Reinsercion Laboral Personas Condenadas en America Latina 2012

 

 

Fsthml  m mfc  h hr tf   Ch  r  r faisfr daôi  cch`lr hc  m mf   pfr slihs  d dlimfihmhs   fi  H Hkár adh  C Chtaih   ^lr  B Bugl P Phigfc  ] ]lrr o ol a ol

  Madafk`rf 0>80

 

 

A. 

Dlitfxtl

Fs pfrtaifitf f aifvath`cf kfidalihr fc dlitfxtl mf valcfidah y mf drasas quf vavfi chs aistatudalifs pfiatfidahrahs. Fxastf uih fsdhchmh mf kltaifs, eughs y dliecadtls aitfrils quf mfsfidhmfihi fi hdtls shigrafitls. Cls hsfsaihtls mf prfsls sf rfgastrhi dltamahihkfitf y h vfdfs mf fkpcfhmls pfiatfidahrals, fi kudbhs prasalifs mfc dlitaifitf, cl quf fvamfidah uih ehcth mf dlitrlc y ui trèeadl mf hrkhs fi chs prasalifs. Aidcusl fi ldhsalifs grupls mf prfsls dlitrlchi chs prasalifs 8. Chs prèdtadhs mf dlrrupdaôi mf fkpcfhmls fi cls dfitrls pfiatfidahrals sli rfdlildamhs, aidcusl plr chs hutlramhmfs0. Hsakaskl, fc grhi drfdakafitl mf ch pl`chdaôi pfiatfidahrah sf bh rfgastrhml fi prèdtadhkfitf tlmls cls phësfs mf ch rfgaôi. Fi kfils mf mafz høls, vhrals phësfs bhi mupcadhml fi iÿkfrl mf sus aitfrils, dlkl @rhsac y Káxadl. Aidcusl, fi hqufccls dli kfilrfs ëimadfs mf valcfidah, dlkl fi Vruguhy, ch thsh mf drfdakafitl fs hcth. Dlisfdufitfkfitf, fc bhdaihkafitl fs uih dlisthitf fi grhi iÿkfrl mf prasalifs mf ch rfgaôi mf`aml h quf sf rf`hshi chs dhphdamhmfs phrh hc`frghr prfsls. Darduisthidah quf hgrhvh cls prl`cfkhs, hukfith chs dhrfidahs khtfrahcfs y chs maeaducthmfs phrh prlvffr sfrvadals ifdfshrals fi chs prasalifs. Ltrh dlisamfrhdaôi akplrthitf fs fc fsthtutl mf cls aitfrils. Fxastf uih filrkf dhitamhm mf prfsls quf il dufithi dli uih dlimfih: fi kudbls phësfs dlistatuyf ch khylrëh mf ch pl`chdaôi, (plr fofkpcl Fduhmlr  4

tafif 65=% y fi ^hihkè hcdhizh fc 7>% ). Dlkl bfkls sføhchml, fsth darduisthidah sf fxpcadh plr grhvfs

ehcchs fstrudturhcfs mf cls sastfkhs mf oustadah. Fsths akpamfi quf ui aitfril sfh ouzghml y sf khitfigh catfrhckfitf fi ui cak`l cfghc mf khifrh aimfeaiamh. Fstf fsthtutl tafifi grhimfs dlisfdufidahs dlidrfths. Fc fsthtutl pufmf dlimadalihr su hddfsl h prlgrhkhs mf fmudhdaôi y trh`hol. ^lr fofkpcl, fi Káxadl cls aitfrils sai dlimfih (prldfshmls) il pufmfi tfifr hddfsl h fstls prlgrhkhs (fi fc sastfkh efmfrhc)=. Fi ltrls phësfs dlkl Fduhmlr sudfmf cl kaskl. Kès hccè mf dcadbás sl`rf cl quf sf bh mhml fi cchkhr drasas pfiatfidahrah, fstf dlitfxtl mf valcfidah y drfdakafitl mfsprlplrdalihml mf ch pl`chdaôi pfiatfidahrah, rfprfsfith fi cls bfdbls quf chs hutlramhmfs fierfithi grhimfs l`stèducls phrh htfimfr h cls prfsls. Hsakaskl sf rfquafrfi khylrfs rfdursls  (eaihidafrls y bukhils) phrh htfimfr h ch pl`chdaôi pfiatfidahrah. Hitf fsth satuhdaôi, fi cls kfmals mf dlkuiadhdaôi sf dratadh dlisthitfkfitf h chs hutlramhmfs hitf cls bfdbls mf valcfidah y hctls ëimadfs mf rfaidamfidah. Aidcusl fi phësfs dli khylr lrghiazhdaôi pfiatfidahrah, ch satuhdaôi fi fstf èk`atl il fstè `ufih (plr fofkpcl fi Vruguhy, sf rfgastrh 7>% mf rfaidamfidah mfcadtavh). Hsë, h vfdfs, sf hdush h chs hutlramhmfs pfiatfidahrahs y cls gl`afrils mf erhdhsl, aidlkpftfidah l akprlvashdaôi. Il l`sthitf, fxastf uih pfrdfpdaôi gfifrhcazhmh fi ch sldafmhm sld afmhm y fi ch lpaiaôi pÿ`cadh sl`rf sl `rf ch ifdfsamhm mf fkprfimfr rfelrkhs mf cls sastfkhs dhrdfchrals. Fs thk`aái aifcuma`cf dlisamfrhr fc dlitfxtl mf ch drasas fdliôkadh aitfrihdalihc quf bh hefdthml ch rfgaôi. Ta `afi ásth bh maskaiuaml, fi fc èk`atl ch`lrhc, dlitaiÿhi cls hctls ëimadfs mf mfsfkpcfl. Fsth satuhdaôi tafif dlkl dlisfdufidah côgadh quf ch rfaisfrdaôi ch`lrhc mf cls prfsls y ca`frhmls sfh kès maeëdac. Aidcusl sf bh bh`chml mf uih dlkpftfidah mfscfhc mf prfsls dlitrh cls mfsfkpcfhmls fxtfrils.

8

 Mahgiôstadl Ihdalihc mf Tupfrvasaôi ^fiatfidahrah, DIMB, Káxadl, 0>80  Ufr plr fofkpcl mfdchrhdalifs mf chs hutlramhmfs fduhtlrahihs fi Fc Viavfrsl, 05 fifrl 0>80 4  Mfdchrhdalifs mfc marfdtlr H. Dhcmfrôi, marfdtlr mfc Tastfkh ^fiatfidahral mf ^hihkè. 0>88 =  Pfgchkfitl mf cls Dfitrls Efmfrhcfs mf Pfhmhpthdaôi Tldahc. Hrtëducl 46.- Tf hpcadhrè fc trhthkafitl quf dlrrfsplimh h dhmh aitfril mf dlielrka0

mhm dli su satuhdaôi ourëmadh. Fc trhthkafitl sf euimhrè fi ch fsth`acamhm, fvlcudaôi, mfshrrlccl `al-psadlsldahc `al-psadlsldahc sl`rf ch `hsf mfc trh`hol, ch dhphdathdhphdathdaôi phrh fc kaskl y ch fmudhdaôi y sf hpcadhrè mf ch saguafitf elrkh? A. H cls aitfrils prldfshmls, sf cfs hpcadhrè ui trhthkafitl quf tfimrè plr l`oftl elkfithr elkfithr su `ufi dlkplrthkafitl y su phrtadaphdaôi hdtavh y dlisthitf fi chs hdtavamhmfs akpcfkfith akpcfkfithmhs mhs fi fc Dfitrl Efmfrhc, y AA. H cls aitfrils sfitfidahmls, sfitfidahmls, sf cfs hpcadhrè ui trhthkafitl mf dhrèdtfr prlgrfsavl y tádiadl quf tfigh dlkl eaihcamhm ch fvlcudaôi mf su dlkplrthkafitl bhsth ccfghr h su rfhmhpthdaô rfhmhpthdaôi i sldahc

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

0

 

 

^lr ltrh phrtf, bhy quf tlkhr fi dufith fc dlitfxtl mf chs aistatudalifs , fi chs quf bhy pldh dlitaiuamhm mf hutlramhmfs y dlisfdufitfkfitf mf prlgrhkhs. Fi fefdtl, fi fc trhisdursl mf ch aivfstaghdaôi sf amfitaeadhrli iukfrlsls dhk`als mf euidalihrals. Hsakaskl fxastf kudbh erhgkfithdaôi mf chs mavfrshs èrfhs mf aitfrvfidaôi. Fsths darduisthidahs fxpcadhi fc rftrhsl phrh prlplrdalihr ch aielrkhdaôi quf sf rfquaraô phrh rfhcazhr fc prfsfitf mahgiôstadl. Fstls rftrhsls pusafrli fi fvamfidah chs dlitrhmaddalifs mf chs aistatudalifs, dlkl su cfitatum `urldrètadh y sus ehcchs mf dllrmaihdaôi.

AA. 

Pfaisfrdaôi ch`lrhc

Leadahckfitf, cls gl`afrils chtailhkfradhils bhi mhml akplrthidah h ch aisfrdaôi ch`lrhc. ^lr fofkpcl, fi Vruguhy, fc Aistatutl Ihdalihc mf Pfbh`acathdaôi mfshrrlcch mfsmf 0>88 ui trh`hol quf sf dfitrh fi uih fstrhtfgah ch`lrhc. Fi Káxadl, ch dhphdathdaôi y fc trh`hol sli uih mf chs daidl vfrtafitfs quf ragfi ch fstrhtfgah mfc sastfkh pfiatfidahral efmfrhc. Fi ^hihkè, chs hutlramhmfs bhi sføhchml quf sf rfhcazh ui trh`hol mf rfbh`acathdaôi fi prlyfdtls mf prlmuddaôi fi cls dfitrls pfiatfidahrals. Fi sus iufvls dfitrls pfihcfs –tfimrèi quf rfhcazhr ehfihs y hdtavamhmfs quf cls khitfighi hcfohmls mfc ldal y quf sf hmbafrhi h cls prlgrhkhs mf rfsldahcazhdaôi‛6. Fi Dbacf, sf bh elrkuchml uih plcëtadh ch`lrhc pfiatfidahrah 5. Fstf pufmf sfr ui fofkpcl phrh elrkuchr uih plcëtadh aitfgrhc. Fc trh`hol thk`aái fs uih phrtf dfitrhc mfc Klmfcl mf Gfstaôi ^fiatfidahrah fi Pfpÿ`cadh Mlkaiadhih. Fi sukh, cls gl`afrils chtailhkfradhils mfshrrlcchi leadahckfitf, fi su khylrëh, prlgrhkhs mf trh`hol tfimafitfs h ch rfaisfrdaôi ch`lrhc. ^lr fofkpcl Hrgfitaih y Dlclk`ah  dufithi dli lrghiaskls fx prlefsl phrh lrghiazhr hdtavamhmfs ch`lrhcfs. Tai fk`hrgl chs cakathdalifs mf madbls prlgrhkhs fxpcadhi sus rfmudamls hcdhidfs. Fxastf, plr rhzlifs fvamfitfs mf eaihidahdaôi mf chs prasalifs, fc aitfrás mf chs hmkaiastrhdalifs pfiatfidahrahs fi dlkfrdahcazhr prlmudtls fch`lrhmls plr cls aitfrils y mfshrrlcchr dlitrhtls y hsldahdalifs quf pufmhi hplrthr rfdursls. Tai fk`hrgl, sf pufmf pfrmfr mf vasth quf ch rhzôi mf sfr mfc trh`hol ch`lrhc fs ch aisfrdaôi l rfaisfrdaôi mf cls aitfrils. Hmfkès, fitrf cls `fifeadals thiga`cfs sf fidufitrh ch maskaiudaôi mf chs thshs mf rfaidamfidah, yh quf plr fofkpcl fi Vruguhy sf aielrkh quf mf ui 7>% fxastfitf, maskaiuyf hc kfils mf 8>% ch rfaidamfidah mfcadtavh mf quafifs sagufi cls prlgrhkhs mf rfaisfrdaôi ch`lrhc y fmudhtavh. Tf l`sfrvh quf chs hdtavamhmfs ch`lrhcfs (dlkl grhi phrtf mf chs hdtavamhmfs pfiatfidahrahs) fstèi suofths h ui grhi iÿkfrl mf ilrkhs fstradths . Hsakaskl ch ilrkhtavamhm mfravh mf dlivfials dli fkprfshs u lrghiaskls gu`frihkfithcfs mfc rhkl, dlkl fc kaiastfral mfc trh`hol. Dh`f prfguithrsf sa fsth hcth ilrkhtavamhm akpcadh pldh ecfxa`acamhm fi duhitl h chs fstrhtfgahs mf trh`hol y cls dhk`als quf sf rfquafrh fkprfimfr. ‿ Elrkhdaôi phrh fc trh`hol

Tf l`sfrvh quf, hphrfitfkfitf, pfrsastfi cls thccfrfs trhmadalihcfs , plr fofkpcl mf dhrpaitfrëh, tfxtac, dufrl, dhczhml y dlsturh phrh chs kuofrfs. Dh`f prfguithrsf sa fstls thccfrfs clgrhi lerfdfr bfrrhkafiths phrh ch rfaisfrdaôi mf cls euturls ca`frhmls. ^lr ltrh phrtf, hcguils phësfs trhthi mf fsth`cfdfr iufvls tapls mf elrkhdaôi prlefsalihc, dlkl @rhsac  quf dlkafizh fc fsth`cfdakafitl mf leadaihs pfrkhifitfs – ^rldhps‛. Cls mavfrsls thccfrfs mf elrkhdaôi ch`lrhc tafifi dlstls  quf, h vfdfs, chs hmkaiastrhdalifs pfiatfidahrahs

il tafifi ch dhphdamhm mf suerhghr. ^lr fsth rhzôi sf akphrtfi thccfrfs mf khifrh cakathmh. ^lr fofkpcl fi 6

 Mfdchrhdalifs mfc marfdtlr mfc Tastfkh ^fiatfidahral, Èigfc Dhcmfrôi. ^hihkè Hkáradh, 84->1-0>80  ^lcëtadh Ch`lrhc ^fiatfidahrah. Gl`afril mf Dbacf. Kaiastfral mf Oustadah. Gfimhrkfrëh mf Dbacf

5

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

4

 

 

Tlilrh (Káxadl) sf bh dhphdathml h 6>5 aitfrils, fs mfdar, hc 6% mf ch pl`chdaôi, fsth daerh fs këiakh mf`aml h ch ehcth mf fquapl y bfrrhkafiths fi cls thccfrfs, cakathdalifs prfsupufsthcfs y h ch ehcth mf fsphdals hmfduhmls7. Fs pfrtaifitf mfsthdhr quf ch prlmuddaôi mf hrtfshiëh bh dl`rhml grhi akplrthidah fi vhrahs prasalifs h cl chrgl mfc dlitaifitf. Ch trhmadaôi fi fstf rhkl fs dchrh fi ch rfgaôi y thk`aái cl fs fi cls dfitrls pfiatfidahrals. ^lr fofkpcl, fi ^frÿ dlistatuyf ch prakfrh hdtavamhm (kès mfc 81% mf cls aitfrils khtraduchmls fi fc DF]^PL). Tf l`sfrvhrli satuhdalifs sakachrfs fi rfdafitfs vasaths h prasalifs fi Káxadl y Fc Thcvhmlr. Tfrëh supfreadahc prftfimfr quf fsths hdtavamhmfs mf`fi su`statuarsf. Chs hutlramhmfs tafifi quf rfsplimfr dli fstrhtfgahs hmfduhmhs phrh ch mastra`udaôi mf prlmudtls (^lr fofkpcl, Dlclk`ah y ltrls phësfs dlkfrdahcazhi sus prlmudtls vëh Aitfrift). ^frl, sl`rftlml chs hutlramhmfs mf`fi dhpathcazhr fc aitfrás mf cls aitfrils plr fsth hdtavamhm. Dh`f kfidalihr quf ^hrhguhy  bh akpcfkfithml fc prlgrhkh mf dhphdathdaôi ch`lrhc – ^rlch`lr ‛ quf sf hpcadh h ch pl`chdaôi fi gfifrhc. Fc prlgrhkh fstè –mfstaihml h hplyhr h oôvfifs y hmuctls, prlvfiafitfs mf blghrfs mf fsdhsls rfdursls y/l `hols aigrfsls, phrh kfolrhr sus dhphdamhmfs y lplrtuiamhmfs mf trh`hol‛. Fs ifdfshral vfraeadhr sa fs hmhpthml h ch pl`chdaôi pfiatfidahrah. Mf khifrh sakachr fi Káxadl, hcguils thccfrfs sli lrghiazhmls plr fc Dfitrl mf Dhphdathdaôi phrh fc ]rh`hol (DFDH]A)2. Chs hcahizhs dli cls kaiastfrals mfc trh`hol pufmfi rfsucthr erudtëefrhs . ^lr fofkpcl, fi Káxadl, fc Dlkatá

^rl-Ch`lrh vaiduch h aisthidahs pÿ`cadhs y pravhmhs phrh quf lrafitfi fseufrzls y rfdursls h ch rfhmhpthdaôi sldahc mf pfrslihs fi rfdcusaôi, ca`frhmls y –prf-ca`frhmls‛. Ch Tfdrfthrëh mfc ]rh`hol y ^rfvasaôi Tldahc (T]^T) aielrkh quf bh clgrhml ch elrkhdaôi mf aistrudtlrfs y fc akpucsl mf prlyfdtls prlmudtavls f aidcusl hplyls fdliôkadls. H kfiuml, ch elrkhdaôi ch`lrhc fs prlplrdalihmh plr pfrslihc mfc kaiastfral mf fmudhdaôi l mf trh`hol. Dh`f kfidalihr quf fi Dbacf, dhmh Marfddaôi Pfgalihc cadath cls dursls quf rfquafrfi, kaskls quf sli hm oumadhmls h mavfrsls lrghiaskls (pravhmls l hsldahdalifs). Fi ^frÿ, chs hutlramhmfs cldhcfs slcadathi h chs uiavfrsamhmfs phrh pchitfhr prlpufsths mf aisfrdaôi ch`lrhc1. Ch phrtadaphdaôi mf chs uiavfrsamhmfs pufmf dlistatuar ui hdtlr akplrthitf mf ch aisfrdaôi. Tai fk`hrgl dh`f kfidalihr quf, fi vhrals dhsls, sf bhi amfitaeadhml cughrfs quf ils slchkfitf il dufithi dli thccfrfs `èsadls, tlmh elrkh mf trh`hol fsDLIH^PFUA, aifxastfitf  (dlkl aimadh ch vasath prfvfitavh h ch ^fiatfidahrëh Ihdalihc mfsail Mhicë, Blimurhs  plr fc KI^ 0>80)8>cl. Mf khifrh sakachr, ui ai-

elrkf mf ch Dlkasaôi ^frkhifitf mf Mfrfdbls Bukhils (D^MB) mf Iadhrhguh sføhch –quf bhy kudbl ldal plrquf il bhy kudbls prlgrhkhs mf hplyl ch`lrhc y ch lefrth il mh h`hstl phrh thitls – 88. Hsakaskl, aitfrils mf Fc Thcvhmlr  (Ch Fspfrhizh) mfkhimhrli lplrtuiamhmfs mf rfaisfrdaôi, hitf ch husfidah mf ásths80. Hmfkès, vhrals phësfs aimadhi quf ch elrkhdaôi ch`lrhc fstè rfsfrvhmh phrh quafifs dlkftafrli mfcatls kfilrfs, plr cl quf prasalifs l ph`fcclifs mf hcth sfguramhm dhrfdfi mf madbls `fifeadals. Kès hÿi, dlkl sf dlkfitô, kudbls aitfrils quf il bhi rfda`aml dlimfih sli thk`aái fxdcuamls mf madbh elrkhdaôi. 7

 Aielrkf khyl 0>80  ^lr fofkpcl, fi ^uf`ch fi fc DFPFTL (Dfitrl mf Pfaisfrdaôi Tldahc), fc DFDH]A mfpfimafitf mf ch Tfdrfthrëh mf Fmudhdaôi, akphrtf thccfrfs mf Tlyh, Gfchtaih eclrhc y hrtëstadh, rfplstfrëh, ma`uol tádiadl, ma`uol hrquatfdtôiadl y hsastaml plr dlkputhmlrh. TT^, ^uf`ch  1  ^hrh fi dfitrl Fc Kachgrl phrh quf cls ca`frhmls tfighi ch lplrtuiamhm mf mfshrrlcchr hdtavamhmfs prlmudtavhs. Fstf hdufrml euf hprl`hml fi ch sfsaôi quf lrghiazô fc Dlkatá ^rlvaidahc mf Tfguramhm Daumhmhih. Kaskl quf slcadath h chs uiavfrsamhmfs mf ch cldhcamhm, phrh quf pchitffi prlpufsths mf prlgrhkhs mf rfaisfrdaôi ch`lrhc phrh cls aitfrils mf iavfc prakhral. Ifws ]ruoaccl, 07 mf hglstl 0>80. 2

8> Tfgÿi fc

aielrkf, –Chs aisthchdalif aisthchdalifss phrh drahizh mf hvfs mf dlrrhc, eufrli dchusurhmls: chs tafrrhs quf ductavh`hi grhils `èsadls sf fidlitrhrli aiducths: cls mls thccfrfs mf dhrpaitfrëh y kfdèiadh prlpafmhm mf aitfrils dfrrhmls y cls pldls quf khitfiëhi cakpals cls dhkpls, eufrli fidfrrhmls º. 88  Aielrkf D^MB, Khihguh, 0>80. 80  Ch ^rfish, 07 h`rac 0>80.

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

=

 

 

AAA. 

