Reiki: meaning, myth & misunderstanding?

Qdhnh + kdoihif, kx}c " khptimdqp}oimhifp: ax

Eokdp Mdo`ji

IJ] BJQ POLD

@jwhdp jb }chp D+Ajjn kox ad mhp}hat}dm VH]CJT] @COQFD }j oixjid xjt vhpc) H} kox olpj ad mhp}hat}dm VH]CJT] @COQFD hi whi}dm bjk + wjrhmhif h} hp mjid pj hi h}p di}hqd}x #hi`ltmhif dim+wofdp() Wdkhpphji hp IJ] fhrdi }j omm }j, pta}o`} bjk, j j}cdvhpd kjmhbx }chp mj`tkdi} hi oix vox, pcowd j bjk) ^Pdd bjj} jb mj`tkdi} bj bt}cd md}ohlp d5 Tpd jb Ko}dholp bjk }chp D+ajjn[ ]COIN XJT

^Rdphji ?)77[ @jwxhfc} ¨ 1776 Eokdp Mdo`ji

c}}w5**vvv)od}v)jf

&QDHNH& ; &FCJP]&))):

^@jwxhfc} ¨ 1776 Eokdp Mdo`ji[

Qdhnh: 

Ti}hl }cd khm ?837&p hi Eowoi, h} hp tilhndlx }co} oixjid xjt kdi}hjidm }cd }dk Qdhnh  }j vjtlm cord d`jfihpdm h} op phfihbxhif }cd cdolhif wo`}h`d vd nijv ax }co} iokd) ^]cjtfc, com xjt kdi}hjidm }cd }dk5 Tpth Qxjcj j Qdhnh Qxjcj , vdll + drdi hb }cd wdpji xjt opndm vopi&} nijvldmfdoald jb ol}dio}hrd }cdowhdp wd pd + phkwlx bjk }cd vjm &xjcj & }cdx vjtlm o} ldop} cord fopwdm }co} xjt vdd dbdhif }j pjkd bjk jb &jap`td& cdolhif j }do}kdi} wo`}h`d[ H} pddkp }co} }cd pcj}dihif jb Tpth Qdhnh Qxjcj ^h)d) Tpth &Pwhh}+didfx& #j &Pwhh}tol&( Cdolhif Kd}cjm[ }j }cd jid vjm Qdhnh vop pjkd}chif }co} cowwdidm hi }cd vdp}) Op o }dk bj Tpth+pdipdh&p cdolhif wo`}h`d, w o`}h`d, h} vop #olkjp}  ( `jkwld}dlx tinijvi hi Eowoi ti}hl vdp}di+lhidofd kop}dp #p}o}hif vh}c Khdnj Kh}pth hi ?834( vdi} }j Eowoi oim adfoi }do`chif oim dbdhif }j }cd o} timd }co} iokd) %

Oim vchld, jrd }cd wop} 17 xdop, Tpth+pdipdh&p cdolhif kd}cjm + timd }chp pcj}didm iokd, Qdhnh + cop ad`jkd qth}d wjwtlo hi Eowoi #wo}h`tlolx okjifp} }cd xjtifd fdido}hji( }cdd od jb `jtpd o fdo} koix Eowoidpd wdjwld }jmox vcj od `jkwld}dlx tiovod jb h}) Qdhnh oim fcjp}p: 

Vh}chi }cd Qdhnh @jkktih}x, }cdd hp oi jb}di+qtj}dm ij}hji }co} hi fdidol tpofd , }cd vjm Qdhnh ^?[ kdoip o fcjp}) ^Cjvdrd, hi }cd wop}, }cd vjm Qdhnh , h} pddkp, vop pjkd}chif }co} idrd dollx bjtim h}p vox hi}j &fdidol tpofd&/[ Hi Eowoi drdi ijv, &Qdhnh& hp ij} o vjm jb}di tpdm op wo} jb drdxmox ktimoid `jirdpo}hji #tildpp xjt cowwdi }j ad o Qdhnh Qxjcj wo`}h}hjid jb `jtpd/( Oim H bhim h} hi}ddp}hif }co} ijid jb }cd io}hrd Eowoidpd pwdondp #Qdhnh Qxjcj  wo`}h}hjidp oim j}cdvhpd( H&rd mhp`tppdm }chp ko}}d vh}c, cord wdpjiollx wd pjiollx addi ovod jb }cd }dk Qdhnh op corhif }cd kdoihif jb &fcjp}&) &fc jp}&) @d}ohilx ji h}p jvi, }cd vjm Qdh `oi dbd }j o fcjp}, fc jp}, xd} }cd }dk Xtdh hp kjd `jkkjilx tpdm> oim }cdd od olpj pdrdol j}cd vjmp himh`o}hif o fcjp} vch`c od hi fdidol tpofd ^]cjtfc jid wdpji mhm ptffdp} }co} + }cd nh wo} jb }cd `jkwjtim vjm Qdhnh  hkwlxhif &hibltdi`d& + }cd vjm `jtlm `ji`dhroalx ad tpdm }j mdij}d }cd pdipo}hji #nh ( j wdpdi`d jb o fcjp} #dh ([ ([ Cjvdrd, h} vjtlm pddk }co} hb Qdhnh hp tpdm ax pjkd }j himh`o}d o fcjp}, }chp vjtlm ad, o} adp}, o o}cd himhd`} j jap`td tpofd jb }cd vjm) ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f 1

]chp ij}hji }co} Qdhnh dbddm }j o fcjp} pddkp }j jhfhio}d hi }cd khm, j drdi dolx, ?887&p) Oim H `oi&} cdlw vjimdhif, vop h} jhfhiollx o `opd jb pjkdjid #wdptkoalx oi hiqthhif, oim wjpphalx pjkdvco} jrd+di}ctphop}h`, vdp}di Qdhnh Qxjcj  wo`}h}hjid/(, o`}tollx adhif }jlm }co} Qdhnh kdoi} fcjp} wd pd : J vop h} wdcowp o `opd jb phkwld khptimdp}oimhif mtd }j loiftofd mhbbh`tl}hdp: Vop h} wdcowp phkwlx }co} }cd wdpji opndm com o}}dkw}dm }j dswdpp }co}, op bo op }cdx vdd ovod, }cd vjm Qdhnh com !pjkd}chif }j mj vh}c }cd ptwdio}tol + fcjp}p oim oll }co} pj} jb }chif!: Ob}d oll, hi hpjlo}hji, }cd }dk Qdhnh ^h)d) &pwhh}+didfx&, j phkwlx &pwhh}tol&[ hp o}cd roftd ^1[ > oim tildpp qtolhbhdm ax oppj`ho}hji vh}c oij}cd }dk + d)f) &xjcj& #&cdolhif kd}cjm&(, `jtlm }cdjd}h`ollx dbd }j o itkad jb &p}oifd& }chifp #oim koix wdjwld khfc} ij} bddl `jkbj}oald }olnhif oajt} pt`c + }j }cdk o} ldop} + &dpj}dh`& ko}}dp( ]cdi ofohi, h} ktp} ad pohm }co}, hi }cd dolx ?887&p hi Eowoi, }cdd vdd qth}d lh}dollx }cjtpoimp jb Eowoidpd `h}hudip + pjkd etrdihld, pjkd omtl} + vcj com }cdh jvi rdx `ldo timdp}oimhif jb vco} }cd }dk Qdhnh kdoi}, oim olpj }cd `ji}ds} hi vch`c h} vop kjp} bdqtdi}lx tpdm• ]cdx nidv }co} }cd vjm Qdhnh mhm ij} kdoi o fcjp} wd pd , at} olpj nidv }co} #hi }cd `ji}ds} vh}c vch`c }cdx vdd bokhlho vh}c }cd }dk( h} mhm himddm cord p}jif phfihbh`oi`d hi dlo}hji }j }cd vjlm jb fcjp}p, pwhh}p oim mdkjip))) ]cdx vjtlm }dll xjt }co} Qdhnh vop o} ji`d oi &didfx& oim o &wjvd& #h)d) oi oahlh}x ( wjppdppdm ax ctkoip #oi oahlh}x kjd mdrdljwdm hi pjkd }coi hi j}cdp( + o bj`d, dkoio}hif bjk }cd ctkoi pwhh}))) ]cdpd wdjwld nidv oll oajt} }cd bokjtp Qdhnh kop}d + }co} mhkhit}hrd, dlmdlx Eowoidpd lomx, oim cjv pcd `jtlm wopp ji cd Qdhnh oahlh}x }j j}cdp• ]cdx `jtlm }dll xjt oll oajt} Ntoko• Oim oajt} itkdjtp Qdhnh }d`cihqtdp }co}, o} }cd }hkd, ijajmx hi }cd Vdp} com cdom jb) ]d`cihqtdp pt`c op }cd5 Qdh Foi #}cd &Pwhh} Pwcdd&(, Qdh Nj Comj #&Pwhh} Lhfc} Vord&(, oim Qdh Nj Nxt + j vco} vd vjtlm mdp`had op o &Qdhnh aoll& • Pj, vcj vdd }cdpd wdjwld: Kdkadp jb }cd Tpth Qdhnh Qxjcj Fonnoh , wdcowp: J p}tmdi}p jb pjkd j}cd &ljif ljp}& Eowoidpd Qdhnh Qxjcj lhidofd: Vdll, ij) ]cdx vdd phkwlx boip jb }cd ?8+rjltkd koifo #Eowoidpd `jkh` ajjn(5 Xt Xt Contpcj #!Fcjp} Bhldp!(

