Relación Temperatura-Volumen-Presión para Un Sistema Gaseoso y Puntos de Ebullición de Líquidos Puros

 

 

Zimvjrsmbhb Rjkicoûgmkh bj Líxmkc Lhtjrmh6 Rjrlcbmièlmkh

Trèkt Trè ktmk mkh h8  Èrr jh6 Migjimjrìh  È

 

 

MIMRJ Bjrjk`cs rjsjrvhbcs 

Bhtcs bj oh prèktmkh

Trèktmkh 8

Johncrhkmûi6 . . . . . . . . .

^johkmûi tjlpjrhturh-vcouljiprjsmûi phrh ui smstjlh ghsjcsc y puitcs bj jnuoomkmûi bj oìqumbcs purcs 

Houlic6 . . . . . . . . . . . . ^jkjpkmûi6 . . . . . . . . . . Khomemkhkmûi6 . . . . . . . . . .

Cnfjtmvcs • Bjtjrlmihr jxpjrmljitholjitj ohs rjohkmcijs quj jxmstji jitrj oh prjsmûi y jo vcoulji h tjlpjrhturh kcisthitj, y jitrj jo vcoulji y oh tjlpjrhturh h prjsmûi kcisthitj ji ui smstjlh ghsjcsc phrh kclprcnhr oh Ojy bj Ncyoj y Lhrmcttj y oh Ojy bj K`hrojs. • Bjtjrlmihr jxpjrmljitholji tj ohphrh tjlpjrhturh bj oh jnuoomkmûi bjjxpjrmljitholjitj uih susthikmh purh kclprcnhr rjohkmûi quj jxmstj jitrj oh tjlpjrhturh bj jnuoomkmûi y oh prjsmûi. Icrlhs bj sjgurm sjgurmbhb bhb   Kumbh ji tcbc lcljitc oh oohlh bjo ljk`jrc y hsjgörhtj bj kjrrhr oh oohvj bjo ghs kuhibc yh ic oc utmomkjs. •  Hsjgörhtj bj quj jo smstjlh smstjlh jstí nmj nmji i jishlnohbc y sufjtc phrh su kcrrjkth utmomzhkmûi (uimcijs, thpcijs, jtkítjrh). •

Jqumpc bj sjgurmbhb sjgurmbhb   •  Nhth bj hogcbûi hnctcihbh. ljikmcihbc js js mibmspjishnoj mibmspjishnoj   phrh •  Jo jqumpc hitjs ljikmcihbc rjhomzhr oh prèktmkh.

MIEC^LHKMÛI KCIEMBJIKMHO  Rjrlcbmièlmkh

Trckjbmlmjitc Trckjbm lmjitc Lhohn. 4;

^jv. ;

Lhrzc >440  >440 

8 

 

 

MIMRJ Bjrjk`cs rjsjrvhbcs 

Mivjstmghkmûi prjvmh Ji tu kuhbjric6 8. Bjemij oc qquj uj js ui ghs mbjho y uih su susthikmh sthikmh purh. >. Ljikmcih oh jkuh jkuhkmûi kmûi gjijrho quj rjohkmcij ohs prcpmj prcpmjbhbjs bhbjs T, U y R. ;. Ljikmcih oh bmejrjikmh quj `hy jitrj ghs y vh vhpcr. pcr. 2. prjsmûi htlcseírmkh. :. Bjemij Ljikmcih oh rjohkmû rjohkmûi i quj tmjij oh prjsmûi y oh tj tjlpjrhturh lpjrhturh bj jjnuoomkmûi nuoomkmûi bj uih susthikmh purh. 5. Jxpomkh oh rhzûi ppcr cr oh kuho ji ui uihh cooh bj prjsmûi ssjj rjhomzh oh kck kckkmûi kmûi lès rèpmbh bj ocs homljitcs.

Jqumpc •

  •  •  •  • 

8 Fjrmigh bj >4 lo. 8 Lhiûljtrc bj bmejrjikmho bj ljrkurmc. 8 Uhsc bj prjkmpmthbcs bj 8444 lo. 8 Trcnjth bj >: lo. > Rjrlûljtrcs.

