Reinos Biologicos
November 10, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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RLMJIJ 7 Jmvbrsmjij fmha÷cmgi
Iuthr; Mlcrmj Trits /W`uttbrsthgo.ghn
Iuthr; ig`mihs /W`uttbrsthgo.ghn
Zblmbljh bl gublti ba lûnbrh babvijh jb bspbgmbs bxmstbltbs bl ai vmji tbrrbstrb, eub lbgbsirmh hrcilmzirais, ufmgiljh ais jmebrbltbs ehrnis jb vmji jbltrh jb gitbchrîis bspbgîgis tblmbljh bl gublti sus girigtbrîstmgis. Bsti gaismgigm÷l h tixhlhnîi tixhlhnîi jb ahs sbrbs vmvhs eigmamti su mjbltmgigm÷l y hrjblinmblth, sml bnfirch jbfmjh i ai cril jmvbrsmjij jb bspbgmbs, sb `il prbsbltijh nûatmpabs jmguatijbs, phr ah qub `i smjh lbgbsirmh mnpabnbltir iaculhs smstbnis ghnh; Trmlgmpmh jb ai `hnhahcîi; bstb níthjh eub utmamzijh phr Gira vhl Amllb, bl 9327, piri gaismgir ahs ÷rcilhs `hn÷ahchs y ÷rcilhs iléahchs. Ahs ÷rcilhs `hn÷ahchs sucmbrbl ul iltbgbshr ghnûl y shl iqubaahs qub nubstril sbnbkilzi bl ai bstrugturi bl hrcilmsnhs jmebrbltbs pbrh pbrh qub gunpabl uli eulgm÷l jmebrbltb, phr bkbnpah; ba iai jb ul ivb, ai bxtrbnmjij iltbrmhr jb ul ninîebrh, ba frizh jba `hnfrb? phr htri pirtb ahs ÷rcilhs iléahchs shl iqubaahs qub gunpabl ghl ai nmsni eulgm÷l, pbrh bstrugturianbltb shl jmebrbltbs, phr bkbnpah ais iais jb ais nirmphsis y ais iais jb ahs nurgmíaichs. 6
Ai ahcblmi sb fisi bl ai bvhaugm÷l jb ais bspbgmbs. Wbcûl Jirwml thjis iqubaais bspbgmbs qub tblîil ul ilgbstrh ghnûl jbfîil sbr ufmgijis bl ba nmsnh cruph. Ai gmthtixhlhnîi tmblb bl gublti ais rbaigmhlbs jb pirbltbsgh iphrtijis phr ahs grhnhshnis, pubs baahs ghlstmtuybl ai fisb jb ai `brblgmi. Ai qumnmh qumnmhtix tixhlhn hlhnîi îi tmblb tmblb bl gublt gublti i ai ghnphsmgm÷l ghnph smgm÷l quînmgi jb ahs sbrbs vmvhs. Ai piamlhahcîi, iliamzi ai ghlstmtugm÷l ghlstmtugm÷l jb ahs crilhs jb phabl jb ais pailtis pailtis ghl sthrbs y ais bsphris jb ais pailtis sml sthrbs. Zblmbljh bl gublti ah iltbrmhr, bxmstb ul smstbni nhjbrlh jb gaismgigm÷l mnpabnbltijh phr Gira vhl Amllb, ía pufamg÷ bl ba iùh 9327 ul smstbni jb gaismgigm÷l jb ais pailtis y bl 9320 pufamg÷ ul smstbni piri gaismgigm÷l jb ahs ilmniabs. Thr htri pirtb, bs ba grbijhr jb ahs lhnfrbs gmbltîghs jb ahs hrcilmsnhs ghlstmtumjh phr jhs piaifris bl jhljb ai prmnbri ghrrbsphljb ia cílbrh y ai sbculji i ai bspbgmb, i bstb smstbni sb ab ghlhgb ghnh smstbni jb lhnblgaituri fmlhnmia h fmlirmi. Ais prmlgmpiabs gitbchrîis tixhl÷nmgis shl;
Eubltb. Baifhrigm÷l prhpmi.
Ai bspbgmb bs ai ulmjij tixhl÷nmgi ghlstmtumji phr ul cruph jb hrcilmsnhs sbnbkiltbs nhreha÷cmginbltb, pubjbl gruzirsb bltrb baahs y prhjugmr jbsgbljmbltbs eírtmabs? ba cílbrh `igb rbebrblgmi i ais bspbgmbs ghl pirbltbsgh nuy gbrgilh? ai einmami bs ai icrupigm÷l jb cílbrhs jb pirbltbsgh gbrgilh? ba hrjbl ghrrbsphljb i ai icrupigm÷l jb einmamis? ai gaisb, i ai icrupigm÷l jb ÷rjblbs pirbgmjhs, ba p`yaun h ah, i ai icrupigm÷l jb gaisbs pr÷xmnis y ba rbmlh, i ai icrupigm÷l jb jmvmsmhlbs h ah.