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f 0

@do}dm ax Xjpchchj ]jfopch oim wtalhpcdm ad}vddi ?88?+?88= ^oim olpj }tidm hi}j o ??1 dwhpjmd oihko}hji #oihkd ( pdhdp[, Xt Xt Contpcj vop qth}d wjpphalx }cd wlo`d vcdd o fdo} koix wdjwld `okd o`jpp }cd }dk Qdhnh bj }cd rdx bhp} }hkd))) At} adbjd xjt fj tpchif jbb }j jmd dh}cd }cd koifo j }cd oihkd 5 H ptwwjpd H pcjtlm }dll xjt }co} }cd iokd jb }cd bokjtp, dlmdlx, bdkold Qdhnh Kop}d hi Xt Xt Contpcj hp ij} Kp) ]ono}o, at} Fdinoh • Jc, oim }cd &Ntoko& dbddm }j, hp ij} }cd po`dm kjti}ohi vcdd Tpth+pdipdh bhp} dswdhdi`dm }cd Qdhnh wcdijkdiji, at} o}cd, hp o &dbjkdm& bjs+mdkji))) Oim drdi }cjtfc Qdhnh Kop}d Fdinoh #oim pjkd jb }cd j}cd `coo`}dp(, `oi tpd }cdh wjvd }j cdol, Xt Xt Contpcj hp ij} o }old oajt} Tpth Qdhnh Qxjcj ) Hi bo`}, }cd Qdhnh didfx+wjvd jb Xt Xt Contpcj, vchld himddm pddi }j dkoio}d bjk }cd ctkoi pwhh}, hp ij} whkohlx oajt} cdolhif o} oll) Oim op bj }cd Qdhnh }d`cihqtdp kdi}hjidm + vdll xjt dollx vjtlmi&} voi} }j ad ji }cd d`dhrhif dim jb oix jb }cdk) Xjt pdd, Xt Xt Contpcj hp o`}tollx o p}jx oajt} o &pwhh} md}d`}hrd& oim chp `jkomdp vcjpd }opn h} hp }j bhfc} ofohip} drhl #hi }cd bjk jb mdkjip oim j}cd aom ftxp(, oim wj}d`} }cd ctkoi o`d)

Oim }cd vdowji+jb+`cjh`d vh}c vch`c kjp} jb }cd bhfc}hif ofohip} drhl hp `ohdm jt}: Vdll, h}&p o rdx pwd`hol &jbbdiphrd& j &ko}hol& didfx+wjvd didf x+wjvd + oi oahlh}x dkoio}hif bjk }cd ctkoi pwhh} + oi oahlh}x `olldm5 )))) Qdhnh • ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

IJ]DP5 % ^ pdd o}h`ld5 “Qdhnh hi Eowoi adbjd ?834 + o Idv Wdpwd`}hrd‛, adljv[ ^?[

Vchld }cdd od pdrdol Eowoidpd vjmp #vh}}di tphif mhbbddi} noieh+wohp oim corhif rdx mhbbddi} kdoihifp( vch`c }oiplh}do}d op &Qdhnh&, cdd H ok jb `jtpd dbdhif }j }cd wo}h`tlo &Qdhnh& op tpdm hi }cd `ji}ds} jb Tpth Qdhnh Qxjcj)

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f =

^1[

Phmd+}o`nhif plhfc}lx + o ah} jb Eowoidpd+Vdp}did jld+drdpol5 Etp} hkofhid bj o kjkdi} }co} xjt&d o Eowoidpd Eo woidpd wdpji vcj cop ldoi} o pjkdvco} jap`td Okdh`oi }cdowdt}h` wo`}h`d + vd&ll `oll h} }cd !Fhaap pwhh}+didfx cdolhif kd}cjm! #ono Fhaap+p}xld Cdolhif Kd}cjm( + vch`c com addi hkwj}dm hi}j Eowoi pdrdol xdop ofj) Ji o }hw }j Okdh`o, xjt md`hmd }j opn oi !Ordofd Ejd! vco} }cdx nijv oajt} }chp jap`td wo`}h`d) Vjtlm xjt hkofhid }co}, wj}di}hol loiftofd+aohd ophmd, }cd dpwjipd vjtlm ad o btll oim hibjko}hrd jid: Ij jb `jtpd ij}) Kjp} lhndlx xjt vjtlm d`dhrd, o} adp}, o phkwld #j wdcowp iji+`jkkh}}ol( dpwjipd> o} vjp}, pjkd `jkkdi} oajt} xjt adhif pjkd nhim jb Idv Ofd vdhmj) Ijv, ld}&p }cjv hi oi ommh}hjiol `jkwlh`o}hji5 Ld}&p pox }co}, pjkd}hkd jrd }cd xdop hi Eowoi, }cd iokd jb }cd cdolhif kd}cjm com addi pcj}didm bj phkwlh`h}x&p pond) At} o}cd }coi `ollhif h}, d)f) !Fhaap Cdolhif!, h} com ad`jkd nijvi phkwlx op5 !Pwhh}tol+didfx!) Pj, }cdd xjt, od o Eowoidpd wdpji, p}tfflhif plhfc}lx vh}c oi tibokhlho loiftofd, o}}dkw}hif }j opn oi Okdh`oi !Ejd Ordofd! oajt} o ajt} }cd `ji`dw} jb !pwhh}tol didfx!, vcdi dollx vco} xjt voi} }j nijv oajt} hp K) Fhaap kd}cjm jb cdolhif• + olljvhif }co} }cd dpwjipd xjt fj} vop ij} `jkwld}dlx mhpkhpphrd #j vjpd/( etp} cjv `jibtphif oim #oladh} tihi}di}hjiollx( khpldomhif khfc} }cd hibjko}hji xjt d`dhrd o`}tollx ad: ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Ommh}hjiol Hibj5 Ko, 1=, 1776 

Op kdi}hjidm oajrd, }cdd od pdrdol Eowoidpd vjmp vch`c, vcdi vh}}di tphif }cd Lo}hi #Diflhpc( olwcoad} owwdo op &Qdhnh&) H} pddkp }co} }cd ij}hji }co} &Qdhnh& kdoi} &fcjp}&, kox vdll cord pjkd}chif }j mj vh}c o phkwld `jibtphji op }j vch`c wo}h`tlo &Qdhnh& vop adhif diqthdm oajt}) Bj dsokwld, d`di}lx, vchld mjhif pjkd pjk d dpdo`c vh}c dfomp }j }cd Njieont kjijfo}oh+  `j lld`}hji jb p}jhdp bjk }cd Cdhoi wdhjm + H mhp`jrddm }co}, hi pct #!]oldp jb }hkdp wop}!( + o `jlld`}hji rjltkd 16 jb }chp `jlld`}hji, }cdd hp himddm }oln jb Qdhnh op mhd`}lx himh`o}hif &fcjp}p oim mdkjip&) Cjvdrd }cd &Qdhnh& hi qtdp}hji hp ij} &jt & Qdhnh) Vchld }cd bhp} noieh # dh ( hp }cd pokd op }cd dh hi &jt& Qdhnh #oim op kdi}hjidm oajrd }chp dh  `oi hi hpjlo}hji kdoi fcjp}(, }cd pd`jim noieh hp mhbbddi} + adhif jid }co} kox ad dom op dh}cd nh j jih + oim corhif }cd kdoihif jb &mdkji&5

Qdhnh5 Fcjp}p " Mdkjip

% % % % % % %

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f 4

TPTH+PDIPDH OIM QDHNH

j5 ]cd }dkp Qdhnh , Qdhcj, oim Qdhnh Qxjcj drhph}dm @jwxhfc} ¨ 1772*6 Eokdp Mdo`ji

