REGULI GENERALE PRIVIND MOSTENIREA

TITLUL I REGULI GENERALE PRIVIND MOSTENIREA

CAPITOLUL I

NOTIUNI INTRODUCTIVE PRIVIND INSTITUTIA MOSTENIRII

Sectiunea terminologice.

I.

Notiuni

introductive.

Precizari

1.Notiunea de mostenire (succesiune). In limbajul comun prin succesiune se intelege o insiruire de  persoane, fapte sau fenomene. In sens juridic, succesiunea sau mostenirea, care sunt sinonime, au un inteles specializat desemnind transmiterea patrimoniului unei persoane fizice decedate catre una sau mai multe persoane in fiinta (persoane fizice, persoane juridice 1 sau statul) .  Notiunii de mostenire sau succesiune succesiune i se confera in doctrina doctrina si  practica judiciara un inteles larg in sensul ca ea desemneaza orice feel de transmisiune de drepturi, atit intre vii cit si pentru cauza de moarte si unul restrins in sensul ca ea desemneaza numai transmisiunea pentru cauza de moarte. In adevar si prin acte juridice intre vii precum contractul de vinzare-cumparare, vinzare-cumparare, donatia, cotractul de intretinere etc. se realizeaza o succesiune in privinta titularilor dreptului de proprietate etc. dar  sensul restrins al notiunii in domeniul pe care-l cercetam vizeaza 1

A se vedea:M. Eliescu, Mostenirea si devolutiunea ei in dreptul R. S. R. , Editura Academiei, Bucuresti, 1966, pag. 19-2o;Fr. Deak, Tratat de drept succesoral, Editura “Actami”Bucuresti, 1999,  pag. 5.

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numai succesiunea care se realizeaza in aceasta privinta pentru cauza de moarte, adica de la o persoana fizica decedata catre una sau mai multe persoane in viata. In sensul restrins, specializat termenul desemneaza atit transmisiunea patrimoniului de la persoana decedata catre mostenitorii (succesorii sai) cit si intinderea sau cuprinsul acestui  patrimoniu. Se vorbeste astfel de bunurile cuprinse in mostenire sau succesiune, de mostenire sau succesiune mobiliara sau imobiliara sau ca un bun face parte din mostenire sau nu. Cu alte cuvinte prin acest termen se desemneaza uneori si obiectul transmisiunii succesorale. Atit legiuitorul cit si jurisprudenta foloseste cu acelasi inteles si notiunea de ereditate. Din cei trei termeni precizati mai sus au rezultat pentru a desemna persoanele care dobindesc drepturile si obligatiile celui decedat notiunile de mostenitori succesori sau erezi.  Nu au lipsit nici preocuparile de unificare a terminologiei intro viitoare legiferare cu toate ca uniformizarea ar duce la saracirea expresiei in domeniu. Daca termenii de mostenire, succesiune si ereditate sunt sinonimi, nu se pot, totusi, realiza aceleasi constructii lingvistice specifice domeniului cu fiecare dintre ei. Se va spune, evident “reprezentare succesorala” si “rezerva succesorala” desi s-ar   putea spune si “ereditara” cu acelasi inteles, dar sintagma nu se  poate realiza cu notiunea de “mostenire”. Varietatea termenilor  confera, asadar, mai largi posibilitati de exprimare decit 2 uniformizarea lor, care nu e de dorit . In fine, cu totul aparte este folosirea de catre legiuitor in art.1680 Cod civil a expresiei de “erezire”atunci cind dispune :”confuziunea urmata intre datornicul principal si fidejusorul sau,  prin erezirea unuia de catre altul, nu stinge actiunea creditorului contra acelui ce a garantat pentru fidejusor”. Persoanele chemate la mostenire sau succesiune sunt numiti mostenitori, succesori, erezi sau urmasi. Defunctul sau cel despre a carui mostenire este vorba,  prescurtat poarta denumirea de “decujus” dedus din dreptul roman din formula “is de cujus succesionis (rebus) agitur”. Bine s-a observat ca este impropriu sa se vorbeasca despre “moartea

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defunctului” (art.653 Cod Civil) sau de “omorul defunctului” 3 (art.655 Cod civil) . Cind este vorba de mostenirea testamentara se foloseste denumirea de testator.