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Zbni 9 Vbmlhs fmha÷cmghs
@igmi ahs iùhs 760-666 i.g. bl ai íphgi jb Irmst÷tbabs, ahs sbrbs vmvhs eubrhl gaismgijhs bl jhs rbmlhs; ilmnia y vbcbtia, ghlstmtuyíljhsb isî ba prmnbr lmvba jb gaismgigm÷l, ghl ba jbsirrhaah jb ai nmgrhsghpîi, eub lbgbsirmh nhjmgir bsti gaismgigm÷l, gaismgigm÷l, bs isî ghnh bl ba iùh jb 9055 Brlst @iboba prhpush ai grbigm÷l jb ul tbrgbr rbmlh; prhtmsti, ba guia mlgauîi bspbgmbs ulmgbauairbs. Thstbrmhrnbltb, `igmi b a iùh 9=5=, V.@. Smttiobr pailtb÷ ai lbgbsmjij jb grbir htrhs jhs rbmlhs; n÷lbri y eulcm. Ghl rbebrblgmi i ai bvhaugm÷l jb ahs rbmlhs fmha÷cmghs, sb grbb qub ahs prmnbrhs hrcilmsnhs qub surcmbrhl shfrb ai tmbrri eubrhl ahs pbrtblbgmbltbs ia rbmlh n÷lbri, ghlehrnijh phr hrcilmsnhs prhgirmhtis? ghl ba pisir jba tmbnph bsths hrcilmsnhs jbsirrhaairhl nbnfrilis mltbrlis ehrniljh jmvbrshs hrcilbahs y ai nbnfrili lugabir, qub jbamnmti ba nitbrmia cblítmgh, phr ah qub sb hrmcmlirhl ahs hrcilmsnhs bugirmhtis, sml bnfirch ahs hrcilbahs ghnh nmthghljrmis y gahrhpaisths tmblbl hrmcbl jmebrbltb, yi qub ai tbhrîi bljhsmnfm÷tmgi prhphlb qub ísths tuvmbrhl su hrmcmlbl i pirtmr jb ai smnfmhsms bltrb prhgirmhtis ehthsmltítmghs, jb ahs qub sb hrmcmlirhl ais iacis, prhthzhirmhs y `hlchs mlebrmhrbs, gaismgijhs jbltrh jba rbmlh prhtmsti. Thstbrmhrnbltb ghnh ghlsbgublgmi jb ai bvhaugm÷l jb bsths trbs cruphs sb hrmcml÷ ba rbmlh `hlchs h eulcm? i pirtmr jb iaculhs `hlchs mlebrmhrbs, iaculhs prhthzhhs cblbrirhl ilmniabs h ilmniami y ais iacis jmbrhl hrmcbl i ahs hrcilmsnhs jba rbmlh pailtib h vbcbtia.
Eubltb; `ttp;//prubfis `ttp;//prubfisyprigtmgis.fahcs yprigtmgis.fahcspht.ghn/64 pht.ghn/6496/ 96/47/bsqubni-gmlg 47/bsqubni-gmlgh-rbmlhs-fmhahcmghs. h-rbmlhs-fmhahcmghs.`tna `tna Ebg`i jb ghlsuati; kulmh = jba 6497.
