Related Literature and Reviews

Activated Carbon (Organic Material) According to Quick (2015), activated carbon is a form of carbon that is shot through with nanosized holes that increase the material's surface area and allow it to catalyze more chemical reactions and store more electrical charge. Candelaria, et al. (2012), Carbon is one of the most abundant elements on the Earth, and plays a critical role in the bio- and ecosystems as we know them today. For thousands of years, carbon has also been a source of energy, and human history is closely associated with the struggle to extract and utilize power from carbon materials (activated carbon). The technologies that have enabled our modern society such as automobiles, airplanes, computers, lasers, and portable electronics, just to name a few, rely on the development of carbon-based materials and on the continued supply of energy. This energy is either in the form of gasoline or electricity, and is generated mainly from fossil fuels and biomass. The literatures above are related to the present study because the proponents will use activated carbon in designing the storage device.

Boost Converter According to De Stasi (2015), the boost converter is used to "step-up" an input voltage to some higher level, required by a load. This unique capability is achieved by storing energy in an inductor and releasing it to the load at a higher voltage. Based from ECE Tutorials, a boost converter is a switch mode DC to DC converter in which the output voltage is greater than the input voltage. It is also called

as step up converter. The name step up converter comes from the fact that analogous to step up transformer the input voltage is stepped up to a level greater than the input voltage. The literature above is related because the proponents will use boost converter to convert DC-to-DC to stabilize the current.

Built-in-Charger According to Hebbar (2009), phones have rechargeable batteries inside which need to be charged with a DC voltage. Simple phone chargers provide this DC voltage. These accept AC power supply which gets down converted to smaller AC voltage through a transformer and is followed an AC-DC converter. After that there is a filter circuit that cleans the voltage before giving out on the charger pins. This voltage is used for charging the phone. The literature above is related to the present study since the built-in-charger will serve as to charge the battery in alternating current source.

Charge Controller On the design of an intelligent battery charge controller for photovoltaic panels, Akarslan (2012) stated that the electricity generations of photovoltaic panels are strongly related with isolation and temperature. The isolation and temperature are not stable since the electricity generation of the photovoltaic panels are stable.

Based from Everything You Need To Know About The Basics Of Solar Charge Controller (2016), charge controller or charge regulator is basically a voltage and/or current regulator to keep the battery from overcharging. It regulates the voltage and current coming from solar panels going to battery. The literatures stated facts about charge controller which is relevant to the present study for regulating voltage/current.

Development According to Barder (2012), development is a system-wide manifestation of the way that people, firms, technologies and institutions interact with each other within the economic, social and political system. Specifically, development is the capacity of those systems to provide self-organizing complexity.

Self-organizing complexity in an

adaptive system is never designed or deliberately built: it comes about from a process of adaptation and evolution. It follows that if we want to accelerate and shape development, we should focus especially on how the environment can be made most conducive for self-organizing complexity to evolve. The literature above describes the word development, in relation to the research paradigm of the project study.

Fabrication

Fabrication is the manufacturing process in which an item is made from raw or semi-finished materials instead of being assembled from ready-made components or parts. Fabrication is performed to make an art or skill and labor, and also to make in assembling parts or sections. (www.dictionary.reference.com/browse/fabrication) The literature above present and describe the word fabrication, in relation to the research paradigm of the project study.

Power Banks According to Chick (2014), power banks have become increasingly popular as the battery life of our beloved phones, tablets and portable media players is outstripped by the amount of time we spend using them each day. The Power Banks we are talking about are good for almost any USB charged devices, Cameras, Go Pros, Portable speakers, GPS systems, MP3 players, Smartphones and even some tablets can be charged from a Power Bank – practically anything that charges from USB at home can be charged from a Power Bank – you just have to remember to keep your Power Bank charged, too! Power Banks may also be known as Power Stations or Battery Banks, too. The literature above is related to the present study because they will both used power bank as a source of energy.

Rechargeable Battery

Based from Energy Matters Pty Ltd (2015), deep cycle batteries are an energy storage units in which a chemical reaction occurs that develops voltage and results in electricity. These batteries are designed to be cycled (discharged and recharged) many times. A deep cycle battery provides power at a steady rate over a long period. The literature above is related to the present study since it serves as the power source of the device.

