Relación Entre Enlaces Químicos y Las Propiedades de Las Sustancias

 

Pdcv`rscgig W`odfbÿhcoi g` _idtcihf

Dfnmr`s; Sirciddi M`tzibc`

Ip`bbcgfs; Oimr`ri Mrctf

Nitrîoubi; =-=9-5=03

@dtr`higf i; Inimb` Mrctf

 

CDGÎO@ CDW]FGPOOCßD .............................................. .................................................................................................... .............................................................................. ........................ ? KP_WCJCOIOCßD...................................................................................................... ................................................ .............................................................................. ........................ ? ]`biocÿd `dtr` `dbio`s quîncofs y bis b is prfpc`gig`s g` bis sustidocis. .................................... 7 @stimb`zoi gcj`r`doci `dtr` `dbio` cÿdcof y ofvib`dt`, ofvib`dt` ·pfbir y ofvib`dt` df pfbir................................................................................................................................................ 7 GCJ@]@DOCI_ GCJ@]@DOC I_ @DW]@ @DBIO@ CßDCOF S OFZIB@ OFZIB@DW@. DW@............................................................ ...................................................... ..... 7 GCJ@]@DOCI__ @DW]@ OFZIB@DW GCJ@]@DOCI OFZIB@DW@@ UFBI] S DF UFBI]. ................................................... 7 G`sorcm` bis oiriot`rîstcois judgin`dtib`s g` bfs `dbio`s quîncofs. ¶`d quã ofdscst` bi `b`otrfd`hitcvcgig,, `d`rhîi g` cfdcziocÿd, rigcf cÿdcof. .......................................................... `b`otrfd`hitcvcgig ..................................................... ..... 0 OI]IOW@]Î_WCOI_ OI]IOW@]Î _WCOI_ G@ BF_ @DBIO@ @DBIO@__ YPÎNCOF_ .................................. ................................................................... ................................. 0 @xpbcqu` ofd bi timbi p`rcÿgcoi aioci gfdg` iun`dti y gcsncduy` bi `d`rhîi g` cfdcziocÿd, `b rigcf cÿdcof, bi `b` `b`otrfd`hitcvc otrfd`hitcvcgig. gig.......................................................................................... ............................................... .......................................... : @d`rhîi g` cfdcziocÿd; .................................................... ........................................................................................................ ........................................................... ....... : ]igcf cÿdcof; .............................................................................................................................. : @b`otrfd`hitcvcgig;................................................................. @b`otrfd`hit cvcgig;.................................................................................................................... ................................................... : @stimb`zoi gcj`r`doci `dtr` n`tib`s y df n`tib`s. .................................................................... 8 Fms`rvidgf bi timbi p`rcÿgcoi musoi 95 n`tib`s y 95 df n`tib`s y g`sorcm` bi judocÿd g` 95 `b`n`dtfs g` bi timbi p`rcÿgcoi `d `b ` b frhidcsnf aunidf. ................................................ 8 N@WIB@_.............................................. .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ................................. 8 DF N@WIB@_ ................................................ ...................................................................................................... .............................................................................. ........................ 1 95 @B@N@DWF_ G@ BI WIMBI U@]CßGCOI @D @B F]HIDC_NF APNIDF .......................... 1 Oiboubi bi gcj`r`doci g` `b`otrfd`hitcvcg `b`otrfd`hitcvcgig ig `dtr` 0 ofnpu`stf cÿdcofs, 0 ofnpu`stfs ofvib`dt`s pfbir`s. ................................................... .......................................................................................................... ..................................................................... .............. 3 ]@JB@QCßD .................................................................................................... .............................................. ..................................................................................... ............................... 95 MCMBCFH]IJÎI. MCMBCFH]I JÎI........................................................................................................ ................................................. ............................................................................ ...................... 95  

 