:
Vbmlh n÷lbri Ais figtbrmis, rbprbsbltiltbs jba rbmlh n÷lbri, eubrhl jbsgufmbrtis phr Ilthly Uil Abbuwbl`hbo. Bstis bspbgmbs `ifmtil ai tmbrri jbsjb `igb 7244 nmaahlbs jb jb iùhs iprhxmnijinbltb iprhxmnijinbltb y `isti `hy sb ghlhgbl iarbjbjhr jb 9044 bspbgmbs. Wb girigtbrmzil phr sbr hrcilmsnhs ulmgbauairbs prhgirmhtis, nuy pbqubùhs, su tiniùh virîi jbsjb 4,2 i 9,4 nmgr÷nbtrhs i 9,2 i 6,2 nmgr÷nbtrhs jb ahlcmtuj, lh prbsbltil lûgabh rhjbijh phr uli nbnfrili, phsbbl rmfhshnis pbrh girbgbl jb hrcilbahs rhjbijhs phr uli nbnfrili, phr tilth girbgbl jb nmthghljrmis, gahrhpaisths, rbtîguah bljhpaisnétmgh, ghnpabkh jb Chacm y amshshnis. Ba nitbrmia cblítmgh bsté ghltblmjh bl uli shai nhaíguai jb IJL gmrguair jmspubsti bl ba gmthpaisni, ai niyhr pirtb jb ais bspbgmbs tmblb uli pirbj gbauair qub rhjbi ai nbnfrili gbauair, pbrh su ghnphsmgm÷l bs jmebrbltb i ai jb ais gíauais bugirmhtis, iaculis bspbgmbs prbsbltil hrcilbahs piri su ahghnhgm÷l ghnh sticbahs, pbrh tinfmíl su bstrugturi bs jmebrbltb i ai jb ais gíauais bugirmhtis. Iaculis bspbgmbs, iltb infmbltbs jbseivhrifabs ehrnil gíauais jb rbphsh aainijis bljhsphris ais guiabs ab pbrnmtbl, i ai figtbrmi, niltblbrsb iltb ghljmgmhlbs infmbltiabs jmeîgmabs.
Eubltb; `ttp;//www.prhebshrblamlbi.ga/Gmblgmis/Figtbrmi.`tn `ttp;//www.prhebshrblamlbi.ga/Gmblgmis/Figtbrmi.`tn Ebg`i Ebg`i jb ghlsuati; kulmh 3 jba 6497.
Ai rbprhjuggm÷l jb ais bspbgmbs jb bstb rbmlh bs isbxuia phr sm÷l fmlirmi y bl iaculis hgismhlbs tmblbl rbprhjuggm÷l pirisbxuia nbjmiltb ai guia sb rbiamzi mltbrginfmh jb nitbrmia cblítmgh. 2
Vbprhjuggm÷l figtbrmili
Eubltb. Baifhrigm÷l prhpmi.
Tiri phjbr gaismgir ais bspbgmbs jba rbmlh n÷lbri, ahs gmbltîghs `il tblmjh bl gublti ahs smcumbltbs grmtbrmhs; • Jmvbrsmjij nbtif÷amgi; ais figtbrmis y irg`bis h irg`bhfigtbrmis irg`bhfigtbrmis sb girigtbrmzil phrqub tmblb ai gipigmjij jb utmamzir ghnh iamnblth guiaqumbr rbgursh, jb bsti nilbri prhjugbl IZT jb trbs ehrnis; eht÷trhehs, eht÷trhehs, utmamzil ai auz ghnh eubltb eubltb jb blbrcîi, jb bsti nilbri pubjbl utmamzir utmamzir ba icui ghnh eubltb jb babgtrhlbs ghlsmjbréljhsb blthlgbs ghnh hrcilmsnhs hxmcílmghs y sm utmamzil suaeurh jb `mjr÷cblh (@6W), m÷l ebrrhsh (Eb+6), piri prhjugmr izuerb (W) h ba m÷l eírrmgh (Eb+7), sb ghlsmjbril blthlgbs hrcilmsnhs ilhxmcílmghs. Ahs hrcilmsnhs qumnmhhrcil÷trhehs, hxmjil nhaíguais hrcélmgis ghnh ahs izûgirbs y ahs qumnmhamt÷trhehs, hxmjil nhaíguais mlhrcélmgis.
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• Jmvbrsmjij nhreha÷cmgi; jb igubrjh ghl su nhrehahcîi ais figtbrmis sb gaismgil bl trbs ehrnis bspbgmiabs; ghghs (bseírmgis), figmahs (fist÷l) y bspmrmahs (bspmria). Ahs ghghs sb pubjbl blghltrir bl ghltrir bl cruphs
jb jhs, jhs, jmpahghghs? jmpahghghs? guitrh, títrijis? rigmnhs, bstiahghghs? gijb gijbli, li,
bstrbpthghghs.
Eubltb; `ttp;//iabxn `ttp;//iabxnhltiavh.wmomspigb hltiavh.wmomspigbs.ghn/Gaismg s.ghn/Gaismgigm%G7%F7l igm%G7%F7l +jb+ais+figtbrmis Ebg`i jb ghlsuati; kulmh 3 jba 6497.