Tpth+pdipdh mhm ij} d+mhp`jrd &Qdhnh& ‐ ij mhm cd `do}d j mdrdljw &Qdhnh& • Vco} Tpth+pdipdh mhm vop }j `do}d*mdrdljw o pxp}dk jb pwhh}tol wo`}h`d ‐ }cd whkox wtwjpd jb vch`c, h} pddkp, vop }j o`} op o kdmhtk bj #hi`dkdi}ollx( # hi`dkdi}ollx( pcohif vh}c j}cdp }cd o`}tol }oipbjko}hrd wcdijkdiji cd chkpdlb com dswdhdi`dm mthif chp ijv+ldfdimox kdmh}o}hji ji Ntoko Xoko) Xd} cd mhm ij} `oll }chp pwhh}tol wo`}h`d &Qdhnh& Vd iddm }j dkdkad }co} jt tpofd jb }cd vjm Qdhnh + }j hmdi}hbx }cd pxp}dk  mdrdljwdm ax Tpth+pdipdh + hp o rdx kjmdi, vdp}di, khp+owwlh`o}hji jb }cd }dk) Lhndvhpd, jt tpd jb }cd vjm op o rda, himh`o}hif }cd o`}tol wdbjkoi`d jb o }do}kdi}) ^Olpj, }cd kjmdi timdp}oimhif jb Qdhnh #h)d) }cd wcdijkdiji h}pdlb( op &didfx& kox ad pjkdvco} mhbbddi} }j }cd timdp}oimhif Tpth+pdipdh com[ Pj hb Tpth+pdipdh‘p pwhh}tol wo`}h`d vop ij} `olldm –Qdhnh‘, vco} vop h} `olldm }cdi: Vdll, pjkd vjtlm cord tp adlhdrd h} vop `olldm “Tpth ]do}d‛, j}cdp, “Tpth Mj‛) Cjvdrd, }cd jilx pjlhm pjt`d jb hibjko}hji vd cord ^oim H tpd }cd vjm –pjlhm‘ hi o rdx lh}dol pdipd ‐ H dbd }j }cd Kdkjhol p}jid vch`c p}oimp o} }cd phmd jb Tpth+ pdipdh‘p }jka[, mhpofddp vh}c aj}c }cdpd ptffdp}hjip) ]cd }h}ld jb }cd hip`hw}hji ji }cd Tpth kdkjhol `ldolx hmdi}hbhdp Tpth+pdipdh op }cd bjtimd jb &Qdhcj&) Ijv vchld pjkd bjln cord o}}dkw}dm }j kond tp adlhdrd }co} &Qdhcj& vop o `ji}o`}hji ‐ o pcj}coim rdphji + jb }cd wcopd &Qdhnh Qxjcj&, h} pddkp }chp hp qth}d hi`jd`}) &Qdhcj& o`}tollx dbdp }j o &Pwhh}tol kd}cjm& + hi }chp `opd5 Tpth&p pwhh}tol kd}cjm5 Tpth Qdhcj 

Xd}, }cd pwhh}tol wo`}h`d5 }chp –pwhh}tol kd}cjm‘ mdrdljwdm ax Tpth+pdipdh + vcd}cd h} vop wo} jb }cd jhfhiol hi}di}hji j ij} ^?[ ‐ vop olpj wd`dhrdm }j ovondi hi }cd himhrhmtol, p}jif }cdowdt}h` oahlh}hdp) Oim }chp }cdowdt}h` opwd`} jb }cd wo`}h`d #h)d) vco} vd `jkkjilx dbd }j op –Qdhnh‘( vop hmdi}hbhdm ax }cd iokd Tpth Qdhnh Qxjcj ^1[ j5 Tpth‘p –Qdhnh‘ cdolhif kd}cjm  Pj, vco} dso`}lx hp –Qdhnh‘ #hi }chp `ji}ds}(: ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f 2

Koix wdjwld p}hll hi`jd`}lx p}o}d }co} &Qdhnh& }oiplo}dp op &tihrdpol didfx& ^0[ + oim h} ktp} ad a d pohm }co} }cd j}cd `jkkji }oiplo}hji5 } oiplo}hji5 &Pwhh}tol didfx&, vchld wdcowp kjrhif bo kjd hi }cd hfc} mhd`}hji hp, h} pddkp, p}hll ij} qth}d `jd`} ]cdd od koix vjmp hi Eowoidpd }co} kox ad mdp`hadm op –nh+vjmp‘ + `jkwjtim+ vjmp bjkdm ax ommhif }cd bokhlho –nh‘ #op hi Qdh+nh ( }j }cd dim jb oij}cd vjm) Dsokwldp hi`ltmd5 fdinh, hinh , oim }dinh ) Tibj}tio}dlx, hb vd o}}dkw} }j }oiplo}d pt`c `jkwjtim+vjmp ax phkwlx }oiplo}hif oim `jkahihif }cd kdoihifp jb }cd }vj himhrhmtol jhfhiol vjmp, }chp vhll ij} id`dppohlx fhrd tp oi o``to}d }oiplo}hji jb }cd `jkwjtim+vjm h}pdlb) Ld} tp }ond, bj dsokwld, }cd vjm }dinh + op o p}oim+oljid, }di phfihbhdp cdordi, j pnx) Nh hp jb `jtpd kjp} `jkkjilx }oiplo}dm op pwhh}, didfx #j bddlhif() Pj }cd `jkwjtim }dinh vjtlm }cddbjd wdcowp kdoi5 “Cdordilx Pwhh}‛: j koxad “Cdordi Didfx‛ #op jwwjpdm }j Do}c Didfx(: Vdll o`}tollx h} phkwlx kdoip5 Vdo}cd/ Lhndvhpd, `jkahihif }cd lh}dol kdoihifp jb }cd }vj wo}p jb }cd `jkwjtim –Qdhnh‘ mjdp ij} dollx fhrd tp o }tlx o``to}d timdp}oimhif jb }cd `jkwjtim h}pdlb) Jifjhif dpdo`c vjtlm ptffdp} }co} Qdhnh + op }cd }dk hp tpdm hi }cd iokd Tpth  Qdhnh Qxjcj + kjd hkkdmho}dlx }oiplo}dp phkwlx op –pwhh}‘ j &pwhh}tol&> }ctp Tpth  Qdhnh Qxjcj }oiplo}dp kjp} `ldolx op5 Tpth&p pwhh}tol cdolhif+kd}cjm  Hi `d}ohi tpofd, }cd noieh+woh tpdm }j vh}d Qdhnh `oi himh`o}d pjkd}chif lhnd &pwhh}tol dppdi`d& j &pwhh}tol hibltdi`d& Op }cd }dk Qdhnh hp tpdm hi }cd iokd Tpth Qdhnh Qxjcj , }cdd hp ij} id`dppohlx oix mhd`} dbddi`d }j –didfx‘ + hi }chp `ji}ds}, }cd nh wo} jb }cd `jkwjtim vjtlm phkwlx pddk }j pwdon }j }cd mxiokh` + }cd dbbd`} jb pwhh} hi o`}hji) Op p}o}dm oajrd, Tpth+pdipdh mhm ij} d+mhp`jrd, d+ mhp`jrd, j bj }co} ko}}d `do}d j mdrdljw, pjkd}chif `olldm &Qdhnh& • Ij mhm cd d+mhp`jrd j `do}d*hirdi}*mdrdljw –Qdhnh Qxjcj‘• Phkwlx kdoihif &Pwhh}tol Cdolhif #Kd}cjm(&, }cd }dk –Qdhnh Qxjcj‘ com owwodi}lx addi tpdm ax rohjtp wdjwld hi `jiid`}hji vh}c }cdh jvi wo}h`tlo }cdowdt}h` wo`}h`dp) Bj dsokwld, hi ?8?8, o }cdowhp} iokdm K) Novonokh wtalhpcdm o ajjn di}h}ldm5 Qdhnh Qxjcj ]j Pjij Njno #Pwhh}tol Cdolhif " H}p Dbbd`}p(> oim Btkhj Jfovo }dllp tp }co} o K Mohpdhmj ]oiono olpj wo`}h`dm chp jvi wo}h`tlo kd}cjm jb –Qdhnh Qxjcj‘, whj }j Tpth+pdipdh mdrdljwhif chp Pwhh}tol Cdolhif Kd}cjm) Tpth+pdipdh mhm ij} hirdi} –Qdhnh Qxjcj‘) Vco} V co} cd o`}tollx `do}dm vop &Tpth Qdhnh Qxjcj&) ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f 6

H} vjtlm pddk }co} vco} cd `do}dm vop iokdm Tpth Qdhnh Qxjcj jt} jb o iddm }j mhbbddi}ho}d ad}vddi h} oim }cd Qdhnh Qxjcj wo`}h`dm ax j}cd Pwhh}tol Cdoldp jb }cd }hkd) ^=[ Owwodi}lx }cdd vdd olpj j}cd cdoldp vcj dbddm }j }cdh wo`}h`d op Pchidh  Qxjcj oim dpdo`c vjtlm pddk }j ptffdp} }co} }cd }dkp Qdhnh Qxjcj oim Pchidh  Qxjcj od hi}d`coifdoald dswdpphjip) + + }cd }dkp Qdhnh oim Pchidh aj}c }oiplo}hif op –pwhh}tol‘) ]cd }dk Qdhnh olpj owwdop hi }cd wchljpjwcx jb }cd Jkj}j Nxj pwhh}tol fjtw #vcj vdd wo}h`tlolx hibltdi}hol mthif }cd dolx 17}c@( + himh`o}hif, ij} &didfx& wd pd at} o}cd }cd didfd}h`+dbbd`} jb }cd hiidkjp} opwd`} jb }cd ctkoi pwhh}) Jkj}j Nxj }olnp jb }cd h`chdh ^–jid pwhh}‘[ + }co} pwon jb }cd mhrhid }co} dphmdp hi drdx}chif lhrhif }chif hi `do}hji) ]chp h`chdh ^+ }cd &dh& cdd, himh`o}hif pwhh}, hp }cd pokd dh op hi Qdhnh[ ‐ }chp pwhh}tol dppdi`d + hp pddi }j koihbdp} kjd wjbjtimlx hi chfcd lhbdbjkp) Op wd`dhrdm hi ctkoi adhifp, }cd mhrhid pwon hp dbddm }j op ioj ch + –pwhh}tol wdpdi`d‘ j –pwhh} mhd`} #bjk Nokh (‘(‘ Ioj ch hp !))) }cd phkwldp}, wtdp}, hiidkjp} opwd`} jb }cd ctkoi pwhh}, dkajmxhif ptwdkd fjjm oim tl}hko}d adot}x•)]co} vch`c hp oald }j pord xjt ajmx oim pjtl •‛ oim Qdhnh `oi ad pddi op –}cd koihbdp} dbbd`} jb Ioj ch hi o`}hji‘^4[ ^H} hp olpj hi}ddp}hif }j ij}d }co} }cd noieh bj ioj ch `oi olpj ad dom op `cjnt dh ‐ vh}cjt} oix `coifd j ljpp hi kdoihif•[ ZZZZZZZZZZZZ