Sectiunea a II-a. Sediul materiei. Constitutia Romaniei prevede in art.42 ca: ”Dreptul de mostenire este garantat” asigurindu-se la nivel de principiu ca acest drept poate fi realizat efectiv prin interventia institutiilor statului. Codul civil in Cartea a III -a privind diferitele moduri de dobindire a proprietatii cuprinde doua titluri dedicate succesiunilor; Titlul I, Despre succesiuni (art.650-799) si Titlul II Despre donatiuni intre vii si despre testamente (art.800-941). Pe linga aceste prevederi legale care constituie principalul izvor al materiei succesiunilor  Codul civil mai cuprinde si alte reglementari referitoare la acest domeniu si cu care dispozitiile de mai sus se intregesc. Este de remarcat ca desi conceptiile politice si sociale isi pun amprenta asupra solutiilor legislative adoptate in timp, sub regimul comunist se poate spune ca materia succesiunilor a ramas relativ intacta. Intinderea emolumentului succesoral era insa redusa intr-o societate in care nu exista o proprietate privata autentica, avind la  baza in principal proprietatea colectiva. Reglementarile Reglementarile din materia succesiunilor care se fundamenteaza tocmai pe proprietatea privata isi capata adevaratele lor valente intr-o societate liberala, democratica in care proprietatea privata este cu adevarat garantata. Dar reglementari legale privitoare la mosteniri se gasesc si alte acte normtive care au diferite obiecte de reglementare. Amintim doar  cu titlu de exemplu Legea nr.18/1991, cu modificarile ulterioare, Legea nr.112/1995 si Legea nr.1o/2oo1.

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CAPITOLUL II CARACTERELE JURIDICE ALE TRANSMISIUNII SUCCESORALE SI FELURILE MOSTENIRII.

Sectiunea a I-a. Caracterele transmisiunii succesorale .

juridice

ale

1.Transmisiunea succesorala este o transmisiune pentru cauza de moarte. Transmisiunea succesorala fiind determinata de faptul mortii unei persoane fizice, fie ca este fizic constatata fie declarata  judecatoreste inseamna ca este o transmisiune pentru cauza de moarte (mortis cauza). Reglementarile din acest domeniu nu se aplica transmisiunilor prin acte juridice intre vii care sunt reglementata de dreptul obligational si nici incetarii persoanelor   juridice. Chiar daca in acest din urma caz au loc transmisiuni universale sau cu titlu universal acestea sunt reglementate de acte normative speciale iar nu de normele apartinind de dreptul succesoral. In schimb normele dreptului succesoral se aplica si  persoanelor juridice sau statului in ipotaza in care se infatiseaza ca dobinditori ai patrimoniului sau unor bunuri din acesta apartinind 4 unei persoane fizice decedate. 2.Trasmisiunea succesorala este o transmisiune universala. Prin mostenire se transmite un patrimoniu sau o fractiune din acesta, cu activul si pasivul sau ceea ce o deosebeste de transmisiunile prin acte juridice intre vii care au ca obiect, in  principiu doar bunuri singulare. Cu alte cuvinte, o persoana fizica nu-si poate transmite in timpul vietii intregul patrimoniu acesta fiind legat intim de insasi existenta persoanei fizice si reprezentind de altfel latura economica a personalitatii. Numai dupa moartea sa are loc o transmisiune a tuturor drepturilor si obligatiilor pe care acea

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Prin acte juridice intre vii nu se pot transmite datoriile unei  persoane. Exista reglementata, e adevarat, institutia cesiunii de datorie prin care debitorul cedent isi transmite datoria sa cesionarului, acesta urmind sa raspunda in fata creditorului cedat dar  aceasta institutie nu infirma caracterul universal al transmisiunii succesorale intrucit in cazul cesiunii de datorie se trasmite o datorie singulara. Numai moartea unei persoane fizice poate declansa transmisiunea universala a drepturilor si datoriilor sale. Ceea ce deosebeste de asemenea transmisiunea pentru cauza de moarte de transmisiunile intre vii este si faptul ca opozabilitatea drepturilor dobindite prin succesiune nu este conditionata de alte formalitati ca de pilda trasncrierea in cartea funciara in cazul  bunurilor imobile. Tot astfel dobindirea unei creante prin mostenire este opozabila tertilor fara notificarea ei debitorului sau fara ca acesta sa o fi acceptat prin inscris autentic, astfel cum art.1393 C. 5 civ. o cere in cazul actelor juridice intre vii. In cazul vinzarii drepturilor succesorale insa, care au ca obiect drepturi reale pentru opozabilitate fata de terti este necesara indeplinirea formelor de publicitate intrucit obiectul contractului nu-l formeaza universalitatea patrimoniului defunctului ci un drept sau mai multe privite izolat si distinct de acesta.  Nici in cazul acceptarii mostenirii sub beneficiu de inventar  sau in cazul in care mostenirea devine vacanta, cind raspunderea mostenitorilor esle limitata la activul ei, caracterul universal al transmisiunii nu este infirmat intrucit practic are loc doar o limitare a raspunderii. Asadar, in pricipiu prin mostenire se transmit toate drepturile si obligatiile lui decujus cu exceptia celor strict legate de persoana sa cum sunt cele cu caracter viager sau cele intuitu personae. 3.Transmisiunea succesorala este o transmisiune unitara. Acest caracter al transmisiunii succesorale deriva din caracterul unitar al patrimoniului. Aceasta inseamna ca in principiu intreaga mostenire se va transmite dupa aceleasi norme juridice indiferent de natura, provenienta sau originea bunurilor ce o compun. Asadar, indiferent ca bunurile sunt mobile sau imobile, drepturi reale sau de creanta, ca se mostenesc pe linie materna sau