Ghnphsmgm÷l jb ai nbnfrili gbauair; sb gaismgil bl crin + y crin -. Bl ais figtbrmis crin +, ai pirbj gbauair bsté ghnpubsti phr pbptmjhcamgilh y égmjhs tbmghmghs, ai gipi gipi jb pbptmjhcamgilh pbptmjhcamgilh ghlbrb uli cril rbsmstblgmi i bstis figtbrmis y bs ai rbsphlsifab jb rbtblbr ba tmltb (vmhabti jb grbsmah) juriltb juriltb ai tmlgm÷l jb crin. (Zmùbl jb ghahr vmhabti). Ais figtbrmis crin- phsbbl uli jbaciji gipi jb pbptmjhcamgilh qub rbprbsblti til s÷ah ul 2% i 94% jba pbsh jb ai pirbj gbauair, ístis lh rbtmblbl ba tmltb (vmhabti jb grbsmah) juriltb ai tmlgm÷l jb crin.
Eubltb; `ttp;//ww `ttp;//www.nmgr w.nmgrhfmhahcyfhho.hrc/Wpilms`/ hfmhahcyfhho.hrc/Wpilms`/ g`iptbr6.`tn Ebg`i jb ghlsuati; kulmh 3 jba 6497. 6497.
Ilbxh 9=. Gaismgigm÷l jba rbmlh n÷lbri. Umjbh. Vbmlh n÷lbri.
`ttp;//www.yhutufb.ghn/witg`8v>=XZy]3aBKuI Vbmlh n÷lbri.
`ttp;//kuilvpijmaai.bju.gh/kuilvpijmaai/fmfamhtbgi/gmblgmi/Gm `ttp;//kuilvpijmaai.bju.gh/ kuilvpijmaai/fmfamhtbgi/gmblgmi/GmblgmisXpje/rbmlhXnhlbri.pje blgmisXpje/rbmlhXnhlbri.pje 3
Vbmlh prhtmsti
Vbmlh eulcm
Ahs hrcilmsnhs jb bstb rbmlh sb pubjbl
Whl hrcilmsnhs bugirmhtis prmlgmpianbltb
pirbgbr i pailtis h ilmniabs bl iaculhs ispbgths,
tbrrbstrbs, paurmgbauairbs, `btbr÷trhehs (siprhths,
sml bnfirch lh pubjbl sbr ghlsmjbrijhs ghnh
pirésmths h nutuiamstis), shl prmlgmpianbltb
ilmniabs, vbcbtiabs u `hlchs. Whl hrcilmsnhs
jbsghnphlbjhrbs jb nitbrmi hrcélmgi. Ai
ulmgbauairbs bugirmhtis. Wus gíauais tmblbl lûgabh jblmjh y sus hrcilbahs sb blgubltril
rbprhjuggm÷l pubjb sbr sbxuia h isbxuia. Ai rbprhjuggm÷l isbxuia sugbjb phr cbnigm÷l bl
rhjbijhs rhjbij hs phr uli nbnfrili? su tiniùh virîi
`hlchs ulmgbauairbs y phr bsphris bl ahs
jbsjb ba jbsjb ba jb ahs prhthzhirmhs ulmgbauairbs `isti
nuatmgbauairbs. Ais bsphris sb rbprhjugbl bl
ais iacis iacis qub pubjbl aabcir i nbjmr 54 nbtrhs.
bstrugturis aainijis bsphrilcmhs, ghlhgmjhs
Blghltrinhs bspbgmbs iut÷trheis y htris
ghnh ghlmjmhs (isbxuiabs), fismjmhs
`btbr÷trheis, `btbr÷ trheis, iaculhs iaculhs prhthzhirmhs
(sbxuiabs). Ba rbmlh eulcm ghnprbljb guitrh
phsbbl
bstrugturis bstrugt uris ghnh gmamhs h sticbahs piri su ahghnhgm÷l. ahghn hgm÷l.
Ai niyhr pirtb jb ahs prhtmstis
vmvbl bl infmbltbs iguétmghs, vmvbl bl ba
y isgis
jmvmsmhlbs; Ilbxh 69. Ilbxh 69. Gaismgigm÷l jba rbmlh eulcm.
hgíilh h bl gubrphs jb icui juagb ehrniljh ba pailgthl. pailgthl. Ai rbprhjuggm÷l bs virmifab,
Umjbh. Um jbh. Vbmlh eulcm.
iaculis bspbgmbs phsbbl rbprhjuggm÷l isbxuia
`ttp;//www.yhutufb.g `ttp;//w ww.yhutufb.ghn/witg`8v>9xp@t0VglNh hn/witg`8v>9xp@t0VglNh
y htris sbxuia. Ilbxh 64. Ilbxh 64. Gaismgigm÷l jba rbmlh prhtmsti.
Vbmlh eulcm.
Umjbh. Vbmlh prhtmsti.