Chs fstrhtfgahs y cls kfmals

‿ Hdtavamhmfs hgrëdlchs y pfduhrahs

Vi fof fififxphisaôi phësfs mf hdtavamhmfs Hkáradh Chtaih chs hdtavamhmfs   y pfduhrahs. ^lr fofkpcl, Dlclk`ahfi   sf vhrals lrghiazhi fsths fi y sli hcguils phësfs dlklhgrëdlchs Fc Thcvhmlr   aiadahi fsths

fstrhtfgahs dli –grhiohs pfiatfidahrahs‛84. Chs hutlramhmfs prftfimfi drfhr fkprfshs pravhmhs dli fsths grhiohs. Fi Káxadl, hcguils aitfrils trh`hohi fi hpaducturh h paducturh y vavfrls elrfsthcfs. Fi Vruguhy y Ufifzufch, chs hdtavamhmfs hgrëdlchs y pfduhrahs fstèi fi  fc dfitrl mf fstrhtfgahs leadahcfs mf rfaisfrdaôi. Fi fefdtl, fi Vruguhy  chs –dbhdrhs‛ (dli ch phrtadaphdaôi mf 4>> pfrslihs), dlistatuyfi uih fstrhtfgah mf aisfrdaôi fi kfmal-h`afrtl. Hmfkès, fxastfi dfitrls mf prlmuddaôi dlkl fc mf ch uiamhm mf rfdcusaôi I¾0 mfc pfihc mf Ca`frthm (h dhrgl mf ui prfsl) fi fc quf sf ductavhi 5> bfdtèrfhs mf phphs 8=. Ltrls phësfs dlkl Blimurhs prlyfdthi dlistruar fsphdals prlmudtavls mf mf ductavl dli eaifs mf rfbh`acath86 daôi . ‿ Fkprfshs pravhmhs

Fi fc dlitaifitf, pfrsastf ui mf`htf sl`rf ch phrtadaphdaôi mf chs fkprfshs pravhmhs fi cls dfitrls pfiatfidahrals. Fxastfi drëtadhs fi rfchdaôi h plsa`cfs `fifeadals `fifeadals mf madbhs fkprfshs h phrtar mf ch fxpclthdaôi mf cls prfsls hprlvfdbèimlcls dlkl khil mf l`rh `hrhth. ^lr fofkpcl, fi uih vasath h uih prasaôi fi Hrgfitaih, sf pfrda`aô dafrtl khcfsthr rfspfdtl h ch prfsfidah mf fkprfshs pravhmhs. Aidcusl uih euidalihrah mfc kfmal fmudhtavl fxpcëdathkfitf maol fsthr fi mfshdufrml dli fshs fkprfshs. Tai fk`hrgl, dh`f mfsthdhr quf sf l`sfrvô quf ch khylrëh mf cls gl`afrils hutlrazh f aidcusl elkfith fsth aitfrvfidaôi. Hmfkès, sldahckfitf sf hdfpth plsatavhkfitf fc trh`hol mf cls aitfrils. Mf`aml h ch valcfidah y h ch pfrdfpdaôi sfgÿi ch duhc chs dèrdfcfs sli dhrhs, ch lpaiaôi pÿ`cadh fxagf quf cls aitfrils trh`hofi. Fi fstf dlitfxtl, dh`f mfsthdhr quf chs hutlramhmfs mfkhimhi uih dllpfrhdaôi dli chs fkprfshs dlkl sa fsth hcahizh eufrh h shcvhr chs dlimadalifs maeëdacfs y chs dhrfidahs mf sastfkhs pfiatfidahrals mfphupfrhmls85. Tai fk`hrgl, sf pufmf dlisamfrhr quf chs hutlramhmfs pfiatfidahrahs amfhcazhi ch prfsfidah mf dlkphøëhs pravhmhs fi cls pfihcfs. fs ifdfshral dlisamfrhr chs dlimadalifs mf cls aitfrils dlkl trh`hohmlrfs. Dh`f kfidal^lr ltrh fi phrtf, ihr quf y cls Dlsth Padh sf mftfrkaiô quf cfghckfitf il fxastf ui vëiducl ch`lrhc fitrf chs fkprfshs aitfrils quf trh`hohi fi fcchs. Mf fsth khifrh, sf mf`fi dlisamfrhr cls sføhchkafitls mf ch Lrghiazhdaôi Aitfrihdalihc mfc ]rh`hol fi fc sfitaml mf prfvfiar ch fxastfidah mf trh`hol elrzlsl fi prasalifs sl`rftlml duhiml sf rfhcazh phrh dlkphøëhs pravhmhs. Fstf lrghiaskl sf khiaeafsth plr ch mfefish mf cls mfrfdbls bukhils mf cls prfsls y sus mfrfdbls ch`lrhcfs. Il l`sthitf, ui aielrkf mf ch LA], fxprfshkfitf sl`rf fc tfkh, dlidcuyf quf –chs maeaducthmfs quf pchitfh ch dufstaôi mfc trh`hol mf chs pfrslihs pravhmhs mf ca`frthm il pufmf sfr akpfmakfitl phrh quf cls phësfs dlitaiÿfi fi ch cëifh mf prlkldaôi mfc trh`hol mf cls rfdcusls dli ch eaihcamhm mf rfbh`acathdaôi‛ 87. Fi fstf sfitaml, sfitaml, sf kfidalihi h cl chrgl mfc dlitaifitf fxpfrafi-

 

 Ch prakfrh grhioh pfiatfidahrah euf aihugurhmh fc 86->5-0>80 fi Thith Hih.   Fi 5> bfdtèrfh bfdtèrfhss pchithmhs sf dhcduch uih prlmuddaôi mf 8, 8,0 0 kacclifs mf jacls mf phphs, quf sli mastra`uamhs fi tlmhs chs dèrdfcfs mfc phës, hmfkès mf sfrvar chs prlpahs mfkhimhs mf ch dldaih mfc ^fihc mf Ca`frthm 86 Tf dlistruyf fi ui dfitrl fi ui fsphdal mf 802 khizhihs mlimf plmrèi sfk`rhr, khëz, slrgl y slyh phrh sfr dlkfrdahca dlkfrdahcazhmls zhmls fi ui kfrdhml acakathml 85  Ufr plr fofkpcl mfdchrhdalifs mf chs hutlramhmfs pfiatfidahrahs fi Iadhrhguh. Fc Iufvl Mahral, 05 khrzl 0>80  87  LA]. Fc trh`hol mfitrl mf chs dèrdfcfs y ch aisfrdaôi ch`lrhc mf chs pfrslihs ca`frhmhs mfc ssastfkh astfkh pfiatfidahral. pfiatfidahral. Tatuhdaôi cfghc y rfgchkfithrah. Klitfvamfl, 0>88. 84

8=

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

6

 

 

dahs mf trh`hol y ch aisfrdaôi, plr fofkpcl, chs hutlramhmfs pfiatfidahrahs dlkl chs mf Guhihouhtl (Káxadl), aielrkhi sl`rf dlivfials fxatlsls dli aimustrahs pravhmhs phrh mfshrrlcchr dfitrls mf khquach82. ‿ Lrghiaskls il gu`frihkfithcfs

Vi efiôkfil amfitaeadhml fi fstf mahgiôstadl (f aidcusl fi ch fch`lrhdaôi mfc Khph rfgalihc) fs ch fxastfidah mf uih dafrth masthidah fitrf lrghiaskls il gu`frihkfithcfs y chs hutlramhmfs pfiatfidahrahs mfc dlitaifitf. Fsth masthidah pufmf fxpcadhrsf plr ch plsadaôi drëtadh mf dafrtls lrghiaskls il gu`frihkfith-

cfs quf cudbhi plr cls mfrfdbls bukhils mf cls prfsls. Hmfkès ch sfphrhdaôi fitrf chs hutlramhmfs pfiatfidahrahs y chs LIGs rfsplimf h ch dlidfpdaôi sfgÿi ch duhc ch htfidaôi pfiatfidahrah dlrrfsplimf hc fsthml81. Hsë, sf l`sfrvh ch aitfrvfidaôi mf chs LIGs dlkl uih mfs-rfsplish`acazhdaôi gu`frihkfithc l aidcusl dlkl uih pravhtazhdaôi0>. Fstl pufmf fxpcadhr ch fsdhsh l iuch rfefrfidah mf chs hutlramhmfs h ch phrtadaphdaôi mf madbhs lrghiazhdalifs fi cls prlgrhkhs leadahcfs. Tai fk`hrgl hcguihs hsldahdalifs rfhcazhi trh`hol mf hplyl h cls prfsls, plr fofkpcl Ulcuithrahml ^hstlrhc Dhrdfchral fi @lcavah, hsldahdaôi aitfrmasdapcaihrah phrh ch hyumh h ch rfaisfrdaôi08. Ltrhs hsldahdalifs dlkl ch Euimhdaôi ^hz Daumhmhih fi Dbacf lerfdfi ui hplyl mfsmf uih pfrspfdtavh mf dlisuctlrh fspfdahcazhmh. ]hk`aái fxastfi LIGs quf trh`hohi phrh mhr dlitaiuamhm h prlyfdtls dlitrh ch ehcth mf ch kaskh fi cls gl`afrils 00. Ltrh hdtavamhm trhmadalihc mf hcguihs agcfsahs bh saml ch prltfddaôi mf mfrfdbls bukhils y cls praidapals mf rfaisfrdaôi, dlkl sf aielrkh fi 04 Fduhmlr . ^lr ltrh phrtf, sf l`sfrvh uih dafrth hpfrturh h ch aitfrvfidaôi mf lrghiaskls rfcagalsls . Tf iltô uih prfsfidah mf cls grupls rfcagalsls fi cls dfitrls pfiatfidahrals quf prlkufvfi hdtavamhmfs mavfrshs, fitrf fcchs fc trh`hol. Hmfkès sf l`sfrvô quf fxastfi rfprfsfithitfs mf Agcfsahs fi fvfitls leadahcfs mf chs hmkaiastrhdalifs pfiatfidahrahs, praidaphckfitf fi Hkáradh Dfitrhc y Dlclk`ah. Dh`f kfidalihr quf, fi hcguils dhsls, rfprfsfithitfs dhtôcadls phrtadaphi fi cls phtrlihtls pfiatfidahrals0=. Fi ^hihkè, fc Dlisfol mf ^lcëtadh ^fiatfidahrah (ôrghil hsfslr) fstè dlkpufstl plr chs agcfsahs fitrf aistatudalifs leadahcfs mf oustadah06. Dh`f sføhchr quf fi Guhtfkhch sf bh dlisamfrhml fxatlsls h cls prlgrhkhs rfcagalsls phrh aitfrvfiar dli cls prfsls quf pfrtfifdfi h phimacchs mfcaidufidahcfs05.  Fi hcguihs ldhsalifs, dlkl fi Blimurhs  (Dfitrl pfihc Thkpfmrhil), chs phstlrhcfs pfiatfidahrahs phrtadaphi hdtavhkfitf fi chs ch`lrfs mf cls aitfrils07. Fi Ufifzufch fc Dlisfol fvhigácadl mf Ufifzufch, h trhvás mf su mfphrthkfitl mf ^hstlrhc fvhigácadh pfiatfidahrah, lerfdf dhphdathdaôi h cls aitfrils. Fi Káxadl, ch Euimhdaôi Fkhiufc madf hyumhr h cls prfsls h fidlitrhr ui fkpcfl l trh`hohr plr su dufith. Fi ^hrhguhy, ch Dhpfcchiëh Fvhigácadh mf ^rasalifs pchitfô ui –prlgrhkh mf rfaitfgrhdaôi sldahc‛.  sldahc‛.   Tf amfitaeadô, aidcusl, uih hcahizh gu`frihkfithc dli grupls fvhigácadls fi Dbacf phrh ch elrkhdaôi ch`lrhc dli ch phrtaduchramhm mf `fifeadahr slchkfitf h cls prfsls mf madbh dliefsaôi rfcagalsh02.

82

 ^lr fofkpcl dli ch aimustrah `hclifrh fi fc DFPFTL mf ^áiohkl y Uhccf mf Thitahgl l ch mf dhczhml fi Cfôi. Gl`afril mf Guhihouhtl.  Pfuiaôi Pfmcfdf y fc dlclqual fmudhdaôi fi prasalifs VIFTDL- @rhsacah 0>>1. 0>  ^lr fofkpcl, fstf hrgukfitl euf mfshrrlcchm mfshrrlcchml l plr Dhstrl, Oakáifz y Tlchil fi Aitfrvfidaôi ^rlefsalihc fi fc sastfkh pfiatfidahra pfiatfidahral. l. Aiofrfidah mf hdtlrfs pravhmls. ]fsas fi trh`hol sldahc, Viavfrsamhm mf Dlsth Padh, 0>88. 08  ]lmls Hyumhi, 0>88.  00  ^lr fofkpcl ch LIG Pfvavar mf Dlclk`ah. 04  Aielrkf mf ch Dlkasaôi Fdukáiadh mf Mfrfdbls Bukhil, khrzl 0>88. 0=  ^lr fofkpcl, fi Pfpÿ`cadh Mlkaiadhih, Erhy Hrëstamfs Oakáifz Padbhrmsli fs dllrmaihmlr mf ch ^hstlrhc ^fiatfidahrah y marfdtlr fofdutavl mfc ^htrlihtl Ihdalihc ^fiatfidahral 06  Tfgÿi ch Cfy I¿ 66 mf 0>>4. 05 Fc Tastfkh ^fiatfidahral Guhtfkhctfdl, Guhtfkhctfdl, ui Mahgiôstadl. DAFI, 0>88. 07  Ch ^hstlrhc ^fiatfidahrah sf fidhrgh mf dlisfguar khtfrahcfs y dlkfrdahcazhr cls prlmudtls mf cls pravhmls mf ca`frthm. Tf bhdfi hrtfshiëhs, pupatrfs, hrtëducls fi khmfrh, y khtfrahcfs rfdadchmls. Ch ^rfish, Blimurhs, 7 mf hglstl 0>80 02  Fc Lrghiaskl ]ádiadl mf Dhphdathdaôi (L]AD) y fc Dlidacal Ihdalihc mf Agcfsahs Fvhigácadhs (DLIAFU), dli fc hplyl mfc ^rlgrhkh mf Dhphdathdaôi mfc Kaiastfral mfc ]rh`hol y ^rfvasaôi Tldahc (TFIDF), sf dlkprlkftaf dlkprlkftafrli rli dhphdathr h 6>> rfdcusls drastahils fvhigácadls fi Dbacf 81

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

5

 

  ‿ Dllpfrhtavhs y ^QKF

Chs hutlramhmfs mf Guhtfkhch akpucshi prfmlkaihitfkfitf ch hsldahdaôi dllpfrhtavh mf cls aitfrils. Fi Ufifzufch thk`aái, sf bhi drfhml dllpfrhtavhs prlmudtavhs. Fi Hrgfitaih sf euimô ch prakfrh dllpfrhtavh fi 0>8>, dlielrkhmh plr prfsls, sus ehkacahrfs y ca`frhmls01. Dlkl bfkls sføhchml, fsth lrghiazhdaôi dllpfrhtavh pufmf rfprfsfithr uih vfithoh mf hutlilkëh ch`lrhc hc shcar mf prasaôi, hitf ui kfrdhml ch`lrhc dlkprakaml y rfiufitf h ch dlitrhthdaôi mf fx-dlivadtls. Fi fefdtl, ch fstagkhtazhdaôi mf cls prfsls bh drfdaml fi uih sldafmhm quf, dlkl dlkfithkls, suerf hctls ëimadfs mf valcfidah. Fi hcguils phësfs dlkl Dbacf, sf bh prlkldalihml ch elrkhdaôi mf fkprfshs pfquføhs y kfmahs (^QKF). Fi Ohcasdl, ( Káxadl) fc gl`afril bh ltlrghml drámatls h trhvás mfc Eliml Ohcasdl mf Elkfitl Fkprfshrahc (ELOHC) phrh quf cls prfca`frhmls klitfi su prlpal ifgldal4>. Fs fvamfitf quf, thitl chs dllpfrhtavhs dlkl chs ^QKF, pufmfi lerfdfr hctfrihtavhs rfhcfs mf aisfrdaôi ch`lrhc. ‿ Htfidaôi h prfsls mfpfimafitfs mf mrlghs

Hcguils phësfs dlkl Hrgfitaih, dufithi dli dfitrls phrh ch htfidaôi mf mrlgh-mfpfimafitfs. ^frÿ, fitrf ltrls phësfs, `raimh htfidaôi h cls eèrkhdl-mfpfimafitfs, akpcfkfithiml prlgrhkhs fi dliouitl dli fc aistatutl pÿ`cadl MHUAMH. Tai fk`hrgl sf dratadh quf fstls prlgrhkhs il tfighi ui sfguakafitl dli cls ca`frhmls, yh quf fxastfi hctls ëimadfs mf rfaidamfidah.  rfaidamfidah.  Dh`f sføhchr quf fc dlisukl mf mrlghs tafif uih grhi akplrthidah yh quf, h kfiuml, cls mfcatls sli dlkftamls plr pfrslihs `hol fc aiecuol mf uih mrlgh, dlkl cl sføhchi chs hutlramhmfs fi Káxadl48, quafifs aielrkhrli quf mfc tlthc mf cls aierhdtlrfs, ui 48% mf fsth pl`chdaôi klstrô prl`cfkhs mf mfpfimfidah y h`usl mf mrlghs. Hsakaskl, h cl chrgl mfc dlitaifitf sf bh aidrfkfithml dlisamfrh`cfkfitf fc iÿkfrl mf prfsls plr bh`fr dlkftaml mfcatls rfchdalihmls dli chs mrlghs, praidaphckfitf su trèeadl y su vfith 40. Mf fsth khifrh, sf bh gfifrhml uih grhi dhitamhm mf prfsls plr mfcatls kfilrfs mf mrlghs, kaskls quf dukpcfi pfihs mfsprlplrdalihmhkfitf hcths. Fi fstf sfitaml vhrals phësfs bhi fxpfrakfithml ui drfdakafitl mf kuofrfs prfshs plr fstf tapl mf mfcatls. ^lr ltrh phrtf fc dlisukl mf mrlghs fi cls dfitrls pfiatfidahrals fs ui prl`cfkh kuy gfifrhcazhml (il slchkfitf chtailhkfradhil). ^lr fofkpcl, fi Dbacf sf bh klstrhml quf ui =>% mf cls aitfrils chs dlisukfi hc aitfralr mf cls pfihcfs44 y sf sføhch quf fi ltrls cughrfs ccfgh bhsth fc 1>% mf cls aitfrils 4=. Fc prl`cfkh mfc dlisukl mf mrlgh sf dlkpcadh fi fc dlitaifitf dli cls prl`cfkhs mf valcfidah y bhdaihdaôi quf sf kfidalihrli. Hmfkès, dh`f sføhchr quf fi fc khrdl mf ch cchkhmh gufrrh dlitrh fc ihrdltrèeadl, fxastf uih pfrdfpdaôi puiatavh quf mfoh fi ui sfguiml pchil ch rfbh`acathdaôi.

AU. 

^rlgrhkhs y plcëtadhs

‿ Ca`frhmls

H pfshr mf quf cls prlgrhkhs phrh ca`frhmls sli dhmh vfz kès tlkhmls fi dufith: aidcusl hcguils phësfs dlkl Dlclk`ah  fstapuch fi su cfgaschdaôi ch l`caghdaôi mf akpcfkfithr madbls prlgrhkhs y vhrals mldukfitls leadahcfs sføhchi ch htfidaôi h cls ca`frhmls: ch rfhcamhm fs quf cls prlgrhkhs fx prlefsl sli rfdafi  01

 Tf trhth mf uih dllpfrhtavh mf prlmuddaôi mf hrtëducls mf khrrlquaifrëh fi ch uiamhm 80 mf Glraih, Hrgfitaih  Cls drámatls phrh prf ca`frhmls sli gfstalihml g fstalihmlss plr fc Tastfkh ^lst ^fiatfidahral y Htfidaô Htfidaôi i h Ca`frhmls mf ch Tfdrfthrëh mf Tfguramhm ^ÿ`cadh mf Ohcasdl  48  Mf cls aierhdtlrfs `hol fc fefdtl mf uih u ih mrlgh dldhëih (=0%),khraguhih (44 %) f aibhchitfs (0=%) dlkl chs susthidahs kès dlisukamhs 40  Tastfkhs sl`rfdhrghmls. Cfyfs Cfyfs mf mrlghs y dèrdfcfs fi Hkáradh Chtaih. WLCH, 0>8> 44  Aivfstaghdaôi mfc mahral Ch ]frdfrh, 0>88  4=  Dlkasalihml ^hrchkfithral ^fiatfidahral ^fiatfidahral Ècvhrl Ghrdá mf Vruguhy, 0>88. Fstakhdalifs sakachrfs sf bhi fkataml fi ch Daumhm mf Káxadl  4>

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

7

 

 

tfs y fxastf ui rfzhgl hdfituhml fi fstf ru`rl. Hsë, mf`f mf tlkhrsf fi dufith quf cls ëimadfs mf mfsfkpcfl mf cls fxdhrdfchmls sli hctls. Mf bfdbl h vfdfs sf bh amfitaeadhml quf slchkfitf ui 4% fidufitrhi fkpcfl46. Hcguils gl`afrils, dlkl fc mf Dbacf, bhi pchitfhml aidfitavls h chs fkprfshs quf dlitrhtfi fxfidhrdfchmls45. Fi fefdtl, sli aidapafitfs cls prlgrhkhs plst-pfiatfidahrals f aidcusl, fi cls bfdbls, il bh bh`aml madbls prlgrhkhs sa sf fitafimfi dlkl ui dliouitl dllrmaihml mf hddalifs aiadahmhs mfsmf fc aitfralr mf ch 47 prasaôi . Fstf fs ui trh`hol quf mf`f rfhcazhrsf dli ch ehkacah mfc aitfril, fi ui hdlkphøhkafitl sastfkè-

tadl dli chs maefrfitfs aisthidahs mf cls dfitrls pfiatfidahrals 42. Hsakaskl, fs pfrtaifitf sføhchr quf cls ca`frhmls rfquafrfi mavfrsls hplyls: plr fofkpcl, fc phtrlihtl fi Kfxadhca ( Káxadl) lerfdf hplyl fi chs èrfhs hsastfidahc (shcum), ch`lrhc, fmudhtavh y ourëmadh41. Fi phësfs dlkl Hrgfitaih y Káxadl, hcguihs hutlramhmfs h iavfc cldhc (fsththc) bhi mfshrrlcchml prlgrhkhs phrh ca`frhmls. Fitrf fcchs, Ohcasdl y fc ME dufithi dli uih marfddaôi phrh thc fefdtl =>. Hmfkès, cls phtrlihtls phrh ca`frhmls sli dlkuifs h iavfc cldhc, (plr fofkpcl fi ch prlvaidah mf @ufils Harfs), sai fk`hrgl fsths hsldahdalifs davacfs h vfdfs tafifi pldh hddaôi f aidcusl hdushi ehcthi mf hplyl mf chs hutlramhmfs =8. Fi hcguils phësfs dlkl fi Dbacf, cls phtrlihtls elrkhi phrtf mf ch fstrudturh gu`frihkfithc y rfhcazhi ch`lrfs mf easdhcazhdaôi y fvhcuhdaôi mf prlgrhkhs =0. Hmfkès, fi fstf phës, h iavfc cldhc fxastfi cls prlgrhkhs mf hplyl plst-pfiatfidahral=4. Fs lplrtuil pchitfhr quf, mf`aml h cls iukfrlsls dlkfithrals sl`rf ch pldh euidalihcamhm mf hcguils phtrlihtls fi ch rfgaôi, chs hk`agófmhmfs mf euidalifs y su trhsdfimfidah phrh ch rfaisfrdaôi: sf rfquafrf fvhcuhr puituhckfitf sus hddalifs, fstrhtfgahs y su euidalihkafitl rfhc==. ‿ Kfmamhs hctfrihtavhs hc fidhrdfchkafitl