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transmite dupa aceleasi reguli. Evident aceasta nu inseamna unicitatea actului normativ caci, asa cum am vazut izvoare ale dreptului succesoral sunt nu numai Codul civil dar si alte acte normative ca Legea nr.319/1944, Decr. Nr.167/1958 etc. Nici coexistenta mostenirii legale cu cea testamentara nu poate fi considerata o exceptie de la principiul unitatii transmisiunii succesorale. In doctrina sunt consacrate, totusi, unele exceptii de la caracterul unitar al transmisiunii succesorale, bazate tocmai pe 6 originea, natura sau destinatia unor bunuri   aflate in patrimoniul 7 defunctului si care sunt supuse unor reglementari diferite. A) In cazul in care sotul supravietuitor nu vine la mostenire in concurs cu descendentii acestuia are potrivit art.5 din Legea nr.319/1944, un drept special asupra mobilierului casnic si a darurilor de nunta pe care nu le va impartii cu ceilalti mostenitori. Asadar, in acest caz ne abatem de la unitatea transmisiunii succesorale intrucit aceleasi succesiuni in se aplica doua categorii de norme juridice. Unele se vor aplica celorlalte bunuri ce compun masa succesorala si altele mobilierului casnic si darurilor de nunta. B) In cazul decesului unui salariat, drepturile salariale neincasate de acesta se vor plati, potrivit art.7 alin.4 din Legea nr.14/1991 sotului supravietuitor, copiilor sau parintilor lui, iar in lipsa acestora celorlalti mostenitori, in conditiile dreptului comun. Tot astfel in doctrina s-au amintit ca fiind derogatorii de la dreptul comun prevederile Legii nr.6/1992 privind concediul de odihna si alte concedii ale salariatilor, ale Legii nr.3/1977 (modificata prin Legea nr.73/1991) privind pensiile de asigurari sociale de stat referitor de asemenea la sumele neincasate de catre salariatul decedat. Legea speciala, asadar stabileste alta ordine in privinta incasarii acestor sume decit cea de drept comun. C) In ipoteza ca de cujus era in momentul mortii sale cetatean strain dar avea bunuri pe teritoriul tarii noastre sau invers era cetatean roman dar avea bunuri pe teritoriul altui stat, avind deci un element de extraneitate, in privinta bunurilor imobile si a fondului de comert se vor aplica reglementarile reglementarile de locul situarii bunurilor (lex rei sitae) iar in privinta bunurilor mobile se vor aplica reglementarile

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legii nationale a defunctului (lex patriae), potrivit art.66 din Legea nr.1o5/1992. Prin vointa sa insa defunctul va putea determina o alta lege aplicabila decit cea prevazuta de art.66 din Legea nr.1o5/1992 8 cu conditia sa nu inlature dispozitii cu caracter imperativ . D) In fine, se mai aminteste cu titlu de exceptie de la caracterul unitar al transmisiunii succesorale Legea nr.8/1996, care a abrogat Decretul nr.321/1956, privind dreptul de autor si drepturile conexe. Asa cum s-a precizat insa nu este o veritabila exceptie de la caracterul unitar al transmiterii succesorale intrucit legea prevede numai reguli speciale in privinta caracterului temporar al drepturilor   patrimoniale de autor dobindite prin mostenire. Dupa expirarea termenului prevazut de legea speciala retransmiterea prin succesiune a drepturilor este imposibila nu pentru ca ne-am afla in prezenta unei 9 derogari de la dreptul comun ci datorita stingerii dreptului insusi .

