf jhstruìçk, kosfrvd-sf quf dprkxjedmdefhtf =>% mks trdodibdmkrfs mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk pkssufe fhsjhk eêmjk gkepiftk, gkhckref fvjmfhgjd d Cjlurd ?4.
CJLV_D ?4 - ]_DODIBDMK_FW ^K_ L_DV MF JHW]_VÌÇK
Ckhtf0 _DJW / WF^_]-EF
D ]dofid ?= ekstrd ds prjhgjpdjs kgupdìöfs mks trdodibdmkrfs mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk, hk dhk mf ?>4:, gdmd ued gke edjs mf 6.>>> trdodibdmkrfs, gkhckref mdmks md _DJW. ]DOFID ?= ‗ TVDH]JMDMF MF ]_DODIBDMK_FW MK DHK MF ?>4: ^K_ KGV^DÌÇK MD GOK ‗ WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK Gkmjlk GOK
Mfsgrjìçk md kgupdìçk
6 Dijefhtdmkr mf ijhbd mf prkmuìçk
Tudhtjmdmf mf trdodibdmkrfs
^frgf htudi
442.:>:
?4,2? %
2=26?> Edldrfcf
::.2
42,7> %
2=26>6 Dodtfmkr
7:.>4=
Kpfrdmkr mf eäqujhds cjxds, fe lfrdi
43.2%
64=7?> Cdxjhfjrk
4=.77<
?,37%
7:4?>6 Jhspftkr mf qudijmdmf
4=.4==
?,3>%
=44>4> Dssjstfhtf dmejhjstrdtjvk Ektkrjstd mf gdejhbçk (rktds rfljkhdjs f jhtfrhdgjkhdjs)
:.374 2.?>7
4,6 Duxjijdr mf fsgrjt÷rjk
4,==%
:447>6 Efgïhjgk mf edhutfhìçk mf eäqujhds, fe lfrdi
,:2%
>. Fe mfgkrràhgjd prfvjsçk, fe >2 _fluidefhtdmkrds mf `uhbk mf 4:47, mf edhfjrd d rfluidefhtdr, pdrd k sftkr crjlkråcjgk, ks drtjlks 422, mf 6 mf hkvfeork mf ?>4:. Gueprf mfstdgdr hks drtjlks = f 2, quf gkepöfe, rfspfgtjvdefhtf, d ^drtf JJ - ^rjhgåpjks mf ued pkiåtjgd hdgjkhdi f d ^drtf JJJ ‗ Dìçk fe håvfi hdgjkhdi md Gkhvfhìçk h° 466, k sflujhtf (lrjcks hkssks)0 Drtjlk = 4. ]kmk Efeork mfvfrä, fe gkhsuitd îs krldhjzdìöfs edjs rfprfsfhtdtjvds mf feprfldmkrfs f mf trdodibdmkrfs,, f ifvdhmk fe gkhtd ds gkhmjìöfs f d prätjgd trdodibdmkrfs hdgjkhdjs, ckreuidr, pýr fe prätjgd f rffxdejhdr pfrjkmjgdefhtf ued pkiåtjgd hdgjkhdi gkfrfhtf fe edtêrjd mf sflurdhìd f sdðmf mks trdodibdmkrfs f k efjk deojfhtf mf trdodibk. ?. Fssd pkiåtjgd tfrä gkek ko`ftjvk prfvfhjr ks dgjmfhtfs f ks mdhks î sdðmf quf ckrfe gkhsfquàhgjd mk trdodibk, tfhbde rfidìçk gke d dtjvjmdmf mf trdodibk, ku sf dprfsfhtdrfe murdhtf k trdodibk, rfmuzjhmk dk eåhjek, hd efmjmd quf ckr rdzkävfi f pkssåvfi, ds gdusds mks rjsgks jhfrfhtfs dk efjk deojfhtf mf trdodibk. ................. Drtjlk 2 ]kmk Efeork mfvfrä dmktdr, pkr vjd ifljsidtjvd ku rfluidefhtdr ku pkr qudiqufr kutrk eêtkmk mf dgkrmk gke ds gkhmjìöfs f d prätjgd hdgjkhdjs, f fe gkhsuitd îs krldhjzdìöfs rfprfsfhtdtjvds mf feprfldmkrfs f mf trdodibdmkrfs jhtfrfssdmds, jhtfrfssdmds, ds efmjmds hfgfssärjds h fgfssärjds pdrd tkrhdr fcftjvk k drtjlk = md prfsfhtf pr fsfhtf Gkhvfhìçk.
Hfssf gkhtfxtk, gkhsjmfrdhmk ds gkepftàhgjds dtrjouåmds pfik ifljsidmkr pdrd rfluidefhtdìçk mds qufstöfs mf WW], ofe gkek ks gkeprkejssks jhtfrhdgjkhdjs dssuejmks, ckj jhstjtuåmd, pkr efjk md ^krtdrjd WWW] h° ?, mf 4> mf dorji mf 4::3, pfik fhtçk Ejhjstêrjk mk ]rdodibk, d Gkejssçk ]rjpdrtjtf ^drjtärjd ^fredhfhtf (G]^^), jhstïhgjd rfspkhsävfi pfid mjsgussçk mds Hkreds _fluidefhtdmkrds mf sdðmf f sflurdhìd hk trdodibk.
Mfsmf fhtçk, tkmds ds H_ pdssdrde d sfr gkhstruåmds d pdrtjr mk mjäiklk fhtrf rfprfsfhtdhtfs mf lkvfrhk, mf trdodibdmkrfs f feprfldmkrfs, k quf pkssjojijtku dgkepdhbdefhtk mjhïejgk md fvkiuìçk mds rfidìöfs f prkgfssks mf trdodibk. Fe ?>4:, gke d puoijgdìçk mk Mfgrftk h° :.4:. Fhtrftdhtk, tdi Gkejssçk ckj rffstruturdmd pkr efjk mk Mfgrftk h° :.:==, mf 7> mf `uibk mf ?>4:, sfhmk, mfsmf fhtçk, gkkrmfhdmd pfid Wfgrftdrjd mf ]rdodibk mk Ejhjstêrjk mk ]rdodibk f ^rfvjmàhgjd. Mfssd ckred, gkhgiuj-sf quf k E]^, pkr efjk md W]_DO, pkssuj gkepftàhgjd ifldi pdrd fidokrdr f rfvjsdr ds H_ mf sflurdhìd f sdðmf hk trdodibk. Mfstdrtf, cjgd gidrk, gkhckref Gkhvfhìçk h¾ 466 md KJ], quf k prkgfssk hkredtjvk kpfrdgjkhdijzdmk pkr fssf ÷rlçk ê mfvjmdefhtf feodsdmk hds gkhsuitds îs krldhjzdìöfs edjs rfprfsfhtdtjvds mf feprfldmkrfs f trdodibdmkrfs, rfdijzdmds efmjdhtf G]^^, rfsuitdhmk hds pkrtdrjds quf grjfe ku ditfrfe hkreds mf sflurdhìd f sdðmf hk trdodibk.