Solar Panel According to Woodford (2016) a solar cell is an electronic device that catches sunlight and turns it directly into electricity. Solar cells are often bundled together to make larger units called solar modules, themselves coupled into even bigger units known as solar panels. Just like the cells in a battery, the cells in a solar panel are designed to generate electricity; but where a battery's cells make electricity from chemicals, a solar panel's cells generate power by capturing sunlight instead. Based from Ecomii a Better Way (2016), solar panels are photovoltaic cells typically contained corrosive chemicals, do not pollute, require little maintenance and operate silently from the roof of a building. During daylight hours, photovoltaic panels produce energy that is fed back into electrical grid, sometimes causing the electronic meter to run backward. At night, the building uses energy off the power lines as usual, but the building saves money in its utility bill from the energy produced during the day.

Based from Collins English Dictionary-Complete and Unbridge, 12 Edition (2014), solar panel is a panel exposed to radiation from the sun, used to heat water or, when mounted with solar cells to produce electricity directly. The literatures above stated about the efficient way of saving eneergyis by the use of the sun’s energy to provide electricity, which is related to the present study.

Supercapacitor According to Schneuwly & Gallay (2010), supercapacitors may be used wherever high power delivery or electrical energy storage is required. Therefore numerous

applications

are

possible.

The

use

of

supercapacitors

allows

a

complementation of normal batteries. In combination with batteries the supercapacitors improve the maximum instantaneous output power as well as the battery lifetime. In order to increase the voltage across a supercapacitor device, a series connection is needed. An active voltage repartition device has been defined which ensures no overvoltage over any supercapacitor and an optimal efficiency. Based from Illinois Capacitor, Inc. (2007), supercapacitors have the highest capacitive density available today with densities so high that these capacitors can be used to applications normally reserved for batteries. Supercapacitors are not as volumetrically efficient and are more expensive than batteries but they do have other advantages over batteries making the preferred choice in applications requiring a large amount of energy storage to be stored and delivered in bursts repeatedly.

The most significant advantage supercapacitors have over batteries is their ability to be charged and discharged continuously without degrading like batteries do. This is why batteries and supercapacitors are used in conjunction with each other. The supercapacitors will supply power to the system when surges or energy bursts since are required. The literatures above are related to the present study because the supercapacitor will serve as an energy storage device for the prototype.

Related Studies Activated carbon As stated by Gherairi, et al. (2013) activated carbons have been widely used as an active support for the treatment of wastewater. This importance comes from the possibility of making readily structural modifications leading particularly to the enhancement of both porosity and specific surface. On the basis of such characteristics, it has attempted in this study to set up a bi-layer filtration bed made of activated carbon and sand dune. This pilot was developed essentially for the purification of domestic wastewater. The efficiency of the resulting filtrating system was assessed from the monitoring conductivity. According to Calgon Carbon (2015) activated carbon is the preferred electrode material in asymmetric batteries and a variety of advanced batteries because of the exceptionally high surface area and relatively high conductivity of the material. Calgon Carbon’s activated carbon products for energy storage were developed with high

activity and high purity to deliver maximum electrochemical performance. Calgon Carbon is a pioneer in the commercialization of advanced activated carbons for energy storage, with projects that focus on developing activated carbons for a broad range of storage applications. To continue to advance the energy storage industry and to create a source of renewable green energy, Calgon Carbon is actively working on developing advanced activated carbons for battery storage and other energy storage devices that are both technically and economically superior to the products available today. As the demands for energy storage devices become more rigorous, a variety of battery chemistries are being developed to provide higher energy densities and greater power output. The use of activated carbon provides additional performance advantages in asymmetric devices, advanced lead acid batteries and other battery technologies. The studies above are related to the present study because the proponents will use activated carbon in designing the storage device with the same application of battery.

Boost Converter Coates (2016) stated that switched mode supplies can be used for many purposes including DC to DC converters. Often, although a DC supply, such as a battery may be available, its available voltage is not suitable for the system being supplied. For example, the motors used in driving electric automobiles require much higher voltages, in the region of 500V, than could be supplied by a battery alone. Even if

banks of batteries were used, the extra weight and space taken up would be too great to be practical. The answer to this problem is to use fewer batteries and to boost the available DC voltage to the required level by using a boost converter. Another problem with batteries, large or small, is that their output voltage varies as the available charge is used up, and at some point the battery voltage becomes too low to power the circuit being supplied. However, if this low output level can be boosted back up to a useful level again, by using a boost converter, the life of the battery can be extended. Based from Daycounter, Inc. (2015), the boost converter is a high efficiency step-up DC/DC switching converter. The converter uses a transistor switch, typically a MOSFET, to pulse width modulate the voltage into an inductor.