4.Transmisiunea succesorala este o transmisiune indivizibila. 10 Afirmatia a mai toti autorilor    in sensul ca acest caracter al transmisiunii succesorale deriva din caracterul indivizibil al  patrimoniului luata fara nuantari este inexacta fata de faptul ca in Codul civil este reglementata sistarea starii de indiviziune, actiune  prin care se realizeaza tocmai divizarea patrimoniului mostenit  potrivit cotelor de proprietate ce ce revin fiecarui mostenitor. Caracterul Caracterul indivizibil al transmisiunii succesorale inseamna de fapt ca acceptarea sau renuntarea la mostenire nu poate privi numai o parte a acesteia ci are caracter indivizibil, fiecare mostenitor trebuind sa accepte mostenirea potrivit vocatiei sale succesorale. Numai in acest fel se poate explica faptul ca in caz de renuntare la mostenire de catre unul sau mai multi mostenitori ori in cazul ineficacitatii

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unul sau mai multi mostenitori, cu exceptia situatiei cind insasi defunctul a realizat prin testament o imparteala de ascendent. Exista si posibilitatea acceptarii mostenirii sub beneficiu de inventar cind mostenitorii vor raspunde de datoriile succesiunii numai in limitele activului acesteia (intra ( intra vires hereditatis). O exceptie de la carcaterul indivizibil al transmisiunii succesorale se considera a fi prevederile Legii nr.18/1991 (republicata cu modificarile ulterioare) potrivit carora (art.13) se recunoaste calitatea de mostenitor nu numai acelora care au acceptat in termenul prescris de 6 luni mostenirea lasata de fostul proprietar  ci si acelora care nu au acceptat mostenirea dar au facut cerere de reconstitire a dreptului de proprietate potrivit acestei legi, fiind asadar repusi in termen. Celor care insa au acceptat mostenirea la timpul potrivit dar nu au depus cerere de reconstituire a dreptului de  proprietate potrivit Legii nr.18/1991 nu li se recunoaste vreun drept asupra terenurilor apartinatoare antecesorului lor si a caror  mostenitori in mod firesc ar fi fost. Nici fostului proprietar in viata nu i se recunoaste vreun drept daca nu a depus cererea prevazuta de lege. Cei care au renuntat la mostenire insa fiind considerati, drept urmare a renuntarii, straini de aceasta nu pot pretinde vreun drept 11 asupra terenului ce a apartinut antecesorului lor  . S-a conchis astfel ca numai in privinta renuntarii la mostenire se aplica caracterul 12 indivizibil al optiunii succesorale in acest caz .

Sectiunea a II-a. Felurile mostenirii. Pornindu-se de la prevederile art.65o C. civ. potrivit carora “Succesiunea se defera sau prin lege, sau dupa vointa omului, prin testament” s-a conchis ca funcie de izvorul vocatiei succesorale

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art.933 si 934 C. civ. privitoare la contractul de casatorie au fost 13 abrogate prin Codul familiei ea nu are importanta practica . Mostenirea este legala cind ea se defera in ordinea si cotele determinate prin lege, persoanelor stabilite ca facind parte din una din clasele de mostenitori stabilite in Codul civil si Legea nr.319/1944. Ea se va deferi in temeiul legii numai in masura in care nu exista testament sau acesta nu-si produce, in total sau in parte efectele, sau testamentul cuprinde dispozitii de alta natura ca recunoasterea unui copil, dispozitii cu privire la funeralii etc, dar nu  privitoare la transmiterea transmiterea patrimoniului patrimoniului succesoral. Codul civil, spre deosebire de dreptul roman unde succesiunea ab intestat era considerata o exceptie o priveste ca pe cea mai fireasca modalitate de transmitere a patrimoniului lui decujus catrea rudele sale de singe care sunt constituite in clase de mostenitori. Ba mai mult si in cazul in care defunctul a lasat testament legiuitorul a instituit rezerva succesorala, institutie menita a proteja interesele unor mostenitori legali impotriva liberalitatilor excesive ale lui decujus. Cei care dobindesc succesiunea in baza legii sunt mostenitori universali intrucit au vocatie la intregul patrimoniu al defunctului, chiar si in ipoteza in care exista o pluralitate de mostenitori si fiecare va lua numai o parte din mostenire. Nu exista, asadar mostenitori legali cu vocatie numai la bunuri singulare ( ut singuli). singuli). In cazul mostenirii testamentare transmisiunea bunurilor  defunctului are loc in baza testamentului. Dispozitiile defunctului cu  privire la bunurile sale din cuprinsul testamentului poarta denumirea de legate iar beneficiarii acestora de legatari. Cele doua categorii de mosteniri, cea legala si cea testamentara, nu se exclud ci dimpotriva ele pot coexista. In cazul in care exista testament dar si mostenitori legali rezervatari coexistenta