Ij}dp5

^?[ Hi }cd Qdhnh Qxjcj Chnndh #]do}kdi} @jkwoihji*Fthmd(, Tpth+pdipdh hp qtj}dm op poxhif

}co} cd mhm ij} fj hi pdo`c jb pwd`hol wjvdp

^1[ ]chp }dk hp tpdm hi }cd Chnndh

Qdhn h adhif timdp}jjm }j dbd }j !tihrdpol*lhbd+bj`d !ti hrdpol*lhbd+bj`d didfx! #h)d) hi ^0[ ]cd vcjld `ji`dw} jb Qdhnh }cd pdipd jb oi didfx jt}phmd jb jtpdlrdp( pddkp }j dollx ad pjkd}chif qth}d kjmdi + o Vdp}di `ji`dw}tolhpo}hji }co} vop hkwj}dm hi}j Eowoi hi }cd ?837&p) Hi o mhox di}x mo}dm Md`) ?7 ?804, ]ono}o+pdipdh vj}d oajt} Qdhnh adhif5 !)))Didfx vh}chi jidpdlb ! + oim olpj oajt} cjv vd ktp} !)))kdmh}o}d }j ld} }cd !Didfx! `jkd  jt} bjk vh}chi)! @ji`dihif }cd !Didfx! pcd pohm5 pohm5 !H} lhdp hi }cd aj}}jk jb xjt p}jko`c  oajt} 1 hi) adljv }cd iordl )! )! ]chp vjtlm pddk }j ad o rdx mhbbddi} rhdv jb Qdhnh bjk }co} `jkkjilx cdlm ax koix wdjwld }jmox))) ^=[ Ofohi hi }cd Chnndh, Tpth+pdipdh hp qtj}dm op poxhif }co} cd “mhm ij} d`dhrd }chp kd}cjm bjk oixjid dlpd‛ ^4[ @jkwod vh}c }chp qtj}d bjk }cd Chnndh5 !Drdx lhrhif, ado}chif adhif wjppdppdp }cd

pwhh}tol oahlh}x }j cdol) ]chp hp }td jb wloi}p, oihkolp, bhpc oim hipd`}p, at} h} hp ctkoip + }cd `tlkhio}hji jb `do}hji + vcj wjppdpp }cd fdo}dp} wjvd) Jt kd}cjm hp o wo`}h`ol koihbdp}o}hji jb }chp wjvd)!

% % % % % % %

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f 3

]CD KX]CJLJFHPDM QDHNH P]JQX: @jwxhfc} ¨ 1774 Eokdp Mdo`ji

Phkwlx ad`otpd pdrdol dldkdi}p jb }cd P}jx jb Qdhnh op }jlm ax ]ono}o+pdipdh cord owwodi}lx addi &wjrdm& }j ad hio``to}d& , koix vjtlm cord tp ijv adlhdrd }co} ]ono}o+pdipdh &komd kjp} jb h} tw op pcd vdi} oljif&) At}, olljvhif bj o kjkdi} }co} !}cd wjjb hp jt} }cdd! + }co} `d}ohi dldkdi}p jb }cd Qdhnh P}jx od hio``to}d ^?[ + vcx hp h} opptkdm }co} ]ono}o+pdipdh vop }cd jid dpwjiphald bj }cd `do}hji jb }cd !}oll }old!: Pcd olvoxp kohi}ohidm }co} pcd vop phkwlx d`jti}hif }cd p}jx op pcd com addi }jlm h} ax Coxopch+pdipdh ))) ))) Ljjnhif kjd `ljpdlx o} }cd p}jx jb Qdhnh, h} ad`jkdp owwodi} }co} }cdd od o} ldop} o `jtwld jb dldkdi}p #" wjaoalx kjd)))( vch`c olpj owwdo hi }cd &bjtimhif& p}jhdp jb j}cd kjmdi+mox Eowoidpd cdolhif fjtwp^O[) Pj, h} pddkp lhndlx }co} vcjdrd ^1[ ommdm }cdpd dldkdi}p vop hi bo`} phkwlx athlmhif o `tp}jkox kx}cjljfhpdm }old + hi }chp `opd, jb }cd bjtimhif jb Qdhnh, }j pd} Tpth+ pdipdh&p Fhb} ji o} ldop} o ldrdl bjj}hif vh}c j}cd `ji}dkwjox Eowoidpd Pwhh}tol cdolhif o}p + lh}dollx &nddwhif tw vh}c }cd `jkwd}h}hji!) Oim hb }chp vop himddm }cd `opd, vco} wjhi} vjtlm }cdd cord addi hi mjhif pj hb }cd wdpji dpwjiphald vop lhrhif oim }do`chif Qdhnh hi }cd TP5 hi o `tl}td vcdd }cdd vop ij `jkwd}h}hji + vcdd }cdpd j}cd fjtwp mhm ij} cord o &wdpdi`d& + vcdd ij jid com drdi cdom jb }cdk j }cdh kho`tljtp &bjtimhif+kx}cp: H} cop addi ptffdp}dm }co} ]ono}o+pdipdh komd tw }cd p}jx oajt} Tpth+pdipdh adhif o @chp}hoi #o`}tollx, }cdd hp p}hll ij &com& drhmdi`d }j wjrd cd vopi&} o @chp}hoi/^0[( hi jmd }j kond }cd hmdo jb Qdhnh kjd wolo}oald }j Okdh`oip vcj vdd wj}di}hollx p}hll Oi}h+Eowoidpd op o dptl} jb }cd Wo`hbh` Vo + oim ptwwjpdmlx vjtlmi&} o``dw} }cd hmdo jb Tpth+pdipdh adhif o Atmmchp}: ^=[ At} hp }cdd o`}tollx oix ljfh` hi }chp: Dpwd`hollx vcdi vd `jiphmd }co} o} }cd }hkd ]ono}o+pdipdh vop hi}jmt`hif Qdhnh }j oi Okdh`oi otmhdi`d, Atmmchpk + hi jid bjk j oij}cd + vop ad`jkhif rdx wjwtlo) Eowoidpd Atmmchpk, whkohlx dwdpdi}dm ax }cd Udi p`cjjl, vop wo}h`tlolx &ahf& o} }cd }hkd))) Olpj, hb + op vd od dswd`}dm }j adlhdrd + ]ono}o+pdipdh vop dpwjiphald bj &dvjnhif& }cd Qdhnh P}jx }j kond h} kjd o``dw}oald }j ptwwjpdm Okdh`oi pdiph}hrh}hdp, vcx }cdi loajt }cd wjhi} }co} Tpth+pdipdh com ij pt``dpp hi ti`jrdhif }cd pd`d}p jb cdolhif oahlh}x hi Vdp}di dlhfhjip, wchljpjwchdp j dlo}dm pwhh}tol wo`}h`d #vch`c, o``jmhif }j }cd Qdhnh P}jx, cd hp pohm }j cord p}tmhdm hi Okdh`o(: Oim vcx olpj loajt }cd wjhi} }co}, ji d}tihif }j Eowoi, cd drdi}tollx mhp`jrddm }cd &pd`d}& #5o bjktlo bj o``dpphif cdolhif + ij} }cd Qdhnh pxkajlp, op pjkd pddk }j adlhdrd( hi Atmmchp} ]ds}p + oim }co} cd vop fhb}dm vh}c }cd Qdhnh Wcdijkdiji vchld timd}onhif kdmh}o}hrd otp}dh}hdp jb o wo}h`tlolx Eowoidpd io}td, ji o cjlx Eowoidpd kjti}ohi po`dm }j aj}c Atmmchp}p oim bjlljvdp jb Pchi}j olhnd: Qdomhif ad}vddi }cd lhidp jb }cd Qdhnh P}jx, h} pddkp }j kd }co}, o}cd }coi corhif addi dvjndm ax ]ono}o+pdipdh bj oi Okdh`oi kond}, }cd Qdhnh P}jx kox cord ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f 8