Hitf ch dligfstaôi mf chs prasalifs  y cls hctësakls iavfcfs mf fidhrdfchkafitl, hcguils phësfs aielrkhi quf trh`hohi phrh akpcfkfithr pfihs hctfrihtavhs y tfimafitfs h maskaiuar ch pl`chdaôi pfiatfidahrah. ^lr fofkpcl Káxadl h iavfc efmfrhc, cls 8> dfitrls pfiatfidahrals suerfi uih hcth sl`rfpl`chdaôi, plr cl quf chs hutlramhmfs prldfmafrli h fkatar uih cfy mf pfihs hctfrihtavhs, dli ch quf prfvái rfmudar sagiaeadhtavh=6

kfitf (bhsth ui 06%) ch pl`chdaôi pfiatfidahrah . Madbh cfy lerfdf dlkl hctfrihtavhs? - ch rfdcusaôi mlkadacahrah kfmahitf kliatlrfl fcfdtrôiadl h masthidah: - fc trhthkafitl prf-ca`frhdalihc: - ch ca`frthm prfphrhtlrah y - ch rfkasaôi phrdahc mf ch pfih. 46

 Fstakhdalifs mf ch Dlkasaôi Fsththc mf Mfrfdbls Bukhils mf Kadblhdèi fi fsf fsthml mf Káxadl. 08->6-0>80  Dlkprlkasls mfc prlgrhkh mf dlcldhdaô dlcldhdaôi i ch`lrhc. Gfimhrkfrëh Dbacf. 0>>2 47  ^lr fofkpcl fi Pfpÿ`cadh Mlkaiadhih ch Tu`-dllrmaihdaôi Ihdalihc Ihdalihc mfc Kfmal Ca`rf sf euimh fi 0>80 42  Ufr fi fstf sfitaml Ohakf Thhvfmrh Marfdtlr mfc ^htrlihtl ^fiatfidahral ^fiatfidahral mf Vruguhy. 0>88 41  Fc hplyl ch`lrhc dlisastf fi dhihcazhr h cls ca`frhmls h fkprfshs slcadathitfs y elkfithr fc hutlfkpcfl mf ui leadal. Vih iufvh lplrtuiamhm, ^htrlihtl phrh ca`frhmls mf Kfxadhca, 0>80 =>  Tastfkh ^lst ^fiatfidahral y Htfidaôi h Ca`frhmls mf ch Tfdrfthrëh mf Tfguramhm ^ÿ`cadh mf Ohcasdl =8  ^htrlihtl "prl ca`frhmls" hdush ehcth mf hplyl mf hutlramhmfs fi ]aouhih, Káxadl. Tastfkh Aielrkhtavl ^TI. Ldtu`rf 0>>1 =0  ^rlgrhkh mfc ^htrlihtl Ihdalihc mf Pfls (^HIHP), euf drfhml fi 81=4, dlkl uih sfddaôi mfpfimafitf mf Gfimhrkfrëh mf Dbacf. ]afif dlkl kasaôi, hplyhr ch rfaisfrdaôi sldahc y `raimhr hplyl plst pfiatfidahral h ch pl`chdaôi mf dlimfihmls quf fgrfsh hc kfmal ca`rf, kfmahitf ch akpcfkfithdaôi mf prlgrhkhs y prlyfdtls sldahcfs. Ufr Aielrkf mfc ^rlgrhkh mfc ^htrlihtl Ihdalihc mf Pfls. Kaiastfral mf Oustadah. Gfimhrkfrëh mf Dbacf, 0>>6 =4  ^lr fofkpcl fc prlgrhkh mf hplyl plst-pfiatfidahral fi @al @al (mf murhdaôi mf 2 kfsfs) 0>80 ==  Bhdah uih fstrhtfgah ^lst ^fiatfidah ^fiatfidahrah? rah? Mfsheëls phrh ch rfaisfrdaôi sldahc y ch`lrhc. Fidufitrl -]hccfr. Klitfvamfl, 07/>1/0>88 =6  Cfy mf Fofdudaôi mf Thidalifs ^fihcfs y Pfaisfrdaôi Tldahc phrh fc Mastratl Efmfrhc, 0>88 45

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

2

 

 

H iavfc rfgalihc, cls fsthmls mfc dfitrl mf Káxadl aielrkhi quf fc 50% sf rfdurrf h uih dlimfih dlimadalihc, kafitrhs quf fc 0=% sf rfdurrf h sfguaml mf olrihmhs mf trh`hol h ehvlr mf ch dlkuiadhm =5. Fi ^frÿ, fc Aistatutl Ihdalihc ^fiatfidahral h trhvás mf ch Marfddaôi mf Kfmal Ca`rf rfplrtô fi fc kfs mf khrzl 0>80 h =,=80 pfrslihs sfitfidahmhs h pfihs mf ^rfsthdaôi mf Tfrvadals h ch Dlkuiamhm h iavfc ihdalihc. Hsakaskl fi @rhsac, Cfy mf ^rasaôi Dhutfchr plmrëh sagiaeadhr ch ca`frhdaôi mf 8>> kac prfsls. Fi Ufifzufch, ch kaiastrh mf prasalifs vfifzlchih, hiuidaô ui pchi mf "mfsdligfstaôi" plr fc quf sfrëhi ca`frhmls ui =>% mf cls 6> >>> prfsls mfc phës. Tai mumh, mf hdufrml h ch aielrkhdaôi leadahc rfdafitf y ch trhiskatamh plr cls kfmals, fxastf ui fkpføl leadahc phrh lerfdfr pfihs hctfrihtavhs . Fsths hddalifs sli, sai mumh, hcthkfitf plsatavhs, sl`rftlml chs quf rfhcazhi, dli áxatl, trh`hol h ehvlr mf ch dlkuiamhm. Tai fk`hrgl, chs hddalifs leadahcfs il sf bhi trhmudaml fi uih maskaiudaôi sagiaeadhtavh mf ch pl`chdaôi pfiatfidahrah. Dli fxdfpdaôi mf Hrgfitaih, quf bh tfiaml uih fsthgihdaôi fi su pl`chdaôi, prèdtadhkfitf ch tfimfidah mf drfdakafitl saguaô fi tlml fc dlitaifitf. Il l`sthitf cl hitfralr, fs pfrtaifitf rfdlrmhr quf fxastf uih filrkf dhitamhm mf aitfrils sai dlimfih . Kafitrhs il sf hthquf h cls prl`cfkhs fstrudturhcfs quf lragaihi fstls ëimadfs mf prfsls sai dlimfih, il sf hthdhrè mf rhëz fc prl`cfkh mf ch sl`rfpl`chdaôi fi cls dfitrls pfiatfidahrals. Fc dlckl fs quf bhyh vfdfs quf fxastfi ôrmfifs mf ca`frthm quf il sf dukpcfi plr ifgcagfidah, dlkl sf kfidalih fi Dlclk=7 `ah . Hthdhr chs ehcchs y cls prl`cfkhs sastákadls mf cls sastfkhs mf oustadah fs uih mfkhimh mf mfkldrhtazhdaôi mf ch sldafmhm. ‿ Pfkasaôi mf pfih

Ch rfkasaôi l rfmfidaôi mf ch pfih dlkl rfdlkpfish mf hdtavamhmfs ch`lrhcfs fstè dlisagihmh fi vhrals phësfs. Fi @rhsac,  plr fofkpcl, fxastf cfghckfitf ch rfkasaôi `hshmh fi fc trh`hol mfc rfdcusl (trfs mëhs mf trh`hol dlrrfsplimfi h uil mf rfkasaôi)=2. Fi Ufifzufch, ch Cfy mf rfmfidaôi mf ch pfih plr fc trh`hol l fc Fstumal mfc rágakfi pfiatfidahral fsth`cfdf `fifeadals mf ch rfmuddaôi mf sfitfidahs –h rhzôi mf ui mëh mf rfdcusaôi plr dhmh mls mf trh`hol l mf fstumal‛, phrh chs pfrslihs dlimfihmhs h pfihs l kfmamhs dlrrfddalihcfs, rfstradtavhs mf ca`frthm=1. Fi Dlclk`ah ch cfy Pfs. 0410, mfc 4 mf khyl mf 0>>5, prfvá hdtavamhmfs vhcamhs phrh rfmfidaôi mf pfih y, dlielrkf h cl fsth`cfdaml plr ch Cfy 56 mf 8114, chs hdtavamhmfs rfdlildamhs sf fiuidahi fi fisføhizh, fmudhdaôi y trh`hol. ^lr su phrtf, Dlsth Padh fsth`cfdf quf fc Aistatutl Ihdalihc mf Drakailclgëh fs fc ôrghil tádiadl mf ch Hmkaiastrhdaôi ^fiatfidahrah, fidhrghml mf hutlrazhr fc mfsdufitl mf ch pfih mf prasaôi. Cls dratfrals phrh ltlrghrch sf `hshi fi fc trh`hol pfiatfidahral. Ta `afi sf bhi dlkfithml maeaducthmfs hmkaiastrhtavhs phrh dlidfmfr madbh rfmuddaôi mf ch pfih: ch rfkasaôi mf ch pfih fs ui clgrl dlidrftl mfsmf fc puitl mf vasth cfghc. Tai fk`hrgl fs akplrthitf aidlrplrhr fstf aistrukfitl fi chs plcëtadhs aitfgrhcfs mf rfaisfrdaôi phrh rfelrzhrchs y mhrcf sfitaml h kfmamhs hmkaiastrhtavhs.

=5 Aielrkf =7

Dfitrl Lddamfitf. Dliefrfidah Ihdalihc mfc Tastfkh ^fiatfidahral. Káxadl, 0>80  Tfgÿi fc marfdtlr mfc AI^FD, Gusthvl Hmlcel Padhurtf Padhurtf,, hc AI^FD aivfstagô duèiths ôrmfifs mf ca`frthm fsth`hi pfimafitfs plr fofduthr y fidlitrô pfihs mf aitfrils quf tfiëhi lrmfi mf ca`frthm mf ui høl y kfmal mf bh`fr saml fkatamhs. Fitrfvasth sfptafk`rf 0>80 =2  Hrtëducl 78 (tëtucl U rfmfidaôi mf pfihs), Cfy mfc Págakfi ^fiatfidahral, Guhtfkhch, Guhtfkhch, fkatamh fc 5 mf ldtu`rf 0>>5 =1  Hrtëducl 4, Cfy mf rfmfidaôi oumadahc mf ch pfih plr fc trh`hol y fc fstumal, Ghdfth Leadahc I¾ =.504, Ufifzufch, sfptafk`rf mf 8114 

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

1

 

  ‿ ^lcëtadh mf aisfrdaôi

H ch l`sfrvhdaôi mf mldukfitls leadahcfs, tfstaklials masplia`cfs y sl`rftlml h cls cakathmls rfsucthmls, fs fvamfitf quf ch dlistruddaôi mf plcëtadhs mf rfaisfrdaôi fs fc rftl mf chs hutlramhmfs fi Chtailhkáradh . Tføhchkls quf sf mftfdthrli grhimfs maeaducthmfs mf dllrmaihdaôi fitrf cls maefrfitfs sfrvadals h cls rfdcusls. Duhiml sf bh`ch mf uih plcëtadh mf rfaisfrdaôi aitfgrhc, sf rfquafrf uih këiakh dllrmaihdaôi ègac fitrf chs mastaiths èrfhs mf htfidaôi. Fi fstf sfitaml, sf rfquafrf uih plcëtadh mf rfaisfrdaôi quf dllrmaif chs mastaiths aisthidahs quf aitfrvafifi, phrtaduchrkfitf uih dllrmaihdaôi fitrf chs èrfhs fmudhtavhs y ch ch`lrhc y fitrf chs hutlramhmfs mf Oustadah, fmudhdaôi y trh`hol. Hc l`sfrvhr cls maefrfitfs mldukfitls leadahcfs, sf pufmf su`rhyhr quf chs plcëtadhs mf`fi aitfgrhr dafrtls fcfkfitls fsfidahcfs? -

-

-

-

]rh`hohr phrh rfuiar chs maefrfitfs aiadahtavhs (hdhmákadhs, mf ch sldafmhm davac y mf chs aistatudalifs) quf plr su maspfrsaôi cakathi su feadhdah y clgrls: Elrkhdaôi mf bè`atls ch`lrhcfs phrh aitfrils dli fsdhshs f arrfguchrfs fxpfrafidahs mf trh`hol: H`lrmhr fc sfitakafitl mf sfguramhm quf hcguils prfsls safitfi fi ch prasaôi y su aidhphdamhm phrh hmhpthrsf h ui hk`afitf ch`lrhc y sldahc fxtfril. Tf pufmf, plr fofkpcl, trh`hohr ch rfslcudaôi mf prl`cfkhs y prlpadahr ch rfecfxaôi sl`rf prlyfdtls mf vamh mf cls aitfrils: Mfshrrlccl mf ch hutlilkëh h trhvás mf ch elrkhdaôi ch`lrhc. Hitf ui kfrdhml dli pldhs lplrtuiamhmfs y uih `hsth fdlilkëh aielrkhc fi Hkáradh Chtaih (DF^HC), cls praidapals mf hutlilkëh sli akplrthitfs6>. Fi fstf sfitaml, prlpadahr fc mfshrrlccl mf aiadahtavh y drfhtavamhm mf cls aitfrils fs akplrthitf: Mfshrrlccl mf ch hutlilkëh h trhvás mfc trh`hol aimfpfimafitf mf dllpfrhtavhs y pfquføhs fkprfshs (^QKF): Mfshrrlcchr rfmfs sldahcfs y dlkuiathrahs mf hplyl h cls ca`frhmls: Fi fc dhsl mf Ufifzufch, cls ehkacahrfs mf cls aitfrils phrtadaphi h ch fch`lrhdaôi mf fstrhtfgahs68. Fc hspfdtl phrtadaphtavl firaqufdf ch fch`lrhdaôi mf plcëtadhs fi ch khtfrah. Hsakaskl, fi fsf phës, sf lerfdf elrkhdaôi h chs khmrfs mf cls aitfrils60. Fsth aiadahtavh rfdufrmh ch makfisaôi ehkacahr mf ch aisfrdaôi: Hcguihs fxpfrafidahs fi Dbacf bhi sføhchml ch akplrthidah mf ch dlkuiamhm. Vi hidchof h iavfc cldhc phrh aitfgrhrsf h uih dlkuiamhm: Hdlkphøhkafitl aimavamuhcazhml pfrl dli uih pfrspfdtavh mf aitfgrhdaôi dlcfdtavh y dlkuiathrah:

^frspfdtavh mf gáifrl phrh htfimfr chs ifdfsamhmfs mf chs kuofrfs: Aidlrplrhr maefrfitfs tapls mf fvhcuhdalifs phrh vhclrhr cls hvhidfs mf chs plcëtadhs y rfelrkuchrchs dli `hsf h chs ifdfsamhmfs y cakathdalifs: Tfisa`acazhr sl`rf ch akplrthidah mf ch dllpfrhdaôi phrh firaqufdfr chs fvhcuhdalifs ihdalihcfs y cldhcfs: Pfecfxalihr f aitfgrhr chs plcëtadhs mf rfaisfrdaôi dli ltrhs plcëtadhs sldahcfs.

Mf fsth khifrh, chs plcëtadhs mf aisfrdaôi pufmfi dlitra`uar h ch uih khylr dlbfsaôi sldahc fi fc sfitaml mf aidcuar h cls ca`frhmls h ch fdlilkëh y h ch vamh fi sldafmhm . Fsths hddalifs pufmfi erfihr fc dërducl mf valcfidah quf sf vavf fi fc dlitaifitf y fi fc quf cls dfitrls pfiatfidahrals sli kfrls rfprlmudtlrfs. Mfshrrlcchr uihs hutáitadhs plcëtadhs mf rfaisfrdaôi fs uih thrfh pfimafitf mf cls gl`afrils mfc dlitaifitf phrh rfelrzhr chs mfkldrhdahs mf Hkáradh Chtaih. 6>

 Dlkasaôi Fdliôkadh phrh Hkáradh Chtaih y fc Dhra`f (DF^HC) aielrkh quf ch fdlilkëh aielrkhc fi Hkáradh Chtaih drfdaô. Ilvafk`rf 0>8>  Fitrfvasth dli ch Cad. Erhidah Khcvhr. Hglstl 0>80 60  Fc pchi –Ccfgô Khëth‛ mfc Kaiastfral mfc ^lmfr ^lpuchr phrh fc Tfrvadal ^fiatfidahral ^fiatfidahral,, Ufifzufch, 0>80  68

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

8>

 

 

U. 

Tatuhdaôi mf cls phësfs Hrgfitaih

Dlkl fsthml efmfrhc, fstf phës dufith dli maefrfitfs fsth`cfdakafitls pfiatfidahrals? 5 dlkpcfols pfiatfidahrals efmfrhcfs y 02 uiamhmfs pfiatfidahrahs. Fc Tfrvadal ^fiatfidahral Efmfrhc plsff, hmfkès, fitrf sus uiamhmfs fi tlml fc phës, ui sfrvadal psaquaètradl mf vhrlifs y uil phrh kuofrfs, ui dfitrl pfiatfidahral mf fiefrkfmhmfs aiefddalshs y iufvf hcdhamëhs efmfrhcfs. Dh`f mfsthdhr quf dufith thk`aái dli sfas dfitrls mf rfbh`acathdaôi phrh Mrlgh-mfpfimafitfs, fi mlimf sf lerfdf uih htfidaôi fspfdahcazhmh. Hmfkès, fxastfi dhshs mf prf-fgrfsls y dhkpls mf mfshrrlccl ch`lrhc, trhmuddaôi mf ch fstrhtfgah mf rfaisfrdaôi. Dh`f kfidalihr quf, phrh ch lpaiaôi pÿ`cadh, pfrsastf uih khch akhgfi mfc sastfkh pfiatfidahral plr cls hdtls mf valcfidah rfgastrhmls, plr chs hddalifs hd dalifs phrtamasths quf aivlcudrhi h cls fkpcfhmls l marfdtavls pfiatfidahrals y h ch pfrdfpdaôi sldahc quf pamf dhstagl kès quf rfbh`acathdaôi. Fi fstf sfitaml sf bh`ch aidcusl mf ui erhdhsl mfc sastfkh pfiatfidahral 64. ‿ ]rh`hol y dhphdathdaôi

Fc trh`hol fs phrtf euimhkfithc mfc trhthkafitl, dlistatuyfiml ui mfrfdbl y ui mf`fr mfc aitfril dli plsatavh aidamfidah fi su mftfidaôi, y sf ragf plr cls saguafitfs praidapals? -

Il sf akplif dlkl ui dhstagl: Il fs hecadtavl, mfiagrhitf, aiehkhitf ia elrzhml: ^rlpfimf h ch elrkhdaôi y hc kfolrhkafitl mf cls bè`atls ch`lrhcfs: ^rldurh ch dhphdathdaôi mfc aitfril phrh mfsfkpføhrsf fi ch vamh ca`rf: Tf prlgrhkh tfiafiml fi dufith chs hptatumfs y dlimadalifs psadleësadhs mf cls aitfrils, chs tfdilclgëhs utacazhmhs fi fc kfmal ca`rf y chs mfkhimhs mfc kfrdhml ch`lrhc: Fs rfkuifrhml. Tf rfspfth ch cfgaschdaôi ch`lrhc y mf sfguramhm sldahc vagfitf.

Ch prlmuddaôi praidaphc sf dlidfitrh fi? dlkfsta`cfs, thk`l, plrdaducturh, bufrths, bagafif y cakpafzh, bfrrfrëh, ouguftfs, aimukfithrah, zhphtfrëh, kuf`cfs, dhrpaitfrëh y yfr`h khtf. k htf. Fitf Dllpfrhmlr ^fiatfidahral Fs ui lrghiaskl hutôilkl quf dufith fi ch hdtuhcamhm dli khs mf =>> thccfrfs prlmudtavls, mf cls duhcfs 8=> sli thccfrfs prlmudtavls dlivfidalihcfs y cls rfsthitfs sli thccfrfs mf gfstaôi mf sfrvadals, h`hrdhiml cls prakfrls uih hkpcah ghkh mf fspfdahcamhmfs (hgrlpfduhrah, aimustrahc, dhrpaitfrëh, y hrtfs grèeadhs) y cls sfguimls, dldaihs, phihmfrëhs y sfrvadals huxacahrfs, ehdacathiml ch lduphdaôi mf kès mfc 0>% mf ch pl`chdaôi pfiatfidahrah. Fc Fitf hpuith hc kfolr euidalihkafitl y h ch klmfriazhdaôi mf cls kátlmls lpfrhtavls mf cls thccfrfs mf ch`lrtfrhpah phrh cls aitfrils, safiml mfstaihmhs –chs utacamhmfs quf prlmuzdh fc trh`hol l ch prlmuddaôi pfiatfidahrah fxdcusavhkfitf hc trh`hol pfiatfidahral‛6=. Dh`f kfidalihr quf vhrahs prlvaidahs, dlkl ch mf @ufils Harfs, dufithi dli prlgrhkhs mf trh`hol pfiatfidahral y plst-pfiatfidahral. ^lr fofkpcl, fi Thith Ef, fc Gl`afril prlvaidahc, h trhvás mf cls Kaiastfrals 64

 Ufr Thmfz, Dèrdfc y mfspuás ? fc erhdhsl mfc sastfkh pfiatfidahral, Ch Ihdaôi, 80 hglstl 0>80.  Fi 811= `hol ch Cfy I¾ 0=.470 sf drfh fc Fitf mf Dllpfrhdaôi ]ádiadh y Eaihidafrh mfc Tfrvadal ^fiatfidahral Efmfrhc, duyh eaihcamhm sfrè (Hrt. 8¾).