• •

   •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  • 

Hgmthbcr. 88 Rrhlc bj tunc oètjx. 8 Ljk`jrc. > Rrhlcs bj lhigujrh bj phrjb grujsh. 8 ‟]“. > [cpcrtjs uimvjrshojs. > Tmizhs bj trjs bjbcs. 8 Tmizhs phrh tjrlûljtrc. > Rrmpmís kci tjoh hohlnrj kci hsnjstc. 8 Runc bj jishyj kci thpûi `crhbhbc. 8 Lhtrhz bj ncoh bj :4 lo. 8 Lhtrhz Lhtrhz Jroji Ljyjr bj >:4 lo kc kci i kocrurc kocrurc bj khokmc. 8 ^jermgjrhitj.

    •  •  • 

> Rrhlcs bj lhigujrh phrh rjermgjrhitj. 8 Lhitmooh bj khojithlmjitc. 8 Lhiûljtrc bj ljrkurmc kci vèovuoh bj phsc. 8 Rrhisecrlhbcr vhrmhnoj. 8 Nclnh bj vhkìc lhiuho.

• •

[usthikmhs   >:4 lo bj hguh.

•

Lhtjrmho (prcpcrkmcihbc pcr jo houlic)   8/0 thnojth bj  Hoahsjotzjr .

•

MIEC^LHKMÛI KCIEMBJIKMHO  Rjrlcbmièlmkh

Trckjbmlmjitc Trckjbm lmjitc Lhohn. 4;

^jv. ;

Lhrzc >440  >440 

> 

 

 

MIMRJ Bjrjk`cs rjsjrvhbcs 

Mitrcbukkmûi [mstjlh ghsjcsc . Ji 855> ^cnjrt Ncyoj y Jblcib Lhrmcttj (8575) cnsjrvhrci oh rjohkmûi quj jxmstìh jitrj oh prjsmûi bj ui ghs y su vcoulji, lhitjimjibc oh tjlpjrhturh kcisthitj. Bj ohs cnsjrvhkmcijs quj rjhomzhrci, kcikouyjrci oc smgumjitj6 ‟ho huljithr oh prjsmûi bj ui smstjlh, su vcoulji bmslmiuyj“. Jstj `jk`c pujbj jxprjshrsj lhtjlètmkhljitj bj oh smgumjitj

ecrlh6 T

 

∜

 

8 U 

Bcibj6

  - - - - - - - - - - (8)   < prjsmûi bjo smstjlh. U  < vcoulji bjo lmslc. T

Oh jkuhkmûi 8 sj pujbj jxprjshr thlnmíi bj oh smgumjitj ecrlh6 T

  <

TU 

 <

Bcibj6

A 

 

U  A 

 

A 

  < kcisthitj bj prcpcrkmcihombhb.

[m A   js kcisthitj, jo prcbuktc TU   thlnmíi js kcisthitj, pcr oc thitc, ji oh jkuhkmûi hitjrmcr, kuhibc jo smstjlh sj scljtj h ui prckjsc y phsh bjo jsthbc 8 ho jsthbc >, oh eûrluoh sj rjprjsjith bj oh smgumjitj ecrlh6

T8U 8

 <

T>U >

 - - - - - - - - - - (>)

T

Bcibj6

8

U 8 T> U >

   < < prjsmûi vcouljimimkmho mimkmhobjo bjosmstjlh. smstjlh.

  < prjsmûi emiho bjo smstjlh.   < vcoulji emiho bjo smstjlh.

Jo vhocr bj oh kcisthitj bj prcpcrkmcihombhb bjpjibj bj oh tjlpjrhturh, oh lhsh bjo ghs, oh ihturhojzh bjo lmslc y ohs uimbhbjs ji quj jxprjshi oh prjsmûi y jo vcoulji. Ji ohs jkuhkmcijs cntjimbhs, sj cnsjrvh quj kcrrjspcibji h oh bj uih `mpírncoh jqumoètjrh. [m sj grèemkh prjsmûi vjrsus vcoulji tjibrè oh smgumjitj ecrlh6

MIEC^LHKMÛI KCIEMBJIKMHO  Rjrlcbmièlmkh

Trckjbmlmjitc Trckjbm lmjitc Lhohn. 4;

^jv. ;

Lhrzc >440  >440 

; 

 

 

MIMRJ Bjrjk`cs rjsjrvhbcs 

T (htl)

U (ots/ag)

 H jstj js tj tmp t mp c b j kurv ku rvhs hs s j ojs kc kcic ic kj kci k ci jo icl i clnr nr j bj msc m sc tjrlhs tjr lhs..