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dobindit de catrea legatar direct de la defunct, fara sa treaca asupra 14 mostenitorilor legali . In ipoteza in care prin legatele instituite de defunct nu se epuizeaza patrimoniul succesoral devolutiunea succesorala va fi legala pentru rest si testamentara pentru ceea ce cuprind legatele. Daca insa s-au instituit mai multi legatari cu titlu universal, epuizindu-se astfel mostenirea sau daca s-au instituit mai multi legatari universali devolutiunea mostenirii va fi exclusiv testamentara. Asadar, Codul civil nu a pastrat principiul din dreptul roman al incompatibilitatii incompatibilitatii mostenirii testamentare cu cea legala ( nemo partim testatus partim intestatus decedere potest ), ), adica nimeni nu poate muri in parte cu testament, in parte fara testament. In aceasta ordine de idei in practica judiciara s-a pus problema coexistentei calitatii de mostenitor legal si testamentar in aceeasi  persoana. Tribunalul Tribunalul Suprem s-a pronuntat pronuntat in sens afirmativ decizind decizind in felul urmator: ”Calitatea de mostenitor legal subzista si in cazul in care aceasta este unita cu cea de mostenitor testamentar, fiind de neconceput ca titularul unui drept bazat pe o pluralitate de temeiuri sa fie pus in situatia de a lua mai putin si de a fi exclus de la un  beneficiu pe care l-ar putea culege numai pe baza unuia din 15 temeiurile juridice componente “ . In ipoteza in care insa o persoana are calitatea de mostenitor legal dar este chemata la mostenire si in calitate de legatar sa opteze diferit cu privire la legat si s i la mostenirea legala. Daca legatul este mai mic decit cota care i s-ar fi cuvenit acelei persoane ca mostenitor legal, mostenitorul legal nu poate renunta la legat pentru a mosteni mai mult intrucit un astfel de legat  poate avea si scopul unei exheredari partiale, situatie in care mostenitorul legal poate primi numai rezerva, daca este mai mare decit legatul, care priveste evident numai calitatea de mostenitor 

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CAPITOLUL III. DESCHIDEREA MOSTENIRII

Sectiunea a I-a. Precizari prealabile. “Succesiunile se deschid prin moarte “prevede art.651 C. civ. Intelegem prin moarte cea fizic constatata sau cea declarata  judecatoreste. Declararea disparitiei unei persoane nu duce la deschiderea succesiunii acesteia caci potrivit art.19 din Decr.  Nr.31/1954 cel disparut este socotit in viata daca nu a intervenit o hotarire judecatoreasca de declarare a mortii. Numai moartea, asadar, declanseaza transmiterea patrimoniului succesoral catre mostenitorii acelei persoane. Cita vreme o persoana este in viata nu  poate fi vorba de mostenirea acesteia acesteia (nulla ( nulla est viventis hereditas). hereditas ). Din perspectiva deschiderii succesiunii au importanta locul si data mortii lui de cujus.

Sectiunea a II-a. Locul deschiderii mostenirii. Locul deschiderii succesiunii este cel al ultimului domiciliu al defunctului. In prezent Codul civil nu precizeaza care este locul deschiderii succesiunii, dar el rezulta din prevederile art.14 C. pr. civ. si cele ale art.1o lit.a si b si art.68 alin.1 si 2 din Legea nr.36/1995. In art.14 Codul de procedura civila determina competenta instantei celui din urma domiciliu al defunctului in cazul litigiilor privitoare la mostenire iar cele doua texte din Legea