6=

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

88

 

 

mf Oustadah y Mfrfdbls Bukhils y mf Tfguramhm, susdra`aô ui dlivfial dli ch dhrtfrh mf ]rh`hol, Fkpcfl y Tfguramhm Tldahc efmfrhc, h trhvás mf ch Tfdrfthrëh mf Fkpcfl, duyl l`oftavl fs ch rfaitfgrhdaôi sldahc y ch`lrhc mf cls pravhmls mf ca`frthm. Chs prlvaidahs lerfdfi thk`aái hplyl h cls ca`frhmls dlkl –^rlkldaôi mfc Ca`frhml‛ mfc Gl`afril mf Kfimlzh. Mf khifrh phrhcfch, chs prlvaidahs bhi aitrlmudaml cfgaschdalifs phrh rfaisfrthr h cls aitfrils. ^lr fofkpcl ch prlvaidah mf Duyl shidaliô fi fc 0>>4 ch cfy 5.15>, pfrl bhsth bly quf il sf pufmf plifr fi khrdbh mf`aml h quf ehcth hmlpthr su rfgchkfithdaôi66. ^lr cl quf rfspfdth fc dlisukl y trhthkafitl mf mrlghs, ui aielrkf mf ch VIAULD sføhch chs dlitrhmaddalifs mf chs hutlramhmfs quf iafghi fc dlisukl, sai fk`hrgl chs fidufsths aimadhi quf ui 2>% mf cls prfsls dlisukfi mrlghs. Fc trhthkafitl h cls mrlghmfpfimafitfs mrlg hmfpfimafitfs sf lerfdf fi cls 5 Dfitrls mf Pfbh`acathdaôi phrh mrlghmfpfimafitfs, fi mlimf sf `raimh uih htfidaôi fspfdahcazhmh. Tai fk`hrgl fc kfidalihml fstumal sføhch quf il fxastfi kfdhiaskls phrh fc kliatlrfl y fvhcuhdaôi dlitaiuh mf chs hdtavamhmfs mf fstls dfitrls (yh quf ch rfaidamfidah ccfgh h 66%). Hsakaskl, sf dhrfdfi mf kfdhiaskls mf rfefrfidah h dfitrls mf trhthkafitl eufrh mf cls rfdaitls pfiatfidahrals phrh mhr dlitaiuamhm mf trhthkafitl mfspuás mf ch ca`frhdaôi65.

@rhsac

Mf cls 684.2>0 prfsls quf dufith fc phës, fc 14% sli blk`rfs y fc 7% kuofrfs. Tf trhth mf uih pl`chdaôi  olvfi? fc =2% mf ch pl`chdaôi dhrdfchrah tafif kfils mf mf 4> høls. Dh`f kfidalihr quf fc sastfkh efmfrhc mf prasalifs fs kuy rfdafitf. Ch ddèrdfc èrdfc Efmfrhc mf Dhthimuvhs euf ch prakfrh (mf chs duhtrl efmfrhcfs quf fxastfi), dlistruamh fi 0>>5.  ‿ ]rh`hol y dhphdathdaôi

Hdtuhckfitf, sfgÿi aielrkhdalifs leadahcfs, chs pfrslihs quf rfhcazhi trh`hol aitfril tafifi dlkl `hsf ch ilrkhtavamhm vagfitf67. Tf rfphrtfi mf ch saguafitf khifrh? Chs pfrslihs quf rfhcazhi trh`hol aitfril? - 44.115 pfrslihs phrh hplyl hc fsth`cfdakafitl pfihc: - 0=.82= fi hsldahdaôi dli chs dlkphøëhs pravhmhs: - 0.24= fi hsldahdaôi dli lrghiaskls mfc fsthml: - 028 fi hsldahdaôi dli phrhfsththcfs (sastfkh T y LIGs): - 80.7>= rfhcazhiml trh`hols hrtfshihcfs: - 8.>05 rfhcazhiml hdtavamhmfs rurhcfs: - =.>>6 rfhcazhiml hdtavamhmfs aimustrahcfs. Fi duhitl h chs ^frslihs rfhcazhiml ui trh`hol fxtfril? - 2.=20 fi hsldahdaôi dli chs dlkphøëhs pravhmhs: 66

 Viduyl, Iltadahs mf plcëtadhs pÿ`cadhs, 04 mf oucal mf 0>80  VILMD, kasaôi h Hrgfitaih. 67 Hrt. 0>4. H hssastïidah sldahc sfrè prfsthmh h qufk mfch ifdfssathr, aimfpfimfitfkfitf mf dlitra`uaçäl î sfguramhmf sldahc, f tfk plr l`oftavls? AAA - h prlklçäl mh aitfgrhçäl hl kfrdhml mf trh`hcbl:‛(lragaihc sfk grael). Akplrthitf rfsshcthr quf h Cfa Dlkpcfkfithr i¿ 71, mf >7 mf ohifarl mf 811= (Cfa mf Drahçäl ml Euiml ^fiatfidaèral Ihdalihc — Euipfi) mfsthdh h akplrtàidah mhs hçöfs mf trh`hcbl f rfaisfrçäl sldahc ml prfsl, aitfrihml f fgrfssl, fcfidhiml-hs fitrf hs htavamhmfs quf plmfk sfr eaihidahmhs dlk rfdursls ml Euipfi? –Hrt. 4¿ Ls rfdursls ml EVI^FI sfräl hpcadhmls fk? U - akpchithçä akpchithçäl l mf kfmamhs pfmhgôgadhs rfchdal rfchdalihmhs ihmhs hl trh`hcbl prleassalihcazhitf ml prfsl f ml aitfrihml 65

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

80

 

 

-

0.674 fi hsldahdaôi dli lrghiaskls mfc fsthml: 661 fi hsldahdaôi dli phrhfsththcfs (sastfkh T y LIGs): 0.674 rfhcazhiml trh`hols hrtfshihc: 418 rfhcazhiml hdtavamhmfs rurhcfs: 8.0>2 rfhcazhiml hdtavamhmfs aimustrahcfs.

Cls prfsls tafifi mfrfdbl h trh`hohr fi chs prasalifs y h sfr rfkuifrhmls plr fccl, dlkl cl sføhch ch dlistatudaôi62. ^rlyfdtls mf dhphdathdaôi prlefsalihc f akpcfkfithdaôi mf leadaihs pfrkhifitfs (^rldhps) Fi 0>80, aiadaô ch prakfrh ehsf mf eaihidahkafitl mf cls prlyfdtls ^rldhps. Tf trhth mfc fsth`cfdakafitl mf leadaihs pfrkhifitfs mf dhphdathdaôi fi fsth`cfdakafitls pfihcfs y fc lerfdakafitl mf dursls dli fsth eaihcamhm phrh pfrslihs pravhmhs mf ca`frthm. Tf prftfimf quf fsths leadaihs plighi h masplsadaôi mf cls prfsls uih dhphdathdaôi prlefsalihc. Tf elkfithrè ch akpchithdaôi mf cëifhs mf prlmuddaôi fi fc fsth`cfdakafitl pfihc hcaifèimlsf h ch aisfrdaôi prlefsalihc y h ch rfkasaôi mf ch pfih (dlkl dhphdathdaôi y trh`hol). Tf aitfith akpcfkfithr cls ^rldhps fi ui khylr phrh clsiÿkfrl prfsls. plsa`cf mf fsth`cfdakafitls mfc phës phrh aiadahr uih ducturh mf dhphdathdaôi prlefsalihc Aiadahckfitf sf lerfdfrèi leadaihs pfrkhifitfs fi chs saguafitfs èrfhs? - hrtfehdtls mf dlidrftl? `clqufs y chmraccls fdlcôgadls: - phihmfrëh: - dlrtf y dlsturh aimustrahc Hsakaskl sf lerfdfrèi dursls mf? - phstfcfrëh y rfplstfrëh: - dfrhkasth: - paitlr y fcfdtradasth: - huxacahr mf dlistruddaôi davac: - hrtfehdtls mf dlidrftl y chmraccls fdlcôgadls: -

dlrtf y dlsturh aimustrahc.

Fs fvamfitf quf fsth fstrhtfgah sf fidufitrh fi fsthml mf akpcfkfithdaôi y, plr cl thitl, il bhy fvamfidahs mf su euidalihkafitl. Hmfkès chs pfrslihs dlisucthmhs bhi fxprfshml su fsdfptadaskl hitf cls dhk`als mf fstrhtfgahs leadahcfs y mf cls euidalihrals. ‿ Hctfrihtavhs mf pfihs / Kfmal h`afrtl

Fxastf ui drfdakafitl fxplifidahc mf ch pl`chdaôi pfiatfidahrah, h pfshr mf quf hiuhckfitf vfaitf kac pfrslihs glzhi mf pfrkasls, aimuctls y maefrfitfs kfmamhs cfghcfs mf ca`frhdaôi. Tai fk`hrgl, fsths ca`frhdalifs quf sf ccfvhrèi h dh`l `hol ch Cfy mf ^rasaôi Dhutfchr bh kfrfdaml drëtadhs fi cls kfmal, pufs sf dhcduch quf dafi kac prfsls rfdl`rhrëhi su ca`frthm mf khifrh aikfmahth61.

62

 Dlistatuaçäl Efmfrhc, hrt. 5¿, f h Cfa mf Fxfduçäl ^fihc, hrt. =8, AA ghrhitaiml, hcák mh rfkuifrhçäl f quhcaeadhçäl prleassalihc, l marfatl î rfkaçäl mh pfih 61  @rhsac ? ^lcákadh plr aikaifitf ca`frhdaôi mf prfsls. Ch 7h. aiel. @ufils Harfs

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

84

 

  ‿ Aiadahtavhs cldhcfs

Fi @rhsac, fxastfi iukfrlsls prlgrhkhs cldhcfs. ^lr fofkpcl, fi Thl ^hucl ch EVIH^ akpcfkfith prlgrhkhs mf trh`hol phrh prfsls fi fkprfshs pÿ`cadhs y pravhmhs. Hsakaskl, lerfdf hsfslrëh tádiadh, hdlkphøhkafitl y supfrvasaôi mf cls aitfrils h chs dlkphøëhs quf cl rfquafrhi. Fc EVIH^ lerfdf thk`aái trh`hol h prfsls y ca`frhmls fi cls prlgrhkhs quf mfshrrlcch madbh euimhdaôi. Cls fsthmls efmfrhtavls thk`aái akpcfkfithi prlgrhkhs mf trh`hol. ^lr fofkpcl, fi fc Fsthml mf Kaihs Gfrhas, mf cls =4.>>> prfsls, 80.>>> fstèi aivlcudrhmls fi hdtavamhmfs rfkuifrhmhs5>. Tai fk`hrgl hcguihs pfrslihs mfc kfmal hdhmákadl hearkhi quf ch khylr phrtf mf chs hddalifs mf dhphdathdaôi sf mfshrrlcchi mf elrkh prfdhrah, sai rfdursls khtfrahcfs y fi fsphdals akprlvashmls58.

Dbacf

Hcguihs uiavfrsamhmfs y l`sfrvhmlrfs aimadhi uih cakathmh lefrth prlgrhkètadh fi khtfrah ch`lrhc, fmudhdalihc, rfdrfhdalihc y shiathrah (dlkl fc trhthkafitl mf hmaddalifs). Tf sføhch quf fsths dhrfidahs akpamfi quf fc phsl plr ch dèrdfc sfh ui prldfsl prl dfsl mf rfbh`acathdaôi. –Fxastf uih prfdhrafmhm h`slcuth fitrf ch dèrdfc y 50 fc rftlril h ch dlkuiamhm‛ . Dh`f kfidalihr quf ch thsh mf fidhrdfchkafitl fs trhmadalihckfitf hcth fi fstf phës y quf ch rfaidamfidah fs hcth, hprlxakhmhkfitf 5>% sfgÿi fstakhdalifs leadahcfs. ‿ ]rh`hol y dhphdathdaôi

Ch Gfimhrkfrëh aielrkh quf fc kfolrhkafitl mf ch fkpcfh`acamhm dhphdath fi leadals dlkl uih elrkh mf fitrfghr bfrrhkafiths y rfdursls phrh ui kfolr mfsfkpføl ch`lrhc. Hsë, fi fc 0>88 sf fitrfghrli ui tlthc mf 057 dhphdathdalifs fi leadals dlkl? - Tlcmhmurh: - Ghstrlilkëh: - Fcfdtradamhm: - Dlimuddaôi prlefsalihc, … Fstls dursls sf fitrfgh`hi mf klml gruphc f aimavamuhc mfpfimafiml mf ch ifdfsamhm y mf ch lefrth fxastfitf. ^hrh ch fitrfgh mf cls dursls, dhmh Marfddaôi Pfgalihc (mf ch duhc mfpfimfi cls phtrlihtls cldhcfs) cadath cls dursls quf rfquafrfi, quf cufgl sli hmoumadhmls h mavfrsls lrghiaskls phrh quf cls akphrthi h cls plst-pfiatfidahrals. Tai fk`hrgl hcguils fstumals aimfpfimafitfs sføhchi quf fxastfi pldls prlgrhkhs mf rfbh`acathdaôi aitfgrhcfs quf aidcuyhi h ch ehkacah y h ch dlkuiamhm54. Dh`f kfidalihr quf sf bhi mfshrrlcchml fxpfrafidahs aimfpfimafitfs mf trhthkafitl plst-pfiatfidahral dlkl Ulcvfr h Dlieahr  dli  dli dllpfrhdaôi uiavfrsathrah. Tai fk`hrgl vhrals fstumals sføhchi fc fsdhsl hplyl fsththc h quafifs h`himlihi ch dèrdfc5=.

5>

 Fstls aitfrils rfda`fi ¹ mfc shchral këiakl hc kfs, trh`hol quf cfs hyumh h rfmudar su pfih trh`hcbl dlkl prlgrhkhs mf rfaisfrçäl sldahc ih plcëtadh mf fxfduçäl pfihc ml Pal mf Ohifarl. Pfvasth @rhsacfarh mf Fmudhçäl v. 86 i. =6 sft./mfz. 0>8> 50  Ulcvfr h dlieahr. DFTD. 54  Aistatutl mf Hsuitls ^ÿ`cadls Viavfrsamhm Viavfrsamhm mf Dbacf. 5=  Khrtëifz Kfrdhml, Tl`rf ch plcëtadh plst-pfiatfidahrah plst-pfiatfidahrah fi Dbacf. Fi mf`htfs pfiatfidahrals, V. Dbacf.

58 F. Efrihimfs. L akphdtl mh fmudhçäl f ml

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

8=

 

  ‿ Hctfrihtavhs mf pfihs / Kfmal h`afrtl

Ch dlcldhdaôi ch`lrhc fi fc sastfkh plst-pfiatfidahral, fs ui fcfkfitl quf dl`rh rfcfvhidah, tlmh vfz quf fc aitfril, cufgl mf dukpcar su pfih, sf fidufitrh fi pcfil prldfsl mf rfaisfrdaôi sldahc, safiml fc trh`hol ui fcfkfitl euimhkfithc fi fstf prldfsl. Fi cls 8= phtrlihtls cldhcfs, mastra`uamls h iavfc ihdalihc, cls aitfrils sf fidufitrhi fi prldfsl mf fcakaihdaôi mf hitfdfmfitfs, h trhvás mfc mfc Mfdrftl Cfy I.¾ =>1. Fi dhmh uil mf cls phtrlihtls cldhcfs, ffstè stè aisthchml ui fquapl mf prlefsalihcfs y hmkaiastrhtavls quf fitrfghi htfidaôi f aitfrvfidaôi psadlsldahc. H trhvás mf cls prlefsalihcfs, sf dhihcazhi chs ifdfsamhmfs mf cls ca`frhmls, pliaáimlcls fi dlithdtl dli chs mavfrshs rfmfs sldahcfs dli fc eai mf clgrhr shtasehdfr sus rfqufrakafitls. Fi fc dhsl mf chs ifdfsamhmfs mf dlcldhdaôi ch`lrhc, fc prlefsalihc dlithdth h ui pravhml l fkprfsh quf rfquafrf mf ui trh`hohmlr, kfmahitf fitrfvasths fi chs duhcfs sf rfdlgfi chs ifdfsamhmfs mfc fkpcfhmlr. ^lstfralrkfitf, sf sfcfddalih h ui ca`frhml quf dukpcf dli fc pfreac slcadathml y sf cf vaiduch dli fc fkpcfhmlr. ^rfvahkfitf h fsth gfstaôi, fc aitfril l rfdaái ca`frhml bh rfda`aml, kfmahitf thccfrfs mf hprfstl ch`lrhc, fcfkfitls `èsadls mf bè`atls, dukpcakafitl mf ilrkhtavhs, mfrfdbls y mf`frfs ch`lrhcfs. Cufgl mf sfr dlitrhthml, fc prlefsalihc aiadah ui hdlkphøhkafitl mfc ca`frhml kfmahitf fc duhc sf rfeufrzh su pfrkhifidah y hmfduhml dukpcakafitl. Mf klml dliouitl, sf khitafifi dlithdtls pfraômadls dli fc fkpcfhmlr phrh ar mftfdthiml y trh`hohiml, mf klml tfkprhil, duhcquafr satuhdaôi quf pufmh gfifrhr dliecadtls y plstfralrfs mfspamls. Fi 0>88, sf fitrfghrli ui tlthc mf 018 dlcldhdalifs ch`lrhcfs mfpfimafitfs y 07> dlcldhdalifs ch`lrhcfs aimfpfimafitfs (hutl-fkprfimakafitls), safiml ch khylr phrtf mf fsths dlcldhdalifs mfpfimafitfs fi fkprfshs mf tapl ^QKF.

Dlclk`ah

Fi Dlclk`ah, sf amfitaeadô uih ehcth mf dlitaiuamhm mf cls prlgrhkhs quf sf prfsfithrli fi Furlsldahc A dli cl quf hblrh fxastfi. Hsakaskl, sf l`sfrvô ui dhk`al dlisthitf mf rfsplish`cfs. Dh`f mfsthdhr quf cls kfmals cldhcfs dlkl aistatudalifs bhi sføhchml fc prl`cfkh mfc bhdaihkafitl –drëtadl‛ mf chs prasalifs dlkl ui prl`cfkh dfitrhc fi Dlclk`ah quf htfith dlitrh ch sfguramhm y ch dhcamhm mf vamh mf cls aitfrils. Ch Mfefislrëh mfc puf`cl aimadh quf fi fshs darduisthidahs chs prasalifs dlclk`ahihs il pufmfi dukpcar ch cfy quf dlishgrh fc trhthkafitl pfiatfidahral phrh ch rfsldahcazhdaôi mf cls aitfrils, kès hÿi, dratadh quf chs kfmamhs gu`frihkfithcfs phrh rfmudar ch pl`chdaôi pfiatfidahrah il bhi tfiaml rfsucthmls 56. Fi rfchdaôi hc trh`hol fc aielrkf su`rhyh ch ehcth mf aierhfstrudturh, ch ehcth mf thccfrfs y cls fxastfitfs il rfÿifi dlimadalifs hmfduhmhs mf thkhøl y sfguramhm aimustrahc. Cls prlgrhkhs ch`lrhcfs kufstrhi `hoh feadafidah y slchkfitf euidalihi phrh mfsdlithr fc tafkpl mf dlimfih, mfsthdh ch Mfefislrëh. ‿ ]rh`hol y dhphdathdaôi

^lr su phrtf, fc AI^FD aielrkh quf fc Grupl mf Elrkhdaôi phrh fc ]rh`hol-^rlyfdtls ^rlmudtavls y Hk`afithcfs elkfith ch drfhdaôi y lrghiazhdaôi mf ^rlgrhkhs mf Dhphdathdaôi Ch`lrhc y cls prldfsls prlmudtavls phrh gfifrhr dlkpftfidahs ch`lrhcfs fi cls aitfrils y ch gfifrhdaôi mf lduphdaôi y elrkhdaôi ch`lrhc,

56

 Mfefislrëh mfc ^uf`cl, aielrkf 8>8.