`ttp;//www.samjbs`irb.lbt/fmhahcmgi.bju/rbmlheulcm-9979777 eulcm9979777
`ttp;//www.yhutufb.ghn/witg`8v>59c:GH]GWnN
Vbmlh eulcm.
T`yaun prhthzhirmhs.
`ttp;//www.hamvighrjhfbsi.bs/VBMLH%64ERLCM.pj `ttp;//w ww.hamvighrjhfbsi.bs/VBMLH%64ERLCM.pj e
`ttp;//www.samjbs`irb.lbt/rvbspi/p`yaaunprhthzhirmhs Vbmlh prhtmsti.
`ttp;//pbljmbltbjbnmcrigmhl.ugn.bs/mleh/ `ttp;//pbljmbltbjbnmcrigmhl .ugn.bs/mleh/trhpmgh/ trhpmgh/ jhgblgmi/Zbxths/I5%64Vbmlh%64TVHZMWZI.pje
Vbmlh pailtib h vbcbtia Ais pailtis tbrrbstrbs `il bvhaugmhlijh jb iaculis iacis qub vmvbl bl nbjmhs sbnmiguétmghs? ais ijiptigmhlbs `il pbrnmtmjh i bstis bspbgmbs vmvmr bl aucirbs sbghs sml sbgirsb h nhrmr y qub sb rbprhjuzgil bgmbltbnbltb bl ai tmbrri.
0
Jb igubrjh ghl ahs rischs bvhautmvhs, sb grbb
pailtis tbrrbstrbs prhjugbl cinbtilcmhs
qub uli vbz ais pailtis vbrjbs `mgmbrhl su
jmstmltmvhs piri nig`hs (iltbrmjmhs) y piri
trilsmgm÷l i pailtis tbrrbstrbs, ai sbabggm÷l
`bnfris (irqubchlmhs) bxpbrmnbltiljh ba
lituria pbrnmtm÷ ijiptigmhlbs piri bvmtir ai
ebl÷nblh jb iatbrlilgmi jb cblbrigmhlbs.
pírjmji jb icui phr pirtb jb ais gíauais y eigmamt÷ ba trilsphrtb jb icui jbsjb ahs tbkmjhs qub tblîil iggbsh `igmi ahs tbkmjhs qub lh ah tblîil. Ais pailtis nés nhjbrlis pbrnmtmbrhl shaugm÷l i bstb prhfabni i trivís jb ahs bsthnis, (prbsbltbs bl thjis ais pailtis tbrrbstrbs bxgbpth ais `bpétmgis), bstrugturi rhjbiji jb gíauais jb cuirjmi y bl nbjmh jb baais ul phrh? guiljh ais gíauais cuirjmi sb ifailjil gmbrril ahs bsthnis bvmtiljh isî ai pírjmji jb icui y guiljh sb tblsil ifrbl ba phrh `igmbljh qub ba GH6 sb jmeulji ia mltbrmhr jb ais `hkis y tiaahs, y qub ba H6 sb jmeulji eubri. Thr htri pirtb, bvhaugmhlirhl tinfmíl ahs tbkmjhs visguairbs, pbrnmtmbljh qub ahs tiaahs sb niltuvmbsbl brcumjhs (jurbzi crigmis i ai amclmli) y qub pujmbril trilsphrtir icui jbsjb ais riîgbs i ahs tbkmjhs qub bstifil phr blgmni jba subah. Thstbrmhrnbltb, sb grbb qub ais pailtis jbsirrhaairhl ais triqubmjis qub shl gíauais aircis, jbacijis y bstrbg`is ghlehrnijis
Ba rbmlh pailtib, icrupi ulis 744444 bspbgmbs iprhxmnijinbltb, i bstb rbmlh pbrtblbgbl ahs hrcilmsnhs bugirmhtis, paurmgbauairbs h nuatmgbauairbs, ehthsmltítmghs. Wus gíauais bstél jhtijis jb gahrhpaisths, y phsbbl uli pirbj gbauair gbauahsi ai guia ab ji ehrni y rbsmstblgmi? ais gíauais ehrnil jmvbrshs tbkmjhs qub gunpabl ghl jmebrbltbs eulgmhlbs. Whl hrcilmsnhs iut÷trhehs, ghl rbprhjuggm÷l sbxuia (ulm÷l jb cinbths ebnblmlhs y nisguamlhs), isbxuia (nuatmpamgigm÷l vbcbtitmvi) h iatbrlilgmi jb cblbrigmhlbs (uli eisb trilsgurrb bl btipi sbxuia y htri isbxuia). Wb grbb qub jbsjb ba pulth jb vmsti bvhautmvh, ais prmnbris pailtis qub surcmbrhl eubrhl ais psmahemtiabs, ais guiabs phsbîil vishs ghljugthrbs jmebrblgmijhs y bstis jmbrhl hrmcbl i ais triqubhtis. Ahs grmtbrmhs fésmghs qub sb tmblb bl gublti piri ai gaismgigm÷l jb ais bspbgmbs pbrtblbgmbltbs i bstb rbmlh shl; prbsblgmi h iusblgmi jb sthrbs, prbsblgmi h iusblgmi jb eruths, prbsblgmi h iusblgmi jb vishs ghljugthrbs
phr pirbj gbauair prmnirmi (gbauahsi) y uli pirbj sbguljirmi (amclmli) ghl icukbrhs piri
bl ba tiaah.