S. Mfcjhjìçk mks ko`ftjvks d sfrfe digdhìdmks (jhgjsk S mk drt. 3° mk Mfgrftk h° 4>.=44, mf ?>?>) Hfstf gdpåtuik, sfrçk mfsgrjtks ks ko`ftjvks (cuhmdefhtdi f fspfgåcjgks) md dtudìçk rfluidt÷rjd md Wfgrftdrjd Fspfgjdi mf ^rfvjmàhgjd f ]rdodibk fe rfidìçk dk tfed mfstf _fidt÷rjk. Hk gdsk fe dhäijsf, k ko`ftjvk cuhmdefhtdi, cuhmdefhtdi, gke odsf hd dtudìçk quf sf mfsf`d skorf k prkoifed prjhgjpdi, ê ldrdhtjr d dmkìçk mf efmjmds mf prfvfhìçk mf sflurdhìd f sdðmf hds dtjvjmdmfs mf trdodibk mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk. ^drd jssk, ê hfgfssärjk edhtfr d H_ 73 fxfquåvfi, fcftjvd f fcjgjfhtf fe digdhìdr ks jepdgtks cjhdjs mfsf`dmks. K ko`ftjvk cuhmdefhtdi dprfsfhtdmk fstä dijhbdmk î prklrdedìçk md W]_DO fstdofifgjmd hk ^idhk ^iurjdhudi (^^D) ?>?>-?>?7. K ^^D fe qufstçk ckj jhstjtuåmk pfid Ifj h° 47.:4:, rfciftjhmk ds pkiåtjgds pðoijgds, krjfhtdhmk d dtudìçk lkvfrhdefhtdi f mfcjhjhmk mjrftrjzfs, ko`ftjvks, eftds f prklrdeds. Gueprf mfstdgdr quf k ^^D ê k jhstruefhtk mf pidhf`defhtk lkvfrhdefhtdi mf eêmjk prdzk, quf mfcjhf mjrftrjzfs, ko`ftjvks f eftds, gke prkp÷sjtk mf vjdojijzdr d jepifefhtdìçk mks prklrdeds. D dtudìçk md W]_DO prfvjstd hfssf ^^D gkeprffhmf mkjs ^rklrdeds Cjhdiåstjgks (??47 ‗ Ekmfrhjzdìçk ]rdodibjstd f ]rdodibk Mjlhk f ??4= ‗ Hkvd ^rfvjmàhgjd), gke sfus rfspfgtjvks ko`ftjvks f eftds, sfhmk quf ds Wfgrftdrjds mf ]rdodibk f mf ^rfvjmàhgjd sçk ds uhjmdmfs rfspkhsävfjs pfid gkkrmfhdìçk mds dìöfs prfvjstds pdrd digdhgf mds eftds mfcjhjmds hk ^idhk. Mfhtrk mk ^rklrded Cjhdiåstjgk md Ekmfrhjzdìçk ]rdodibjstd f ]rdodibk Mjlhk (??47), gu`d mjrftrjz ê mdr àhcdsf hd lfrdìçk mf kpkrtuhjmdmfs f fståeuiks î jhsfrìçk hk efrgdmk mf trdodibk, ckj trdìdmk k Ko`ftjvk h° 4?42, mfsgrjtk gkek ’ekmfrhjzdr ds rfidìöfs trdodibjstds pdrd prkekvfr gkepftjtjvjmdmf f prktfìçk dk trdodibdmkr―.
Särjks sçk ks rfsuitdmks fspfrdmks gke k dtfhmjefhtk mfssf ko`ftjvk mk ^^D, gdofhmk mfstdgdr dqufifs ijldmks mjrftdefhtf dk ko`ftjvk cuhmdefhtdi mfstd dhäijsf0 Dtudijzdìçk md ifljsidìçk trdodibjstd1 Ekmfrhjzdìçk mds jhstjtujìöfs pðoijgds fhgdrrfldmds md
• •
rfluidìçk mk trdodibk1 f Efibkrjd hds gkhmjìöfs mf sflurdhìd f sdðmf hk trdodibk.
•
D pdrtjr mk ko`ftjvk cuhmdefhtdi mfijhfdmk, ckrde mfcjhjmks ks sflujhtfs ko`ftjvks fspfgåcjgks fspfgåcjgks d sfrfe digdhìdmks fe rfidìçk dk prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk jmfhtjcjgdmk hfstd dhäijsf0 ^ktfhgjdijzdr d cjsgdijzdìçk mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk1 Duefhtdr k dtfhmjefhtk dks rfqujsjtks md H_ 73 pfids
• •
krldhjzdìöfs1
^rkpjgjdr ue gjgik gkhtåhuk mf jmfhtjcjgdìçk, dvdijdìçk f
•
prfvfhìçk mf rjsgks hk deojfhtf mf trdodibk, ckrtdifgfhmk d lfstçk jhtflrdmd fe WW]1 f Bdrekhjzdr k tfxtk md H_ 73 gke ds hkvds mjspksjìöfs mf lfrfhgjdefhtk mf rjsgks kgupdgjkhdjs f gke ds mfedjs hkreds mf WW].
•
SJ. Mfsgrjìçk mds ditfrhdtjvds pkssåvfjs dk fhcrfhtdefhtk mk prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk jmfhtjcjgdmk (jhgjsk SJ mk drt. 3° mk Mfgrftk h° 4>.=44, mf ?>?>) D pdrtjr mds mjvfrsds sjtudìöfs dprfsfhtdmds hks gdpåtuiks dhtfrjkrfs, ousgdhmk k fhcrfhtdefhtk mk prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk f k digdhgf mks ko`ftjvks mfsf`dmks, ckj rfdijzdmd ued jmfhtjcjgdìçk mds mjcfrfhtfs pkssjojijmdmfs mf sf trdtdr k prkoifed. Ds ditfrhdtjvds krd dprfsfhtdmds pdrd gkhsjmfrdìçk sçk gdtflkrjzdmds fe hçk dìçk, hkredtjvds ku hçk hkredtjvds. HÇK DÌÇK
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Edhutfhìçk mk dtudi tfxtk f gkhtfxtk mf dpijgdìçk md H_ 730 730 Hçk rfdijzdr qudiqufr ditfrdìçk hkredtjvd ku qudiqufr dìçk hçk hkredtjvd, ku sf`d, sjepifsefhtf edhtfr k dtudi stdtus quk f k tfxtk hkredtjvk vjlfhtf md H_ 73 puoijgdmk pfid ^krtdrjd E]F h.° 666, mf ?>47, f ditfrdìöfs pkstfrjkrfs.
HK_ED]JSD
○
_fvjsçk md H_ 730 730 _fdijzdr d rfvjsçk lfrdi mk tfxtk md H_ 73, dijhbdhmk-k gke ds mfedjs H_ rfgfhtfefhtf ditfrdmds f fstdofifgfhmk efmjmds mf prfvfhìçk, gkhtrkif f ekhjtkrdefhtk mks rjsgks fxjstfhtfs hds dtjvjmdmfs mfsfhvkivjmds hds feprfsds mf dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs f mfrjvdmks, vjsdhmk î sflurdhìd, î sdðmf f î qudijmdmf
mf vjmd hk trdodibk. HÇK HK_ED]JSDW
Dtudijzdìçk mf Edhudi mf Dpijgdìçk md H_ 730 730 _fdijzdr d dtudijzdìçk mk Edhudi mf Duxåijk hd Jhtfrprftdìçk f Dpijgdìçk md Hkred _fluidefhtdmkrd h° 730 Wflurdhìd f Wdðmf hk ]rdodibk fe Feprfsds mf Dodtf f ^rkgfssdefhtk mf Gdrhfs f Mfrjvdmks, vjsdhmk ued jhtfrprftdìçk gkhckref ds eumdhìds hkredtjvds mds H_ rfgfhtfefhtf ditfrdmds. ditfrdmds.
Cjsgdijzdìçk mf WW] hk sftkr crjlkråcjgk0 crjlkråcjgk0 fidokrdr ue pidhk
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fspfgåcjgk mf mk cjsgdijzdìçk d pdrd cjhdijmdmf mf ldrdhtjr k gueprjefhtk mjspkstk hdgke H_ 73 d prfvfhìçk, gkhtrkif
f gkrrfìçk mks rjsgks hds dtjvjmdmfs mfsfhvkivjmds hds feprfsds mf dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs f mfrjvdmks.
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^idhk mf gkeuhjgdìçk skorf d H_ 730 Fidokrdr pidhk mf gkeuhjgdìçk pdrd jhckredr feprfldmks f feprfldmkrfs skorf ks pfrjlks f sjtudìöfs mf trdodibk dks qudjs ks trdodibdmkrfs fstçk fxpkstks, gueprjefhtk vkiuhtärjk md H_ 73.
vjsdhmk
duefhtdr
k
Fe rfidìçk î pkssjojijmdmf mf dutkrrfluidìçk, quf gkhstjtuj ued ditfrhdtjvd hçk hkredtjvd, mfstdgd-sf quf d edjkr pdrtf mds feprfsds mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk hçk mfsfhvkivf f hfe jepifefhtd, mf ckred vkiuhtärjd, ekmfiks mjcfrfhgjdmks pdrd dtjhljr ks ko`ftjvks md H_ 73, cdgf dk qudhtjtdtjvk f jhmjgdmkrfs mf dgjmfhtfs f dmkfgjefhtks quf djhmd pfredhfgfe fifvdmks hk sftkr. Dssje, d prätjgd md Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk ekstrd quf d dmkìçk mf dokrmdlfhs vkiuhtärjds sf rfstrjhlf d pkugds feprfsds mk sftkr, ku sf`d, hçk sf kotêe ued dordhlàhgjd uhjckref mds krldhjzdìöfs, cdtk fstf quf ifvd î mfsgkhsjmfrdìçk mfssd ditfrhdtjvd. Fe gdpåtuik dmjdhtf hfstd dhäijsf, sfrä rfdijzdmd d gkepdrdìçk mds ditfrhdtjvds gkhsjmfrdmds dgjed.