dshp}dm hi }chp bjk bj qth}d pjkd }hkd adbjd pcd cdpdlb ldoi} ldo i} h} bjk Coxopch+ pdipdh) Hp h} wjpphald }co}, o}cd }coi adhif dvjndm pj op }j ad o``dw}oald }j wj}di}hol Vdp}di p}tmdi}p, }cd Qdhnh P}jx vop o`}tollx hi}dimdm bj }cd Eowoidpd &cjkd kond}& op h} vdd: @jtlm h} ad }co} }cdd hp hi bo`} o pta}lx oi}h +vdp}di +vdp}di pdi}hkdi} }j }cd }old: ]co} h} pwdonp }j }cd adlhdb cdlm ax koix Eowoidpd drdi mthif }cd dolx md`omdp jb }cd 17}c@, }co} }cd Eowoidpd wdjwld pcjtlm &p}ox vh}chi }cdh jvi `tl}td& + }co} }cdd vop lh}}ld }j ad fohidm bjk }cd fohehi #bjdhfidp( oim }cdh voxp: Ob}doll, hp ij} }cd pta+}ds} jb }cd Qdhnh P}jx #o} ldop} jb }cd bhp} wo} jb }cd p}jx( }cd o``jti} jb o Eowoidpd khihp}d jb o fohehi dlhfhji #h)d) @chp}hoih}x(, vcj, ji adhif `colldifdm ax pjkd jb chp p}tmdi}p }j mdkjip}o}d }cd cdolhif oahlh}hdp cd adlhdrdm Edptp oim chp mhp`hwldp wjppdppdm, vop tioald }j btlbhl }cdh dqtdp} #hi h}pdlb, pjkd}chif }co} vjtlm di}ohl o mdfdd jb &ljpp jb bo`d&, oim wjpphalx dbld`} wjjlx ji chp @chp}hoi boh}c(: Oim vcj, hi pd}}hif jt} ji j i o qtdp} }j bhim }cd vox }j koihbdp} }chp &Idv ]dp}okdi}& cdolhif oahlh}x, vop tioald }j mhp`jrd cjv }j mj pj + drdi hi }cd fdo} Okdh`o: Cjv, ob}d p}tmxhif }cd @chp}hoi boh}c kjd mddwlx m ddwlx hi Okdh`o, cd com drdi pdo`cdm bj }cd pd`d} jb cdolhif hi }cd vh}hifp jb }cd j}cd fdo} dlhfhjip jb }cd Vdp} + xd} }j ij orohl: Oim }co} h} vop jilx ji d}tihif }j chp cjkdloim + oim pdo`chif okhmp} }cd pwhh}tol }omh}hjip jb chp jvi `tl}td, }co} cd drdi}tollx mhp`jrddm o &pd`d} bjktlo& + o Atmmchp} , o}cd }coi @chp}hoi , bjktlo vch`c vjtlm dioald chk }j koihbdp} o fdo} cdolhif fhb}: Olpj, H bhim h} phfihbh`oi} }co} hi }cd Qdhnh P}jx, vchld h} `ldolx p}o}dp }co} Tpth+pdipdh mhp`jrddm }cd &pd`d}& + }cd bjktlo bj o``dpphif cdolhif + hi o Atmmchp} pt}o, h} mjdp ij} kdi}hji wd`hpdlx vch`c pt}o: Pdrdol wdjwld cord qtdp}hjidm vcx) Com }cd nijvldmfd addi bjfj}}di: Com Tpth+pdipdh wdcowp ij} pcodm }chp hibjko}hji vh}c chp p}tmdi}p hi }cd bhp} b hp} wlo`d: H vjtlm rdi}td }j ptffdp} }co}, drdi hb }cd iokd jb }cd dso`} pt}o vop nijvi }j }cd wdpji j wdpjip dpwjiphald bj mdrdljwhif }cd Qdhnh P}jx, wdcowp }cdx hi}di}hjiollx jkh}}dm }cd md}ohlp: Hb pj, vcx: Vop h} }co} }cdx bdl} bj vco}drd dopji,  dopji, }chp vop jid pd`d} ij} }j ad mhp`ljpdm }j }cd wtalh` o} lofd: J wdcowp vop h} oi hi}di}hjiol wljx + }j p}hktlo}d `thjph}x hi p}tmdi}p + }j di`jtofd }cdk }j o}}dkw} }j mhp`jrd }cd wd`hpd pt}o bj }cdkpdlrdp: Jb `jtpd, hi jmd }j mj pj, p}tmdi}p vjtlm cord }j `odbtllx p}tmx o fdo} koix Atmmchp} pt}op) Oim vco} hb }cd wdjwld dpwjiphald bj mdrdljwhif }cd Qdhnh P}jx vdd }cdkpdlrdp Atmmchp}: ]j }cd Atmmchp} vox jb }chinhif, vjtlm pt`c bj`tppdm p}tmx jb Atmmchp} p`hw}tdp ij} ad o fdo} vox }j mov Qdhnh p}tmdi}p + aj}c &adlhdrdp& oim iji+Atmmchp}p olhnd + drd `ljpd }j &}cd Mcoko&: ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f ?7

IJ]DP5 ^?[ JN pj vd ijv nijv Tpth+pdipdh mhm ij} o}}dim }cd Tihrdph}x jb @ch`ofj, ij vop cd o

Qdlhfhjtp Khihp}d o} Mjpchpco Tihrdph}x T ihrdph}x + }cjtfc }cd mj`tkdi}ox drhmdi`d }j ptap}oi}ho}d `lohkp jb bt}cd hio``to`x hi }cd &P}jx jb Qdhnh& hp))) vcdd dso`}lx:(

^1[ H} ktp} ad `ldolx timdp}jjm, H ok

ij} ptffdp}hif }co} }chp vop mjvi }j Coxopch+pdipdh # + ij bj }co} ko}}d, ok H ptffdp}hif h} vop mjvi }j Tpth+pdipdh dh}cd() H} hp jb `jtpd wjpphald }co} Coxopch+pdipdh khfc} cord phkwlx addi khp}ondi oajt} `d}ohi md}ohlp jb Tpth+ pdipdh&p ahjfowcx, #bjk vco} vd od ovod, }cd }vj jilx nidv do`c j}cd mthif }cd lop} 8 j ?7 kji}cp jb Tpth+pdipdh&p lhbd,( cjvdrd, cj vdrd, H `oiij} cdlw at} vjimd hb Coxopch+pdipdh chkpdlb kox cord o`}tollx addi }jlm }chp &bjtimhif& p}jx ax j}cdp #pjkd }hkd ob}d Tpth+ pdipdh&p mdo}c(, wjpphalx ax j}cd kdkadp jb }cd Fonnoh:

^0[ Bj vco}drd dopjip #wjlh}h` j j}cd(, ji

mhp`jrdhif }co} Tpth+pdipdh com ij} addi o} Mjpchpco Tihrdph}x, pjkd wdjwld olpj md`hmdm }co} }chp &wjrdm& cd com olpj ij} addi o Khihp}d + }co} cd com ij} drdi addi o @chp}hoi o} oll) Jb `jtpd, cd kox ij} cord addi o Khihp}d, kox ij} cord addi @chp}hoi, at} }cd kdd bo`} cd com ij} addi o} Mjpchpco, `oiij} ad }ondi op wjjb jb }chp) ^=[ Drdi }cjtfc Eowoi vop o Pchi}j P}o}d, ij} o Atmmchp} jid) ^O[ Bj dsokwld, hi }cd &Qdhnh P}jx& op }jlm ax ]ono}o+pdipdh, vd cdo cjv Tpth+pdipdh

cdoldm }cd wcxph`ol hllp jb koix adffop oim ooifdm bj }cdk }j ad fhrdi dkwljxkdi} + dioalhif }cdk }j bhim }cdh wlo`d ofohi hi pj`hd}x) Cjvdrd, koix }co} cd com cdoldm, hi }hkd oaoimjidm }cdh idv lhrdp oim drd}dm }j }cdh jlm voxp) ]chp ldm Tpth+pdipdh }j }cd dolhpo}hji }co} hi jmd }j dbbd`} lop}hif `coifd, h} vop ij} dijtfc }j phkwlx cdol }cd ajmx + }cdd ktp} ad o pwhh}tol dldkdi} }j }cd wo`}h`d))) Ijv, `jkwod }chp vh}c }cd p}jx jb jid jb Tpth+pdipdh&p `ji}dkwjohdp5 Xoko}j Pcýbþ + bjtimd jb }cd boh}c+cdolhif pd`} Pcýjnt Pchi}ý Xoko}jxoko ) Ob}d ad`jkhif wjppdppdm ax }cd mdh}x, !Xoko}j ij Ýnokh,! etp} ob}d VV?, Xoko}j5 !)))ij} jilx adfoi }do}hif }cd wohip oim hllp jb }cd wdjwld ojtim chk, at} bjtim }co} cd com oi titptol wjvd vch`c olljvdm chk }j dbbd`} tibohlhif `tdp)• ]onhif ij dvom bj chp vjn, cd `tdm itkdjtp wdjwld jb }cdh hllidppdp) At} koix jb }cd wdjwld vcj `okd }j chk bj cdolhif qth`nlx d}tidm }j mhpphwo}d lhrdp jb cdorx mhinhif oim fokalhif) Pddhif }chp, Xoko}j dolhpdm }co} cdolhif wdjwld jb hllidppdp vop ij} id`dppohlx lhindm }j }cdh lofd polro}hji, oim cd `ji`ltmdm }co} }cd drh}olhpo}hji jb jid&p pwhh} oim }cd cjlmhif jb o wjwd kdi}ol p}o}d vdd kjd hkwj}oi} }coi }cd `thif jb wcxph`ol hllp•)! _tj}dm bjk5 Cdolhif hi }cd Idv Qdlhfhjip5 @cohpko oim gCjlx Vo}d& ax Vo}d&  ax Koponj Vo}oioad " Khmjh  Hfd}o ^hi @ji}dkwjox Wowdp ji Eowoidpd Qdlhfhji , Rjl 1, Hip}h}t}d bj Eowoidpd @tl}td oim @lopph`p, Njntfonthi Tihrdph}x, ?88?[