pbrnmtmr ba stukh jba icui amfrbnbltb.
Ais pailtis sb gaismgil bl trbs cruphs;
Ahs rbcmstrhs e÷smabs pbrnmtbl bvmjblgmir qub ais pailtis tbrrbstrbs prmnmtmvis tblîil ÷rcilhs rbprhjugtmvhs bspbgmiamzijhs, ahs cinbtilcmhs, ahs guiabs prhtbcîil i ahs cinbths jb ai jbsbgigm÷l y ahs jiùhs nbgélmghs. Bstis bstrugturis bstél prbsbltbs bl thjis ais pailtis bxgbpth ais ilcmhspbrnis, jhljb ai sthr prbsblti ÷rcilhs mltbrlhs qub gunpabl eulgm÷l rbprhjugtmvi. Ahs mljmvmjuhs jb ais
pailtis lh visguairbs, pailtis visguairbs y pailtis ghl sbnmaais. Ais pailtis lh visguairbs sb girigtbrmzil phr vmvmr bl aucirbs `ûnbjhs, ehrniljh uli bspbgmb jb tipbtb shfrb ba subah, rhgis y trhlghs jb ahs érfhabs? shl pailtis pbqubùis qub lh tmblbl sthrbs, eruths lm vishs ghljugthrbs, lh tmblbl vbrjijbris riîgbs smlh qub phsbbl rmzhmjbs. Ais pailtis visguairbs sb girigtbrmzil phrqub vmvbl bl infmbltbs
=
`ûnbjhs y shnfrîhs, shl jb tiniùh nbjmh y
Bl guilth i ai iamnbltigm÷l, ahs hrcilmsnhs jb
phsbbl vishs ghljugthrbs, pbrh lh sthrbs lm
bstb rbmlh pubjbl hftblbrah nbjmiltb atrigm÷l,
eruths? ais `hkis phr ah cblbria shl igmguairbs,
iamnbltigm÷l jb stumjhs y iamnbltigm÷l jb
bs jbgmr bl ehrni jb icuki. Jbltrh jb ais pailtis ghl sbnmaais blghltrinhs ais cmnlhspbrnis, ais
nisis jb ghnmji. Jb igubrjh ghl ai ehrni ghnh gipturil ba iamnblth bxmstbl ilmniabs
guiabs phsbbl vishs ghljugthrbs y sthrbs pbrh
suspblsîvhrhs, ghlhgmjhs tinfmíl ghnh
lh eruths, ais sthrbs ehrnil icrupigmhlbs bl ehrni jb pmùi aainijis mlsthrbsgblgmis y ais
atrijhrbs, gipturil ai ghnmji atriljh pirtîguais suspbljmjis bl ba imrb h bl ba icui?
ilcmhspbrnis shl `mbrfis, irfusths y érfhabs, phsbbl vishs ghljugthrbs, sthrbs y eruths bl ahs qub bstél ais sbnmaais.
y ahs jbphsmtîvhrhs, ghnbl i nbjmji qub
Ilbxh 92. Gaismgigm÷l jba rbmlh pailtib. Umjbh. Vbmlh pailtib.
itrivmbsil ul sustrith? ahs stumj÷eichs suggmhlil aîqumjhs ghnh kuch jb eruths y lígtir, ahs rispijhrbs phlbl pbjizhs jb ghnmji bl sus fhgis. Ghl rbebrblgmi i ai eubltb jb iamnbltigm÷l pubjbl gaismgirsb bl; `brfîvhrhs (sb iamnbltil jb `mbrfi), girlîvhrhs
`ttp;//www.yhutufb.ghn/witg`8v>-y=gy`lx2C0
(sb iamnbltil jb girlb) qub i su vbz sb
Vbmlh pailtib.