SJJ. Fxpksjìçk mks pkssåvfjs ditfrhdtjvds jmfhtjcjgdmds
jepdgtks
mds
(jhgjsk SJJ mk drt. 3° mk Mfgrftk h° 4>.=44/?>?>) Gke d cjhdijmdmf mf efibkr fxpkr ks pkssåvfjs jepdgtks pksjtjvks f hfldtjvks mds ditfrhdtjvds gkhsjmfrdmds, dmktku-sf ue eêtkmk qudijtdtjvk, sfe d ekhftjzdìçk mks jepdgtks, tfhmk fe vjstd d mjspkhjojijmdmf f d qudijmdmf mks mdmks, hçk s÷ pdrd d gkiftd, eds tdeoêe pdrd sud vdijmdìçk. Gueprf mfstdgdr quf, jhmfpfhmfhtfefhtf mk eêtkmk d sfr dpijgdmk, sfeprf fxjstfe vdhtdlfhs f mfsvdhtdlfhs quf k rfluidmkr prfgjsd dvdijdr dhtfs mf mfgjmjr skorf d efibkr ditfrhdtjvd. Ds ditfrhdtjvds hçk hkredtjvds ckrde gkhsjmfrdmds g khsjmfrdmds fe gkh`uhtk pfid sjejijtumf mks fcfjtks f jepdgtks d sfrfe prkmuzjmks. Dssje, ds ditfrhdtjvds ckrde fifhgdmds md sflujhtf edhfjrd0 hkredtjvd (d rfvjsçk md H_ 73)1 hçk hkredtjvds (dtudijzdìçk mk Edhudi mf Dpijgdìçk md H_ 731 cjsgdijzdìçk mf WW] hk sftkr crjlkråcjgk1 f pidhk mfds gkeuhjgdìçk d H_ 73)1 f d gkeojhdìçk md ditfrhdtjvd hkredtjvd gke ditfrhdtjvdsskorf hçk hkredtjvds. Gdof mfstdgdr quf d ditfrhdtjvd mf hçk dìçk hçk ê rfcfrjmd hfstf gdpåtuik, pkjs hçk sf cdz hfgfssärjk dvdijdr k jepdgtk fe rfidìçk î edhutfhìçk mds gkhmjìöfs md dtudi sjtudìçk prkoifed, quf `ä ê dhdijsdmd mftdibdmdefhtf hfstd DJ_, hktdmdefhtf hk Gdpåtuik JJ. Jhjgjdiefhtf, pdrd gdmd kpìçk rfluidt÷rjd sfifgjkhdmd, ckrde vfrjcjgdmds qudjs ds dtjvjmdmfs hfgfssärjds î sud jepifefhtdìçk, cjsgdijzdìçk f ekhjtkrdefhtk, ks dlfhtfs rfspkhsävfjs pkr tdjs dtjvjmdmfs, ks dlfhtfs dcftdmks f gkek fstfs sfrjde dcftdmks, diêe md pkssjojijmdmf md lfrdìçk mf jepdgtks jhmjrftks. Fe sflujmd, ousgku-sf vfrjcjgdr sf ds kpìöfs rfluidt÷rjds gkhsjmfrdmds pkmfrjde jepdgtdr ks gdepks skgjdi, deojfhtdi, fgkhýejgk f mks mjrfjtks cuhmdefhtdjs, fe tfreks mf gustks f ofhfcågjks (mfsvdhtdlfhs ku vdhtdlfhs) pdrd tkmks ks dlfhtfs fhvkivjmks. Cjhdiefhtf, ckrde sfifgjkhdmks ks jepdgtks edjs rfifvdhtfs pdrd d cjhdijmdmf mfstd dhäijsf, gkhsjmfrdhmk fspfgjdiefhtf k digdhgf mks ko`ftjvks prftfhmjmks, d edlhjtumf mks jepdgtks fspfrdmks f d prkodojijmdmf mf sud kgkrràhgjd. Ckrde gkhsjmfrdmks ks sflujhtfs dtkrfs jepdgtdmks mjrftd ku jhmjrftdefhtf0
Feprfldmkrfs1
•
]rdodibdmkrfs1
•
Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk1
•
Kutrks sftkrfs lkvfrhdefhtdjs (Wdðmf f ^rfvjmàhgjd)1
•
^rkcjssjkhdjs mf WW]1
•
Gkhsuejmkr mk prkmutk ku mk sfrvjìk prfstdmk1 f
•
Wkgjfmdmf.
•
D pdrtjr mks jepdgtks krd rfidtdmks, sfrä cfjtd d dvdijdìçk mf dgkrmk gke k håvfi mf jepdgtk dprfsfhtdmk hd ]dofid ?6. ]DOFID ?6 ‗ HÅSFI MF JE^DG]K HÅSFI MF JE^DG]K
HFLD]JSK
^KWJ]JSK
Hds ]dofids ?3 d ?2, ê pkssåvfi vfrjcjgdr d såhtfsf mks jepdgtks edjs rfifvdhtfs fe rfidìçk d gdmd ditfrhdtjvd gkhsjmfrdmd, ofe gkek d gkeojhdìçk mds ditfrhdtjvds hkredtjvds f hçk hkredtjvds. ]DOFID ?3 ‗ DI]F_HD]JSD HK_ED]JSD0 _FSJWÇK MD H_ 73 Dtkr jepdgtdmk
(jepdgtks pksjtjvks)
Sdhtdlfhs
(jepdgtks hfldtjvks) Mfsvdhtdlfhs
Feprfldmkrfs
Fgkhkejd rfsuitdhtf mf Gustks
mf
dmfqudìöfs hds gkhckrejmdmf ifldi. dtjvjmdmfs mf trdodibk1 Duefhtk prkmutjvjmdmf1
md
Duefhtk md fcjgjàhgjd mf efrgdmk1 _fmuìçk mf rktdtjvjmdmf f dosfhtfåsek1 _fmuìçk
mds
dìöfs
rflrfssjvds dgjmfhtärjds1 _fmuìçk mf WD]1 Jhtflrdìçk dk lfrfhgjdefhtk mf rjsgks kgupdgjkhdjs mks fstdofifgjefhtks. ]rdodibdmkrfs
_fmuìçk mks dgjmfhtfs f mkfhìds f dlrdvks rfidgjkhdmds dk trdodibk1 Edjkr gkhckrtk trdodibk1
hk
Gkhmjìöfs dmfqudmds mf trdodibk1 Jhtflrdìçk dk lfrfhgjdefhtk mf rjsgks kgupdgjkhdjs mks fstdofifgjefhtks. Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk Gidrfzd skorf ks Gustks rfidgjkhdmks rfqujsjtks mf prfvfhìçk, d trfjhdefhtk mk gkhtrkif f gkrpk cjsgdi. ekhjtkrdefhtk mks
rjsgks fxjstfhtfs hds dtjvjmdmfs mfsfhvkivjmds hds feprfsds mf dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs f mfrjvdmks. ^rkcjssjkhdjs mf WW]
Gidrfzd skorf ks rfqujsjtks mf prfvfhìçk, gkhtrkif f ekhjtkrdefhtk mks rjsgks fxjstfhtfs hds dtjvjmdmfs mfsfhvkivjmds hds feprfsds mf dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs f mfrjvdmks1 Edjkr
fcftjvjmdmf
hd
dpijgdìçk md hkred. mf gustks Kutrks sftkrfs _fmuìçk prfvjmfhgjärjks, skgjdjs f lkvfrhdefhtdjs (Wdðmf f ^rfvjmàhgjd) mk Wjstfed Ðhjgk mf Wdðmf (WVW). Gkhsuejmkr prkmutk Wkgjfmdmf
mk ^rkmutk ku sfrvjìk Sdrjdìçk hk prfìk mk prfstdmk gke qudijmdmf. prkmutk ku sfrvjìk prfstdmk. _fmuìçk mks dgjmfhtfs f mkfhìds rfidgjkhdmds dk trdodibk1 Tudijmdmf sdhjtärjd mds gdrhfs f mfrjvdmks mjspkhåvfjs hk efrgdmk1 Tudijmdmf mf vjmd hk trdodibk1 Duefhtk md fcjgjàhgjd mf efrgdmk1 _fmuìçk mf gustks prfvjmfhgjärjks, skgjdjs f
mk Wjstfed Ðhjgk mf Wdðmf (WVW). ]DOFID ?< ‗ DI]F_HD]JSDW HÇK HK_ED]JSDW0 D]VDIJPDÌÇK MK EDHVDI MF D^IJGDÌÇK MD H_ 73, CJWGDIJPDÌÇK MF WW] HK WF]K_ C_JLK_ÅCJGK F ^IDHK MF GKEVHJGDÌÇK WKO_F D H_ 73 Dtkr jepdgtdmk
(jepdgtks pksjtjvks) Sdhtdlfhs
(jepdgtks hfldtjvks) Mfsvdhtdlfhs
Feprfldmkrfs
_fmuìçk mks dgjmfhtfs, mkfhìds f dlrdvks rfidgjkhdmks dk trdodibk, rfmuzjhmk dcdstdefhtks mks trdodibdmkrfs pkr tdjs ektjvks1
Gustks mf gkhckrejmdmf ifldi1
Cditd mf jhtflrdìçk gke k lfrfhgjdefhtk mf rjsgks Efibkrjd md prkmuìçk1 Edjs jhckredìöfs skorf d kgupdgjkhdjs. dpijgdojijmdmf f fxjlàhgjds md H_ 73.