Charge Controller Aben (2015) pointed out that charge controller, charge regulator, or battery regulator limits the rate at which electric current is added to or drawn from electric batteries. It prevents overcharging and may prevent against over voltage which can reduce battery performance or lifespan and may pose a safety risk. Without the charge controller the current from the module will flow into a battery whether the battery needs to be charging or not. If the battery is not fully charged, unregulated charging will cause the battery voltage to reach exceeding high levels, thus causing severe gassing electrolyte loss and some internal heating. The study above is related because the charge controller will help in regulating voltage/current.

Built-in-Charger Corral Jr (2012) stated in his study ”Multi-functional Rechargeable Battery Charger” can be charged using an AC/DC charger. It uses a circuit wherein the power supply is converted from AC to DC to charge the battery. The study above is related to the present study since the built-in-charger will serve as to charge the battery.

Development Akrani 2012 said that development is a specialized activity. It is done to improve the existing product or to introduce a new product in the market. It is also done to improve the earlier features or techniques or systems. Generally, it means a newproduct development. New-product development means to introduce a brand-new product in the market. It means to add a fresh product to an existing line of products. The study above is related because it describes the word development, in relation to improving the existing device.

Fabrication

Power Banks

Francisco (2006) stated in his study that power bank is essentially a portable charger that makes using your smartphones on the go much easier and more convenient. This technology is a must-have for travelling sales people, students, and virtually anyone that needs to ensure they never run out of battery throughout a busy day. These mobile Power Banks can charge your phone or other devices as many as three times under one full charge. He (2016) mentioned in his study that power banks are devices that are used to charge mobile phones, tablets, laptops, mp3 players and mp4 players anytime and anywhere. With the use we subject are devices to, it is important to have a power bank to be able to keep these devices up and running all the time. Power banks can give you uninterrupted access to play games on your laptops, instant message on the internet, use social networking platforms and book airline, train and bus tickets at the drop of a hat. The studies above and the “Development and Fabrication of Solar Organic Power Bank” is very related since they both use power bank as source of energy.

Rechargeable Battery Byoungwoo Kang Gerbrand Ceder (2009) stated in his study “Battery Materials for Ultrafast Charging and Discharging”, the storage of electrical energy at high charge and discharge rate is an important technology in today’s society and can be enable hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles and provide for wind and solar energy.

The study above is related to the present study because the proponents will use the same principle of the rechargeable battery.

Solar Panel Italia (2010) pointed out in his study ”Solar Converter Charger,” as an improvised converter with the use of solar panel, that converts light energy to electric energy. The Solar Converter Charger has four parts first, the solar panel which can produce electric power through solar cells, the solar energy will be transfomedto electrical power, second, a converter which can convert AC to DC, third an inverter which can convert 12V DC solar panel to AC, fourth, the battery which serves as the storage of electricity. The study above is related because the proponents will use solar panel as an alternative source of energy for the prototype.

Supercapacitor Vuorilehto & Nuutinen (2014) stated that supercapacitors are energy storages having similarities with both batteries and conventional capacitors. Unlike batteries, supercapacitors store electrical energy, not chemical energy. Unlike capacitors supercapacitors contain moving ions. Supercapacitors can be fully charged and discharged in seconds, even in several degrees below zero, almost linear voltage curves enables very accurate state of charge (SoC) estimations, supercapacitors can be charged and discharged even up to a million

times.

Supercapacitors

have

very

low

energy

densities

vs.

batteries,

and

supercapacitors have very high self-discharge vs. batteries. Based from EngineeringShock (2015),

supercapacitors are like other

capacitors, only they have enormous power storage capabilities. Capacitors have two storage variables: Maximum charging voltage and capacitance (Measured in Farads). Capacitance is a measure of how much energy can be stored in a capacitor. A typical power supply capacitor or audio coupling capacitor would have a capacitance of around 0.0001 farads, which is relatively large. A supercapacitor normally has a capacitance of between 1 to 3000 farads, which make them good substitutes for batteries! The studies above are related to the present study because the supercapacitor will serve as an energy storage device for the prototype.

Definition of Terms Activated Carbon. Built-in-charger. Serves as the AC power source of the power bank. Charge Controller. Serves as the indicator for the power bank. Development. Fabrication. Power Bank.

Pyrolysis. Rechargeable Battery. Serves as the power source of the power bank. Solar Panel. Serves as an alternative power source of the power bank. Supercapacitor.

Ok

Solar panel 5.5V 160mA

Ok

2pcs 1N4007 diode

Ok

1pc 47 ohm resistor

Ok

Switch

Ok

(18650 cell) rechargeable battery

Ok

5v 1A output Boost Step-up module

RL RS