CDW]FGP

CßD

@d `st` gfoun`dtf s` `stiré imiroidgf `b t`ni g` bis r`ioocfd`s quîncois, bi ouib sfd bis tridsjfrnioc tridsjfrniocfd`s fd`s g` bi nit`rci qu` prfguo`d oinmcfs `d udis sustidocis piri fmt`d`r ftris gcj`r`dt`s. @d `stis tridsjfrniocfd`s, s` pirt` g` udis sustidocis `d `b `stigf cdcocib, bbinigis r`iotcvfs, y s` fmtc`d`d ftris gcj`r`dt`s `d `b `stigf jcdib, bbinigis prfguotfs. Bis r`ioocfd`s quîncois fourr`d `spfdtéd`in`dt` `d `b Pdcv`rsf, prfguoc`dgf `d jfrni b`dti sustidocis s`docbbis. @d du`strf pbid`ti, bis r`ioocfd`s quîncois tinmcãd suo`g`d `spfdtéd`in`dt`, p`rf g` nid`ri nuoaf nés répcgi y jfrnidgf nfbãoubis nés ofnpbcoigis, g`mcgf sfmr` tfgf i bi pr`s`doci g` fxîh`df `d `b icr` y `d bis ihuis g` nir`s, rîfs y bihfs. Pdi prfpc`gig quîncoi ibt`ri bi `struoturi f nfb`oubir g` udi sustidoci ib cdt`riotuir ofd ftri sustidocicdt`rdi or`idgf udi du`vi. Bis prfpc`gig`s quîncois sfd fms`rvimb`s f gcstcdhucmb`s ouidgf `xcst` ud oinmcf `d bi ofnpfscocÿd frchcdib tridsjfrnédgfs` tridsjfrnédgfs` `d ftri gcj`r`dt`.

KP_WCJCOIOCßD @st` nit`rcib s` ai ofd `b fmk`tcvf g` pfg`r prfjudgczir nés `b t`ni ofd r`biocÿd ib t`ni g` bfs `dbio`s quîncofs< `b t`ni `d `sp`ocjcof g` `st` trimikf `s ‒]`biocÿd `dtr` `dbio`s quîncofs y bis prfpc`gig`s g` bis sustidocis„. Dfs `ds`ùi qu` Bis prfpc`gig`s g` bi nit`rci prfvc`d`d g` bi jfrni ofnf bfs étfnfs g` bfs `b`n`dtfs s` ud`d piri jfrnir bis sustidocis y g` oÿnf `stfs ihr`higfs g` étfnfs cdt`riotûid `dtr` sî. Pd n`tib y ud df n`tib s` ud`d i trivãs g` ud `dbio` cÿdcof, pfr `k`npbf, `b obfrurf g` sfgcf.

 

]@BIOCßD @DW]@ @DBIO@_ YPÎNCOF_ S BI_ U]FUC@GIG@_ G@ BI_ _P_WIDOCI_. 9.  @stimb`zoi gcj`r`doci `dtr` `dbio` cÿdcof y ofvib`dt`, ofvib`dt` ·pfbir y ofvib`dt` df pfbir. ➭ 

GCJ@]@DOCI_ @DW]@ @DBIO@ CßDCOF S OFZIB@DW@.

@b `dbio` cÿdcof  s` gi `dtr` gfs étfnfs g` gcstcdtf tcpf (n`tébcof y df n`tébcof), nc`dtris qu` `b `dbio` ofvib`dt` s` prfguo` `dtr` gfs étfnfs g`b ncsnf tcpf (df n`tébcofs). @d `b `dbio` ofvib`dt` bfs gfs étfnfs ofnpirt`d `b`otrfd`s `d su udcÿd, nc`dtris qu` `d `b `dbio` cÿdcof aiy udi tridsj`r`doci g` `b`otrfd`s `d bi qu` ud étfnf oipti bfs `b`otrfd`s qu` `b ftrf étfnf b` o`g`.  o`g`.  ➭ 

GCJ@]@DOCI_ @DW]@ OFZIB@DW@ UFBI] S DF UFBI]. OFZIB@DW@ UFBI]

OFZIB@DW@ DF UFBI]

-Pd `dbio` pfbir fourr` `dtr` étfnfs g`

-@b df pfbir s` gi pfr bi udcÿd g` étfnfs g`b

gcj`r`dt`s `b`n`dtfs.

ncsnf `b`n`dtf.

-Pd `dbio` pfbir s` gi `d étfnfs gfdg` `b vibfr g` bi `b`otrfd` `b`otrfd`hitcvcgig hitcvcgig s`i `dtr` f.7 y 9.8.

-_c`dgf cdj`rcfr`s bfs vibfr`s g`b df pfbir qu` `stéd `d `b ridhf g` 5.0.

-@d `b `dbio` pfbir udf g` bfs étfnfs ib s`r `b nés

-@b df pfbir inmfs étfnfs itri`d ofd bi ncsni ju`rzi.

`b`otrfd`hitcvf pu`g` itri`r ofd nés ju`rzi ib `b`otrÿd. -@d

ud

`dbio`

g`spbizinc`dtf

ofvib`dt`

aioci

`b

s`

étfnf

fms`rvi ofd

nés

pfbir

sfd

`b`otrfd`hitcvcgig. -Bfs

ofnpu`stfs

g`b

`dbio`

pr`s`dtigfs `d `stigf his`fsf.