]rdodibdmkrfs
_fmuìçk
mks
dgjmfhtfs, Cditd
mf
dk mkfhìds f dlrdvks dtudijzdìçk dtudi gkhtfxtk mk rfidgjkhdmks dk trdodibk1 mk Edjs jhckredìöfs skorf d euhmk dpijgdojijmdmf f ks mjrfjtks trdodibk1 hd H_ 73.
Efhkr fcftjvjmdmf hd efibkrjd mds gkhmjìöfs mf trdodibk.
Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk Krjfhtdìçk skorf ds rflrds Gustks mf jhtfrprftdìçk f gkhmutd rfidgjkhdmks
d
md Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk fe trfjhdefhtk gkrpk cjsgdi1 rfidìçk î H_ 731
mk
^idhk fspfgåcjgk mf Edjkr cjsgdijzdìçk fe feprfsds mf gkhtfhgjksk dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf dmejhjstrdtjvk gdrhfs f mfrjvdmks. ^rkcjssjkhdjs mf WW]
gke ks dmejhjstrdmks.
Edjs jhckredìöfs skorf d Cditd mf dpijgdojijmdmf f ds jhtflrdìçk gke k fxjlàhgjds md H_ 73. lfrfhgjdefhtk mf rjsgks kgupdgjkhdjs.
Kutrks sftkrfs Edjs jhckredìöfs skorf d lkvfrhdefhtdjs dpijgdojijmdmf f fxjlàhgjds (Wdðmf f ^rfvjmàhgjd) md H_ 73. Gkhsuejmkr prkmutk Wkgjfmdmf
mk ^kssåvfi rfmuìçk mks dgjmfhtfs, mkfhìds f dlrdvks rfidgjkhdmds dk trdodibk, hk gdsk mk duefhtk mds dìöfs md cjsgdijzdìçk.
]DOFID ?2 ‗ DI]F_HD]JSD HK_ED]JSD + DI]F_HD]JSDW HÇK HK_ED]JSDW Dtkr jepdgtdmk
(jepdgtks pksjtjvks)
(jepdgtks hfldtjvks)
Sdhtdlfhs Mfsvdhtdlfhs
Feprfldmkrfs
Duefhtk md gkhsgjfhtjzdìçk Gustks skorf k gueprjefhtk mds gkhckrejmdmf fxjlàhgjds hkredtjvds1 ifldi. Edjs jhckredìöfs skorf d dpijgdojijmdmf f fxjlàhgjds md H_ 731 Fgkhkejd rfsuitdhtf mf dmfqudìöfs hds dtjvjmdmfs mf trdodibk1 Duefhtk md prkmutjvjmdmf1 Duefhtk md fcjgjàhgjd mf efrgdmk1 _fmuìçk mf rktdtjvjmdmf f dosfhtfåsek1 _fmuìçk mds dìöfs rflrfssjvds dgjmfhtärjds1 _fmuìçk mf WD]1 Jhtflrdìçk dk lfrfhgjdefhtk mf rjsgks kgupdgjkhdjs mks fstdofifgjefhtks.
]rdodibdmkrfs
Duefhtk md gkhsgjfhtjzdìçk skorf d pfrgfpìçk mks rjsgks f skorf prfvfhìçk1
efmjmds
mf
_fmuìçk mks dgjmfhtfs f mkfhìds rfidgjkhdmds dk trdodibk1 Edjkr gkhckrtk hk trdodibk1 Gkhmjìöfs dmfqudmds mf trdodibk1 Jhtflrdìçk
dk
lfrfhgjdefhtk mf rjsgks
mf
kgupdgjkhdjs fstdofifgjefhtks.
mks
Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk Gidrfzd skorf ks rfqujsjtks rfqujsjtks mf prfvfhìçk, gkhtrkif f ekhjtkrdefhtk mks rjsgks fxjstfhtfs hds dtjvjmdmfs mfsfhvkivjmds hds feprfsds mf dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs f mfrjvdmks1 Krjfhtdìçk skorf ds rflrds mf jhtfrprftdìçk f gkhmutd md Jhspfìçk mk ]rdodibk fe rfidìçk î H_ 731 ^idhk fspfgåcjgk mf cjsgdijzdìçk fe feprfsds mf dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs f mfrjvdmks. ^rkcjssjkhdjs mf WW]
Gidrfzd skorf ks rfqujsjtks mf prfvfhìçk, gkhtrkif f ekhjtkrdefhtk mks rjsgks fxjstfhtfs hds dtjvjmdmfs mfsfhvkivjmds hds feprfsds mf dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs f mfrjvdmks1 Krjfhtdìçk skorf d jhtfrprftdìçk f dpijgdìçk md hkred1 Edjkr fcftjvjmdmf dpijgdìçk md hkred.
hd
Kutrks sftkrfs _fmuìçk mf gustks lkvfrhdefhtdjs prfvjmfhgjärjks f mk Wjstfed (Wdðmf f ^rfvjmàhgjd) Ðhjgk mf Wdðmf (WVW)1 Edjs jhckredìöfs skorf d dpijgdojijmdmf f fxjlàhgjds md H_ 73.
Gustks rfidgjkhdmks trfjhdefhtk gkrpk cjsgdi.
d mk
Gkhsuejmkr mk ^rkmutk ku sfrvjìk prfstdmk Sdrjdìçk hk prfìk prkmutk ku mk sfrvjìk gke qudijmdmf. mk prkmutk ku prfstdmk sfrvjìk prfstdmk. Wkgjfmdmf
_fmuìçk mks dgjmfhtfs f mkfhìds rfidgjkhdmds dk trdodibk1 Tudijmdmf trdodibk1
mf
vjmd
hk
Duefhtk md fcjgjàhgjd mf efrgdmk1 _fmuìçk mf gustks prfvjmfhgjärjks, skgjdjs f mk Wjstfed Ðhjgk mf Wdðmf (WVW).