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domiciliu. Aceasta regula isi gaseste explicatia in faptul ca se  presupune ca acolo se vor gasi cele mai multe inscrisuri trebuitoare, inclusiv testamentul si de asemennea tot acolo se vor gasi mai usor  informatile despre mostenitorii defunctului si despre bunurile ce urmeaza a fi cuprinse in masa succesorala. Notiunea de domiciliu este cea precizata de art.13 din Decr.Nr.31/1954 care prevede ca “Domiciliul unei persoane fizice este acolo unde isi are locuinta statornica sau principala”. Acesta este domiciliul de drept comun, asa zicind, iar in cazul minorilor sau al persoanelor puse sub interdictie se vorbeste de domiciliu legal (art.14 din Decr.  Nr.31/1954). Domiciliul ales sau conventional nu are in acest domeniu nici o semnificatie, astfel ca defunctul nu ar putea stabili  prin testament o alta competenta teritoriala decit cea stabilita de legiuitor in modul precizat caci in aceasta materie competenta este stabilita prin prevederi legale exceptionale si absolute. Domiciliul legal al persoanei disparute este la curator. Acesta este insa indreptatit sa-l reprezinte pe disparut numai cu privire la actele  patrimoniale intre vii, potrivit art.15 din Decr. Nr.31/1954, astfel ca domiciliul sau nu are nici o semnificatie in privinta locului deschiderii succesiunii. In cazul instituirii curatelei asupra unor   bunuri succesorale de asemenea domiciliul legal al mostenitorilor la curator nu are nici o importanta cu privire la locul deschiderii 18

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Dovada locului ultimului domiciliu se poate face in principiu  prin orice mijloc de proba caci domiciliul este o chestiune de fapt. Practic dovada se face prin actul de identitate sau certificatul de deces al lui decujus. In cazul minorilor sub 14 ani dovada se face  prin actul de identitate al parintilor sau tutorelui. Se admite insa ca daca in realitate decujus a avut un alt domiciliu decit cel inscris in actul de identitate acest lucru sa poata fi dovedit prin orice mijloc de  proba. Intereseaza asadar domiciliul real al defunctului, iar aceasta imprejurare fiind o chestiune de fapt se admite proba chiar impotriva 20 actului de identitate. Stabilirea locului deschiderii succesiunii are importanta pentru determinarea competentei teritoriale a organelor chemate a rezolva atit problemele neconteencioase cit si cele contencioase legate de mostenire. Astfel, in functie de locul deschiderii mostenirii se determina: a) secretarul consiliului local competent din punct de vedere teritorial sa ceara deschiderea procedurii succesorale notariale in ipoteza in care in mostenire se cuprind si imobile (art.68 din Legea nr.36/1995);  b) notarul public competent sa realizeze procedura succesorala notariala (art.1o lit.a din Legea nr.36/1995); c) instanta judecatoreasca competenta teritorial sa judece

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Sectiunea a III-a. Data deschiderii mostenirii . Intrucit din dispozitiile art.651 C. civ. rezulta ca succesiunile se deschid prin moarte data deschiderii succesiunii este aceea a mortii lui decujus. Cei care pretind vreun drept cu privire la o mostenire, facindu-se aplicarea regulii generale consacrata in art.1169 C. civ. trebuie sa faca dovada datei mortii celui pe care vor  sa-l mosteneasca. Dovada mortii si a datei acesteia se face de regula  prin certificatul de deces eliberat de catre serviciul de stare civila al localitatii in care s-a produs decesul, sau cu hotarirea judecatoreasca declarativa de moarte. Dovada contrara cu privire la data mortii se va putea face in ambele cazuri prin orice mijloc de proba, iar nu prin inscriere in fals intrucit data mortii nu este rezultatul constatarilor  facute propriis sensibus de catre cel care intocmeste actul, in cazul certificatului de deces, iar in cazul hotaririi judecatoresti de declarare a mortii, potrivit art.18 din Decr. Nr.31/1954, ea va putea fi rectificata daca prin probele administrate ca nu este aceea stabilita initial. In cazul extrem cind se dovedeste ca cel declarat mort este in viata, hotarirea judecatoreasca de declarare a mortii va putea fi anulata potrivit art.2o din Decr. nr.31/1954. Se admite chiar dovada orei si minutului in care a avut loc decesul in ipoteza in care mai multe persoane, cu vocatie succesorala reciproca, au decedat la

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f) in cazul pluralitatii de mostenitori, inceputul indiviziunii succesorale si data pina la care retroactiveaza efectul declarativ al  partajului; g) legea aplicabila fiecarei mosteniri in cazul survenirii in timp a mai multor legi succesorale. Legea aplicabila este aceea care a fost in vigoare la data deschiderii succesiunii indiferent de data la care se deruleaza procedurile succesorale. Actele care se fac insa ulterior  deschiderii succesiunii cum sunt cele de acceptare sau renuntare la mostenire vor fi supuse legii in vigoare la data cind sunt savirsite, in 21  baza principiului principiului aplicarii imediate imediate a legii noi.

CAPITOLUL IV CONDITIILE CERUTE DE LEGE PENTRU A PUTEA MOSTENI Sectiunea a I-a. Reglementare legala.