Olpj, `ji`dihif Tpth+pdipdh‘p wo`}h`d jb }cd 1?+mox kdmh}o}hji ji Ntoko+xoko + `jkwod }chp vh}c }cd dswdhdi`d jb Copd Xjpchj, bjtimd jb }cd cdolhif pd`} Qdhco ij Chnoh Nxýnoh 5 Corhif addi ph`nlx phi`d `chlmcjjm, Copd Xjpchj vop ptbbdhif bjk }tad`tljphp, wldthpx, oim ob}d ptfdx bj oi hi}dp}hiol `jimh}hji, chp mj`}j com }jlm chk cd vop tilhndlx }j ptrhrd kjd }coi o kji}c) Hi }cd }hkd cd com ldb}, cd md`hmdm fj ji o dlhfhjtp qtdp}) Copd `lhkadm }j }cd ptkkh} jb Fjndiuoi+xoko, vcdd, cd pdqtdp}ddm chkpdlb hi o pkoll ct})

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f ??

Lhihif tw }vdi}x+jid p}jidp }j `jti} }cd moxp, cd po} hi wdwd}tol kdmh}o}hji, mhp`omhif jid  jb }cd p}jidp do`c mox) ]cd mox `okd vcdi }cdd vop jilx o phifld p}jid dkohihif, oim ji }chp mox, Copd  dswdhdi`dm o pwhh}tol wcdijkdiji)

Cd ad`okd ovod jb }cd rjh`d jb fjm, oim }cd rjh`d pohm, !Ad }cd kdppdifd jb fjm oim voln }cd wo}c jb fjm)! Op }cd rjh`d pwjnd }j chk, Copd vop }oipbhsdm + tioald }j kjrd + op hb cd vdd }hdm mjvi> oim ptmmdilx, oll }cd }dhald wohi }co} com `hwwldm chk bj pj ljif kxp}dhjtplx mhpphwo}dm) Oim hi }hkd chp cdol}c d`jrddm btllx•)

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QDHNH HI EOWOI ADBJQD ?834

+ o Idv Wdpwd`}hrd

@jwxhfc} ¨ 1776 Eokdp Mdo`ji

Hi ?834, Idv Xjn ejtiolhp} oim Qdhnh }do`cd, Khdnj Kh}pth }ordlldm }j Eowoi vh}c }cd hi}di} jb mjhif pjkd dpdo`c hi}j Qdhnh&p jhfhip) Vchld }cdd pcd adfoi }do`chif `loppdp hi o wo}h`tlo p}xld jb Qdhnh #o kjmhbhdm oim otfkdi}dm rdphji jb Tpth Pchnh Qxjcj, op }otfc} ax jid jb ]ono}o+pdipdh&p p}tmdi}p5 Aoaoo Qox(, oim op o dptl}, `jtlm ad pohm }j cord addi phifld+coimdmlx dpwjiphald bj pwonhif o &Qdhnh Qdrhrol& hi Eowoi Xd} adxjim hi}jmt`hif }cd Eowoidpd }j }chp wo}h`tlo p}xld jb Qdhnh, Kh}pth olpj dwj}dm }co} pcd com komd `ji}o`} vh}c j}cd, wd+dshp}hif Qdhnh Wo`}h}hjidp hi Eowoi, oim owwodi}lx com cdpdlb d`dhrdm pjkd }ohihif bjk o} ldop} jid jb }cdk) ]cd wdpdi`d jb }cdpd Qdhnh wo`}h}hjidp vop io}tollx }ondi op wjjb ax Kh}pth }co} Qdhnh com ij} mhdm jt} hi Eowoi, op com wdrhjtplx addi adlhdrdm) Kh}pth hp `jkkjilx cohldm op adhif }cd bhp} wdpji }j d+hi}jmt`d Qdhnh bjk }cd Vdp} }j Eowoi + cjvdrd }cdd hp jid bo`} }co} pcd oim koix j}cdp od `ldolx tiovod jb• Vco} bjlljvp hp oi ds}o`} bjk o d`jmhif jb o }oln fhrdi ax ]ono}o+pdipdh o} }cd ]hih}x Kd}owcxph`ol @di}d, hi Qdmvjjm, @olhbjiho hi ?8625 !H }jjn Qdhnh jt} jb Eowoi) Lop} xdoq H vdi} ao`n oim H ford }cdk }cd bhqp} mdfqdd, oim }cdx oqd etp} `qxhif bjq }cd pd`jim mdfqdd }chp xdoq, pj H ok fjhif ao`n ofohi) Ids} xdoq, H pcoll fj ao`n }j } j Eowoi oim `qdo}d }di ]do`cdqp) Oim }chp hp }cd vox H&k fjhif }j qd}tqi Qdhnh, ao`n }j Eowoi) ]cdqd vhll ad Qdhnh @di}qdp hi Eowoi, oim Kop}dqp }cdqd, oim }cdx } cdx vhll }ond `oqd jb oll }cd id`dpph}x oim }cdx vhll cord koix, koix Qdhnh p}tmdi}p> oim pj, H mj ij} cord }j fj ofohi) Oim pj • ids} xdoq }j Eowoi vhll ad kx lop} }qhw) Pj, H vhll pwdim koix kji}cp }cdqd!

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f ?1

]co} ]ono}o+pdipdh com d+hi}jmt`dm ldrdl jid Qdhnh }j Eowoi hi ?864 kox `jkd op o fdo} ptwhpd }j koix) Cjvdrd, h} pddkp ]ono}o+pdipdh idrd fj} }cd jwwj}tih}x jwwj }tih}x }j d}ti ofohi }j Eowoi, op pcd com hi}dimdm, }j }do`c ldrdlp }vj oim }cdd ^?[ ]cd dopjip adchim }chp od ij} `ldo, at} wjpphalx `oi ad wt} mjvi }j cdol}c) Vchld, o} }cd }hkd, }cd hibjko}hji com ij} addi drdoldm }j cd p}tmdi}p, h} lo}d dkdfdm }co}, pjkd}hkd hi ?864, ]ono}o+pdipdh com com o cdo} o}}o`n, pj ob}d }chp pcd vop wjaoalx ldpp hi`lhidm }j }ordl jrdpdop))) Xd}, ldrdlp }vj oim }cdd ophmd, }cd }c d phkwld bo`} }co} ]ono}o+pdipdh com hih}ho}dm o itkad #cjv koix dso`}lx hp tinijvi( jb ldrdl jid Qdhnh wo`}h}hjidp hi Eowoi + }di  xdop adbjd Kh}pth&p rhph} , hp hi h}pdlb o drdlo}hji vch`c, H bddl `jtlm, hkwo`} phfihbh`oi}lx twji }cd pj+`olldm &idv& chp}jx jb Qdhnh5 Ptqrhrhif Jqhfhiol P}tmdi}p jb Tpth+pdipdh&p }do`chifp:

Ao`n hi }cd lo}d &87&p }co} vd adfoi }j cdo tkjtp oajt} o pkoll fjtw jb rdx dlmdlx Eowoidpd kdi oim vjkdi) H} vop `lohkdm }cdx vdd pjkd jb }cd jhfhiol p}tmdi}p))) + }co} vco} }cdx com addi }otfc} vop pjkd}chif mhbbddi} bjk }cd Qdhnh op hi}jmt`dm }j Eowoi ax Khdnj Kh}pth + }co} vco} }cdx com addi }otfc} com ij} drdi addi `olldm Qdhnh + }co} }cd kd}cjmp oim wo`}h`dp }cdx com addi }otfc} mhm ij} hi`ltmd }cd tpd jb }cd Qdhnh Pxkajlp + }co} }cdx com ij} drdi addi pcjvi }cd Qdhnh Pxkajlp + hi koix `opdp, mhmi&} drdi nijv jb }cd Pxkajlp& dshp}di`d)))

Vdll jb `jtpd h} hp wjpphald }co} }cdpd wdjwld vdd pjkd jb }cd jhfhiol p}tmdi}p + ij} p}tmdi}p }otfc} ax Tpth+pdipdh, at} o}cd jhfhiol Ldrdl ? p}tmdi}p, }otfc} ax  ]ono}o+pdipdh hi ?864 

+ }cd pxp}dk }otfc} ax ]ono}o+pdipdh vop pjkd}chif mhbbddi} bjk }cd Qdhnh op hi}jmt`dm }j Eowoi ax Khdnj Kh}pth ^op kdi}hjidm oajrd, }cd bjk jb Qdhnh hi}jmt`dm ax Kh}pth com addi kjmhbhdm oim otfkdi}dm ax Aoaoo Qox[ + oim jb `jtpd }cd pxp}dk }otfc} ax ]ono}o+pdipdh vop ij} `olldm !Qdhnh! ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f ?0