Ruvc quj trhiskurrmr lès bj ui smgoc phrh cntjijr uih rjohkmûi jitrj tjlpjrhturh y jo vcoulji bj ui smstjlh ghsjcsc. Oh khush quj crmgmiû jstj rjtrhsc euj oh bmemkuothb phrh jitjibjr jo kcikjptc bj tjlpjrhturh. Ji 8707 Fhkqujs K`hrojs y Ocums Fcsjp` Ghy Ousshk (804>) sj bjbmkhrci h jstubmhr oh rjohkmûi quj jxmstj jitrj oh tjlpjrhturh y jo vcoulji bj ui ghs, lhitjimjibc kcisthitjs oh lhsh y oh prjsmûi bjo lmslc. Bj sus jstubmcs kcikouyjrci quj6 ‟jo vcoulji bj ui smstjlh ghsjcsc vhrìh ji ecrlh bmrjkthljitj prcpcrkmciho h su tjlpjrhturh“. Oc hitjrmcr sj jxprjsh lhtjlètmkhljitjj bj oh smgumjitj ecrlh6 lhtjlètmkhljit U 

 

∜

R 

 

  - - - - - - - - - - (;)

Bcibj6

 < vcoulji bjo smst smstjlh. jlh. R    < tjlpjrhturh bjo smstjlh. U 

[m sj mguhoh oh jkuhkmûi ;, oh jxprjsmûi lhtjlètmkh js oh smgumjitj6 U 

 <

AR 

Bcibj6

  - - - - - - - - - - (2)

A 

  < kcisthitj bj prcpcrkmcihombhb.

MIEC^LHKMÛI KCIEMBJIKMHO  Rjrlcbmièlmkh

Trckjbmlmjitc Trckjbm lmjitc Lhohn. 4;

^jv. ;

Lhrzc >440  >440 

2 

 

 

MIMRJ Bjrjk`cs rjsjrvhbcs 

Jo vhocr bj oh kcisthitj bj prcpcrkmcihombhb bjpji bjpjibj bj bj oh prjsmûi, oh lhsh bjo ghs, oh ihturhojzh bjo lmslc y ohs uimbhbjs ji quj sj jxprjshi oh tjlpjrhturh y jo vcoulji.

U

(ots)

R

(A)

 H jstj js tj t mp mpc c b j rjkth rjk th sj s j oj k ci cick ck j kci kc i jo icln ic lnrj rj b j mscn ms cn hrhs. hrhs .

Tuitcs bj jnuoomkmûi bj oìqumbcs purcs . Oh tjlpjrhturh h oh kuho jo hguh jlpmjzh h `jrvmr bjpjibj bj oh prjsmûi1 ji kcisjkujikmh, sm sj emfh oh prjsmûi, oc lmslc sukjbj kci oh tjlpjrhturh bj jnuoomkmûi. H uih prjsmûi bhbh, oh tjlpjrhturh h oh quj uih susthikmh purh jlpmjzh h `jrvmr sj oohlh tjlpjrhturh bj shturhkmûi. Bjo lmslc lcbc, h uih tjlpjrhturh bjtjrlmihbh, oh prjsmûi h oh

quj uih susthikmh h `jrvmr rjkmnj bj prjsmûi bj shturhkmûi. Tcr jfjlpoc, h uih jlpmjzh prjsmûi bj 848.;>: AThjoohiclnrj tjlpjrhturh bj shturhkmûi js bj 844 ¶K. Ji sjitmbc mivjrsc, h uih tjlpjrhturh bj 844 ¶K, oh prjsmûi bj shturhkmûi js bj 848.;>: ATh. Js cnvmc quj oh tjlpjrhturh bj shturhkmûi huljith kci oh prjsmûi bj shturhkmûi. Ji kcisjkujikmh, uih susthikmh h prjsmûi lhycr `jrvmrè h tjlpjrhturhs lès hoths. Oh jithopìh bj vhpcrmzhkmûi c khocr ohtjitj bj vhpcrmzhkmûi, rjprjsjith oh khitmbhb bj jijrgìh ijkjshrmh phrh jvhpcrhr uih lhsh uimthrmh bj oìqumbc shturhbc h uih tjlpjrhturh c prjsmûi bjtjrlmihbh.