Enumerarea

conditiilor.

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mostenirea legala, corespondentul ei pentru mostenirea testamentara fiind revocarea judecatoreasca a legatelor pentru ingratitudine  prevazuta de art.831 art.831 si 93o C. civ. Vocatia succesorala isi are temeiul, in cazul mostenirii legale in lege iar in cazul celei testamentare in testament. Raportul dintre capacitatea succesorala si vocatia succesorala este de la general la particular caci daca o persoana exista sau este conceputa si se naste vie are un drept general si abstract prevazut in Constitutie (art.42) de a mosteni, care este o parte a capacitatii de folosinta. Are asadar, capacitate succesorala generala. Pe cind vocatia succesorala intemeiata pe lege sau pe testament se raporteaza la o succesiune concreta si rezulta din raporturile concrete de rudenie sau de casatorie cu defunctul, in cazul mostenirii legale si din 22 cuprinsul testamentului in cazul mostenirii testamentare.   Totusi vocatia generala succesorala si nici cea concreta nu se confunda cu dreptul de mostenire prev. de art.42 din Constitutie. Sugestiv s-a spus ca dreptul de mostenire ca aptitudine abstracta, devine potential  prin intermediul vocatiei succesorale generale si efectiv prin vocatia 23 concreta la mostenire.

Sectiunea a II-a. Capacitatea succesorala.

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25

 judicios s-a precizat   ca:”aceasta capacitate se include in cea de folosinta, nefiind altceva decit o parte a acesteia; capacitatea de folosinta este aptitudinea generala de a avea drepturi si obligatii (art.5 alin.2 din Decr. nr.31/1954), in timp ce capacitatea succesorala este o aptitudine de a dobindi drepturi si obligatii specifice, care se refera la o succesiune”. Existenta persoanei care pretinde un drept la o anume mostenire se raporteaza la momentul deschiderii succesiunii. Dovada incumba acesteia potrivit art.1169 C. civ., sau succesorilor sai in drepturi in ipoteza in care mostenitorul a fost in viata la momentul mortii lui decujus, oricit de scurt ar fi fost acest timp, dar apoi a decedat si cind drepturile sale asupra mostenirii sunt reclamate de  proprii sai succesori. succesori. In cazul mostenirii prin reprezentare, reprezentantul trebuie sa dovedeasca existenta sa la data deschiderii succesiunii precum si

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2.Persoanele care au capacitate succesorala. Urmatoarele categorii de persoane au capacitate succesorala:  persoanele fizice in viata la data deschiderii succesiunii; persoanele fizice disparute; persoanele concepute dar nenascute la data deschiderii succesiunii si persoanele juridice in fiinta la data deschiderii succesiunii. a)Persoanele fizzice in viata. Aceasta categorie de persoane au capacitate succesorala asa cum rezulta din prevederile art.654 C. civ. Nu are importnata cit anume a trait o persoana dupa deschiderea mostenirii. Daca a decedat imediat dupa deschiderea mostenirii drepturile sale succesorale vor trece la propriii sai succesori ca facind parte din  propriul patrimoniu. In astfel de situatii nu are importanta ca mostenitorul care a decedat imediat dupa deschiderea succesiunii nu

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deschiderii succesiunii la care ar fi avut dreptul. In astfel de situatii tot ce s-a primit din mostenire in numele disparutului va trebui sa se restituie acelor mostenitori care au fost inlaturati de la succesiune  prin considerarea lui in viata la momentul deschiderii succesiunii, ceea ce s-a dovedit apoi a fi inexact. Mostenitorii sai insa, care vin la mostenire prin reprezentarea sa vor pastra cota lui parte din mostenire insa nu ca parte a patrimoniului mostenit de la cel disparut declarat mort ci in calitate de mostenitori cu vocatie proprie care vin 27 la mostenire prin reprezentare. c) Persoanele concepute dar nenascute la data deschiderii succesiunii. Atit din prevederile art.654 C. civ. cit si din cele ale art.7alin.2 din Decr. nr.31/1954 rezulta ca drepturile copilului sunt recunoscute din momentul conceptiei cu conditia ca el sa se nasca viu (infans