-Oisf ofdtrircf g`b df pfbir qu` p`rnid`o` `stétcof. -Nc`dtris ãb df pfbir s` pr`s`dti `d `stigf bîqucgf, sÿbcgf y his`fsf.

 

=.  G`sorcm` bis oiriot`rîstcois judgin`dtib`s g` bfs `dbio`s quîncofs. ¶`d quã ofdscst` bi `b`otrfd`hitcvcgig, `d`rhîi g` cfdcziocÿd, rigcf cÿdcof. ➭  •

•

•

•

• •

•

OI]IOW@]Î_WCOI__ G@ BF_ @DBIO@_ YPÎNCOF_ OI]IOW@]Î_WCOI

  Nc`dtris nés `b`otrfd`hitcvcgig, niyfr ju`rzi g`

itrioocÿd `dtr` bfs `b`otrfd`s y étfnfs.   I n`dfr `b`otrfd`hitcvcgig, niyfr`s prfpc`gig`s ofvib`dt`s `d bfs `dbio`s.   Bi ju`rzi g`b `dbio` quîncof g`p`dg`ré g` bi gcj`r`doci `d bi gcstrcmuocÿd qu` pfs`id bfs frmctib`s `b`otrÿdcofs y bi `b`otrfd`hitcvcgig.   Bfs `dbio`s quîncofs s` nidtc`d`d udcgfs hriocis i bis ju`rzis cdtrinfb`oubir`s.

  Bi ju`rzi g` bfs `dbio`s g`p`dg` g` bi gcstrcmuocÿd g` bfs `b`otrfd`s.   @b dûn`rf g` `b`otrfd`s qu` pirtcocpid `d bfs `dbio`s quîncofs sc`npr`

sfd pir`s.   G` bfs `dbio`s cÿdcofs.

¶@D YPÃ OFD_C_W@ BI @B@OW]FD@HIWCZCGIG, @D@]HÎI G@ CFDC[IOCßD, ]IGCF CßDCOF6

@b`otrfd`hitcvcgig; @s udi n`gcgi bi oipiocgig étfnf g` itri`r -aioci sî ncsnf bfs `b`otrfd`s qu` g` ofnpirt`. @d g` bi ud timbi p`rcÿgcoi, bi `b`otrfd`hitcvcgig h`d`ribn`dt` iun`dti i n`gcgi qu` t` nu`v`s g` czquc`rgi i g`r`oai g`dtrf g` ud p`rcfgf y gcsncduy` ofdjfrn` mikis g`dtrf g` ud hrupf. -@d`rhîi g` cfdcziocÿd; @s bi `d`rhîi d`o`sirci piri s`pirir ud `b`otrÿd `d su `stigf judgin`dtib g` ud étfnf g` ud `b`n`dtf `d ` d `stigf his`fsf. -]igcf cÿdcof; @s `b rigcf qu` tc`d` ud étfnf ouidgf ai p`rgcgf f hidigf

`b`otrfd`s, igqucrc`dgf bi `struoturi `b`otrÿdcoi g`b his dfmb` nés o`roidf 

 

?.  @xpbcqu` ofd bi timbi p`rcÿgcoi aioci gfdg` iun`dti y gcsncduy` bi bi `d`rhîi g` cfdcziocÿd, `b rigcf cÿdcof, bi `b`otrfd`hitcvcgig. @d`rhîi g` cfdcziocÿd; @d bi timbi p`rcÿgcoi, bi `d`rhîi g` cfdcziocÿd virîi g` bi schuc`dt` nid`ri; @d ud hrupf gcsncduy` g` irrcmi aioci imikf pfrqu`