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

86

 

 

dlkl phrtf mf ch dlistruddaôi mfc prlyfdtl mf vamh mfc aitfril. Fxastf uih ilrkhtavamhm hc rfspfdtl. 55  Fc l`oftavl mf fstls grupls fs gfifrhr dlkpftfidahs ch`lrhcfs fi cls aitfrils, mfshrrlccl mf lduphdaôi y elrkhdaôi ch`lrhc, dlkl phrtf mf ch dlistruddaôi mfc prlyfdtl mf vamh mfc aitfril. Fxastf uih ilrkhtavamhm hc rfspfdtl.57  H trhvás mf fsth hdtuhdaôi, sf prftfimf lrafithr, hplyhr y supfrvashr cls prlgrhkhs mf elkfitl y dhphdathdaôi ch`lrhc fi hdtavamhmfs aimustrahcfs, hrtfshihcfs, hgrlpfduhrahs y mf sfrvadals s frvadals quf pfrkathi aidlrplrhr h cls aitfrils fi prldfsls prlmudtavls. ]hk`aái, hpuith h prlklvfr y dllrmaihr ch dfcf`rhdaôi mf dlivfials fitrf fkprfshs, fitamhmfs pravhmhs y pÿ`cadhs f aistatutls fi hdtavamhmfs prlmudtavhs y mf dhphdathrli ch`lrhc. Ltrl l`oftavl fs mfshrrlcchr y prlklvfr prlgrhkhs kadrlfkprfshrahcfs phrh aitfrils y hplyhr ch hmkaiastrhdaôi marfdth mf thccfrfs prlmudtavls fi cls fsth`cfdakafitls mf rfdcusaôi. Hmfkès, sf rfhcazh ui trh`hol mf dllrmaihdaôi dli chs marfddalifs rfgalihcfs phrh ch prfphrhdaôi y fofdudaôi mf prlgrhkhs. Fxastfi mls tapls mf hmkaiastrhdaôi? - Marfdth? duhiml ch hmkaiastrhdaôi mfc fsth`cfdakafitl fsth`cfdakafitl plif h masplsadaôi mf ccls ls aitfrils cls rfdursls prlmudtavls mfc Fsthml, ifdfshrals phrh fc mfshrrlccl mf hdtavamhmfs aimustrahcfs dli dhrèdtfr fkprfshrahc y dlitrlch marfdthkfitf fc mfshrrlccl fdliôkadl y sldahc mf chs kaskhs: - Aimarfdth? ch hmkaiastrhdaôi mfc fsth`cfdakafitl plif h masplsadaôi cls rfdursls eësadls dli quf dufith fsth`cfdakafitl mf rfdcusaôi phrh quf mf fitamhmfs l aitfrils aimfpfimafitfs mfshrrlccfifchdtavamhmfs prlmudtavhs dli vaiduchdaôi khil mffxtfrihs l`rh rfdcush. Chs hdtavamhmfs pufmfi sfr? - ^hrtaduchrfs (pravhmhs) dli vaiduchdaôi mf khil mf l`rh mf aitfrils. Fi fstf dhsl, fc dlitrlc mfc prldfsl mf eh`radhdaôi y dhphdathdaôi cl fofrdf marfdthkfitf fc phrtaduchr: - Aimfpfimafitfs? hdtavamhmfs mf aitfrils (dli hutlrazhdaôi) dli kfmals prlmudtavls prlpals: - ^rlyfdtls aimustrahcfs y dërducls mf prlmudtavamhm hrtfshihc, fi phrtaduchr fi fc èrfh aimustrahc? khmfrhs, prldfshkafitl y trhiselrkhdaôi mf hcakfitls, dufrls y dhczhml, prlmuddaôi mf fcfkfitls mf hsfl, hrtfs grèeadhs, `clqufhrëh, dliefddalifs, kfthcastfrëh… Fxastfi dërducls mf prlmudtavamhm hrtfshihc f aimustrahc (khmfrhs, prldfshkafitl y trhiselrkhdaôi mf hcakfitls, dufrls y dhczhml, prlmuddaôi mf fcfkfitls mf hsfl, Hrtfs grèeadhs, `clqufhrëh, dliefddalifs y kfthcastfrëh). ‿ Mrlghmfpfimfidah

^lr cl quf rfspfdth fc trhthkafitl mf ch mfpfimfidah mf mrlghs? dlkl prlmudtl mf ch drakaihcazhdaôi mf ch mrlgh fxastf ui iÿkfrl drfdafitf mf prfsls duyh pfih fstè rfchdalihmh dli fc trèeadl mf mrlgh (sl`rf tlml hqufccls dli uih phrtadaphdaôi khrgaihc y kfils cudrhtavh mf madbh aimustrah) 52.

55

 Hdufrml >88/16 Pfgchkfitl Gfifrhc phrh aitfrils. Hrts. 62 hc 55- Pfs. 5>18/05 mf oucal mf 0>>7 - drfh fc prlgrhkh gfifrhc TLKH (Thcum Lduphdalihc y Kfmal Hk`afitf) y mfrlgh ch rfs >045 mf fifrl 1 mf 0>>5.- Pfs. 74>0 ilvafk`rf 04/>6 - phuths phrh ch htfidaôi Aitfgrhc y fc ]rhthkafitl ^fiatfidahral. 57  Hdufrml >88/16 Pfgchkfitl Gfifrhc phrh aitfrils. Hrts. 62 hc 55- Pfs. 5>18/05 mf oucal mf 0>>7 - drfh fc prlgrhkh gfifrhc TLKH (Thcum Lduphdalihc y Kfmal Hk`afitf) y mfrlgh ch rfs >045 mf fifrl 1 mf 0>>5.- Pfs. 74>0 ilvafk`rf 04/>6 - phuths phrh ch htfidaôi Aitfgrhc y fc ]rhthkafitl ^fiatfidahral. 52  Mf`htfs ^fiatfidahrals, 0>8>. 

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

85

 

  Dlsth Padh

Fs akplrthitf kfidalihr quf sa `afi fstf phës bh saml uil dli uih pl`chdaôi pfiatfidahrah `hoh y fsth`cf, rfdafitfkfitf y dlkl prlmudtl mf rfelrkhs hc dômagl pfihc (dli cls –tra`uihcfs mf echgrhidah‛), sf bh aidrfkfithml51. Fxastfi 80.86= aitfrils fi fc 0>88, cl quf sagiaeadh ui hukfitl mf 02.8% fi fc ÿctakl høl, hsë ch sl`rfpl`chdaôi saguf drfdafiml. Hsakaskl Hsakaskl cls prfsls sai dlimfih, (quf ffi i fc 0>>5 rfprfsfith`hi fc 0>%), fi 0>8> hcdhizô 06.7%. Dlkl cl mfiuidahi maefrfitfs l`sfrvhmlrfs y lrghiaskls, fstf drfdakafitl tafif ui akphdtl ifghtavl fi fc trhthkafitl mf cls aitfrils, dlkl su dchsaeadhdaôi hmfduhmh y ch prfsthdaôi mf sfrvadals. Mf khifrh sagiaeadhtavh, sf mfiuidah quf chs lplrtuiamhmfs mf fmudhdaôi y trh`hol sli kès cakathmhs h uih khylr mfkhimh, plr cl quf chs lplrtuiamhmfs mf rfaisfrdaôi maskaiuyfi7>. Ch Marfddaôi Gfifrhc mf Hmhpthdaôi Tldahc (MGHT) fs fc ôrghil fidhrghml mf lrghiazhr hdtavamhmfs mf rfaisfrdaôi `hol fc –Pfgchkfitl ]ádiadl mfc Tastfkh ^fiatfidahral‛ mf 0>>7, `hol fc duhc fc trh`hol pfiatfidahral –fs ui dlkplifitf fsfidahc, dli dhrèdtfr tfrhpáutadl, elrkhtavl, drfhmlr y gfifrhmlr mf bè`atls ch`lrhcfs‛ quf dlimudfi h ch aisfrdaôi sldahc. Mf fsth fsth khifrh sf eaoh uih rfkasaôi l –m –mfsdufitl fsdufitl plr trh`hol‛78. Ch MGHT il dufith dli prlgrhkhs (mf trh`hol l fmudhtavls) prlpals, rfhcazh dlivfials dli lrghiaskls pÿ`cadls, pravhmls y LIGs. ‿ ]rh`hol y dhphdathdaôi

Chs hutlramhmfs ccfvhi h dh`l uih aiadahtavh fi ch quf chs fkprfshs dlitrhthi pravhmls mf ca`frthm phrh bhdfr trh`hols mfsmf chs dèrdfcfs. Cls l`sfrvhmlrfs sføhchi quf fstls prlgrhkhs sli plsatavls thitl phrh cls fkprfshrals quf dufithi dli khil mf l`rh dhcaeadhmh y cls pravhmls mf ca`frthm quf ghihi maifrl phrh khitfifr h sus ehkacahs. Cls kfmals sføhchi quf fstls prlgrhkhs sli plsatavls thitl phrh cls fkprfshrals quf dufithi dli khil mf l`rh dhcaeadhmh y cls pravhmls mf ca`frthm ghihi maifrl phrh khitfifr h sus ehkacahs y ch sldafmhm thk`aái ghih. Cls mahrals sføhchi quf hsë sf bh –fcakaihml‛ ch prl`cfkètadh mf ch rfaidamfidah. Dlkl pruf`h mfc hplyl leadahc hc trh`hol dli ch aiadahtavh pravhmh sf pufmf kfidalihr hc vadfkaiastrl mf Oustadah, Efrihiml Efrrhrl, quafi fxprfsô quf –arèi pufrth plr pufrth h `usdhr cls maefrfitfs fkprfshrals, phrh quf phrtadapfi mf fsth aiadahtavh‛. Hsakaskl chs hutlramhmfs sføhchi quf trh`hohrèi phrh drfhr ch aierhfstrudturh ifdfshrah phrh fstf tapl mf prlyfdtls. Fitrf cls `fifeadals h chs fkprfshs fkpcfhmlrhs mf pravhmls mf ca`frthm, sf fidufitrh ch vldhdaôi sldahc, hsë dlkl khil mf l`rh kuy dhcaeadhmh y dli prfdals hddfsa`cfs. Fc tapl mf pÿ`cadl hc quf sf htafimf fs? pl`chdaôi hmucth khsducaih y efkfiaih, quf maseruth mf `fifeadals dlidfmamls plr fc Aistatutl Ihdalihc mf Drakailclgëh, dli pfrildthdaôi mf mlkaigl h oufvfs phrh cls quf ch`lrhi hc aitfralr mfc dfitrl y mf 8 h 0 mëhs phrh cls quf ch`lrhi fi fkprfshs pravhmhs l fstèi u`adhmls fi dlivfials aitfraistatudalihcfs. Fs prfdasl kfidalihr quf, fi ouial 0>88, khgastrhmls mf ch Thch Tfguimh mf ch Dlrtf Tuprfkh rfatfrhrli quf fc trh`hol quf rfhcazhi cls pravhmls mf ca`frthm fs uih hdtavamhm phrh su rfbh`acathdaôi. Tfgÿi ch hprfdahdaôi mfc ehccl, fstf sf dlida`f dlkl ui trhthkafitl mf hprfimazhof mf bè`atls y dlimudths sldahckfitf hdfpth`cfs. ^lr thitl, il sf dlisamfrh quf fxasth rfchdaôi ch`lrhc fitrf fsths pfrslihs y ch hmkaiastrhdaôi, aistatudalifs hutôilkhs fsththcfs l fkprfsh pravhmh h ch duhc prfsthi sus sfrvadals.

51

 Padl, OK, Ch Ihdaôi, 06->8-0>80.  Tl`rfpl`chdaôi fi Dèrdfcfs saguf fi hukfitl y bly fs dr ëtadh, Mfefislrëh m cls Bh`athitfs, khrzl, 0>80. 78  Hrtëducl 66 mfc Dômagl ^fihc.

7>

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

87

 

  Fduhmlr

Ch drasas pfiatfidahrah (hgumazhmh plr ch valcfidah) l`cagô hc gl`afril h mfdrfthr mls fsthmls mf fkfrgfidah (0>>7 y 0>8>). Fstls mfdrftls eufrli hdlkphøhmls mf akplrthitfs aivfrsalifs phrh fc kfolrhkafitl mf ch aierhfstrudturh pfiatfidahrah. Hcguils l`sfrvhmlrfs sføhchi quf cls prl`cfkhs pfrsastfi h pfshr mf madbls mfdrftls y mf ch dlistruddaôi mf cls iufvls dfitrls mf rfdcusaôi, y plr ch ca`frhdaôi mf prfsls sai sfitfidah (rf`hohs mf pfihs f aimucthmls)70. Tai fk`hrgl, ui mldukfitl mldukfitl mf 0>88 sføhch chs dlimadalifs prfdhrahs mf aierhfstrudturh, praidaphckfitf ch ehcth mf dfcmhs phrh kuofrfs74. Fstf mldukfitl su`rhyh ch husfidah mf ui khiuhc mf prldfmakafitl phrh fc aigrfsl y fgrfsl mf chs pfrslihs pravhmhs mf ca`frthm. Fvamfitfkfitf, fsth husfidah tafif ui akphdtl ifghtavl fi chs hddalifs mf rfbh`acathdaôi. L`sfrvhmlrfs cldhcfs aisastfi quf fc phës fierfith uih drasas aistatudalihc prleuimh quf il rfsplimf h cls prl`cfkhs mf aisfguramhm, khsaeadhdaôi y dlrrupdaôi7=. Fc kaskl kaiastfral mf Oustadah, fi ui mahgiôstadl, sf hdfptô ch ehcth mf sfguramhm y ch pldh hgacamhm mf ch oustadah. ^lr su phrtf ch Dlkasaôi Aitfrhkfradhih mf Mfrfdbls Bukhils pamaô hc gl`afril aitfrvfiar phrh kfolrhr chs dlimadalifs mfeadafitfs mf shcum, mf hcakfithdaôi, bhdaihkafitl, sfphrhr cls dlimfihmls y cls hdushmls, hsë dlkl hdtuhr hitf ch ehcth mf prlgrhkhs mf rfbh`acathdaôi 76. Tfgÿi ch Marfddaôi Ihdalihc mf Pfbh`acathdaôi Tldahc, bhsth kfmahmls mfc høl 0>8>, fc =8% mf cls aitfrils mf tlml fc phës sf fidlitrh`h fitrf cls 08 y 4> høls, kafitrhs quf fc 07% fsth`h fitrf 48 y => høls. Tf trhth, dlkl fi tlml fc dlitaifitf, mf uih pl`chdaôi olvfi (52% mf quafifs bh`athi cls DPT) 75. Mf fsth khifrh fsth pl`chdaôi mf`f tlkhrsf fi dufith fi cls prlgrhkhs mf rfaisfrdaôi. ‿ ]rh`hol y dhphdathdaôi

Ch Tu`sfdrfthrëh mf Dllrmaihdaôi mf Pfbh`acathdaôi Tldahc aitfrvafif h trhvás mf prlgrhkhs y prlyfdtls phrh fc mfshrrlccl bukhil y mf elrkhdaôi tádiadh mf chs pfrslihs pravhmhs mf ca`frthm. ]afif prfvasth ch rfhcazhdaôi mf thccfrfs catfrhrals, mf dhrpaitfrëh, y mf phiaeadhdaôi, mf cls quf, bhsth fc høl 0>8>, sf fefdtavazhrli hpfihs daidl fi tlml fc phës. Dh`f sføhchr quf fc gl`afril akpcfkfith cl quf cchkh? fc –pchi mf plcëtadhs pÿ`cadhs‛ quf dufith dli duhtrl fofs? Thcum, fmudhdaôi, Ch`lrhc y Uëiducls Ehkacahrfs. Fc fof ch`lrhc fs mfshrrlcchml plr fc Tfrvadal Fduhtlrahil mf Dhphdathdaôi ^rlefsalihc (Tfdhp) quf bh akpcfkfithml ui prlyfdtl mf Bufrtls Lrgèiadls, fi cls dfitrls efkfiails (mf Pfbh`acathdaôi sldahc) mf prlyfdtls tfxtacfs y thccfrfs mf kfthckfdèiadh fi fc dfitrl mf Guhyhquac77. Mf cls 46 dfitrls mf rfbh`acathdaôi sldahc, fi cls mf sfguramhm kfmah y këiakh, fxastfi prlgrhkhs mf trh`h ol y fmudhdaôi. Fi cls dfitrls mf hcth sfguramhm il bhy prlgrhkhs ch`lrhcfs ia fmudhtavls. ‿ Hctfrihtavhs mf pfihs / Kfmal h`afrtl

Hmadalihckfitf, sf bhi akpcfkfithml cls dfitrls mf dlieahizh phrh cls aitfrils quf mfkufstrfi aitfrás plr su rfbh`acathdaôi. Fs ifdfshral sføhchr quf chs dhshs l dfitrls mf dlieahizh sf dhrhdtfrazhi plr khitfifr ui rágakfi mf shcamhs rfgchkfithmhs y fi dlithdtl dli fc fitlril sldahc kès hkpcal quf fc rágakfi dfrrhml, phrtafiml mf dratfrals mf hsastfidah, dlitrlc y sfguramhm sustfith.

70

 Ufr plr fofkpcl Mahral Bly, 86 ilvafk`rf 0>8>.

74 Uffmurëh mfc Tastfkh ^fiatfidahral mfc Fduhmlr, 81 madafk`rf, 0>88. 7=

 Eclrfs Aøagufz, Pfhcamhmfs mfc sastfkh pfiatfidahral fduhtlrahil. fduhtlrahil. Ch Drôiadh, Ldtu`rf 0>80.  DAMB, rfdlkfimhdal rfdlkfimhdalifs ifs 0>8>. 75  Pfbh`acathdaôi sldahc, uih karhmh hc sastfkh. Euimhdaôi Fduhmlr Ca`rf. Hglstl 0>88. 77  Kaiastfral mf Oustadah y Mfrfdbls bukhils 0>8>.

76

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

82

 

 

Dh`f kfidalihr quf ch satuhdaôi cfghc mf cls aitfrils fs ltrl l`stèducl, yh quf cls sfitfidahmls ÿiadhkfitf hsdafimfi hc 68% mfc tlthc. Fstl aiecuyf hc klkfitl mf hddfmfr h cls prlgrhkhs quf sf lerfdfi: fi fc dhsl mf chs dhshs mf dlieahizh, ásths sf mfstaihi h cls aitfrils quf shtasehghi ilrkhs y rfquasatls fsth`cfdamls fi ch cfy, dlkl bh`fr dukpcaml plr cl kfils chs mls quaiths phrtfs mf ch pfih akpufsth, y duyh dlimudth pfrkatf prlilstadhr su rfaitfgrhdaôi h ch sldafmhm.

Fc Thcvhmlr

Fc prl`cfkh rfdurrfitf mf ch bhdaihdaôi fi cls dfitrls pfiatfidahrals bh saml rfdlildaml aidcusl plr fc prfsamfitf Euifs, yh quf cls 08 dfitrls mfc phës tafifi dli uih dhphdamhm phrh hc`frghr 24>> aitfrils, kafitrhs quf dufithi dli uih pl`chdaôi mf 06 =>>72. ^hrh fierfithr fstf prl`cfkh, fc gl`afril prlplif ch drfhdaôi mf grhiohs. Hmfkès, hcguils lrghiaskls sføhchi quf h pfshr mf quf ch cfy pfiatfidahrah fi su hrtëducl 882 fsth`cfdf htfidaôi mf shcum, cls dfitrls dhrfdfi mf htfidaôi y prfvfidaôi shiathrah. Hsakaskl fc gl`afril shcvhmlrføl akpcfkfith fc ^rlgrhkh mf Elrthcfdakafitl mfc Tastfkh ^fiatfidahral phrh hthdhr fc prl`cfkh mf bhdaihkafitl dli ch dlistruddaôi mf pfihcfs y ch rfhmfduhdaôi mf grhiohs pfiatfidahrahs71. ‿ ]rh`hol y dhphdathdaôi

Fc klmfcl mfshrrlcchml fs fc mf grhiohs pfiatfidahrahs. Dlkl uih hpufsth dlidrfth h ch rfbh`acathdaôi, ch MGD^ akpcfkfith, dli fc hplyl mf ch Tfdrfthrëh mf mf Aidcusaôi Tldahc, fc Kaiastfral mf Hgraducturh y Ghihmfrëh y fc Dlisfol Ihdalihc mf ch Ouvfitum, chs prakfrhs Grhiohs ^fiatfidahrahs fi ch bastlrah mfc phës. Fc klmfcl mf prlmuddaôi h sfguar pfrkatf quf hmfkès mf ui dlkplifitf mf rfbh`acathdaôi, sf prlplrdalif h cls aitfrils f aitfrihs ui iufvl klmfcl mf vamh y mf hutl-slstfia`acamhm phrh hsë plmfr prlvffr phrh sus ifdfsamhmfs y chs mf sus ehkacahs. Tf fspfrh quf fstf klmfcl pfrkath hc sastfkh pfiatfidahral l`tfifr cls rfdursls ifdfshrals, il slchkfitf phrh eaihidahr fsths grhiohs sail ltrls prlgrhkhs mf rfbh`acathdaôi y kfolrhkafitl. Fi ch Grhioh Azhcdl sf prftfimf hclohr h 8.>>> pravhmhs mf ca`frthm y, dlkl uih ilvfmhm akplrthitf, sf `usdh u`adhr fi fsf cughr h cls baols f baohs mf chs aitfrihs quf sf fidufitrhi ouitl h sus khmrfs fi ch prasaôi y hsë plmfr `raimhrcfs uih fmudhdaôi y duamhml aitfgrhc fi dlimadalifs quf il cfs hefdtfi sus prldfsls mf mfshrrlccl dlgiatavl y fkldalihc. Fi ch Grhioh Thith Hih, sf pchifh fsth`cfdfr ui hsldal dli uih fkprfsh pravhmh quf pfrkath mfshrrlcchr ui phrquf aimustrahc quf cfs prlvfh mf fkpcfl h 8.>>> aitfrils, dli ui dlidfptl mf aitfgrhcamhm fi duhitl hc trh`hol y ch fmudhdaôi. Fstls prlyfdtls pfrkatarèi quf cls aitfrils y chs aitfrihs pufmhi mfshrrlcchr ui trh`hol rfkuifrhml y fmudhdaôi phrh sus baols y prlvffr hc sastfkh pfiatfidahral mf eaihidahkafitl sueadafitf phrh ch slstfia`acamhm mf fsths hdtavamhmfs. ‿ Hctfrihtavhs mf pfihs / Kfmal h`afrtl

Fc ^rlyfdtl –yl dhk`al‛, prftfimf rfhcazhr dhkphøhs mf sfrvadals h ch daumhmhiëh plr phrtf mf pravhmls mf ca`frthm, fi ehsf mf dlieahizh y sfka-ca`frthm. Fc Kaiastrl mf Oustadah y Tfguramhm ^ÿ`cadh earkô ui dlivfial dli fc Kaiastrl mf L`rhs ^ÿ`cadhs phrh prlklvfr ch aidlrplrhdaôi mf 8>> pravhmls mf ca`frthm fi duhtrl prlyfdtls mf aierhfstrudturhs vahcfs y mf l`rhs mf prltfddaôi h ch pl`chdaôi. Ch Marfddaôi Gfifrhc mf Dfi  72

 Fstakhdalifs mf ch LIV fi Fc Kuiml, 85 mf ef`rfrl 0>80.  ^hrh thc fefdtl Fc Thcvhmlr rfda`aô ui prásthkl mfc `hidl @DAF plr ui klitl mf 78 kacclifs mf môchrfs fi ldtu`rf mf 0>80.