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d) Persoanele juridice in fiinta la data deschiderii succesiunii. In principiu persoanele juridice au capacitatea de a dobindi drepturi si obligatii de la data dobindirii personalitatii juridice in 29 conditiile legii . Din acelasi moment au capacitatea de a dobindi, doar prin testament, caci ele nu intra in categoria mostenitorilor  legali, bunuri apartinind unei mosteniri. Acest moment poate fi cel al inregistrarii, in cazul celor supuse inregistrarii, ori de la data actului de dispozitie care le infiinteaza sau de la data recunoasterii sau infiintarii lor sau aceea a indeplinirii altei cerinte a legii. Persoanele  juridice, la fel ca si persoanele fizice, au, potrivit legii (art.33 din Decr. nr.31/1954) o capacitate de folosinta anticipata, inclusiv de natura succesorala putind dobindi, asadar, bunuri succesorale, in masura in care le sunt necesare pentru a lua fiinta in mod valabil, de la data actului de infiintare, care nu corespunde, de regula cu data

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3.Persoanele care nu au capacitate succesorala. a) Persoanele fizice predecedate si persoanele juridice care au incetat sa aiba fiinta. Prin interpretarea per a contrario a prevederilor art.654 C. civ.,  potrivit carora au capacitate succesorala numai persoanele care exista la momentul deschiderii succesiunii, ajungem la concluzia ca  persoanele fizice predecedate precum si persoanele juridice care au incetat sa mai fie in fiinta in acest moment nu au capacitate succesorala. In cazul mostenirii legale prin reprezentare, partea din mostenire care s-ar fi cuvenit persoanei fizice predecedate daca ar fi fost in viata la data deschiderii mostenirii va reveni descendentilor  sai. Daca nu sunt insa intrunite conditiile reprezentarii succesorale, succesorii in drepturi ai persoanei predecedate nu vor putea mosteni

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32

nu ar rezulta ca toti au murit in acelasi timp . Afirmatia este exacta numai ca nu trebuie sa uitam ca tocmai datorita greutatii sau chiar a imposibilitatii stabilirii momentului decesului fiecareia dintre acele  persoane legiuitorul a creiat o prezumtie legala menita a usura adoparea solutiilor juridice ce se impun. Prezumtia mortii concomintente instituita de art.21 din Decr. nr.31/1954 s-a acceptat a se aplica, cu consecinta ei de a lipsi de capacitate succesorala reciproca sau unilaterala si in cazul

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a) ea se aplica numai in cazul faptelor expres si limitativ  prevazute de lege si numai mostenirii legale, fiind reglementata de norme juridice cu caracter imperativ si de stricta interpretare;  b) ea opereaza de drept astfel ca decujus nu poate sa-l ierte pe nedemn de efectele ei. S-a precizat insa ca ulterior comiterii faptei cel care lasa mostenirea poate sa-l gratifice pe nedemn caci nedemnitatea desfiinteaza numai vocatia succesorala legala si nu are influienta cu privire la liberalitatile prin acte intre vii sau pentru

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36

spus , la o mostenire prin omor. Aceasta ar fi impotriva bunelor  moravuri si a ordinii de drept. Din modul in care este formulat textul legal putem trage unele concluzii privind conditiile care trebuie sa fie indeplinite pentru ca o  persoana sa fie considerata nedemna pentru acest caz prevazut de legiuitor. In primul rind, mostenitorul trebuie sa fi fost condamnat  pentru infractiunea consumata de omor sau pentru tentativa la

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Art.655 pct.2 C. civ. prevede ca este nedemn de a succede “acela care a facut in contra defunctului o acuzatie capitala, declarata de judecata calomnioasa”. Este vorba asadar, de un denunt, o  plingere sau marturie facuta de succesibil contra defunctului in care acesta este acuzat de fapte care daca ar fi fost adevarate ar atrage,  potrivit legii pedeapsa cu moartea. In prezent acest text legal este inaplicabil cita vreme inca prin Decretul-Lege nr.6/199o pedeapsa cu moartea a fost abolita. Desigur caracterul calomnios al acuzatiilor 

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Or pentru aceasta trebuie sa precizeze cine este autorul faptei, ceea ce, asa cum am aratat textul legal nu-i cere. Textul s-ar putea aplica in singura ipoteza in care dupa ce s-a constatat prin hotarire  judecatoreasca nedemnitatea succesibilului, dar inainte de raminerea ei definitiva si irevocabila se descopera autorul faptei de omor, astfel incit succesibilul ar putea dovedi ca se incadra in categoria celor  absolviti de lege de a-l fi denuntat.

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in intirziere de la data intrarii sale in posesia bunurilor din mostenire.

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In schimb daca decujus a avut doi copii din care unul nedemn

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comunis facit ius. Daca tertul este de rea credinta in sen sul ca a avut

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vor putea prevala de caracterul perssonal al sanctiunii nedemnitatii