gaismgil bl jbprbjijhrbs h pirésmths? jbtrmtîvhrhs (sb iamnbltil jb nitbrmi hrcélmgi
`ttp;//www.samjbs`irb.lbt/K`hssbTiua/rbmlhpailtib-6===00=
nubrti) y hnlîvhrhs (sb iamnbltil jb pailtis y ilmniabs). Ghl rbebrblgmi ia jbspaizinmblth, iaculis bspbgmbs shl sísmabs juriltb thji su vmji
Vbmlh Vbm lh ilmniami
ijuati, htrhs tmblbl bstrugturis ghnh gmamhs, st icbahs, pitis irtmguaijis, bsqubabth y nûsguahs. Ai rbprhjuggm÷l bl ahs ilmniabs
Ahs rbcmstrhs e÷smabs, nubstril qub ahs prmnbrhs
sugbjb bl ehrni isbxuia i trivís jb nmthsms y
ilmniabs surcmbrhl bl ba nir jba prbgénfrmgh ilmniabs `igb 344 nmaahlbs jb iùhs y qub jbsgbljmbrhl
sbxuianbltb i trivís jb ai nbmhsms y ai eusm÷l jb cinbths? bl ai rbprhjuggm÷l sbxuia ai
jb ul cruph jb prhtmstis? bl ba pbrîhjh
ebguljigm÷l pubjb sbr mltbrli h bxtbrli.
gén f rmgh `igb 234 nmaahlbs jb iùhs iùhs
Bxmstbl bspbgmbs vmvîpiris, bs jbgmr, iamnbltil
ipirbgmbrhl ipirbg mbrhl ahs iltbgbshrbs jb ahs irtr÷phjhs, irtr÷phjhs, aubch sb ehrnirhl ahs iltbgbshrbs jb ahs pbgbs
i ahs bnfrmhlbs jbltrh jba gubrph y jil i auz i grîis k÷vblbs? ais hvîpiris , iqubaais qub
i pirtmr jb ahs guiabs sb jbsirrhaairhl ahs
jbphsmtil ahs `ubvhs ebrtmamzijhs? y ais
jmebrbltbs cruphs jb vbrtbfrijhs. Ahs prmnbrhs bl ghlqumstir ai tmbrri eubrhl ahs ilfmhs y ahs
hvhvmvîpiris, ais `bnfris rbtmblbl ahs `ubvhs jbltrh jb sus gubrphs juriltb ba jbsirrhaah tbnprilh pbrh ahs bnfrmhlbs bl grbgmnmblth shl iamnbltijhs phr ai ybni jba mltbrmhr jba `ubvh. Ahs gmgahs jb vmji shl virmifabs, bxmstbl bspbgmbs qub suerbl nbtinhrehsms qub pubjb
rbptmabs crigmis i ai jmvbrsmgigm÷l jb ais pailtis, ghl ai bxtmlgm÷l jb ahs rbptmabs sb nuatmpamgirhl ais ivbs y phstbrmhrnbltb ahs ninîebrhs.
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sbr nbtif÷amgi (suerbl ginfmhs ghnpabths) y
nmcrigm÷l jb ais gíauais pbrnmtb ai
`bnmnbtif÷amgi (suerbl nbjmhs ginfmhs).
ehrnigm÷l jb ul phrh qub sb ifrb ia
Ahs cruphs jb ilmniabs sb jbemlbl euljinbltianbltb phr ahs smcumbltbs grmtbrmhs;
bxtbrmhr? bl ahs prhthsthnhs, ba phrh sb ghlvmbrtb bl fhgi y bl ba htrh bxtrbnh ba ilh sb ehrni jbspuís? bl ahs jbutbrhsthnhs
gipis jb tbkmjh qub sb
ba phrh mlmgmia sb ghlvmbrtb ba ilh y ai fhgi
blgubltril bl ahs bnfrmhlbs; jmfaéstmghs ghlehrnijhs phr jhs gipis jb tbkmjh
sb ehrni jbspuís. Thr ûatmnh ai ehrnigm÷l jba gbahni, ahs prhthsthnhs tmblbl jhs
aainijis bgthjbrnh y bljhjbrnh y ahs
sbggmhlbs jb nbshjbrnh ia aijh jba
trmfaéstmghs ehrnijhs phr trbs gipis jb tbkmjh, ba bljhjbrnh, nbshjbrnh y
mltbstmlh y ahs jbutbrhsthnhs tmblbl gipis jb gíauais nbshjírnmgis ia aijh jba
bgthjbrnh.
mltbstmlh.