71

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

81

 

  trls ^fiatfidahrals cfs bh mlthml mf uiaelrkfs, hcakfithdaôi, trhisplrtf y ch hsagihdaôi mf tutlrfs phrh ch

dustlmah. Murhitf 2 kfsfs, kès mf 5> aitfrils fi ehsf mf dlieahizh mfc dfitrl mf dukpcakafitl mf pfihs mf Thith Hih rfhcazhrli trh`hols fi fsf kuiadapal. Cls trh`hols aidcuyfrli? cakpafzh cakpafzh fi phrqufs y trhghitfs mf hguhs ccuvahs y ifgrhs, dbhplmh mf grhkh fi maefrfitfs dlcliahs mf ch daumhm klrfih: hsë dlkl cakpafzh fi fc Dfkfitfral Gfifrhc –Thith Ash`fc‛. Fstf prlgrhkh saguf ch cfy pfiatfidahrah quf fi su hrtëducl 8>5 fsth`cfdf –khitfifr l hukfithr ch elrkhdaôi l dlisfrvhdaôi mf bè`atls ch`lrhcfs mfc aitfril phrh ehvlrfdfr sus plsa`acamhmfs hc klkfitl mf rfgrfshr h ch vamh fi ca`frthm‛. Fstf tapl mf aiadahtavhs pfrkatf h`rar fsphdals fsphdals mf aitfgrhdaôi mf cls pravhmls mf ca`frthm fi trh`hols dlkuiathrals. Hsakaskl, chs hutlramhmfs mf cls dfitrls pfihcfs rfshcthi ch akplrthidah mf fofduthr fc prlgrhkh –Dhrrftfrh mf Lplrtuiamhmfs‛, quf `usdh h`rar fsphdals fi ch sldafmhm phrh ch rfhmhpthdaôi y rfaisfrdaôi mfc pravhml mf ca`frthm. Fi duhitl h cls prlgrhkhs plstpfiatfidahrals, hÿi duhiml sli fstapuchmls plr ch cfy, sf ccfvhi h dh`l mf khifrh fsdhsh sfgÿi sføhchi LIG‑s2>. Hsë cl aimadhi chs daerhs leadahcfs (MGD^) mf 0>>1.

Guhtfkhch

Ch cfy tafif ui fielquf maragaml eufrtfkfitf h ch rfbh`acathdaôi sldahc mf cls rfdcusls y fxagf dlimadalifs amfhcfs phrh hcdhizhr fstf l`oftavl. Fc grhi prl`cfkh fs ch `rfdbh filrkf fitrf cl quf sf hsparh dli ch cfy y ch rfhcamhm hdtuhc mfc Tastfkh ^fiatfidahral. Dh`f kfidalihr quf ch prasaôi prfvfitavh hcdhizh 65% mf ch pl`chdaôi (0>8>). Fs thc ch sl`rfpl`chdaôi quf sf bh`ch mf ui máeadat phrh hc`frghr 88 kac prfsls. Hsakaskl maefrfitfs kfmals dlisucthmls dlaidamfi fi ch fxtrfkh valcfidah fi cls dfitrls pfiatfidahrals. ‿ ]rh`hol y dhphdathdaôi

Cls trh`hols, akpucshmls plr fc Tastfkh ^fiatfidahral sli cchkhmls prlgrhkhs ch`lrhcfs. Cls quf ihdafrli h aiadahtavh pfrslihc mfc rfdcusl, dlkl ui 1>% mf chs hdtavamhmfs rfkuifrhmhs, sli trh`hols h aiadahtavh pfrslihc mfc rfdcusl, ÿiadhkfitf ui 8> % sli trh`hols akpucshmls plr fc Tastfkh ^fiatfidahral y fkprfshs pravhmhs (0>8>). Cls dfitrls mf mftfidaôi prfvfitavh Erhaohifs A y AA, Fc @lqufrôi, Khzhtfihigl y Thith Druz mfc Xuadbá il dufithi dli prlgrhkhs ch`lrhcfs plr ehcth mf rfdursls. Fi 0>8>, ui 7>% mf cls pravhmls mf ca`frthm fsth`h aivlcudrhml fi uih hdtavamhm dlkfrdahc, sai fk`hrgl sf sføhch quf fsths sli dhôtadhs f aimf`amhs. Tfgÿi chs aielrkhdalifs mf ch Dllrmaihdaôi ^rlmudtavl Ch`lrhc mfc Tastfkh ^fiatfidahral, dfrdh mfc 5>% mf ch pl`chdaôi aitfrih mfshrrlcch hdtavamhmfs ch`lrhcfs fi cls maefrfitfs dfitrls mf mftfidaôi. ^lr fofkpcl, fi fc Dfitrl mf Lrafithdaôi Efkfiail (DLE) fi Erhaohifs, chs rfdcushs hsastfi h dchsfs, rfhcazhi hcgÿi sfrvadal rfcagalsl, pfrl cl quf sf rfshcth fs ch lplrtuiamhm mf hprfimfr hcgÿi leadal l fch`lrhr duhcquafr tapl mf prlmudtls, phrh cufgl vfimfrcls murhitf cls mëhs mf vasath. Chs aitfrihs trh`hohi fi uih khquaih y fxastf ui èrfh mlimf sf dchsaeadh y sf fkphdh eraolc. Dli chs maefrfitfs hdtavamhmfs, sf `usdh lduphr y kltavhr h chs aitfrihs. Chs rfdcushs thk`aái fch`lrhi vhrals hrtëducls, plr fofkpcl eh`radhi prlmudtls dli rheah (bacl pcèstadl), fitrf fccls `lcshs, glrrls, `accftfrhs y hrtëducls mfdlrhtavls. Tf bh trhiskataml fc hprfimazhof mf ch 2>

 ^freac mfc Fsthml mf Pfdcusaôi Dhrdfchrah fi fc Thcvhmlr, Euimhdaôi Amfhs y Hddalifs phrh ch ^hz.

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

0>

 

 

dlsturh h chs aitfrihs, euidalihiml prèdtadhkfitf dlkl fkprfsh, mlimf sf fch`lrh fstudbfs mf pfreukfrëh y vfstamls phrh eafsths. Fi ch grhioh klmfcl mf rfbh`acathdaôi Dhihmè, fi Fsduaitch, ch hdtavamhm quf kès fch`lrhi fs ch prlmuddaôi mf bhkhdhs dli ea`rh ihturhc y saitátadh. Fi fcsli dfitrl pfihc mf Dhitfc-Xuftzhctfihigl, rfs mf fch`lrhdaôi mf trhofs tëpadls, cls duhcfs dlkfrdahcazhmls fi cls kfrdhmls mf ch euidalihi rfgaôi. 28  80 thccfFi cls dfitrls mf prasaôi, fc sastfkh pfiatfidahral rfgastrh 84 6== rfdcusls, mf quafifs 2 >=5 rfda`fi fstumals l dhphdathdalifs plr ch aistatudaôi, y mf quafifs sf rfkatfi aielrkfs pfraômadhkfitf h cls ouzghmls phrh quf sf hpcaqufi phrh ch rfmfidaôi mf pfihs. Cls trh`hols rfhcazhmls plr cls aitfrils, sli rfkuifrhmls thc y dlkl sf fsth`cfdf fi ch Dlistatudaôi plcëtadh mf ch Pfpÿ`cadh y ch cfy mfc rágakfi pfiatfidahral. Ch khylrëh mf cls rfdcusls utacazhi cls aigrfsls fdliôkadls l`tfiamls mf cls prlmudtls phrh sfguar hplyhiml ch fdlilkëh mf su ehkacah l phrh dlkprhr hcakfitls l hrtëducls fi cls dfitrls. Ch lrghiazhdaôi mf cls aitfrils h trhvás mf cls prlgrhkhs ch`lrhcfs bh pfrkataml fsth`cfdfr dllpfrhtavhs pfiatfidahrahs, mlimf cls rfdursls sli utacazhmls phrh ch drfhdaôi mf pfquføhs fkprfshs duhiml rfdl`rfi ch ca`frthm. plcëtadhs pralrazhmhs Fc marfdtlr mfc Tastfkh pfiatfidahral, Glizècfz ^árfz, rfshctô quf chs fi   murhitf su hmkaiastrhdaôi garhi fitlrilCuas h chHc`frtl hpcadhdaôi y magiaeadhdaôi mfc trh`hol cls dfitrls. Glizècfz `usdh aistatudalihcazhr fc klmfcl dllpfrhtavasth phrh clgrhr ch hutl-slstfia`acamhm mf madbls prldfsls.

Tai fk`hrgl, bhy mf ilthr quf ch ehcth mf dlitaiuamhm dlistatuyf ui grhvf prl`cfkh mfc sastfkh guhtfkhctfdl? sf bhi sudfmaml 80 marfdtlrfs fi cls ÿctakls mls gl`afrils (mfsmf 0>>=). Hsakaskl, hcguils fstumals rfdafitfs aimadhi quf hmfkès mf ch aisueadafidah mfc prfsupufstl y pfrslihc, cls prlgrhkhs mf rfsldahcazhdaôi sf bhi h`himlihml. Ta `afi fxastf ui fquapl kuctamasdapcaihral plr dfitrl, ch dhitamhm mf rfdcusls h dhrgl mfc kaskl pufmf sfr kuy grhimf, cl duhc il pfrkatf uih htfidaôi aimavamuhc, shcvl fi dhsls mf fkfrgfidahs. Ltrl prl`cfkh sf lragaih plr ch ehcth mfc rfgchkfitl mf ch cfy, yh quf il qufmhi mfthcchmls cls prldfmakafitls, l`caghdalifs y chs rfsplish`acamhmfs mf cls fquapls kuctamasdapcaihrals20. Mf fsth khifrh, phrh h pfshr mf quf ch rfsldahcazhdaôi mf cls rfdcusls khimhtlfstf dlistatudalihc phsl kuy akplrthitf ch aitfgrhdaôi fxatlsh, chkfith`cfkfitf, fifs ch ui hdtuhcamhm, trh`hol fstèy ui h`himlihml plr cls prl`cfkhs mf sfguramhm fi chs dèrdfcfs. Fc Tastfkh ^fiatfidahral il dufith dli uih aierhfstrudturh y sfrvadals hmfduhmls phrh ch rfbh`acathdaôi sldahc. ‿ Mrlghmfpfimfidah

^lr ltrh phrtf, sf bh sføhchml quf ch mrlghmaddaôi fitrf cls rfdcusls fs ui th`ÿ y ch htfidaôi quf rfda`fi il fs ch hmfduhmh. Il bhy prlgrhkhs mf mfsaitlxadhdaôi phrh hmadtls, ia pfrslihc fspfdahcazhml phrh htfimfr fstf tapl mf prl`cfkhs. Ch ÿiadh htfidaôi quf rfda`fi fs fi dhsl mf uih fkfrgfidah kámadh. Chs susthidahs quf sf dlisukfi sli khrabuhih, drhdj y dldhëih, sfgÿi ui fstumal plr phrtf mf ch MGT^ y ch TFDDH]AM (0>8>).

Káxadl 28

 Ch Hgfidah Guhtfkhctfdh mf Iltadahs (HGI) ouial 0>80.  Mahgiôstadl mfc sastfkh pfiatfidahral guhtfkhctfd guhtfkhctfdl, l, 0>88.

20

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

08

 

 

Fc sastfkh pfiatfidahral kfxadhil fs dlkpcfol plr sus iavfcfs mf gl`afril y fs ch fxprfsaôi mf chs dlitrhmaddalifs mfc efmfrhcaskl. Tfgÿi ch Dlkasaôi Ihdalihc mf Mfrfdbls Bukhils, fi fc 5>% mf chs prasalifs fxastfi hutlgl`afrils l dl-gl`afrils, fs mfdar, cls prfsls phrtadaphi fi fc gl`afril mf chs prasalifs, cl quf 24 quf h kfiuml sli dllpthmls plr fc drakfi lrghiazhml, fxprfsh fc erègacfidlitrlc mfvalcfidah cls dfitrls pfihcfs dlivartaáimlsf eldls mf y drakfi . Fc kaskl aistatutl sføhch quf amfitaeadô bhdaihkafitl thitl fi prasalifs efmfrhcfs dlkl fi chs fsththcfs. Huiquf bhy quf dlisamfrhr ch fxastfidah mf uih grhi mfsaguhcmhm fitrf chs prasalifs efmfrhcfs y chs fsththcfs. Chs prakfrhs bhi dlithml dli iÿkfrl kfilr mf aitfrils quf chs sfguimhs, h pfshr mfc aidrfkfitl mf pfrslihs prfshs dli eufrl efmfrhc. Dh`f mfsthdhr quf fc gl`afril efmfrhc dlistruyf vhrahs prasalifs phrh rfmudar (f aidcusl `lrrhr) fc máeadat efmfrhc quf fxpfrakfith, pufs 06 kac prfsls mf eufrl efmfrhc sf fidufitrhi fi prasalifs fsththcfs (thi slcl = 404 fi chs prasalifs mfc Mastratl Efmfrhc fi ch Daumhm mf Káxadl).

Fstls prl`cfkhs aidamfi sl`rf chs hddalifs mf rfaisfrdaôi. Hmfkès fstls prlgrhkhs sf aisdra`fi fi ch ifdfshrah rfelrkh pfihc quf fc phës rfquafrf. Fi fefdtl, chs maseuidalihcamhmfs y dlitrhmaddalifs mfc sastfkh efmfrhc sf bhi pufstl mf khiaeafstl fi chs cfyfs quf sl`rf cls dômagls mf prldfmakafitls pfihcfs quf fxastfi fi dhmh uih mf cls fsthmls dlkl chs rfchtavhs h chs fofdudalifs mf sfitfidahs2=. Mf cls 6> euimhkfithcfs kac 507 aitfrils, sf fidufitrh prldfslefmfrhcfs? pfihc y =1Fs%pfrtaifitf dli sfitfidah. Dh`fquf kfidalihr mls hspfdtls mf68% cls prlgrhkhs mf`hol rfaisfrdaôi mfsthdhr mf hdufrml h mldukfitls leadahcfs y tfstaklials, cls prlgrhkhs efmfrhcfs mf rfaisfrdaôi sli kuy rfdafitfs, prèdtadhkfitf iufvls26. Fc prlgrhkh pacltl euf rfhcazhml fi 0>8> y fitrh fi vaglr fi 0>8825. Fi duhitl hc trh`hol, fc mahgiôstadl leadahc fstakh quf ? –Bastôradhkfitf, fc sastfkh pfiatfidahral kfxadhil bh fkprfimaml mastaitls fseufrzls plr mlthr mf trh`hol h cls aitfrils: sai fk`hrgl, ch husfidah mf ui khrdl rfguchtlral fspfdëeadl y ch ehcth mf hrtaduchdaôi dli ui trhthkafitl aitfgrhc mf rfbh`acathdaôi h`raô fsphdals h ch dlrrupdaôi, thitl mf hutlramhmfs pfiatfidahrahs dlkl mf phrtaduchrfs, phrh ch fxpclthdaôi mf cls aitfrils. Ch aimustrah pfiatfidahrah il sf bh dlidf`aml dlkl uih plcëtadh pÿ`cadh pchifhmh: plr cl gfifrhc mfpfimf mf ch aiadahtavh mf cls marfdtlrfs mf chs dèrdfcfs y mf cls rfdursls h cls quf tfighi hddfsl‛ 27. Fi dlisfdufidah, fi 0>>2 sf klmaeadh fc hrtëducl 82 mf ch dlistatudaôi phrh fsth`cfdfr uih fstrhtfgah pfiatfidahrah `hshmh fi fc trh`h ol y ch dhphdathdaôi22. @hol fsth cfy sf prftfimf rffstrudturhr fc sastfkh pfiatfidahral dli kfdhiaskls mf rfslcudaôi mf dlitrlvfrsahs, rfmuddaôi mf ch prasaôi prfvfitavh ch rfaisfrdaôi mf trhisadaôi cls prfslsphrh fi 6 akpcfkfithr fofs? fmudhdaôi, trh`hol, dhph-y dathdaôi shcum y mfplrtf. Mf fsth khifrh fcy sastfkh vavf uih fstls praidapals hc kaskl tafkpl vavf fc drfdakafitl mf ch aierhfstrudturh pfiatfidahrah (phrh fccl sf aielrkh quf sf rfdurraô h ch aiadahtavh pravhmh phrh su gfstaôi) 21. Ltrl hspfdtl mf cls prlgrhkhs efmfrhcfs mf rfaisfrdaôi fs su cakathdaôi plr dratfrals mf sfguramhm. Mf cls 7 iavfcfs mf pfcagrlsamhm, slchkfitf cls iavfcfs 8, 0 y 4 (cls mf kfilr pfcagrlsamhm) tafifi hddfsl h madbls prlgrhkhs. Cls prfsls dlisamfrhmls mfc iavfc = hc 7 il dufithi dli prlgrhkhs. Dh`f prfguithrsf sa fs hprlpahml fstf dratfral, yh quf ltrls phësfs dlkl Dlclk`ah lerfdfi dursls fi prasalifs mf hcth sfguramhm. 24

 Mahgiôstadl ihdalihc mf supfrvasaôi pfiatfidahrah pfiatfidahrah 0>88, fc tatuchr mf ch DIMB.  Dhr`lifcc, Ch rfelrkh pfihc quf Káxadl ifdfsath. 0>80. 26  ]fstaklial mfc pfrslihc mf Pfaisfrdaôi sldahc y hrgukfitl fxpufstl fi Ch Fstrhtfgah ^fiatfidahrah ^fiatfidahrah 0>>2. Káxadl, TT^. 25  ^rfsfithdaôi mf hutlramhmfs efmfrhcfs, AD^H, 0>80. 27  Fstrhtfgah ^fiatfidahrah, p. 82. 22  Ch iufvh vfrsaôi mfc hrtëducl 82 madf ? Fc sastfkh pfiatfidahral pfiatfidahral sf lrghiazhrè sl`rf ch `hsf mfc trh`hol, ch dhphdath dhphdathdaôi daôi phrh fc kaskl, ch fmudhdaôi, ch shcum y fc mfplrtf, dlkl kfmals phrh clgrhr ch rfaisfrdaôi mfc sfitfidahml h ch sldafmhm y p prldurhr rldurhr quf il vufcvh h mfcaiquar, l`sfrvhiml cls `fifeadals quf phrh ác prfvá ch cfy… 21  Fc gl`afril aihugurô uih y dlistruyf 7 prasalifs hsagihmhs h fkprfshs pravhmhs dli ui dlstl mf 40 kac kacclifs mf pfsls hklrtazhmls fi 0> høls. Hsakaskl sf hdlrmô ch prôxakh dlistruddaôi mf ltrhs 5 pr asalifs `hol dlimadalifs sakachrfs mf hsagihdaôi pravhmh. (Mahrals ihdalihcfs, ldtu`rf 0>80) 2=

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

00

 

 

Hmfkès, dlkl sf bh kfidalihml, cls prfsls cchkhmls prldfshmls (sai dlimfih) il tafifi hddfsl h cls prlgrhkhs l dlkl leadahckfitf sf aielrkh quf il fs l`caghtlral. ‿ ]rh`hol y dhphdathdaôi

Fs pfrtaifitf mfsthdhr quf, mf hdufrml h mldukfitls leadahcfs y tfstaklials, cls prlgrhkhs efmfrhcfs mf 1> rfaisfrdaôi sli kuy rfdafitfs , prèdtadhkfitf iufvls . Fi duhitl hc trh`hol, fc mahgiôstadl leadahc fstakh quf? –bastôradhkfitf, fc sastfkh pfiatfidahral kfxadhil bh fkprfimaml mastaitls fseufrzls plr mlthr mf trh`hol h cls aitfrils. Tai fk`hrgl, ch husfidah mf ui khrdl rfguchtlral fspfdëeadl y ch ehcth mf hrtaduchdaôi dli ui trhthkafitl aitfgrhc mf rfbh`acathdaôi, h`raô fsphdals h ch dlrrupdaôi, thitl mf hutlramhmfs pfiatfidahrahs dlkl mf phrtaduchrfs, phrh ch fxpclthdaôi mf cls aitfrils. Ch –aimustrah pfiatfidahrah‛ il sf bh dlidf`aml dlkl uih plcëtadh pÿ`cadh pchifhmh. ^lr cl gfifrhc, mfpfimf mf ch aiadahtavh mf cls marfdtlrfs mf chs dèrdfcfs y mf cls rfdursls mf cls quf tfighi hddfsl‛18. Fi dlisfdufidah, fi 0>>2 sf klmaeadô fc hrtëducl 82 mf ch Dlistatudaôi phrh fsth`cfdfr uih fstrhtfgah pfiatfidahrah `hshmh fi fc trh`hol y ch dhphdathdaôi 10. Kfidalifkls hcguihs mf chs hddalifs ccfvhmhs h dh`l plr chs hutlramhmfs efmfrhcfs? =00 aitfrils phrtadaphi fi prlgrhkhs hgrëdlchs fi cls DFEFPFTLT (Dfitrls efmfrhcfs): 5.>=0 aitfrils phrtadaphi fi hdtavamhmfs ch`lrhcfs fitrf cls duhcfs 8,>80 rfda`afrli dhphdathdaôi ch`lrhc: Dh`f kfidalihr quf cls aigrfsls mf cls aitfrils sf mastra`uyfi mf ch saguafitf khifrh? 4> phrh rfshrdar ch vëdtakh, 4>% phrh sus ehkacahs, 4>% phrh uih dufith mf hblrrls y 8>% phgl fi fefdtavl phrh ghstls mf cls aitfrils. -

-

-

Fi fc khrdl mfc prlgrhkh mf prlyfdtls prlmudtavls quf sf bh mfshrrlcchml fi fc D^AK dli hplyl mf THGHP^H/DLC^LT f AIKVOFPFT, 82= aitfrihs phrtadaphi fi prlgrhkhs mf ductavls: Hsakaskl, 85= aitfrils phrtadaphi fi prlyfdtls prlmudtavls mf hpaducturh, vavfrls elrfsthcfs y hgraducturh: Fi dllrmaihdaôi dli fc Dlisfol Fkprfshrahc phrh ch Pfaisfrdaôi Tldahc sf trh`hoh phrh elrthcfdfr chs lplrtuiamhmfs mf aimustrah y fkpcfl magil fi chs prasalifs: Dli Mfshrrlcchmlrh mf Dhshs mfc Ilrlfstf, T.H., sf fsth`cfdaô ui kfdhiaskl phrh fc hblrrl y rfstatudaôi mf mhøls mf cls 8.>1> aitfrils quf ch`lrhi fi ch aimustrah mf ch dlistruddaôi fi fc D^AK14.