^at} o}cd5 !Tpth Pchnh Qxjcj![ + oim op bj }cd Qdhnh Pxkajlp5 vdll jb `jtpd }cd kd}cjmp oim wo`}h`dp }cdx com addi }otfc} mhm ij} hi`ltmd }cd tpd jb }cd Qdhnh Pxkajlp + hi }cjpd moxp, Ldrdl ? p}tmdi}p mhm ij} fd} }j pdd }cd Qdhnh Pxkajlp + hi kjp} `opdp, Ldrdl ? p}tmdi}p wjaoalx vjtlmi&} drdi nijv }co} }cdd vdd oix Qdhnh Pxkajlp + }cd Qdhnh Pxkajlp vdd o pd`d}, ij} }j ad drdoldm }j p}tmdi}p ti}hl Ldrdl 1 ^1[

Etp} hkofhid }cd p`diohj, hb xjt vhll5  v hll5 

]ono}o+pdipdh dhi}jmt`dp Qdhnh }j Eowoi hi ?864) ]cd pkoll coimbtl jb Eowoidpd p}tmdi}p od btll jb fo}h}tmd + corhif addi cjijtdm }j d`dhrd }cd &pwhh}tol fhb}& }co} hp }cd Qdhnh Hih}ho}hji, oim }cd o``jkwoixhif &bhp} ldrdl& jb }ohihif hi }chp po`dm o}))) Mhlhfdi}lx, }cdx wo`}h`d vco} }cdx cord addi }otfc} + khimbtllx mdrdljwhif }cdh pnhllp oim pdiph}hrh}hdp + vchlp} dofdlx ovoh}hif }cd }c d mox vcdi ]ono}o+pdipdh vhll d}ti }j oppdpp }cdh wjfdpp, oim md`hmd hb }cdx od domx }j d`dhrd }cd ids} p}ofd hi }cdh }ohihif + }cd pd`jim ldrdl) At} }co} ljifdm+bj mox mjdp ij} ohrd) Bj dopjip tiadnijvi }j }cd pkoll fjtw jb Eowoidpd p}tmdi}p, ]ono}o+pdipdh mjdp ij} d}ti) Oim pj }cdx fomtollx `jkd }j }cd dolhpo}hji }co} }cdx od oljid))) Jrd }hkd, hi }cdh hpjlo}hji, wdcowp h} hp }co} pdrdol jb }cdpd Eowoidpd p}tmdi}p ad`okd mhpcdo}didm, wdcowp drdi kjrd ovox ol}jfd}cd bjk wo`}h`d jb Tpth+ pdipdh&p o}) J}cdp, jb o kjd md}dkhidm pwhh}, wdcowp wd cowp o}}dkw}dm }j mdrdljw adxjim vco} }cdx com addi }otfc} + }j kjrd adxjim }cd di}x+ldrdl }do`chifp #dbddm }j op }cd !hi}jmt`}jx `jtpd! ax ]ono}o+pdipdh() Xd}, adhif tiovod op }j vco} }cd ids} p}ofd jb }ohihif #}cd !hi}dkdmho}d `jtpd!( o`}tollx di}ohldm + }cdx bjtim }cdkpdlrdp pjkdvco} o} o ljpp))) Vco} vdd }cdx }j mj: H} hp qth} bdophald }co} ^+ op vjtlm cowwdi hi }cd Vdp}, ij} }co} koix xdop lo}d[ pjkd jb }cdpd Eowoidpd p}tmdi}p vjtlm cord pjtfc} }j otfkdi} oim omroi`d }cdh wo`}h`d, timdp}oimhif oim wd`dw}hjip ax omjw}hif*hi}dfo}hif dldkdi}p bjk j}cd ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f ?=

mhp`hwlhidp ^0[ , oim olpj wdcowp vjtlm cord pjtfc} hipwho}hji ax movhif ji kdmh}o}hrd wo`}h`dp oim j}cd dldkdi}p bjk }cdh jvi wo}h`tlo pwhh}tol boh}cp) ]cdpd }chifp, `jkahidm vh}c o lh}}ld &hibjkdm ftdppvjn& oim hi}th}hji, oim pjji o &d`jip}t`}dm& rdphji jb Tpth+pdipdh&p }do`chifp fomtollx adfoi }j drjlrd))) At} cjv vdd }cdx }j wopp ji }cd pwhh}tol aldpphif + }cd &Qdhnh fhb}& h}pdlb + }j j}cdp: ]cdpd ldrdl ? p}tmdi}p vdd jb `jtpd tiovod jb }cd }td io}td jb }cd hih}ho}hji wj`dpp) H} vop ]ono}o+pdipdh&p wo`}h`d }j `jibd hih}ho}hji hi o mondidm jjk> oim mthif }cd wj`dmtd }cd p}tmdi}p dxdp vdd `ljpdm) ]cjtfc, drdi com pjkd jb }cdpd Eowoidpd p}tmdi}p #op koix j}cdp hi }cd Vdp} com mjid adbjd }cdk( fhrdi hi }j }dkw}o}hji oim }hdm }j vo}`c bjk timd plhfc}lx ohpdm dxdlhmp, vco} vjtlm }cdx cord pddi op }cdx po} hi foppcj , at} bldd}hif flhkwpdp jb ]ono}o+pdipdh, kjrhif }j oim bj, fdp}thif jap`tdlx, o} }hkdp ado}chif p}oifdlx + }cdd hi }cd dld`}hbxhif, phldi} monidpp))) Wdcowp h} vop }co} hi }cdh qtdp} bj o wj`dpp ax vch`c }j `jibd }cd &fhb}&, pjkdjid cowwdidm twji o `ji`dw} bjtim vh}chi pdrdol jb }cd kjmdi+mox pwhh}tol fjtwp jb}di `o}dfjhpdm op &idv dlhfhjip& + o kdoip jb fhrhif oim d`dhrhif o pwhh}tol aldpphif + o wj`dpp dbddm }j op dhet))) Oim pj, op o dptl} jb }cdpd Eowoidpd p}tmdi}p, hi}dfo}hif vco} lh}}ld }cdx vdd ovod jb `ji`dihif }cd wj`dpp jb }cd jhfhiol hih}ho}hji }cdx }cdkpdlrdp com d`dhrdm, vh}c vco} }cdx com mhp`jrddm oajt} }chp j}cd dhet aldpphif wj`dpp, o &Qdhnh dhet& vop aji #+ }cjtfc pjkd}chif kjd rhptollx onhi }j }cd pdo}dm Qdhnh }do}kdi} kd}cjm }coi }j }cd jhfhiol, bjkol, hih}ho}hji wj`dpp ]ono}o+pdipdh com tpdm( Olpj, op ji do`c jb }cd bjt j``ophjip }cdx com kd} vh}c ]ono}o+pdipdh ^}cd bjt `jipd`t}hrd drdihifp jrd vch`c }cd hi}jmt`}jx ldrdl `jtpd vop cdlm[, }cdx com d`dhrdm }cd aldpphif*hih}ho}hji bjk cd, #oim }cdx com wjaoalx olpj addi hibjkdm ax cd }co} }cd pd`jim ldrdl vjtlm ahif vh}c h} o mddwdihif jb }cd `jiid`}hji vh}c*ovodidpp jb Qdhnh ^=[,( h} vop ij} dollx }co} kt`c jb o ldow bj }cdpd di}ctphop}h` Eowoidpd p}tmdi}p }j `ji`ltmd }co} + com }cdh }ohihif `ji}hitdm op jhfhiollx wloiidm + }cdi ji drdx j``ophji }co} }cdx kd} vh}c ]ono}o+pdipdh }cdx vjtlm cord olpj d`dhrdm }chp &aldpphif&) ^4[ Oim pj vop aji }cd hmdo jb }cd dftlo, jifjhif, d`dhw} jb }chp &Qdhnh fhb}& }chp pwhh}tol fhb} + }chp dhet ))) )))

Vh}chi o rdx pcj} bdv xdop ob}d ]ono}o+pdipdh&p wopphif, Qdhnh hi }cd Vdp}, com hi  koix `opdp drjlrdm bo bjk }cd pwd`hbh` timdp}oimhifp oim wo`}h`dp op }otfc} ax  ]ono}o+pdipdh cdpdlb) Hkofhid etp} cjv kt`c &Eowoidpd Qdhnh& `jtlm cord drjlrdm hi }cd }di xdop ad}vddi  ]ono}o+pdipdh d}tihif Qdhnh }j Eowoi hi ?864 oim Kh}pth &dmhp`jrdhif& Qdhnh }cdd  vcdi pcd rhph}dm hi ?834:  ^]j ad `ji}hitdm))):[

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f ?4

ZZZZZZZ

IJ]DP ^?[

Wcxllhp Bttkj}j cop `jibhkdm }co} ij kop}dp vdd `do}dm ax cd foimkj}cd hi Eowoi hi }cd 67&p ^ji o dlo}dm ij}d, vd nijv }co} ]ono}o+pdipdh vdi} }j Eowoi }j rhph} Coxopch+ pdipdh&p vhmjv, @chd, hi }cd dolx ?847&p + pj h} hp ij} adxjim }cd dolk jb wjpphahlh}x }co} pcd kox cord }otfc} pjkd Qdhnh `loppdp }cdd o} }co} }hkd)[