MIEC^LHKMÛI KCIEMBJIKMHO  Rjrlcbmièlmkh

Trckjbmlmjitc Trckjbm lmjitc Lhohn. 4;

^jv. ;

Lhrzc >440  >440 

: 

 

 

 

MIMRJ Bjrjk`cs rjsjrvhbcs 

Bjshrrcooc Jxpjrmljitc 8

Ji jstj khsc jo smstjlh ghsjcsc vhrmhrè su vcoulji kci oh tjlpjrhturh h prjsmûi kcisthitj phrh kclprcnhr oh ojy bj K`hrojs (vjr ( vjr emgurh 8). TMIVH TH^H RJ^LÛLJR^C

T^CNJRH

GH[ RJ^LÛLJR^C

OMXZMBC RZNC BJ JI[H]J  HGZH

 HGZH +  HOAH[JOR[J^

R^MTMJ LJK@J^C NZI[JI GH[ OT

Emgurh 8

MIEC^LHKMÛI KCIEMBJIKMHO  Rjrlcbmièlmkh

Trckjbmlmjitc Trckjbm lmjitc Lhohn. 4;

^jv. ;

Lhrzc >440  >440 

5 

 

 

MIMRJ Bjrjk`cs rjsjrvhbcs 

8. Oojih oh prcn prcnjth jth kci hguh, vcotjhroh y suljrgmroh ji jo hguh kc kcitjimbh itjimbh bjitrc bjo vhsc bj prjkmpmthbcs, kumbhibc quj ic sj mitrcbuzkhi nurnufhs bj hmrj. >. Kcockh ui 8/0 bj thnojth bj  Hoahsjotzjr  ji   ji jo tunc bj jishyj quj tmjij ui thpûi `crhbhbc, kcijkthbc kci uih lhigujrh h oh prcnjth. ;. Kcockh 8 lo bj hguh ji jo tu tunc nc bj jis jishyj hyj y thp thphroc hroc miljbmhthlji miljbmhthljitj, tj, jo gh ghss prcbukmbc jitrhrè h oh prcnjth, `hy quj kumbhr quj oh khitmbhb bj hguh quj sj bjspohkj ic sjh lhycr h 84 lo. 2. Rjrlmihbh oh cp cpjrhkmûi jrhkmûi hitjrmcr, rjtmrh oh lhig lhigujrh ujrh bj oh prcnjth. Rrhs jsth cpjrhkmûi jo smstjlh sj jikcitrhrè omstc phrh rjhomzhr jo jxpjrmljitc. :. Khomjith jo smstjlh ut utmomzhibc momzhibc ui ljk`jrc, `h `hsth sth quj jo vcoulji bjo ghs sj jxphibh 2 c : lo hprcxmlhbhljitj. Hicth oh tjlpjrhturh bjo nhøc y bjfhr bj khojithr jo smstjlh. 5. Bjfh quj jo smstjl smstjlhh sj jierìj burhitj ui tmjlpc hprc hprcxmlhbc xmlhbc bj 8: lmiutc lmiutcs. s. 7. ^jhomzh pcr oc ljics sjms ojkturhs bjo vcoulji y oh ttjlpjrhturh, jlpjrhturh, bjfhibc ui mitjrvhoc bj trjs lmiutcs jitrj khbh uih. 0. ^jgmstrh ohs ojkturhs rjhomzhbhs ji oh thnoh 8.

Rmjlpc (lmi)

Ucoulji (lo)

Ucoulji (o)

Rjlpjrhturh (´K)

Rjlpjrhturh (A)

; 5 = 8> 8: 80 Rhnoh 8

MIEC^LHKMÛI KCIEMBJIKMHO  Rjrlcbmièlmkh

Trckjbmlmjitc Trckjbm lmjitc Lhohn. 4;

^jv. ;

Lhrzc >440  >440 

7 

 

 

MIMRJ Bjrjk`cs rjsjrvhbcs 

Jxpjrmljitc >

Ji jstj khsc jo smstjlh ghsjcsc vhrmhrè su vcoulji kci oh prjsmûi h tjlpjrhturh kcisthitj kcisthitj phrh kclprcnhr oh ojy bj Ncyoj Lhrmcttj (vjr emgurh >).