D pdrtjr mfssd dhäijsf mks jepdgtks pksjtjvks f hfldtjvks, rfsueju-sf mf ckred qudijtdtjvd k håvfi mf gkhtrjoujìçk mf gdmd ditfrhdtjvd pdrd k dtjhljefhtk mks ko`ftjvks prkpkstks. ^drd tdhtk, gkhckref fvjmfhgjdmk hd ]dofid ?:, utjijzku-sf ued gidssjcjgdìçk quf gkeprffhmf < (sftf) håvfjs mf jepdgtk, sfhmk quf ks sjhdjs fxprfssde tdhtk ds gkhsfquàhgjds qudhtk d prkodojijmdmf. ]DOFID ?: ‗ GIDWWJCJGDÌÇK MKW HÅSFJW MF JE^DG]K Håvfjs Håvf js mf je jepd pdgtk gtk Wåe Wåeok okik ik Ditk ^ksjtjvk Eêmjk ^ksjtjvk
+++ +++ ++
^fqufhk ^fqufh k ^ksjtjvk
+
Hfutrk
>
^fqufhk Hfldtjvk
-
Eêmjk Hfldtjvk
--
Ditk Hfldtjvk
---
Gke odsf hks jepdgtks rfidtdmks hds ]dofids ?3 d ?2, pkmf-sf vfrjcjgdr d ditfrhdtjvd quf, hk sdimk lfrdi, pkssuj edjs jepdgtks pksjtjvks. Hd ]dofid 7>, mf ckred jiustrdtjvd, sçk dprfsfhtdmds ds ditfrhdtjvds f k
rfspfgtjvk håvfi mf gkhtrjoujìçk rfidtjvk, mf dgkrmk gke d dvdijdìçk qudijtdtjvd rfdijzdmd. Gkhckref sf kosfrvd, dk gkeojhdr ds ditfrhdtjvds hkredtjvd f hçk hkredtjvd fijejhd-sf d edjkrjd mks jepdgtks hfldtjvks, rfsuitdhmk hue gkh`uhtk mf dìöfs gke edjkr jepdgtk pksjtjvk crfhtf dks ko`ftjvks fstdofifgjmks. ]DOFID 7> ‗ HÅSFI MF GKH]_JOVJÌÇK MDW DI]F_HD]JSDW
Ditfrhdtjvds
HÅSFI MF GKH]_JOVJÌÇK Hkredtjvd + Hçk Hkredtjvds ++++ ++ Hkredtjvd ++ Hçk Hkredtjvds + Hçk Dìçk >
SJJJ. Gkhsjmfrdìöfs rfcfrfhtfs îs jhckredìöfs f îs edhjcfstdìöfs rfgfojmds pdrd DJ_ fe fvfhtudjs prkgfssks mf pdrtjgjpdìçk skgjdi (jhgjsk SJJJ mk drt. 3° mk Mfgrftk h° 4>.=44, mf ?>?>) Fstf gdpåtuik tfe gkek ko`ftjvk rfidtdr ds gkhsjmfrdìöfs g khsjmfrdìöfs rfcfrfhtfs îs jhckredìöfs f îs edhjcfstdìöfs rfgfojmds pdrd d DJ_ fe fvfhtudjs prkgfssks mf pdrtjgjpdìçk skgjdi ku mf kutrks prkgfssks mf rfgfojefhtk mf suosåmjks mf jhtfrfssdmks hd edtêrjd fe dhäijsf. Jhjgjdiefhtf, gdof rfidtdr quf d pdrtjgjpdìçk skgjdi rfcfrfhtf î DJ_ ê cdguitdtjvd hks tfreks mk Mfgrftk h¾ 4>.=44, mf ?>?>, fe quf k pr÷prjk jhgjsk SJJJ mk drt. 3° efhgjkhd ’fvfhtudjs― prkgfssks mf pdrtjgjpdìçk skgjdi. @ä k drt. 2° hçk mfjxd mðvjmds dk efhgjkhdr quf ’k rfidt÷rjk mf DJ_ pkmfrä sfr ko`ftk mf pdrtjgjpdìçk skgjdi fspfgåcjgd (...)―.
D rfdijzdìçk mf gkhsuitd pðoijgd ê korjldt÷rjd skefhtf pdrd ds dlàhgjds rfluidmkrds, hks tfreks mk drt. :° md Ifj h° 47.2=2, 47.2=2 , mf ?6 mf `uhbk mf ?>4:. Hçk kostdhtf, gkek ckred mf suosjmjdr d prfsfhtf DJ_, bkuvf gkiftd mf jhckredìöfs pkr efjk mf ]kedmd ^ðoijgd mf Wuosåmjks (]^W), puoijgdmd hk Mjärjk Kcjgjdi md Vhjçk mf 7> mf mfzfeork mf ?>?>, mf edhfjrd d pfrejtjr d edhjcfstdìçk mks dtkrfs skgjdjs fhvkivjmks qudhtk d prkoifeätjgds fxjstfhtfs hd H_ 73. Jhjgjdiefhtf pidhf`dmd pdrd ue prdzk mf 7> mjds, d rfcfrjmd ]kedmd ckj prkrrkldmd, mf ckred fxgfpgjkhdi, pkr edjs 7> mjds. Ds prkpkstds f gkhtrjoujìöfs dprfsfhtdmds fhgkhtrde-sf mjspkhåvfjs pdrd gkhsuitd fe bttps0//www.lkv.or/pdrtjgjpdedjsordsji/hkredrfluidefhtdmkrd-73.. rfluidefhtdmkrd-73 D ]^W ê ftdpd dhtfrjkr î rfvjsçk ku î mjsgussçk mf tfxtk hkredtjvk f tfe k ko`ftjvk mf gkiftdr suosåmjks pdrd d jmfhtjcjgdìçk mf prkoifeds rfluidt÷rjks rfidgjkhdmks î hkred. ]rdtku-sf mf ue qufstjkhärjk gke pfrluhtds dofrtds quf pfrejtjrde jmfhtjcjgdr qufstöfs rfluidt÷rjds, ds ditfrhdtjvds fxjstfhtfs f suds rfpfrgussöfs, d cje mf suosjmjdr ks trdodibks mf rfvjsçk md H_ 73. K qufstjkhärjk md ]^W ckj fstruturdmk md sflujhtf ckred0 c kred0 4 - Tudi prkoifed vkgà jmfhtjcjgd hd H_; ?gjrguhstïhgjds - Tudi k gkhtfxtk hk mds qudiqudjs k prkoifed sf jhsfrf; Jstk ê, qudjs d pdrtjr sf gkhsjmfrd k prkoifed; Tudids k deojfhtf hk qudi fif fstä jhsfrjmk;
7 - Tudjs ds gkhsfquàhgjds mk prkoifed; Fstf prkoifed gdusd k quà; = - Tudjs sçk ds gdusds ku jhmutkrfs mk prkoifed; 6 - Tudi d fxtfhsçk ku edlhjtumf mk prkoifed, jstk ê, khmf fif kgkrrf (ikgdiefhtf, rfljkhdiefhtf, hdgjkhdiefhtf), gke quf crfquàhgjd, qudi d fxtfhsçk mks lrupks dcftdmks; Tudhtk k prkoifed dcftd sud vjmd mjärjd; Fe rfidìçk dks sflujhtfs dtkrfs0 feprfldmkrfs, trdodibdmkrfs, lkvfrhk, skgjfmdmf fe lfrdi, qudi gkepkrtdefhtk tfrjd quf eumdr pdrd quf d sjtudìçk efibkrdssf; 3 - Tudi d fvkiuìçk fspfrdmd mk prkoifed hk cuturk gdsk hdmd sf`d cfjtk; < - Tudjs ds pkssåvfjs skiuìöfs pdrd rfskivfr fssf prkoifed; 2 - ^kr quf d H_ mfvfrjd sfr rfvjsdmd; @ustjcjquf d hfgfssjmdmf mf ekmjcjgdr d hkred. : - Fe rfidìçk dks sflujhtfs dtkrfs0 feprfldmkrfs, trdodibdmkrfs, lkvfrhk, skgjfmdmf fe lfrdi, qudjs ks fcfjtks pksjtjvks f qudjs ks fcfjtks hfldtjvks md ditfrdìçk prftfhmjmd; 4> - K quf sf pkmf cdzfr sfe ditfrdr d hkred; 44 - Fe rfidìçk dks sflujhtfs dtkrfs0 feprfldmkrfs, trdodibdmkrfs, lkvfrhk, skgjfmdmf fe lfrdi, qudjs ks fcfjtks pksjtjvks f qudjs ks fcfjtks hfldtjvks md skiuìçk hçk hkredtjvd; 4?- Wf ckr pkssåvfi, dhfxf mkguefhtks, fstdtåstjgds ku kutrks edtfrjdjs quf pkssde fsgidrfgfr k prkoifed fifhgdmk.