• Lûnbrh jb
• Zmph jb smnbtrîi ghrphria y ba crijh jb gbeiamzigm÷l; smnbtrîi rijmia bl ehrni jb rijmh ghl ul nîlmnh jb jhs pailhs jb smnbtrîi h smnbtrîi fmaitbria fmaitbria tmblbl ul pailh jb smnbtrîi y ba gubrph subab sbr bstrbg`h y iaircijh. Ai bvhaugm÷l jb ai smnbtrîi fmaitbria pbrnmtm÷ qub sb prhjukbril
Ilbxh 95. Gaismgigm÷l jba rbmlh ilmnia. Umjbh. Mlvbrtbfrijhs; girigtbrîstmgis y gaismemgigm÷l.
`ttps;// www.yhutufb.ghn/witg`8v>y:yAiUaBwgI www.yhutufb.ghn/witg`8v>y:yAiUaBwgI Umjbh. Ubrtbfrijhs. Umjbh. Ubrtbfrijhs.
`ttp;//www.yhutufb.ghn/witg`8v>O-gJrpHanCs `ttp;//w ww.yhutufb.ghn/witg`8v>O-gJrpHanCs
ginfmhs ishgmijhs qub sb ghlhgbl ghnh gbeiamzigm÷l, qub ghlsmstb bl ai bvhaugm÷l jb uli gifbzi h rbcm÷l iltbrmhr. • Trbsblgmi h iusblgmi jb uli givmjij ghrphria aabli jb stumjh, ghlhgmji ghnh gbahni, jb bsti nilbri ahs hrcilmsnhs
Grmtbrmhs jb gaismgigm÷l jba rbmlh ilmnia.
`ttp;//fahcs.njp.utl.bju.ir/scirgmi/emabs/6494/4:/2`ttp;//fahcs.njp.utl.bju.ir/scirgmi/emabs/6494/4:/2Vbsunbl-Vbmlh-Ilmnia.pje Ilbxh 9=. Eulgmhlbs jb ghltrha bl ahs sbrbs vmvhs.
trmfaéstmghs qub lh tmblbl gbahni sb ghlhgbl ghnh igbahnijhs, ahs qub phsbbl gbahni,, gbahnijhs, gbahni gbahnijhs, y ahs psbujhgbahni psbuj hgbahnijhs jhs guiljh ba gbahni sb blgubltri bltrb ba bljhjbrnh y ba nbshjbrnh. • Ehrni jb jbsirrhaah jb ahs bnfrmhlbs; sb tmbl tmblb b bl gub gublti lti tr trbs bs prh prhgbs gbshs hs eul eulji jinb nblt ltia iabs bs;; ba gamvikb, qub bs uli sbrmb jb jmvmsmhlbs répmjis nmt÷tmgis, ai cistruaigm÷l, shl nhvmnmblths gbauairbs qub pbrnmtbl ai ehrnigm÷l jb ais trbs gipis jba tbkmjh bnfrmhlirmh y ai ehrnigm÷l jba gbahni, ai
99
Vbebrblgmis fmfamhcrégis Fiutmsti F. Niurmgmh y htrh. Nuljh Umvh =. Bj. Lhrni; Wiltieí jb Fhchté, Ghahnfmi? 6444. Erbbnil, Wghtt. Fmhahcîi (7ri Bj.). Tbirshl Bjugigm÷l W.I. Vmfbri jb Ahmri; Nijrmj, Bspiùi? 644=. Chlzéabz jb I. Ili y htrh. Gmblgmis :. Bj. Ng Criw @maa; Wiltieí jb Fhchté, Ghahnfmi? 9==7. Omnfiaa, K`hl. Fmhahcîi (: Bj.). Ijjmshl-Sbsaby Mfbrhinbrmgili W.I. Smanmlcthl, Jbaiwirb, B.R.I? 9=05. Lishl, Iavml. Fmhahcîi. Amnusi Sbaby W.I.; Fiajbris Níxmgh J.E? 6440. Tirjh @banbr. Niluia jb Fmhahcîi (7ri Bj.). Cruph Bjugitmvh @banbr Tirjh; Wiltieí jb Fhchté? 6445. Tirci A. Jmili y htrhs. Ghsnhs 0. Bj. Uhaultij; Wiltieí jb Fhchté? 9==3. Trbniubr N. Kuami N.
y htrhs. Ghltbxths
Lituriabs 3. Bj. Wiltmaaili W.I.; Wiltieí jb Fhchté? 644:. Umaabb, Gaiujb y htrhs. Fmhahcîi jb Umaabb (trijugmjh jb ai 7ri. Bj). Mltbrinbrmgili NgCriw @maa; Níxmgh? 9==5.
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