iun`dti `b tiniùf g`b étfnf y `s nés jéocb r`nfv`r ud `b`otrÿd `xt`rdf y iudqu` ib iun`dtir `b dûn`rf itÿncof iun`dti bi itrioocÿd g`b dûob`f sfmr` bfs `b`otrfd`s `st` `j`otf qu` iun`dti bi `d`rhîi g` cfdcziocÿd s` v` gcsncducgi pfr `b iun`dtf g`b `j`otf g` ipidtibbinc`dtf< `d ud p`rîfgf iun`dti g` czquc`rgi i g`r`oai pu`s iun`dti bi oirhi duob`ir `j`otcvi nc`dtris `b `j`otf g` ipidtibbinc`dtf p`rnid`o` ofdstidt` y s` cdor`n`dti `b iun`dtf hriocis i bi gcsncduocÿd g`b tiniùf g`b étfnf. _cd `nmirhf, s` g`m` t`d`r `d ou`dti qu` bfs `b`n`dtfs umcoigfs `d bfs hrupfs = (CCI) y 90 (ZI) tc`d`d niyfr `d`rhîi g` cfdcziocÿd qu` bfs `b`n`dtfs g` bfs hrupfs 9? (CCCI) (ZCI), r`sp`otcvin`dt`, p`rf `d `b ncsnf p`rîfgf. Bf idt`rcfr g`m` yi9:qu` ouidgf `b ûbtcnf sumdcv`b foupigf s` `dou`dtri bb`df s` f s`ncbb`df `s nés `stimb` y s` d`o`scti nés `d`rhîi piri quctirb` ud `b`otrÿd. ]igcf cÿdcof; @d bi timbi p`rcÿgcoi, `b tiniùf itÿncof virîi g` bi schuc`dt` nid`ri; @d ud hrupf iun`dti g` irrcmi aioci imikf pu`s `d `s` s`dtcgf iun`dti `b dûn`rf g` dcv`b`s foupigfs ofd `b`otrfd`s y iun`dti `b `j`otf pidtibbi pfr bf ouib bfs `b`otrfd`s `xt`rdfs pu`g`d ib`kirs` g`b dûob`f< `d ud p`rîfgf gcsncduy` g` czquc`rgi i g`r`oai pu`s `d `st` s`dtcgf iun`dti `b

dûn`rf itÿncof iun`dtidgf bi oirhi duob`ir nc`dtris qu` `b `j`otf pidtibbi y `b dûn`rf g` dcv`b`s p`rnid`o`d ofdstidt`s. @b`otrfd`hitcvcgig; @d bi timbi p`rcÿgcoi bi `b`otrfd`hitcvcgig virîi g` bi schuc`dt` nid`ri; `d bfs hrupfs gcsncduy` g` irrcmi aioci imikf y `d bfs p`rîfgfs iun`dti g` czquc`rgi i g`r`oai. Bf idt`rcfr s` pu`g` `xpr`sir isî; Bfs `b`n`dtfs nés `b`otrfd`hitcvfs s` `dou`dtrid `d bi pirt` sup`rcfr g`r`oai g` bi timbi p`rcÿgcoi y bfs n`dfs `b`otrfd`hitcvfs sfd bfs g` bi pirt` cdj`rcfr czquc`rgi g` bi timbi p`rcÿgcoi.

 

7.  @stimb`zoi gcj`r`doci `dtr` n`tib`s y df n`tib`s.

-Bfs n`tib`s sfd `b`n`dtfs bustrfsfs g` miki `b`otrfd`hitcvcgig y `d`rhîi g` cfdcziocÿd, pfr bf qu` o`g`d `b`otrfd`s y gcjîocbn`dt` bfs hidid. @sti prfpc`gig tinmcãd b`s p`rnct` s`r mu`dfs ofdguotfr`s g` `b`otrcocgig y oibfr. -Bfs df n`tib`s df sfd bustrfsfs y sfd nibfs ofdguotfr`s g`b oibfr y bi `b`otrcocgig. Wc`d` ibti `b`otrfd`hitcvcgig y `d`rhîi g` cfdcziocÿd. ]`ioocfdid ofd bfs n`tib`s.

0.  Fms`rvidgf bi timbi p`rcÿgcoi musoi 95 n`tib`s y 95 df n`tib`s y g`sorcm` bi judocÿd g` 95 `b`n`dtfs g` bi timbi tim bi p`rcÿgcoi `d `b frhidcsnf aunidf. N@WIB@_ ➭ 

Ac`rrf (J`). ➭  Nihd`scf (Nh). ➭ 

Frf Ubiti(Iu). (Ih). ➭  Ibuncdcf (Ib). ➭  Dîqu`b (Dc). ➭  [cdo ([d). ➭  Ubfnf (Um). ➭  @stiùf (_d). ➭  _fgcf (Di). ➭ 

 

DF N@WIB@_ ➭ 

Acgrÿh`df (A). ➭  Fxîh`df (F). ➭  Oirmfdf (O). Izujr` (_). Jÿsjfrf (U). ➭  Dctrÿh`df (D). ➭  A`bcf (A`). ➭  Obfrf (Ob). ➭  Sfgf (C). ➭  _`b`dcf (_`). ➭  ➭ 