Diêe mds qufstöfs dgjed rfprkmuzjmds, k ckreuiärjk fiftrýhjgk gkhtjhbd fspdìk pdrd d jhsfrìçk mf ue rfsuek md gkhtrjoujìçk, sfhmk quf d dhäijsf mks mdmks md ]^W rfvfiku quf d lrdhmf edjkrjd mks pdrtjgjpdhtfs prffhgbfu dpfhds k rfcfrjmk gdepk. Mf cdtk, mds ?, qudiqufr ditfrhdtjvd pdrd sud skiuìçk quf hçk pdssdssf pfid ditfrdìçk md hkred, î fxgfìçk mf prkpkstd pdrd rfljstrdr hk f-Wkgjdi ds gdpdgjtdìöfs rfidtjvds dk edhusfjk mf cdgds f pdrd rfdijzdìçk mf fvfhtk khijhf skorf k tfed. ^kr cje, fe rfidìçk î qufstçk :, quf mjz rfspfjtk îs pkssåvfjs rfpfrgussöfs lfrdmds pfid ditfrdìçk md hkred, ks fcfjtks pksjtjvks jmfhtjcjgdmks ckrde, odsjgdefhtf0 k jhgrfefhtk md sflurdhìd mks trdodibdmkrfs, md qudijmdmf mf
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vjmd f md prkmutjvjmdmf1 k duefhtk md sflurdhìd `uråmjgd, rfmuìçk mf muojfmdmfs,
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pdmrkhjzdìçk f sjepijcjgdìçk hk gueprjefhtk md hkred1 f
rfmuìçk md rktdtjvjmdmf f mks gustks feprfsdrjdjs, ofe gkek
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k duefhtk md iugrdtjvjmdmf. @ä gkek fcfjtks hfldtjvks md ditfrdìçk md H_ 73, ckrde jmfhtjcjgdmks tçk skefhtf k rjsgk mf fxgiujr jhmfvjmdefhtf mjspksjìöfs fspfgåcjgds mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk f, fspfgjcjgdefhtf qudhtk îs qufstöfs rfidgjkhdmds gke d gdpdgjtdìçk pdrd k edhusfjk mf cdgds, d pkssåvfi mjcjguimdmf quf mftfrejhdmks trdodibdmkrfs gke odjxd fsgkidrjmdmf pkssde tfr fe dssjejidr k gkhtfðmk mfssfs trfjhdefhtks, ofe gkek mks feprfldmkrfs fe jepifefhtä-iks f mk Fstdmk fe prkekvfr d dmfqudmd cjsgdijzdìçk mk sfu gueprjefhtk.
JR. Edpfdefhtk md fxpfrjàhgjd jhtfrhdgjkhdi qudhtk îs efmjmds dmktdmds pdrd d rfskiuìçk mk prkoifed rfluidt÷rjk jmfhtjcjgdmk jmfhtjcjgdmk (jhgjsk JR mk drt. 3° mk Mfgrftk h¾ 4>.=44, mf ?>?>) Fstf t÷pjgk tfe gkek ko`ftjvk edpfdr d fxpfrjàhgjd jhtfrhdgjkhdi f k trdtdefhtk dpijgdmk fe kutrks pdåsfs dk sftkr mf dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs f mfrjvdmks. Hçk ckj rfdijzdmk ue ifvdhtdefhtk fxdustjvk, eds ousgku-sf mfstdgdr pdåsfs gkhsjmfrdmks rfifvdhtfs pdrd k fsgkpk md dhäijsf rfdijzdmd. Dssje, dprfsfhtde-sf dpkhtdefhtks sugjhtks skorf k edrgk rfluidt÷rjk mf WW] mf pdåsfs md Deêrjgd mk Hkrtf, md Furkpd f md Deêrjgd Idtjhd. Jepkrtdhtf rfssditdr quf d H_ 73 ê ued hkred sftkrjdi, gke mftfrejhdìöfs fspfgåcjgds rfidtjvds î jhmðstrjd mk dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs f mfrjvdmks. Ds gkhmjìöfs mf trdodibk hfssf tjpk mf jhmðstrjd fxjlfe quf d ifljsidìçk sf`d sucjgjfhtfefhtf dordhlfhtf pdrd prkvfr d prfvfhìçk mf mkfhìds f dgjmfhtfs mf trdodibk. D H_ 73 trdtd mf tfeds gkek frlkhkejd, fxpksjìöfs d dlfhtfs cåsjgks, quåejgks, ojki÷ljgks f rjsgks mf dgjmfhtfs, mf ckred fspfgåcjgd pdrd k sftkr crjlkråcjgk, pkr sfrfe mf fxtrfed jepkrtïhgjd pdrd k mfsfhvkivjefhtk mk trdodibk sflurk hfssf sftkr. Fstdmks Vhjmks md Deêrjgd Hks FVD, ds hkreds sçk fidokrdmds pfid Kggupdtjkhdi Wdcfty dhm Bfditb Dmejhjstrdtjkh (KWBD) mk Mfpdrtefht kc Idokr . D sfìçk 6 (d) (4) mks KWBD Dgts rfcfrf ds giäusuids lfrdjs mds h hkreds, kreds, sfhmk rfqufrjmk mks feprfldmkrfs ckrhfgfr pdrd gdmd ue mf sfus feprfldmks ue ikgdi mf trdodibk quf fstf`d ijvrf mf rjsgks rfgkhbfgjmks pkr gdusdr ku gke prkodojijmdmf mf gdusdr ekrtf ku sêrjks mdhks cåsjgks dks trdodibdmkrfs. Fssd sfìçk pkmf sfr utjijzdmd pdrd sf fhgkhtrdr rjsgks quf hçk
sf`de trdtdmks fe hkreds fspfgåcjgds. D KWBD edhtêe ued ijstd mds hkreds edjs crfqufhtfefhtf gjtdmds 3-mjlt Hkrtb Defrjgdh Jhmustry Gidssjcjgdtjkh Wystfe gkmfs (HDJGW) ‗ g÷mjlks mk sjstfed Hkrtf Defrjgdhk mf Gidssjcjgdìçk mf Hkreds.
^drd jhmðstrjds mf prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs, mfvfe-sf utjijzdr ks g÷mjlks0 744344 - Dhjedi sidulbtfrjhl, fxgfpt pkuitry (Dodtf (Dodtf mf dhjedjs, fxgftk crdhlks)1 74434? - Efdt prkgfssfm crke gdrgdssfs (^rkgfssdefhtk mf gdrgdìds)1 f 744347 - _fhmfrjhl dhm efdt oyprkmugt prkgfssjhl (Mfrjvdmks (Mfrjvdmks f suoprkmutks mf gdrhfs), hd gdjxd mf pfsqujsd md HDJGW. D KWBD fidokrd tdeoêe lujds pdrd d jhspfìçk mk trdodibk pdrd jhtfrprftdìçk mds hkreds. ^kmf-sf gjtdr, pkr fxfepik, k lujd puoijgdmk pfik V.W.Mfpdrtefht kc Idokr f f KWBD fe ?>46, gke rfcfràhgjd îs hkreds h° 4:>=1 4:4> suopdrt F1 4:4>.:61 4:4>44:1 4:4>47?1 4:4>.4=41 4:4:.?4?1 4:4:4.4?>>1 4:47.4> mf dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf crdhlks. Hfssf lujd sçk fifhgdmks ks sflujhtfs t÷pjgks prjhgjpdjs0 Frlkhkejd/^rkoifeds eusguikfsqufiêtjgks1 F^J1
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Oikqufjks/sjhdijzdìçk fiêtrjgd1 ^rktfìçk mf eäqujhds1
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_jsgks mf fsgkrrfldr, trkpfìdr f gdjr1 Lfstçk mks prkgfssks mf sflurdhìd hk usk mf deýhjd1 _jsgks quåejgks ‗ deýhjd, gikrk, pfr÷xjmk mf bjmrklàhjk,
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mj÷xjmk mf gdrokhk ftg.1 _uåmk1 Mfskostruìçk mf sdåmds1 f Kpfrdìöfs mf ijepfzd.