FJ^MIGH

Emgurh >

LHIÛLJR^C BMEJ^JIKMHO

Emgurh >

MIEC^LHKMÛI KCIEMBJIKMHO  Rjrlcbmièlmkh

Trckjbmlmjitc Trckjbm lmjitc Lhohn. 4;

^jv. ;

Lhrzc >440  >440 

0 

 

 

MIMRJ Bjrjk`cs rjsjrvhbcs 

8. Ujrmemkh quj jo jqumpc jstí omlpmc y sjkc sjkc.. >. Ujrmemkh quj jo imvjo bj bjoo ljrkurmc kcitjimbc ji jo lhiûljtrc bmejrj bmejrjikmho ikmho sj jikujitrj ho lmslc imvjo ji hlnhs pmjrihs. ;. Oojih oh fjrmigh kc kcii >4 lo bj hmrj y kcijkthroh hhoo lhiûljtrc bmej bmejrjikmho. rjikmho. 2. Miyjkth jo hmrj ho lhiûljtrc bme bmejrjikmho jrjikmho y bjfhr qu qujj jo smstjlh ssjj jsthnmomkj. :. Ojj ji jo lhiûljtrc oh bmejrjikmh bj hoturh Β`.^jpjtmr jo jxpjrmljitc phrh 8:, 84, 7, : y ; lo bj hmrj1 ji khbh puitc bjfhr quj jo smstjlh sj jsthnmomkj y bjspuís ojjr ji jo lhiûljtrc ohs bmejrjikmhs bj hoturh Β`. 7. ^jgmstrh ohs ojkturhs jjii oh tthnoh hnoh >.

Ucoulji (lo)

Ucoulji (o)

` (l) Β

T lhi (Th)

T (hns)

l (ag)

v (o/ag)

>4 8: 84 7 : ;

Rhnoh >

MIEC^LHKMÛI KCIEMBJIKMHO  Rjrlcbmièlmkh

Trckjbmlmjitc Trckjbm lmjitc Lhohn. 4;

^jv. ;

Lhrzc >440  >440 

= 

T hns v (htl o)

 

 

MIMRJ Bjrjk`cs rjsjrvhbcs 

Jxpjrmljitc ;

Ji jstj khsc sj vhrmhrè oh prjsmûi bjo smstjlh quj kcitmjij uih susthikmh purh, phrh kclprcnhr oh rjohkmûi quj jxmstj jitrj oh tjlpjrhturh bj jnuoomkmûi y oh prjsmûi (vjr emgurh ;).

 HGZH

^JE^MGJ^HIRJ

RJ^LÛLJR^C

 HGZH

‟ ]“

TMIVH BJ R^J[ BJBC[

LHR^HV NCOH

LHIRMOOH BJ KHOJIRHLMJIRC  HGZH

LHIÛLJR^C

J[EJ^H[ BJ JNZOOMKMÛI

R^HI[EC^LHBC^ UH^MHNOJ

NCLNH BJ UHKÌC LHIZHO

Emgurh ;

MIEC^LHKMÛI KCIEMBJIKMHO  Rjrlcbmièlmkh

Trckjbmlmjitc Trckjbm lmjitc Lhohn. 4;

^jv. ;

Lhrzc >440  >440 

84 

 

 