95 @B@N@DWF_ G@ BI WIMBI U@]CßGCOI @D @B F]HIDC_NF APNIDF. ➭ 

Oibocf; Cdt`rvc`d` `d bi cdt`hrcgig g` bfs d`rvcfs y nûsoubfs, `d bi ofdtrioocÿd oirgcioi, `s n`gcigfr `dtr` `dzcnis y afrnfdis. ➭  Ac`rrf; @s judgin`dtib `d `b r`oinmcf g` a`nfhbfmcdi  ➭  Jfsjfrf; Cdt`rvc`d` `d bi n`timfbcziocÿd g`b oibocf. _u judocÿd prcdocpib `sté r`biocfdigi ofd `b mu`d judocfdinc`dtf g` bi hbédgubi piritcrfcg`i. ➭  Nihd`scf; Iotûi ofnf ofjiotfr `dzcnétcof, `d bi tridsncscÿd

d`urfquîncoi Sfgf; Ncd`rib cdgcsp`dsimb` piri `b mu`d judocfdinc`dtf g` bi hbédgubi tcrfcg`i  ➭  [cdo; @s ud pfg`rfsf idtcfxcgidt`.  ➭  _fgcf y Uftiscf; _` `dou`dtrid cdt`rr`biocfdigis `d `b `qucbcmrcf g` bfs bîqucgfs g`b ou`rpf. ➭  Nidhid`sf; Uirtcocpi g` bi iotcviocÿd g` scst`nis `dzcnétcofs. ➭  Fxîh`df; Wfgfs sim`nfs ouéd cnpfrtidt` `s `b ihui piri bi vcgi y `b :5% g`b p`sf g`b ou`rpf s` ofdstctuy` pfr ihui. @b fxîh`df (F,1) foupi `b prcn`r buhir g` bi bcsti y ofnpfd` `b :0% g`b frhidcsnf. ➭ 

 

➭ 

Uftiscf;  Iudqu` foupi ip`dis `b 5.=0% g` du`strf frhidcsnf, `b pftiscf (L,93) (L,93) `s vctib piri `b judocfdinc`d judocfdinc`dtf tf g` `st`. Iyugi `d bi bi r`hubiocÿd g` bfs bitcgfs g`b ofrizÿd y i bi s`ùibcziocÿd `bãotrcoi g` bfs d`rvcfs.

:.  Oiboubi bi gcj`r`doci g` `b`otrfd`hitcvcgig `dtr` 0 ofnpu`stf cÿdcofs, 0 ofnpu`stfs ofvib`dt`s pfbir`s.

 

]@JB@QCßD Bfs t`nis tritigfs `d `st` nit`rcib sfd nuy cnpfrtidt`s `d bi quîncoi. G`mcgf i bis gcjcoubtig`s `d `b ipr`dgczik` g` `s` t`ni, bfs nãtfgfs trigcocfdib`s g` `ds`ùidzi pu`g`d df s`r `jcoio`s y, pfr bf tidtf, `st` `stugcf tc`d` ofnf fmk`tcvf cdv`stchir bi `j`otcvcgig g` bi `strit`hci g` `ds`ùidzi g` bi r`biocÿd `dtr` `stfs gfs jiotfr`s i trivãs g`b pbidt`inc`dtf g` sctuiocfd`s-prfmb sctuiocfd`s-prfmb`ni. `ni.

MCMBCFH]IJÎI.

attps;//www.`k`n attps;//www.`k`npbfs.of/=5-`k`n pbfs.of/=5-`k`npbfs-g`-n`tib`s-ypbfs-g`-n`tib`s-y-dfdfn`tib`s/#cxzz8Bi_Lbpqq   n`tib`s/#cxzz8Bi_Lbpqq attps;//ofdo`ptfimo.ofn/`dbio`qucncof/#;~; qucncof/#;~;t`xt>%=O%=5zcdo t`xt>%=O%=5zcdo%=O%=5`to.%=O%=5`to.,Oiriot`r%O?%IGstcois%=5y%=5prfpc ,Oiriot`r%O?% IGstcois%=5y%=5prfpc`gig`s,tc`d`d%=5ofd `gig`s,tc`d`d%=5ofdguotcvcgig%=5 guotcvcgig%=5 `b%O?%I3otrcoi%=5y%=5t%O?%I3rncoi `b%O?%I3otrcoi%=5y%=5t%O?%I3rncoi..  attps;//ioig`n attps;//ioig`nci.utp.`gu.of/ ci.utp.`gu.of/qucncoi9/jcb`s/= qucncoi9/jcb`s/=59:/95/U]FU 59:/95/U]FUC@GIG@_C@GIG@_U@]C%O?%3?GCOI_.pgj   attps;//bigcj`r`doc attps;//bigcj`r`doci`dtr`.cdjf/`dbio`i`dtr`.cdjf/`dbio`-ofvib`dt`-pfbir-d ofvib`dt`-pfbir-df-pfbir/  f-pfbir/