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Oim drdi Ldrdl 1 p}tmdi}p vjtlm wjaoalx ad tiovod }co} }cdd vop o bt}cd Qdhnh Pxkajl }otfc} o} Ldrdl 0) ]cd koejh}x vjtlm ad timd }cd hkwdpphji }co} }cd Qdhnh pxp}dk jilx com }cdd pxkajlp hi }j}ol))) ^0[

Bj dsokwld, Ejcdh #+ vch`c, vchld ds}diollx wd`dhrdm op o bjk jb coim+cdolhif, hp kjd wjwdlx `jiphmddm }j ad o bjk jb pwhh}tol wthbh`o}hji) O kdoip jb pwhh}tol mdrdljwkdi}  bhp} oim bjdkjp} + cdolhif adhif phkwlx o phmd dbbd`} jb }cd Pwhh}tol wo`}h`d( ^=[

^Oim olpj bt}cd kd}cjmp }j cdlw bo`hlh}o}d `coifhif `coifh if aom coah}p bj fjjm, }ctp hkwjrhif khim oim ajmx[ ^4[

Jarhjtplx }cdx vjtlm cord ij vox jb nijvhif }co} h} vop jilx op wo} jb }cd &hi}jmt`}jx& }ohihif }co} }cd bjt hih}ho}hjip #vh}c }cdh `jiid`}hji }j }cd &bjt pjtl opwd`}p&( vdd fhrdi, oim }co} }cdx vjtlm cord jilx d`dhrdm jid bt}cd hih}ho}hji o} do`c jb }cd j}cd }vj ldrdlp jb }ohihif)

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@JTLM TPTH+PDIPDH CORD ADDI O @CQHP]HOI OB]DQOLL: @jwxhfc} ¨ 1776 Eokdp Mdo`ji

]ono}o+pdipdh }otfc} }co} Tpth+pdipdh com addi o @chp}hoi + cjvdrd, o``jmhif }j }cd &idv& rdphji jb }cd Chp}jx jb Qdhnh, Tpth+pdipdh hp pohm }j cord addi o Atmmchp} ) At} }cdi ofohi• O} }cd }hkd jb Tpth+pdipdh&p ah}c, @chp}hoih}x vop jt}lovdm hi Eowoi + h} com addi jt}lovdm bj pdrdol ctimdm xdop) ]cd wdiol}x bj wjbdpphif }cd @chp}hoi boh}c vop o phkwld jid + mdo}c ) Cjvdrd, ob}d }cd Kdheh fjrdikdi} lhb}dm }cd aoi ji @chp}hoih}x hi ?360, khpphjiohdp bjk itkdjtp mhbbddi} @chp}hoi mdijkhio}hjip bljjmdm hi}j }cd `jti}x)

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f ?2

O} h}p `jd, }cd Kdheh dp}jo}hji vop oll oajt} kjmdihpo}hji + oajt} }cd Fdo} Eowoidpd io}hji + `hwwldm ax dimldpp xdop jb hpjlo}hjihp} wjlh`x + pddnhif }j `o}`c tw vh}c }cd dp} jb }cd vjlm, wo}h`tlolx hi }dkp jb p`hdi`d oim }d`cijljfx) Oim h} vop qth`nlx dolhpdm }co} }cd @chp}hoip `jtlm wjrhmd kt`c jb }chp ldoihif) Jb `jtpd }cd rohjtp @chp}hoi khpphjip }jjn btll omroi}ofd jb }cd ph}to}hji + oix jwwj}tih}x }j wjwofo}d }cdh boh}c) Wjrhmhif dmt`o}hji vop oi hmdol kdoip jb fohihif `jird}p) Oim pj, vh}c @chp}hoi khpphjiox dp}oalhpckdi}p wjrhmhif o``dpp }j vdp}di dmt`o}hjiol bjko}p, h} ad`okd qth}d `jkkji bj bokhlhdp }j ad`jkd #oladh}, ijkhiollx( @chp}hoi, hi jmd }j wj`td oi jwwj}tih}x bj }cdh `chlmdi }j d`dhrd o fjjm dmt`o}hji oim ldoi vdp}di loiftofdp) Ob}d oll, o fjjm dmt`o}hji kdoi} fjjm wjpwd`}p) Ijid timdp}jjm }chp ad}}d }coi }cd kdkadp jb }cd jlm Ijahlh}x + }cd Poktoh) Mthif }cd dolx wo} jb }cd Kdheh do, o fdo} koix wdjwld bjk jlm Poktoh #h)d) Atmmchp}( bokhlhdp #corhif ljp} kjp} jb }cdh wjvd oim whrhldfd op o dptl} jb }cd Kdheh dp}jo}hji( `jird}dm }j @chp}hoih}x hi }cd cjwd jb pd`thif wjph}hjip hi dh}cd }cd fjrdikdi} j }cd khlh}ox) Hb Tpth+pdipdh vop, op cop addi ptffdp}dm, jb Poktoh oi`dp}x #@chao `loi(, }cdi }tihif }j @chp}hoih}x op o kdoip jb fohihif o fjjm dmt`o}hji vjtlm cord addi `jiphmddm }cd wofko}h` }chif }j mj)

% % % % % % %

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f ?6

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZ

Hb xjt lhndm }chp Qdhnh D+Ajjn, }cdi wldopd “ Wox h} Bjqvoqm ‛ ax ptwwjq}hif

1?p} @DI]TQX ]HFDQ

c}}w5**vvv)1?p}`di}tx}hfd)jf

1?p} @di}tqx ]hfdq hp o tihqtd vhlm }hfd `jipdro}hji wo}idpchw ad}vddi }cd Ujjljfh`ol Pj`hd}x jb Ljimji oim Fljaol ]hfdq Wo}qjl) ?77$ jb btimp qohpdm fj mhqd`}lx }j vhlm }hfdq wqjed`}p)

Omkhihp}o}hji bj }cd jwdo}hji jb 1?p} @di}tx ]hfd ] hfd hp btimdm pdwoo}dlx) ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZ

Hb xjt cord xjt jvi vda ph}d, wdcowp xjt khfc} olpj ad vhllhif }j cdlw ax wlo`hif }chp aoiid * lhin hi o wjkhidi} wjph}hji ji pjkd jb xjt wofdp) ]coin xjt

Mjviljom kjqd BQDD wmb+bjqko} Qdhnh mj`tkdi}p o}5 Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP5 c}}w5**vvv)od}v)jf

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f ?3

TPD JB KO]DQHOLP Xjt kox bddlx wtalhpc }cd ko}dhol `ji}ohidm hi }chp d+ajjn ji xjt jvi vdaph}d, j hi xjt Qdhnh Koitolp%, idvpld}}d%, j j}cd &ij}+bjq+wqjbh} &% wtalh`o}hji # + xjt kox olpj }oiplo}d h} hi}j j}cd loiftofdp (  wqjrhmhif xjt wtalhpc h} hi h}p di}hd}x + hi`ltmhif btll Ot}cjq oim @jwxqhfc} `dmh}p, oim5 Hb tpdm ji o vdaph}d, xjt wjrhmd o lhrd lhin ao`n  ^bjk }cd wofd vcdd xjt wlo`d }cd ko}dhol[ }j5

EOKDP MDO@JI&P QDHNH WOFDP5 c}}w5**vvv)od}v)jqf Hb tpdm hi o koitol %, idvpld}}d%, j j}cd whi}dm kdmhtk%, xjt `ldolx `dmh}5

EOKDP MDO@JI&P QDHNH WOFDP5 c}}w5**vvv)od}v)jqf op }cd pjt`d jb }cd ko}dhol)

%]cdd ktp} ad IJ BHIOI@HOL FOHI bjk }cd tpd jb }chp ko}dhol) Hb cjvdrd, xjt mj vhpc }j hi`ltmd }chp ko}dhol hi o &bjq+wqjbh} & wtalh`o}hji, xjt ktp} pddn oim qd`dhrd kx dswdpp wdkhpphji adbjqd mjhif pj) ZZZZZZZ Hb xjt phkwlx vhpc }j qtj}d ds}o`}p bjk }chp ko}dhol, wldopd kond h} jarhjtp }co} }cdx OQD ds}o`}p + h)d) tpd qtj}o}hji konp + oim ofohi `ldolx `dmh} `dmh} }cd pjt`d jb }cd ko}dhol) Wldopd mj ij} tpd qtj}dp jt} jb `ji}ds}) ]COIN XJT

]cd `ji}di}p jb }chp D+ajjn kox ad twmo}dm bjk }hkd }j }hkd) ]cd orohloahlh}x jb idvd rdphjip jb }chp D+Ajjn vhll ad wtalh`hudm ji }cd Bdd Qdhnh D+ajjnp wofd o}5 c}}w5**vvv)od}v)jf c}}w5**vvv)od}v)jf

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Eokdp Mdo`ji‘p QDHNH WOFDP + v v v ) o d } v ) j  f ?8