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Diêe mfssd ijstd, ks jhspftkrfs mk sftkr crjlkråcjgk mfvfe dtfhtdr djhmd pdrd sjtudìöfs rfidtjvds d gkhmjìöfs f cdgjijmdmfs mks trdodibdmkrfs jrfe dk odhbfjrk, d gkhmjìöfs mf bjljfhf hk gkhtdtk gke ks dhjedjs (cfzfs f pkfjrds) f mks ikgdjs mf trdodibk, f î fxpksjìçk d dlfhtfs ojki÷ljgks. Gdhdmä Hk Gdhdmä, ds mjrftrjzfs mf sflurdhìd f sdðmf cdzfe pdrtf mk G÷mjlk mk ]rdodibk mk Gdhdmä, quf gkhskijmd tkmds ds hkreds rfidtjvds dk trdodibk t rdodibk hdqufif pdås. Gkhckref d ^drtf JJ - Wdðmf f Wflurdhìd mk ]rdodibk, sfìçk 4?6 Mfvfrfs fspfgåcjgks mk feprfldmkr, sçk korjldìöfs mk feprfldmkr0 4?6 (4) (...), (...)
(h) Ldrdhtjr quf ks håvfjs mf vfhtjidìçk, jiuejhdìçk, tfepfrdturd, uejmdmf, ske f vjordìçk fstf`de mf dgkrmk gke ds hkreds prfsgrjtds1 (...) (t) ldrdhtjr quf ds eäqujhds, fqujpdefhtks f cfrrdefhtds utjijzdmds pfiks trdodibdmkrfs hk gursk mf sfu feprflk dtfhmde hkredssflurds mf sdðmf, sflurdhìd f frlkhýejgd prfsgrjtds îs f fstf`de sko tkmds ds gkhmjìöfs mf usk prftfhmjmk1 (u) ldrdhtjr quf k ikgdi mf trdodibk, tr dodibk, ks fspdìks mf trdodibk f ks prkgfmjefhtks dtfhmde îs hkreds frlkhýejgds prfsgrjtds.
Vhjçk Furkpfjd Hd Vhjçk Furkpfjd, k Gkhsfibk mds Gkeuhjmdmfs Furkpfjds ê rfspkhsävfi dmkìçk fmdsdssflurdr Mjrftjvds ue quf efibkr trdtde mks eåhjeks mfstjhdmks dpfid prkekvfr håvfiprfgfjtks mf prktfìçk mf sflurdhìd f sdðmf mks trdodibdmkrfs. D Mjrftjvd 2:/7:4/GFF, mfsjlhdmd gkek Mjrftjvd Tudmrk (lfrdi), tfe gkek ko`ftjvk d jepifefhtdìçk mf efmjmds pdrd prkekvfr d efibkrjd md sflurdhìd f sdðmf mks trdodibdmkrfs hk trdodibk. D Mjrftjvd Tudmrk ê d Mjrftjvd mf odsf pdrd d prfvfhìçk fe sflurdhìd f sdðmf, d pdrtjr md qudi ds mfedjs sçk gkhgfojmds. ^drd tdi, fstdofifgf prjhgåpjks lfrdjs pdrd prfvfhìçk mks rjsgks prkcjssjkhdjs, d prktfìçk md sflurdhìd f sdðmf mks trdodibdmkrfs, d fijejhdìçk mks cdtkrfs mf rjsgk f mf dgjmfhtfs, d jhckredìçk, d gkhsuitd, d pdrtjgjpdìçk fqujijordmd f d ckredìçk mks trdodibdmkrfs f sfus rfprfsfhtdhtfs, dssje gkek ijhbds lfrdjs pdrd gkikgdr fe prätjgd ks prjhgåpjks mf prfvfhìçk. Fssfs prjhgåpjks f mjrftrjzfs sçk dpijgävfjs d tkmks ks sftkrfs mf dtjvjmdmf, prjvdmks ku pðoijgks ‗ dtjvjmdmfs jhmustrjdjs, dlrågkids, gkefrgjdjs, dmejhjstrdtjvks, mf sfrvjìks, fmugdìçk, guiturd, idzfr, fhtrf kutrds. Korjldtkrjdefhtf, ds Mjrftjvds furkpfjds mfvfe sfr dmktdmds pfiks fstdmks-efeorks, sfe prf`uåzk hfe rfmuìçk mf mjspksjtjvks ifldjs `ä fxjstfhtfs skorf d edtêrjd. Gdmd pdås md gkeuhjmdmf furkpfjd mfvf cdzfr d trdhspksjìçk mds Mjrftjvds pdrd d sud ifljsidìçk hdgjkhdi, sf hçk tjvfr, f, sf tjvfr, cdzfr ds dmdptdìöfs hfgfssärjds pdrd dtfhmà-ids.
Dssje, fxjstf d korjldìçk ifldi mf ks feprfldmkrfs rfdijzdrfe k lfrfhgjdefhtk mf tkmks ks rjsgks fxjstfhtfs hks ikgdjs mf trdodibk. Gkhckref d Mjrftjvd-Tudmrk 2:/7:4/GFF, ê mfvfr mk feprfldmkr0 Drt. 3° 4. Hk ïeojtk mds suds rfspkhsdojijmdmfs, fhtjmdmf pdtrkhdi tkedrä ds efmjmds hfgfssärjds î mfcfsddmd sflurdhìd f md sdðmf mks trdodibdmkrfs, jhgiujhmk ds dtjvjmdmfs mf prfvfhìçk mks rjsgks prkcjssjkhdjs, mf jhckredìçk f mf ckredìçk, ofe gkek î grjdìçk mf ue sjstfed krldhjzdmk f mf efjks hfgfssärjks. D fhtjmdmf pdtrkhdi mfvf zfidr pfid dmdptdìçk mfstds efmjmds, d cje mf dtfhmfr d ditfrdìöfs mds gjrguhstïhgjds f tfhtdr efibkrdr ds sjtudìöfs fxjstfhtfs. ?. D fhtjmdmf pdtrkhdi dpijgdrä ds efmjmds prfvjstds hk prjefjrk pdrälrdck mk hðefrk dhtfrjkr gke odsf hks sflujhtfs prjhgåpjks lfrdjs mf prfvfhìçk0 d) Fvjtdr ks rjsgks1 o) Dvdijdr ks rjsgks quf hçk pkssde sfr fvjtdmks1 g) Gkeodtfr ks rjsgks hd krjlfe1 m) Dmdptdr k trdodibk dk bkefe, fspfgjdiefhtf hk quf sf rfcfrf î gkhgfpìçk mks pkstks mf trdodibk, ofe gkek î fsgkibd mks fqujpdefhtks mf trdodibk f mks eêtkmks mf trdodibk f mf prkmuìçk, tfhmk fe vjstd, hkefdmdefhtf, dtfhudr k trdodibk ekh÷tkhk f k trdodibk gdmfhgjdmk f rfmuzjr ks fcfjtks mfstfs skorf d sdðmf1 f) ]fr fe gkhtd k fstdmk mf fvkiuìçk têghjgd1 c) Wuostjtujr k quf ê pfrjlksd pfik quf ê jsfhtk mf pfrjlk ku efhks pfrjlksk1 l) ^idhf`dr d prfvfhìçk gke ue sjstfed gkfrfhtf quf jhtflrf dtrdodibk, têghjgd, dsd rfidìöfs krldhjzdìçk mk ftrdodibk, ds gkhmjìöfs mf skgjdjs d jhciuàhgjd mks cdtkrfs deojfhtdjs hk trdodibk1 b) Mdr prjkrjmdmf îs efmjmds mf prktfìçk gkiftjvd fe rfidìçk îs efmjmds mf prktfìçk jhmjvjmudi1 j) Mdr jhstruìöfs dmfqudmds dks trdodibdmkrfs. (...) 7. Wfe prf`uåzk mds rfstdhtfs mjspksjìöfs md prfsfhtf mjrftjvd, d fhtjmdmf pdtrkhdi mfvf, mf dgkrmk gke d hdturfzd mds dtjvjmdmfs md feprfsd f /ku mk fstdofifgjefhtk0 d) Dvdijdr ks rjsgks pdrd d sflurdhìd f d sdðmf mks trdodibdmkrfs, jhgiusjvdefhtf hd fsgkibd mks fqujpdefhtks mf trdodibk f mds suostïhgjds ku prfpdrdmks quåejgks f hd gkhgfpìçk mks ikgdjs mf trdodibk. (...)
g) ^rkgfmfr mf ckred d quf d pidhjcjgdìçk f d jhtrkmuìçk mf hkvds tfghkikljds sf`de ko`ftk mf gkhsuitd dks trdodibdmkrfs f/ku dks sfus rfprfsfhtdhtfs, hk quf mjz rfspfjtk îs gkhsfquàhgjds skorf d sflurdhìd f d sdðmf mks trdodibdmkrfs, fe edtêrjd mf fsgkibd mks fqujpdefhtks, mf krldhjzdìçk mds gkhmjìöfs mf trdodibk f mf jepdgtk mks cdtkrfs deojfhtdjs hk trdodibk.