MIMRJ Bjrjk`cs rjsjrvhbcs 

8. Ujrmemkh quj tcbc jo smst smstjlh jlh sj jjikujitrj ikujitrj `jrlítmkc. >. Kcijkth oh nclnh lhiuho. ;. ^jhomzh ui vh vhkìc kìc ji jo smstjlh bj ::44 kl bj lj ljrkurmc, rkurmc, bjfhroc ji jshs kcibmkmcijs burhitj ;4 sjguibcs phrh quj sj jsthnmomkj. 2. Jikmjibj jo trhise trhisecrlhbcr crlhbcr vvhrmhnoj hrmhnoj y gmrhr oh lhijkmooh `hsth 04%. :. Khomjith jo hguh quj ssjj jikujitrh bjit bjitrc rc bjo lhtrhz bj ncoh `hs `hsth th jnuoomkmûi. 5. Kuhibc jo hguh hokhi hokhikj kj oh tj tjlpjrhturh lpjrhturh bj jnuoomkmûi, tc tclh lh ohs ojkturhs bj oh prjsmûi y oh tjlpjrhturh bj jnuoomkmûi, `hsth quj ísth öotmlh sj lhitjigh kcisthitj. 7. Hnrj oh vèov vèovuoh uoh quj sj ockhomzh ji oh phrtj ppcstjrmcr cstjrmcr bj oh nclnh l lhiuho hiuho bj lcbc quj pjrlmth jitrhr ui pckc bj hmrj prckurhibc quj jo smstjlh tjigh ui vhkìc bj 24 kl bj ljrkurmc, y pjrlmtj quj ístj sj jsthnmomkj. Kcikouyj jo jxpjrmljitc bj hkujrbc kci ohs mibmkhkmcijs ljikmcihbhs ji jo puitc hitjrmcr. 0. ^jpmtj jo jjxpjrmljitc xpjrmljitc phrh ui vhkìc bj ;4, >>4, 4, 84 y 4 kl bj ljrkurmc, ji ísth öotmlh ojkturh oh prjsmûi quj tmjij jo smstjlh js oh htlcseírmkh. =. Ji khbh puitc, bj hkujrbc kci ohs mibmkhkmci mibmkhkmcijs js hitjs ljikmcihbhs ojj oh prjsmûi bj vhkìc y oh tjlpjrhturh bj jnuoomkmûi y rjgmstrhrohs ji oh thnoh ;. 84. Thrh ocs trjs jxpjrmljitcs rjhomzhr ocs kèokuocs quj sj rjqumjrji kci jo emi bj oojihr khbh uih bj ohs thnohs bj bhtcs quj sj scomkmthi.

Tuitc

T vhkìc (kl @g)

8

:4

>

24

;

;4

2

>4

:

84

5

4

T hns (htl)

R (´K)

R (A)

Rhnoh ;

MIEC^LHKMÛI KCIEMBJIKMHO  Rjrlcbmièlmkh

Trckjbmlmjitc Trckjbm lmjitc Lhohn. 4;

^jv. ;

Lhrzc >440  >440 

88 

 

 

MIMRJ Bjrjk`cs rjsjrvhbcs 

 Hi  H i èom èo m s m s y p r jsjit js jithk hkmm û i b j rjsu rjs u o t hbc hb c s 8. >. ;. 2.

³Xuí jejktc prcbukj jo kh khojithlmjitc ojithlmjitc bj ui ghs ji sus lcoíkuohs3 ³Ji quí ssjj nhsh jo euikmcihlmj euikmcihlmjitc itc bj uuii tjrlûljtrc3 ³Xuí tjrlûljtrc eeuikmcihrìh uikmcihrìh ljfc ljfcr6 r6 uic oìqumbc, uic sûombc c uic bj ghs3 ³Kuèojs sci oh ohss jkuhkmcijs quj rjprjsjithi jjoo kclpcrthlmjitc bj ocs ghsjs mbjhojs3

:. ³Tcr quí oh sjtjlpjrhturh ut utmomzhi momzhi ohs uimbhbjs bj tjlpjrhturh kuhi kuhibc bc sj sustmtuyj ji ohs jkuhkmcijs bj ocs hnscouth ghsjs mbjhojs3 5. Kci ocs bhtcs cntjimbcs ji oh thnoh 8 rjhomzh oh grèemkh vcoulj vcouljii (ots) vjrsus  tjlpjrhturh (A). 7. Kci ocs bhtcs cn cntjimbcs tjimbcs ji oh thnoh > rjhomzh ohs grèemkhs bbj j Thns (ht (htl) l) vjrsus v (ots/Ag) (ots/Ag) y jo prcbuktc prcbuktc Tv (htl- ots) vjrsus v (ots/Ag) quj kcrrjspcibj h uih oìijh rjkth. 0. ^jhomzh uih th thnoh noh bj jqumvhoji jqumvhojikmh kmh bj uimbhbjs phrh oh prjsmûi, jjoo vcoulji y oh tjlpjrhturh, mikouyjibc jo smstjlh mitjrihkmciho ji migoís. =. Jiuikmh ohs ojyjs bj ocs ghsjs mbjhojs y oh `mpû `mpûtjsms tjsms bj Hvcg Hvcghbrc. hbrc. 84. Bjtjrlmih oh prjsmûi y tjlpjrhturh hnscouths bj jnuoomkmûi. 88. @hz oh grèemkh bj T vjrsus R. 8>. @hz oh grèemkh bj oi T vjrsus 8/R. 8;. Ji khsc bj sjr ijkjshrmc hfusth oh grèemkh pcr lìimlcs kuhbrhbcs y bjtjrlmih oh jithopìh bj vhpcrmzhkmûi bjo hguh. 82. Kclphrh ocs bhtcs bj T y R jxpjrmljithojs kci ocs bhtcs bj ohs thnohs bj vhpcr bj hguh. 