‿ Pfaidlrplrhdaôi sldahc

Dlkl phrtf mf cls prlgrhkhs mf rfaisfrdaôi sldahc, sf mfshrrlcchi hddalifs quf prlkufvfi ch rfaidlrplrhdaôi h trhvás mf lrafithdaôi phrh fc mfshrrlccl y pchifhdaôi mf ui prlyfdtl mf vamh. Mf fifrl h oucal mf 0>88, cls prfca`frhmls, ca`frhmls y ehkacahrfs phrtadaphitfs fi hdtavamhmfs mf rfaisfrdaôi 1>

 ]fstaklial mfc pfrslihc mf Pfaisfrdaôi sldahc y hrgukfitl fxpufstl fi Ch Fstrhtfgah ^fiatfidahrah ^fiatfidahrah 0>>2. Káxadl, TT^.  Fstrhtfgah ^fiatfidahrah, p. 82. 10  Ch iufvh vfrsali mfc hrtëducl 82 madf ? Fc sastfkh pfiatfidahral pfiatfidahral sf lrghiazhrè sl`rf ch `hsf mfc trh`hol, ch dhphdath dhphdathdaôi daôi phrh fc kaskl, ch fmudh18

daôi, ch shcum y fc mfplrtf, dlkl kfmals phrh clgrhr ch rfaisfrdaôi mfc sfitfidahml h ch sldafmhm y p prldurhr rldurhr quf il vufcvh h mfcaiquar, l`sfrvhiml cls `fifeadals quf phrh ác prfvá ch cfy… 14  Pfgchkfitl  mf dfitrls efmfrhcfs mf rfhmhpth rfhmhpthdaôi daôi sldahc Hrtëducl 78.- ]lml aitfril plmrè l`tfifr, mf khifrh pfrslihc f aitrhisefra`cf, fstëkucls fi su `fifeadal, htfimafiml h su mfshrrlccl fi fc Dfitrl Efmfrhc, mf`afiml hdrfmathr hitf fc Dlisfol `ufih dlimudth, hsë dlkl su phrtadaphdaôi fi hdtavamhmfs ch`lrhcfs, fmudhtavhs, huxacahrfs y mf hplyl, plr ui pfrëlml il kfilr mf sfas kfsfs.

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

04

 

  sldahc ccfghrli h 651. Hmfkès, 642 pfrslihs bhi rfda`aml lrafithdaôi psadlcôgadh, dli fc prlpôsatl mf elrth-

cfdfr cls vëiducls fitrf prfca`frhmls, ca`frhmls y su ehkacah. Hsakaskl, sf ltlrghrli kès mf kac sfrvadals hsastfidahcfs. Dlkl phrtfhmfc trhthkafitlsl`rf masføhml phrh dhmhprlgrhkhs aitfril, sfsldahcfs rfhcazhrli sfsalifs fsththcfs mf lrafithdaôi y sfisa`acazhdaôi sfitfidahmls cls maefrfitfs mf 6.654 cls gl`afrils y efmfrhc fi khtfrah mf shcum, trh`hol, vavafimh y fmudhdaôi. Mfitrl mfc ^rlgrhkh mf htfidaôi fkfrgfitf h prfca`frhmls, ca`frhmls y ehkacahrfs prldfmfitfs mfc D^AK y DFEFPFTLT, sf hplyô h 577 pfrslihs dli sfrvadals mf hcakfithdaôi, trhisplrtf y hc`frguf. Chs hdtavamhmfs quf sf ccfvhi h dh`l fi khtfrah mf trh`hol y dhphdathdaôi sf rfhcazhi dli fc hplyl mf aisthidahs dlkl fc Dlisfol Fkprfshrahc phrh ch Pfaisfrdaôi Tldahc, fc Dlcfgal mf ^lsgrhmuhmls y ch Tfdrfthrëh mf Hgraducturh, Ghihmfrëh, Mfshrrlccl Purhc, ^fsdh y Hcakfithdaôi, AIKVOFPFT y ch Tfdrfthrëh mf Mfshrrlccl Purhc mf Ihyhrat. ‿ Hctfrihtavhs mf pfihs / Kfmal h`afrtl

Fi fc pfralml mf sfptafk`rf mf sli? 0>8> h oucal mf 0>88, fc LHM^PT ltlrgô 0 872 ca`frthmfs hitadaphmhs. Cls `fifeadals mf ca`frthm hitadaphmh -

Fc trhthkafitl prfca`frhdalihc: Ch ca`frthm prfphrhtlrah: Ch rfkasaôi phrdahc mf ch pfih, fi hpcadhdaôi mf cls cl s hrtëducls 52 y 76 mfc Dômagl ^fihc Efmfrhc y: Ch ca`frthm supfrvashmh.

Cls sustatutavls mf pfih dlitfkpchi? -

Dlimfih dlimadalihc: ]rhthkafitl fi sfkaca`frthm: ]rhthkafitl fi ca`frthm y olrihmh mf trh`hol h ehvlr mf ch dlkuiamhm.

Mf cls =0.10> sfitfidahmls efmfrhcfs, 08 055 dufithi dli `fifeadal mf ca`frthm ltlrghml plr fc LHM^PT y 08 56= glzhi mf hcgÿi sustatutavl pfihc ltlrghml plr uih hutlramhm ourasmaddalihc. Tf bhdf ui sfguakafitl mf cls prldfsls mf rfaitfgrhdaôi sldahc mf hqufccls aitfrils sfitfidahmls quf rfda`afrli hcgÿi `fifeadal mf ca`frthm hitadaphmh, prfca`frhdaôi l sustatutavl mf pfih. Hmfkès, sf rfgastrhrli 0 707 dhsls mf sfitfidahmls fi ca`frthm, h cls quf sf fitrfvastô marfdthkfitf phrh l`tfifr aielrkhdaôi pfrslihc, ch`lrhc, mf vavafimh, hdhmákadh, ourëmadh y pfihc y 8 751 sfitfidahmls fi ca`frthm eufrli vasathmls fi su mlkadacal phrh dlildfr, mf khifrh marfdth, su mfsfkpføl sldahc, fc dukpcakafitl mf chs dlimadalifs aibfrfitfs h ch ca`frthm hitadaphmh, su maièkadh ehkacahr, chs dlimadalifs fdliôkadhs, mf shcum y mf vavafimh, phrh fkatar ui mahgiôstadl sldahc quf dliccfvf h ch mfcakathdaôi mf prl`cfkhs y fc masføl mf ui trhthkafitl. ‿ Aiadahtavhs cldhcfs

Dlkl phës efmfrhc, fs aimaspfish`cf l`sfrvhr fc mfshrrlccl mf cls dfitrls pfiatfidahrals fi cls fsthmls. Dlkl sf dlkfitô, cls prlgrhkhs mf rfaisfrdaôi sli iufvls h iavfc efmfrhc, kafitrhs quf vhrals fsthmls bhi akpcfkfithml prlgrhkhs mf rfaisfrdaôi dli maefrfitfs fstrhtfgahs, klmhcamhmfs y hcdhidfs.

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

0=

 

 

Dh`f mfsthdhr quf fc Gl`afril Efmfrhc dlistruyf vhrahs prasalifs phrh hc`frghr fc máeadat efmfrhc cls prfsls quf fxpfrakfith. Fi fefdtl, 06.>>> prfsls mf eufrl efmfrhc sf fidufitrhi fi prasalifs fsththcfs, (thi slcl =.404 fi chs prasalifs mfc Mastratl Efmfrhc fi ch Daumhm mf Káxadl). Cls gl`afrils mf cls Fsthmls mfshrrlcchi fstrhtfgahs y prlgrhkhs mavfrsls mf aisfrdaôi, plr fofkpcl? - Fc gl`afril mf Taihclh bh akpucshml fitrf cls aitfrils fc trh`hol pfiatfidahral, hsë dlkl hdtavamhmfs mfplrtavhs y fmudhtavhs. Hsakaskl, sf bhi drfhml prlyfdtls aiilvhmlrfs lrafithmls h ddhphdathr hphdathr h ch pl`chdaôi pfiatfidahrah fi aidu`hmlrhs mf ifgldals, prlplrdalièimlcfs kadrldrámatls y kès lplrtuiamhmfs phrh clgrhr su rfaisfrdaôi sldahc. ]lml fstf trh`hol sf rfecfoh fi ch rfmuddaôi mf aidamfidah mf raøhs, maskaiudaôi mfc 25% fi blkadamals hc aitfralr mf cls pfihcfs, y mfc 85% fi fvhsalifs: - Fc gl`afril mfc Fsthml mf Káxadl, h trhvás mf su Marfddaôi Gfifrhc mf ^rfvfidaôi y Pfhmhpthdaôi Tldahc pfrsaguf fc l`oftavl saguafitf? elrthcfdfr ch –aimustrah pfiatfidahrah‛, hkpcahiml ch dhphdamhm ch`lrhc mf cls dfitrls prfvfitavls y mf rfhmhpthdaôi sldahc, dli phrtadaphdaôi mf aistatudalifs pravhmhs quf akpucsfi fc prldfsl mf ch`lrtfrhpah h cls aitfrils.

^hihkè

Fi 0>>7, sfgÿi chs daerhs leadahcfs 76% mf ch pl`chdaôi pfiatfidahrah il elrkh`h phrtf mf iaigÿi prlgrhkh mf rfbh`acathdaôi. Vi fstumal dliearkô ch `hoh prlplrdaôi mf `fifeadahrals mf prlgrhkhs mf trh`hol y mf rfbh`acathdaôi1=. Tai fk`hrgl fc kaskl fstumal fstumal klstrô chs grhimfs maefrfidahs maefrfidahs fi rfgalifs, plr fofkpcl, fi fc dfitrl –Fc Pfihdfr‛, fi ch Daumhm mf ^hihkè, dli 0>1 mftfiamls, 7>% mfc tlthc phrtadaph`hi fi prlgrhkhs mf rfbh`acathdaôi. Kafitrhs quf fi –Ch Olyath‛, dli 4,476 aitfrils, 074 elrkh`hi phrtf mf cls prlgrhkhs mf rfbh`acathdaôi, fs mfdar, fc 2% mfc tlthc mf ch pl`chdaôi. Hsakaskl sf mftfdtô uih ehcth pfrslihc prlefsalihc phrh ccfvhr h dh`l fvhcuhdalifs mf cls prfsls, cl quf maeaducth cls prlgrhkhs mf rfbh`acathdaôi. Fi fsf fitlidfs, (0>>7) sfgÿi fc Marfdtlr pfiatfidahral, fc sastfkh il tafif ch aierhfstrudturh ia cls prlgrhkhs sueadafitfs phrh mhrcfs pufstls mf trh`hol h tlmhs chs pfrslihs quf fstèi aitfrfshmhs. Fi 0>>2 su sudfslr, bazl áiehsas fi cls prlgrhkhs mf rfkasaôi y su`statudaôi mf pfihs 16. Tai fk`hrgl mfsmf fitlidfs, bh bh`aml mls iufvls marfdtlrfs, cl quf mfkufstrh ch ehcth mf dlitaiuamhm fi chs marfddalifs y prlgrhkhs pfiatfidahrals. Fc hdtuhc Marfdtlr sføhch quf cls praidaphcfs dhk`als quf bh fkprfimaml sli? dhk`ahr cls dustlmals plcadëhs plr davacfs: bhdfr prlyfdtls mf rfsldahcazhdaôi: dlitaiuhr cls prlgrhkhs mf pfih hctfrihtavh phrh ca`frhr prfsls y dlistruar dfitrls pfihcfs (dli fc l`oftavl mf hthdhr ch sl`rfpl`chdaôi mf cls dfitrls fxastfitfs)15. ‿ ]rh`hol y dhphdathdaôi

Cls mldukfitls leadahcfs sføhchi quf cls prlyfdtls mf prlmuddaôi fi cls Dfitrls ^fiatfidahrals `usdhi rfsldahcazhr ch pl`chdaôi mf pravhmh mf ca`frthm fxastfitfs fi fstls rfdaitls dhrdfchrals. Chs èrfhs mf prlmuddaôi fi ch quf phrtadaph ch pl`chdaôi pl`chdaô i mf pravhmls mf ca`frthm sli hgrlpfduhrahs, tfxtacfs, hrtfshihcfs y hvëdl  1= Dcëiadh Aitfrihdalihc mf Mfrfdbls Bukhils. (0>>7)

–Mfc ^lrtôi ^hrh Hdè Tf Hdh`hi cls Mfrfdbls Bukhils‛?Aioustad Bukhils‛?Aioustadah ah y Mfsaguhcmhm fi chs Dèrdfcfs ^hihkføhs. Viavfrsamhm mf Bhrvhrm. B hrvhrm.  16  Fitrfvasth pfrslihc h su marfdtlr pfiatfidahral, @rhsacah, 0>>2. 15  Hdtuhcamhm mfc sastfkh pfiatfidahral fi ^hihkè, fitrfvasth fi ]fcfdfitrl (>5-80-0>88) hc marfdtlr gfifrhc mfc sastfkh pfiatfidahral Èigfc Dhcmfrôi.

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

06

 

 

chs. ^lr fofkpcl fi fc Dlkpcfol –Ch Olyh‛ sf ccfvh h dh`l prlmuddaôi `lvaih. Fi fc –Dfitrl Efkfiac Dfdacah Lracchd‛ sf dliefddalih hrtfshiëhs plr kfmal mf ui dlitrhtl dli ch dlkphøëh Jharl. Hsakaskl fi ui thccfr mf dlsturh sf bhdfi uiaelrkfs. Dh`f kfidalihr quf fc aielrkf kfidalihml (fch`lrhml plr ch Dcëiadh Bhrvhrm) sføhch quf h pfshr mf ch fxastfidah mf thccfrfs, ástls sli aisueadafitfs phrh ch pl`chdaôi pfihc. HmfKaiastfral Dlkfrdal Aimustrahs hplyh fi fsth gfstaôi, mlthiml kès, bhy mfdli ilthr quf fc mf clssfpravhmls mf ca`frthm ui dhrift hrtfshil, fc duhc cff`raimh ch lplrtuiamhm mf mfsfivlcvfrsf uih hvfz rfaitfgrf h ch sldafmhm.

Pfspfdtl hc trh`hol mf hsldahdalifs rfcagalshs fi fc phës, fc gl`afril hiuidaô (0>80) rfguchdalifs phrh fc aigrfsl mf pfrslihs dli fc eai mf –fsdchrfdfr ch cls prlpôsatls y chs fstrhtfgahs mf ch ch`lr mfc trh`hol fdcfsahc h cls dfitrls pfiatfidahrals‛17. Fi fefdtl, fi fc phës fxastfi ui grhi iÿkfrl mf hsldahdalifs rfcagalshs dlkl –Euimhdaôi Fvfrykhi‛ quf mfshrrlcchi hdtavamhmfs dli prfsls y ca`frhmls. Hmfkès, mf ch Agcfsah, chs uiavfrsamhmfs, cls lrghiaskls il gu`frihkfithcfs f aistatudalifs, ch sldafmhm davac y cls grupls dëvadls, phrtadaphi fi fc clgrl mf cls l`oftavls mf fstf sastfkh, cls duhcfs sli ch rfbh`acathdaôi y rfaisfrdaôi sldahc mfc pravhml mf ca`frthm.  ‿ Hctfrihtavhs mf pfihs / Kfmal h`afrtl mf chs pfihs ^lr cl quf rfspfdth h ch yrfmuddaôi mf ch cfy 66, ch mf ch pfih pufmf sfr plr kfmal mf ch fmudhdaôi fc « ]rh`hol feadafitf,, fi fi vartum ch`lr dlkuiathrah, ilrfkasaôi rfkuifrhml º. Fsth rfkasaôi mf pfih fs hgruphmh plr chs hutlramhmfs fi fc ru`rl –prlgrhkhs mf rfbh`acathdaôi‛ (dli ca`frhdalifs y dlikuthdalifs mf pfih). Fc prlgrhkh mf pfrkasls mf shcamh tafif dlkl prlpôsatl euimhkfithc prlpadahr ch rfsldahcazhdaôi y rfaisfrdaôi grhmuhc mfc pravhml l ch pravhmh mf ca`frthm h ch dlkuiamhm, dlkl suoftl prlmudtavl. Fc pfrkasl mf shcamh ch`lrhc dlisastf fi ch shcamh mf ch pravhmh l pravhml mf ca`frthm dlimfihml hsë h ui pufstl mf trh`hol eufrh mf ch aistatudaôi dhrdfchrah sai dustlmal y mfitrl mfc blrhral fsth`cfdaml fi fc pfrkasl rfspfdtavl. ^hrh clgrhr fstf `fifeadal mf`f dukpcar ch kathm mf ch dlimfih y fsthr dchsaeadhml fi fc pfralml mf ca`frthm vagachmh, sfr ihdalihc l fxtrhiofrl il mfplrth`cf.

^hrhguhy 

Hitf chs eughs dlisthitfs y cls prl`cfkhs mf valcfidah y bhdaihkafitl mfc sastfkh pfiatfidahral, cls rfdchkls mf ch lpaiaôi pÿ`cadh mfkhimhi ch ifdfsamhm mf rfelrkhr fi prleuimamhm fc sastfkh mf dlrrfddaôi mf ^hrhguhy. Fi fstf sfitaml cls kfmals rfdchkhi fspfdëeadhkfitf quf il sf dukpcf ch rfaisfrdaôi sldahc mf cls mftfiamls12. Dli fc l`oftavl mf bhdfr uih rfvasaôi mfc sastfkh pfiatfidahral, fc gl`afril drfô ch Dlkasaôi Ihdalihc mf Pfelrkh ^fiatfidahrah fi 0>8>.11 Tai fk`hrgl dlkl sf kfidaliô, ch ehcth mf dlitaiuamhm fs uih dlisthitf fi ch rfgaôi, yh quf bu`l ui dhk`al mf marfdtlr fi 0>80. 0>80 . Fc prlgrhkh ^PLCH@LP (quf tafif = høls mf vamh) sf ccfvh h dh`l fi cls Dfitrls mf Fmudhdaôi mf Oôvfifs  y Hmuctls, mfpfimafitfs mf ch Marfddaôi Gfifrhc mf Fmudhdaôi ^frkhifitf mfc Kaiastfral mf Fmudhdaôi y Ducturh. Fs uih aiadahtavh mfstaihmh h hplyhr h oôvfifs y hmuctls, prlvfiafitfs mf blghrfs mf fsdhsls rfdursls y/l `hols aigrfsls, phrh kfolrhr sus dhphdamhmfs y lplrtuiamhmfs mf trh`hol h trhvás mf ui prldfsl mf dhphdathdaôi ch`lrhc fefdtavhkfitf vaiduchmhs hc kuiml prlmudtavl. Fc fof hrtaduchmlr mf fstf prlyfdtl fs

17

 Kaiastrl mf Gl`afril, hglstl 0>80.  Fmatlrahc mfc mahral Vctakh Blrh. 00 ouial 0>88. 11  Kfmahitf fc Mfdrftl I¾ =57= mfc ^lmfr Fofdutavl. 

12

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

05

 

  ch vaiduchdaôi, fitrf fmudhdaôi, elrkhdaôi prlefsalihc, lrafithdaôi ch`lrhc, aitfrkfmahdaôi ch`lrhc y fc sfdtlr prlmudtavl.

^PLCH@LP surgaô dli fc eai mf mhr rfspufsths aikfmahths h chs pfrslihs oôvfifs y hmucths dli ifdfsamhmfs su duhcaeadhdaôi prlefsalihc mf kfolrhr rfguchr , fi`acaigóf, ui kfilr pfrëlml mf tafkplchquf ch fkpcfhmhquf fi fc hdhmákadl mf ch fmudhdaôi `èsadh aidcuyfiml hmfkès aitfrkfmahdaôi sfpfrëlml rfhcazh mfsmf cls dfitrls fmudhtavls phrh pfrslihs oôvfifs y hmucths fi uih rfchdaôi Aistatudaôi — Fkprfsh, phrh chs prèdtadhs ch`lrhcfs ehdacathiml ch aisfrdaôi ch`lrhc fi fc kuiml mfc trh`hol y fi ltrls dhsls prlpadahiml ch gfifrhdaôi mfc hutl fkpcfl. Fc fof hrtaduchmlr mf ^PLCH@LP fs ch vaiduchdaôi fitrf elrkhdaôi prlefsalihc, lrafithdaôi f aitfrkfmahdaôi ch`lrhc dli fc sfdtlr prlmudtavl, safiml uih mf chs kfths ehvlrfdfr ch dlifxaôi fitrf fmudhdaôi y fc fkpcfl h trhvás mf ch elrkhdaôi prlefsalihc .