Crdhìd Hd Crdhìd, d ifljsidìçk fe WW] ê mdmd pfik Gkmf mu ]rdvdji , qudrtd pdrtf0 sdðmf f sflurdhìd hk trdodibk (drtjlks _=4?4-4 _=4?4 -4 d _=2??-4), mjspkhåvfi fe bttps0//www.ifljcrdhgf.lkuv.cr/gkmfs/sfgtjkh[ig/IFLJ]FR]>>>>>3>6>/IF LJWG]D>>>>42=22?76/#IFLJWG]D>>>>4267?:?=.. LJWG]D>>>>42=22?76/#IFLJWG]D>>>>4267?:?= Fhtrf ds korjldìöfs mk feprfldmkr fstä d rfdijzdìçk mf ue mkguefhtk ðhjgk mf dvdijdìçk mks rjsgks, pfik efhks ued vfz pkr dhk, quf mfvf cjgdr î mjspksjìçk md jhspfìçk mk trdodibk, trdodibdmkrfs, efeorks mks gkejtàs fe WW], eêmjgk mk trdodibk, fhtrf kutrks. Mfstdgd-sf, hk ]åtuik SJ, drtjlks M=434-4 d =437-=2 - Mjspksjìöfs rfidtjvds î prfvfhìçk dks fcfjtks mf fxpksjìçk d mftfrejhdmks rjsgks prkcjssjkhdjs, fe quf sçk ijstdmks ks sflujhtfs rjsgks0 4. d. o. g. ?.
^rkoifeds cåsjgks0 edhusfjks mf gdrlds, pksturds hkgjvds ku ckrìdmds mds drtjguidìöfs vjordìöfs efgïhjgds1 Gke rfidìçk dk deojfhtf cåsjgk dlrfssjvk0
d. Dlfhtfs quåejgks pfrjlksks, gkeprffhmfhmk cueks f pkfjrds (...) m) tfepfrdturds fxtrfeds f) ruåmk 7. Gke rfidìçk dk rjtek mf trdodibk0 d) trdodibk hkturhk (...) o) trdodibk rfpftjtjvk gdrdgtfrjzdmk pfid rfdijzdìçk mk trdodibk quf jepijquf d fxfguìçk mf ekvjefhtks rfpftjmks, skijgjtdìçk mf pdrtf ku mf tkmk k efeork supfrjkr, d ued crfquàhgjd fifvdmd f gke gdmàhgjd hkgjvd (tfepk mf gjgik jhcfrjkr ku jludi d 7> sfluhmks0 46 dìöfs têghjgds ku edjs1 pdrd tfepk mf gjgik supfrjkr d 7> sfluhmks, tfepk mf gjgik vdrjävfi ku dusàhgjd mf tfepk mf gjgik0 7> dìöfs têghjgds ku edjs pkr ejhutk).
D ifljsidìçk ê odstdhtf fxtfhsd f trdz fxjlàhgjds rfidtjvds î jiuejhdìçk mks deojfhtfs mf trdodibk, prktfìçk mf fqujpdefhtks f eäqujhds, F^J f rjsgks deojfhtdjs, tdjs gkek crjk. Fe ?>>?, k Jhstjtutk Hdgjkhdi mf ^fsqujsd f mf Wflurdhìd hk trdodibk md Crdhìd (Jhstjtut Hdtjkhdi mf _fgbfrgbf ft mf Wêgurjtê ) fidokrku, fe gkh`uhtk gke kutrks ÷rlçks f jhstjtujìöfs, ue lujd pdrd dvdijdìçk f prfvfhìçk mks rjsgks kgupdgjkhdjs hds jhmðstrjds mf dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs, fspfgjdiefhtf crdhlks f suåhks. Fssf lujd ê odstdhtf odstdhtf gkepiftk f dordhlf dordhlf tkmks ks prjhgjpdjs prkoifeds fxjstfhtfs hk sftkr, fspfgjdiefhtf dqufifs rfidgjkhdmks d sjtudìöfs mf trdodibk quf pkmfe mdr krjlfe dks Mjstðrojks Kstfkeusguidrfs _fidgjkhdmks dk ]rdodibk (MK_]), dk usk mf fqujpdefhtks edhudjs gkek cdgds, î fxpksjìçk dk crjk, fhtrf kutrks. ( Dpprkgbf Dpprkgbf pdrtjgjpdtjvf pdrtjgjpdtjvf pdrd ordhgbf cjijârf vjdhm vjdhmff mf okugbfrjf, mjspkhåvfi fe www.jhrs.cr www.jhrs.cr)). D Crdhìd fstä fhtrf ks edjkrfs prkmutkrfs mf crdhlks md Furkpd f, f , fe ?>4=, frd k sfluhmk, dträs skefhtf md ^kiýhjd. _fjhk Vhjmk Hk _fjhk Vhjmk, d rfspkhsdojijmdmf skorf d hkredtjzdìçk f cjsgdijzdìçk fe WW] gdof dk Bfditb dhm Wdcfty Fxfgutjvf (BWF). D prfvjsçk fhgkhtrd-sf hk Bfditb dhm Wdcfty dt \kra Dgt mf 4:?4, dijhbdhmk-k dijhbdhmk-k gke ds mfedjs H_ rfgfhtfefhtf ditfrdmds ditfrdmds f fstdofifgfhmk efmjmds mf prfvfhìçk, gkhtrkif f ekhjtkrdefhtk mks rjsgks fxjstfhtfs hds dtjvjmdmfs mfsfhvkivjmds hds feprfsds mf dodtf f prkgfssdefhtk mf gdrhfs f mfrjvdmks, vjsdhmk î sflurdhìd, î sdðmf f î qudijmdmf mf vjmd hk trdodibk ".
=. ^d ^drrd tdhtk, gkhst gkhstdde mks dduutks d ^rkp ^rkpkst kstdd mf ] ]fx fxttk ] ]êgh êghjjgk ((44:>6: >6:6?44,
dprkvk d DJ_ gkhstdhtf mk _fidt÷rjk (4:>636:6?4, gkhckre g khckreff Ej Ejhhutd mf Mfs M fspdgbk pdgbk (4:4 (4:46:6=>). 6:6=>).
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Wfgrftärjk mf ]rdodibk Mkguefht Mkgue fhtk k dssjhdmk fiftrkhjgde fiftrkhjgdefht fhtf f pkr Iujs Cfijpf Odtjstd Kijvfjrd, Kijvfjrd, Wfgrftärjk(d) Wfgrftärjk(d), , fe >=/4>/?>?4, îs drt. 4 60=3, 460= 3,mk gkhckref bkrärjk k kc kcjgj jgjdi dimf mf47 mf Ordsåijd, gke cuhmdefhtk hk § 7° mk =° Mfgrftkbkrärj h° 4>.6=7,
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bttps0// ps0//sfj sfj.fgkhke .fgkhkej jd.lkv.or/sfj d.lkv.or/sfj/gkhtrki /gkhtrkidmkr dmkr[fxt [fxtfrhk.pb frhk.pbp; p; btt D dutfhtjgjmdmf mfstf mkguefhtk pkmf sfr gkhcfrjmd hk sjtf dgdk5mkguefhtk[gkhcfrjr&jm[krldk[dgfssk[fxtfrhk5> , jhckredhmk k g÷mjlk g ÷mjlk vfrjcjgdmkr 4:?3?::7 f k g÷mjlk G_G ==2C23G>. _fcfràhgjd0 ^r ^rkg fssk h° 4: : 3 3 .4>4??2/?>?4-
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