Kcikousmcijs ^jbhkth tus kcikousmcijs bj oh prèktmkh rjhomzhbh.

Icths phrh phrh ocs houlic houlicss 8. Jsth prèktmkh ssjj jvhouhrè bj hhkujrbc kujrbc kci ocs phrèljtrcs jsp jspjkmemkhbcs jkmemkhbcs ji ohs rönrmkhs quj jikcitrhrès ji oh guìh bj jvhouhkmûi bjo houlic kcrrjspcibmjitj h oh lhtjrmh. >. Jo rjpcrtj emiho bj oh prèktmkh bjnj bjnjrè rè sjr jitrjghbc ji prckjshbc prckjshbcrr bj tjxtcs (TK) smi jxkjpkmûi. ;. Oh jitrjgh bjo rjpcrtj emiho bj oh prèktmkh js pcr houlic. 2. Ohs prèktmkh prèktmkhss mlprjshs sûoc smrvji bj guìh y rjejrjikmh. 

Eujitjs Euj itjs bj mie miecrlhkmûi crlhkmûi @uhig, Erhikms E., Migjimjrìh tjrlcbmièlmkh, Líxmkc, KJK[H, 8==5. Fclijs, F.N. y Buighi, ^. J., Migjimjrìh tjrlcbmièlmkh, Líxmkc, Trjitmkj @hoo, 8==7. MIEC^LHKMÛI KCIEMBJIKMHO  Rjrlcbmièlmkh

Trckjbmlmjitc Trckjbm lmjitc Lhohn. 4;

^jv. ;

Lhrzc >440  >440 

8> 

 

 

MIMRJ Bjrjk`cs rjsjrvhbcs 

Whra, Ajiijt` Fr., Rjrlcbmièlmkh, Líxmkc, LkGrhw-@moo, 8==:. Jo prjsjitj bckuljitc js uih cnrh kcojktmvh rjbhkthbh nhfc oh ljtcbcocgìh bmbèktmkh bjshrrcoohbh pcr jo Mistmtutc bj Mivjstmghkmûi bj Rjkicocgìh Jbukhtmvh bj oh Zimvjrsmbhb Rjkicoûgmkh bj Líxmkc. Trèktmkhs bj Rjrlcbmièlmkh Rjrlcbmièlmkh  

Bmrjktcr bj Bjshrrcooc bj migjimjrìh6 Mgihkmc ^cbrìgujz ^cbr ìgujz ^cnojs Kcohncrhkmûi ji oh rjbhkkmûi6 r jbhkkmûi6 @íktcr [èik`jz Lhrtìijz Kcohncrhkmûi ji oh vhombhkmûi tíkimkh6 Ojtmkmh Ojtmkm h Njh Njhtrm trmzz K Kcrt crtís ís Lcrh Kcohncrhkmûi ji oh rjvmsmûi pjbhgûgmkh6 Comvmh Xujvjbc Hgumohr Kcohncrhkmûi ji oh rjvmsmûi bj jstmoc6  Hrtu  Hr tu rc Gcizèojz Gci zèojz Lhyh Lhy h

MIEC^LHKMÛI KCIEMBJIKMHO  Rjrlcbmièlmkh

Trckjbmlmjitc Trckjbm lmjitc Lhohn. 4;

^jv. ;

Lhrzc >440  >440 

8;