Fc ^rlyfdtl dufith dli eaihidahkafitl mfc Kaiastfral mf Fmudhdaôi y Ducturh dlkl dleaihidahmlr y fofdutlr, h trhvás mf ch Marfddaôi Gfifrhc mf Fmudhdaôi ^frkhifitf-Marfddaôi mf Elrkhdaôi ^rlefsalihc, fi fc khrdl mfc –^rlmfph Jl‑ ï ^yhbu‛. Ch HFDAM y ch LFA, dlistatuyfi ui hplyl aimaspfish`cf dlkl dllpfrhitfs phrh ch akpcfkfithdaôi mfc ^rlyfdtl, kfmahitf kfmahitf fc dleaihidahkafitl `raimhml, tfimafitf h shtasehdfr chs mfkhimhs mf elrkhdaôi prlefsalihc y dhphdathdaôi ch`lrhc mf pl`chdalifs vucifrh`cfs mfc phës. Chs hddalifs mf mf sli? - Amfitaeadhdaôi m^PLCH@LP f mfkhimhs `èsadhs mf fkpcfl: - Fch`lrhdaôi mf cls khtfrahcfs mf elrkhdaôi `hshmls fi dlkpftfidahs dchvf: - Hmhpthdaôi y fquaphkafitl mf cls dfitrls mf eelrkhdaôi: lrkhdaôi: - Dhphdathdaôi mf cls/hs aistrudtlrfs/hs ch`lrhcfs: - Elrkhdaôi mf cls phrtadaphitfs: - Tfguakafitl y fvhcuhdaôi. ‿ ]rh`hol y dhphdathdaôi ^PLCH@LP sf akpcfkfitô fi fc èk`atl pfiatfidahral mf khifrh dllrmaihmh dli fc Kaiastfral mf Oustadah y ]rh`hol y ch Marfddaôi Gfifrhc mf Fmudhdaôi ^frkhifitf mfc Kaiastfral mf Fmudhdaôi y Ducturh, fi 84

pfiatfidahrahs y 2 dfitrls mf pravhdaôi mf ca`frthm hc hmlcfsdfitf aierhdtlr. Ch akpcfkfithdaôi mfc prlgrhkh ^PLCH@LP sf rfhcazô fi 0>88 fi cls saguafitfs dfitrls pfiatfidahrals ? Dlidfpdaôi (00 phrtadaphitfs), Uacchrradh (01), mfc hmlcfsdfitf aierhdtlr (80), Lvafml (06), Daumhm mfc Fstf (82). Fi 0>8>, ^PLCH@LP `fifeadaô h cls dfitrls mf hmlcfsdfitfs aierhdtlrfs fi Hsuidaôi (7), kuofrfs (8=), Ihdalihc, (02), Fidhrihdaôi (48), hmlcfsdfitf — dfitrl (87) y Dh`hccfrl (88). Bhsth bly sf bhi dhphdathml h 40> phrtadaphitfs fi chs fspfdahcamhmfs mf elrkhdaôi prlefsalihc aiadahc? `fccfzh aitfgrhc, dlrtf y dliefddaôi, fcfdtradamhm, khitfiakafitl mf kltls, phihmfrëh y dlieatfrëh. ‿ Hctfrihtavhs mf pfihs / Kfmal h`afrtl

Fi cl rfchtavl h cls prlgrhkhs plstpfiatfidhrals, dh`f sføhchr quf chs kaskhs hutlramhmfs rfdlildfi chs cakathdalifs mf cls prlgrhkhs. ^lr fofkpcl fc marfdtlr mfc pfihc mf ]hduk`ÿ rfdlildf fc erhdhsl mfc trhthkafitl pfiatfidahral, yh quf chs plsa`acamhmfs ch`lrhcfs sli fsdhshs y chs aistatudalifs il aitfrvafifi uih vfz quf cls aitfrils h`himlihi ch dèrdfc8>>. Dlkl rfsucthml fxastf ui hctl ëimadf mf rfaisfrdaôi? mf dhmh 8> aitfrils quf shcfi, 7 rfaidamfi. 8>>

 Mahral ^hrhguhy, 82 fifrl 0>88.

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

07

 

  ‿ Mrlghmfpfimfidah

Pfspfdtl hc trhthkafitl mf mrlgh, slchkfitf 0 mf 8= dfitrls pfiatfidahrals dufithi dli pfrslihc mf mf hsastfidah h ch shcum (rfbh`acathdaôi mf mrlghs l hcdlblc), plr cl quf sf suplif quf fc pfrslihc y trhthkafitl fs aisueadafitf hitf ch prl`cfkètadh mf dlisukl mf mrlghs.

^frÿ 

Cls kfmals mhi dufith mf ch prl`cfkètadh pfiatfidahrah dlkl chs eughs mf prfsls y fc bhdaihkafitl, ch dlivavfidah mf prfsls mf pldh pfcagrlsamhm dli hqufccls rfaidamfitfs y dli pfreac mf pfcagrlsamhm rfmudfi chs plsa`acamhmfs mf rfaisfrdaôi8>8. Aidcusl ui fxmarfdtlr mfc AI^F (^fmrhzh) bh mfdchrhml quf ui grhi iÿkfrl mf pfihcfs fi fc phës fstèi fi pásakhs dlimadalifs mf aierhfstrudturh. Mf fsth khifrh ch lpaiaôi pÿ`cadh fxagf iufvhs fstrhtfgahs mf sfguramhm y fc iufvl gl`afril bh prlkftaml dlitrhthr kès pfrslihc phrh fc AI^F. Hcguils fstumals rfdlkafimhi ch hrtaduchdaôi mf plcëtadhs pÿ`cadhs phrh chs pfrslihs fgrfshmhs mf prasaôi h ch dlkuiamhm h trhvás mf trh`hol y hdlkphøhkafitl psadlcôgadl 8>0. ‿ ]rh`hol y dhphdathdaôi

Chs hutlramhmfs bhi mfshrrlcchml ui sastfkh mf fmudhdaôi tádiadl-prlmudtavh quf dufith dli 7.818 aitfrils khtraduchmls (cl quf rfprfsfith fc 77% mfc tlthc mf aitfrils aisdratls fi Fmudhdaôi ^fiatfidahrah). Chs fspfdahcamhmfs quf dufithi dli khylr iÿkfrl mf phrtadaphitfs sli? hrtfshiëh y khiuhcamhmfs (81,=%) y dliefddaôi tfxtac (84,6%), fitrf ltrhs. ‿ Hctfrihtavhs mf pfihs / Kfmal h`afrtl

Ch Marfddaôi mf Kfmal Ca`rf mfc Aistatutl Ihdalihc ^fiatfidahral fs fc ôrghil fidhrghml mf lrghiazhr y dlimudar chs hdtavamhmfs mf hsastfidah plst-pfiatfidahrah y mf ch fofdudaôi mf pfihs cakathtavhs mf mfrfdbls. Ch ch`lr mf kfmal ca`rf sf rfhcazh fi cls ôrghils mf fofdudaôi mf cls fsth`cfdakafitls mf hsastfidah plstpfiatfidahrah y fi cls fsth`cfdakafitls mf pfihs cakathtavhs mf mfrfdbls. Fc trhthkafitl fi fc kfmal ca`rf sf rfhcazh dli aitfrils quf fgrfshi mf cls fsth`cfdakafitls pfiatfidahrals dli `fifeadal mf sfkaca`frthm l ca`frhdaôi dlimadalihc, h quafifs sf cf mfilkaih –ca`frhmls‛, hsë dlkl chs pfrslihs quf sli sfitfidahmhs h pfihs cakathtavhs mf mfrfdbls, fi sus mls klmhcamhmfs? prfsthdaôi mf sfrvadal h ch dlkuiamhm y cakathdaôi mf mëhs ca`rfs. Chs ^fihs Cakathtavhs mf Mfrfdbls sli kfmamhs puiatavhs quf cakathi fc fofrdadal mf mftfrkaihmls mfrfdbls davacfs, plcëtadls, fdliôkadls, hsë dlkl fc maserutf tlthc mfc tafkpl ca`rf. Fsths sli hpcadhmhs h pfrslihs quf bhi dlkftaml ehcths l bfdbls mfcadtavls quf il rfvastfi khylr grhvfmhm. ^rfsthdaôi mf Tfrvadals h ch Dlkuiamhm Ch pfih mf prfsthdaôi mf sfrvadals h ch dlkuiamhm fs uih elrkh mf trh`hol quf l`cagh hc dlimfihml h rfhcazhr ch`lrfs grhtuaths fi fitamhmfs hsastfidahcfs, blspathchrahs, fsdufchs, lrehihtls y ltrhs aistatudalifs sakachrfs u l`rhs pÿ`cadhs (Hrtëducl 4=¿ prakfr pèrrhel, Dômagl ^fihc): pfrl quf fstè maragaml h pfrslihs mf fsdhsh pfcagrlsamhm. Fc sfitfidahml mf`f prfsthr grhtuathkfitf sfrvadals y ch`lrfs h ehvlr mf ch dlkuiamhm, tfiafiml dufith sus hptatumfs, bh`acamhmfs, fmhm, mf shcum, hsë dlkl su cughrhutlrazhml mf mlkadacal. dukpcf fifiolrihmhs mf 8> blrhs sfkhihcfs, fitrf clsfsthml mëhs sè`hmls y mlkaigls, safiml plrTf fc 8>8

 Dlkfithral mfc fspfdahcasth Hcfohimrl Hcfohimrl Tlcës mf ch uiavfrsamhm Ch Dhtôcadh. Fc Viavfrshc, 04 mf ef`rfrl 0>80.  Dbacôi Dhrrhsdl, O. Fc sastfkh pfiatfida pfiatfidahral hral pfruhil erfitf h ch rfaisfrdaôi sldahc mf cls aitfrils mf Dhohkhrdh. s/e. 

8>0

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

02

 

  AI^F  h   h dukpcar fi mëhs ÿtacfs mf ch sfkhih phrh il pfroumadhr sus hdtavamhmfs ch`lrhcfs bh`atuhcfs. Fsths

pfihs sf pufmfi fxtfimfr mf 8> h 865 olrihmhs (hrtëducl 4=¿ duhrtl pèrrhel, Dômagl ^fihc). y sf mf`fi dukpcar fi fitamhmfs rfdfptlrhs, prfvahkfitf aisdraths fi fc Pfgastrl Ihdalihc mf Fitamhmfs Pfdfptlrhs h dhrgl mfc AI^F . Fi khrzl mf 0>80 bh`ëh =.=80 pfrslihs sfitfidahmhs h pfihs mf ^rfsthdaôi mf Tfrvadals h ch Dlkuiamhm h iavfc ihdalihc. Fi duhitl h ch mastra`udaôi mf cls sfitfidahmls plr chs fitamhmfs rfdfptlrhs quf tafifi dlivfial dli fc AI^F phrh ch fofdudaôi mf chs sfitfidahs mf pfihs cakathtavhs mf mfrfdbls, fc 45% mf cls sfitfidahmls sf fidufitrhi fofduthiml su sfitfidah fi cls kuiadapals, fc 0=% fi aistatudalifs fmudhtavhs y fc 81% fi dlkashrëhs. ‿ Mrlghmfpfimfidah

Fc ^rlgrhkh AI^F—MFUAMH aitfrvafif fi pfrslihs dli h`usl y mfpfimfidah mf susthidahs psadlhdtavhs rfdcuamhs fi cls FF. ^^. pfruhils. Fi fc khrdl mf ch Fstrhtfgah Ihdalihc mf Cudbh Dlitrh chs Mrlghs  (0>>70>88), fc Aistatutl Ihdalihc ^fiatfidahral  euf rfsplish`cf mf fofduthr ch hdtavamhm –]rhthkafitl maragaml h ch ^l`chdaôi ^fihc mf 82 h 4> høls Dlisukamlrh y Mfpfimafitf mf Mrlghs ‛, ch duhc tuvl dlkl l`oftavl elrthcfdfr cls prlgrhkhs mf trhthkafitl mfc dlisukl mf mrlghs, aiadahckfitf fi 7 fsth`cfdakafitls pfiatfidahrals y hdtuhckfitf fi 8=. Hsakaskl, sf bh prfvastl aiadahr ch htfidaôi h ch pl`chdaôi quf fgrfsh mf cls fsth`cfdakafitls fsth`cfdakafitls pfiatfidahrals dli `fifeadals pfiatfidahrals mf sfka-ca`frthm y ca`frhdaôi dlimadalihc dli ch eaihcamhm mf mhr dlitaiuamhm hc trhthkafitl. Fc klml mf aitfrvfidaôi fs `hol fc klmfcl dlgiatavl dlimudtuhc. Cls dfitrls mf trhthkafitl fstèi maragamls h aitfrils dli dlisukl prl`cfkètadl mf mrlghs quf pfrkhifdfi murhitf mls høls fi ui sastfkh rfsamfidahc y/l hk`uchtlral. hk`uchtlral. Lerfdf h cls usuhrals tfrhpahs aimavamuhcfs, gruphcfs y ehkacahrfs, thccfrfs lduphdalihcfs y mf drfdakafitl pfrslihc y ch fxagfidah mf h`stfifrsf m mff dlisukar duhcquafr susthidah quf hctfrf fc fsthml ilrkhc mfc lrghiaskl.

Vruguhy  ‿ ]rh`hol y dhphdathdaôi

Fc ^htrlihtl Ihdalihc mf Fidhrdfchmls y Ca`frhmls , h trhvás mfc èrfh ch`lrhc, tafif fitrf sus l`oftavls euimhkfithcfs ch rfaisfrdaôi ch`lrhc mf chs pfrslihs quf eufrli slkftamhs h ui prldfsl pfihc y sus ehkacahrfs marfdtls. Madbhs pfrslihs dlidurrfi h ch aistatudaôi h ui sfguakafitl quf h`hrdh chs masdapcaihs sldahc, psadlcôgadh y ourëmadh, h trhvás mfc duhc sf rfhcazh uih fvhcuhdaôi prakhrah, mhiml dlkafizl h ch aitfrvfidaôi prlefsalihc, quf hcdhizh fi kudbls dhsls hc iÿdcfl ehkacahr. Mfitrl mf chs mfkhimhs kès sfitamhs fi fc kfidalihml prldfsl, surgf fi prakfr cughr ch maeaducthm phrh l`tfifr ui fkpcfl, vaiduchml dli cls iavfcfs mf mfsfkpcfl, pfrl, h su vfz, pltfidahml plr ch aidamfidah mfc mfcatl y ch ehcth mf dhphdathdaôi ch`lrhc. Ch aistatudaôi tafif aistrukfithml ui thccfr fmudhtavl ch`lrhc quf tafif dlkl eaihcamhm ch prfphrhdaôi mf cls kès oôvfifs phrh ch `ÿsqufmh mf trh`hol, `raimèimlcfs bfrrhkafiths ÿtacfs quf prlpadafi ch l`tfidaôi mf ui fkpcfl. ]hk`aái sf bhi akpcfkfithml thccfrfs mf elrkhdaôi fi dlkputhdaôi  y sf prlpadah ch dhphdathdaôi d hphdathdaôi mf cls usuhrals mastaitls dursls ch`lrhcfs quf lerfdf fc kfrdhml. Fi fstls thccfrfs, sf trh`hohi hspfdtls vaiduchmls dli sufi prfsfithdaôi eësadh, fch`lrhdaôi mf durraducuk vathf, khifol mf ch fitrfvasth ch`lrhc, trh`hol fi rágakfi mf mfpfimfidah, ftd.

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

01

 

 

Chs pfrslihs quf sli prfsfcfddalihmhs phrh aitfgrhr ch `lcsh ch`lrhc sli fvhcuhmhs plr cls psadôclgls, quafifs aimhghi hdfrdh mf sus rhsgls mf pfrslihcamhm, dhphdamhmfs y hptatum erfitf hc trh`hol, dliefddalihiml uih eadbh quf sf aigrfsh h uih `hsf mf mhtls dli cls dlrrfsplimafitfs mhtls amfitaeadhtlrals y uih dhcaeadhdaôi. Tf fvhcÿhi mavfrsls hspfdtls mf su pfrslihcamhm, dlkplsadaôi mf su iÿdcfl ehkacahr, elrkhdaôi rfda`amh y fxpfrafidah ch`lrhc. Mfsmf bhdf yh hcguils høls ch aistatudaôi rfhcazh dlivfials ch`lrhcfs dli lrghiaskls fsththcfs, mlimf chs pfrslihs aitfgrhitfs mf ch @lcsh ch`lrhc sf mfsfkpføhi h tlthc shtasehddaôi mf sus fkpcfhmlrfs. Hsakaskl, plr ch prfish fsdrath y cls kfmals rhmahcfs sf lerfdf khil mf l`rh fi maefrfitfs ru`rls mf hdtavamhm. Hÿi safiml fstf ui sfrvadal grhtuatl, fi mlimf il sf dl`rhi iaigÿi tapl mf dlkasalifs h chs phrtfs y quf cf `raimh hc pltfidahc fkpcfhmlr ch plsa`acamhm mf dlithr dli ui dhimamhtl prfsfcfddalihml plr prlefsalihcfs, il sf pufmfi dlitfkpchr ch khylrëh mf chs mfkhimhs mf trh`hol , plr cl quf dlisthitfkfitf ch aistatudaôi sf vf h`ldhmh h ch `ÿsqufmh mf iufvls pufstls ch`lrhcfs. H phrtar mf ch prlkucghdaôi mf ch cfy 87.217, fi su hrtëducl 8=, sf fsth`cfdf ch l`caghdaôi phrh chs fkprfshs pravhmhs, quf cadathi dli fc Fsthml fc dlitrhthr pfrslihc mf ch @lcsh ch`lrhc mfc phtrlihtl. Fs dlkftaml cls mfphrthkfitls ^sadlcôgadl Ourëmadl ch`lrhc fc maeuimar fcshcdhidf mf ch cfy, hsë dlkl fc euidalihkafitl mf mf ch @lcsh ch`lrhc, phrh prlklvfr ch yaisfrdaôi mf cl cls `fifeadahrals. Ch fxpfrafidah fs kuy shtasehdtlrah, fi ch kfmamh quf kès hccè mf ch l`caghdaôi mf dlitrhthr, chs fkprfshs sufcfi pfmar pfrslihc phrh aitfgrhrcl h sus pchitacchs mf trh`hol, dlieahiml fi fc prldfsl mf sfcfddaôi mf ch aistatudaôi.

Ufifzufch

Fc gl`afril mf Ufifzufch drfô, fi 0>88, fc Kaiastfral mfc ^lmfr ^lpuchr phrh fc Tfrvadal ^fiatfidahral  (K^^T^). Fstf kaiastfral bh mfshrrlcchml vhrals prlgrhkhs, plr fofkpcl –fc Dhk`ltf‛, mlimf cls pravhmls mf ca`frthm sf lduphi mf rfdupfrhr cls rfdaitls mlimf sf fidufitrhi y dlivfrtarcls fi cughrfs hprlpahmls phrh vavar. ‿ ]rh`hol y dhphdathdaôi

Hcguihs fidufsths rfhcazhmhs h prfsls fi prasalifs vfifzlchihs aimadhi quf ch khylrëh mf cls fitrfvasthmls (42%) phrtadaph fi hdtavamhmfs ch`lrhcfs. Tai fk`hrgl ch khylrëh mf fccls (07%) rfhcazh ch`lrfs mf cakpafzh, 2.7% trh`hoh fi ch dldaih y slchkfitf 5.0% trh`hoh fi thccfrfs mf dhrpaitfrëh. Vih kailrëh bhdf hrtfshiëh (8.06%)8>4. Dh`f mfsthdhr mf ch khylrëh k hylrëh mf fccls il sli rfkuifrhmls, slchkfitf 84.7% cl sli. Hsakaskl fs pfrtaifitf kfidalihr quf kudbls mf cls aitfrils sf qufohrli mfc khc hk`afitf ch`lrhc, khctrhtls l husfidah mf blrhral. Tf bh mfshrrlcchml fc prlgrhkh – Ccfgô ch Dbhk`h‛, fi fc quf cls aitfrils rfhcazhi trh`hols mavfrsls dlkl hc`høacfrëh, bfrrfrëh, dlrtf y dlsturh, phihmfrëh fitrf ltrls y rfda`fi uih rfkuifrhdaôi plr ch hdtavamhm quf rfhcazhi fi elrkh mahrah. Hsakaskl, sf bh aiadahml fc prlgrhkh –Ccfgô Khëth‛, fc duhc dlisastf fi ch aidlrplrhdaôi mf chs khmrfs mf cls pravhmls mf ca`frthm, quafifs rfda`fi dursls fi èrfhs prlmudtavhs, dlkl pfcuqufrëh, khiadurf, rfplstfrëh, dlrtf y dlsturh, hmfkès mf fvfitls mf dlivavfidah, dli karhs h kfolrhr ch dhcamhm mf vamh mf dhmh uih 8>4

 L`sfrvhtlral Ufifzlchil mf prasalifs, aielrkf 0>8>.

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

4>

 

 

mf fshs pfrslihs (bhi phrtadaphml kès mf 0>> khmrfs mf aitfrils). Fi fc ÿctakl høl, fc K^^T^, bh aisthchml fi vhrals pfihcfs? 87 phihmfrëhs, 88 grhiohs hgrëdlchs, 84 dllpfrhtavhs mf khitfiakafitl, 4 grhiohs hvëdlchs y uih plrdaih, 1 thccfrfs tfxtacfs, 6 bfrrfrëhs, 0 eè`radhs mf oh`lifs, 4 thccfrfs dfrèkadh, pfcuqufrëhs y 0 `clqufrhs. Chs trfs82> grhiohs hvëdlchs prlmudfi mahrahkfitf 86.>>> bufvls mf y, fi duhitl h0 ch phrtf hgrëdlch, yh sf sfk`rhrli bfdtèrfhs mf khëz fi tfrrfils mf ch ^fiatfidahrëh Gfifrhc mf Ufifzufch (Guèradl). Fi tlmhs fshs hdtavamhmfs prlmudtavhs, fstèi aivlcudrhmls fi elrkh marfdth cls pravhmls mf ca`frthm. Ch dlsfdbh mf khëz sf ch vfimf h ch Dlrplrhdaôi DHTH, lrghiaskl hmsdratl hc Kaiastfral mfc ^lmfr ^lpuchr phrh ch Hcakfithdaôi y cls mfkès aisukls fch`lrhmls thitl fi chs dhrpaitfrëhs, bfrrfrëhs, y tfxtacfrhs sli vfimamls fi chs olrihmhs sldahcfs quf bhdf fstf kaiastfral fi cls hcrfmfmlrfs mf cls fsth`cfdakafitls pfiatfidahrals. Fi duhitl h cls `clqufs, `cl qufs, sli hmquaramls plr ch Kasaôi Uavafimh. ]lml aitfril l aitfrih quf phrtadaph fi fshs ch`lrfs rfda`f uih rfkuifrhdaôi plr su mfsfkpføl. ‿ Hctfrihtavhs mf pfihs / Kfmal h`afrtl

Ch Kaiastrh mf prasalifs vfifzlchih, Aras Uhrfch, hiuidaô ui pchi mf "mfsdligfstaôi" plr fc quf sfrëhi ca`frhmls =>% mf cls prfsls mfc phës. Ch Kaiastrh quf 8>= fstls mf`fiui fsthr eufrh mf chs dèrdfcfs "plr uih dufstaôihearkl mf oustadah" . rfdcusls hdushmls mf mfcatls kfilrfs

 Mahral Fc Ihdalihc, 48->7-0>88. 

8>=

]ëtucl mfc Aielrkf

48