Reglas Fiscales Analisis de Una Propuesta para Costa Rica

 

RW-28-17 LNWMFDO_F LNWMFD O_F ?2 ?2117

_fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a _fsudfl

Ca urefl`ma hf `nltrncar cns hfsfqumcmormns fis`acfs ja ccfvahn a du`jns paäsfs acrfhfhnr hfc dulhn a ca ahnp`mðl hf cfyfs hf rfspnlsaomcmhah fis`ac n rfecas fis`acfs, `uyn noiftmvn `fltrac fs `nltrmoumr a ca fstaomcmhah da`rnf`nlðdm`a fl fc `nrtn pcazn y ca snstflmomcmhah hf cas `ufltas fis`acfs fl fc caren pcazn. @nsta _m`a ln fs ca fx`fp`mðl. _f`mfltfdfltf, fc Rnhfr Fif`utmvn prfsfltð altf ca Asadocfa Cfemscatmva fc prnyf`tn Cfy hf _fspnlsaomcmhah Gms`ac hf ca _fpùocm`a, fc `uac ml`nrpnra ca apcm`a`mðl hf ula rfeca fis`ac. Alacmzar ca laturacfza, ac`al`fs, gnrtacfzas, hfomcmhahfs f mdpcm`a`mnlfs hf hm`jn prnyf`tn fs fc noiftmvn hfc prfsfltf hn`udfltn. Ahfdás, sf prfsflta ul dar`n `nl`fptuac, tmpncneäa y hms`usmðl snorf cns prml`mpacfs `ndpnlfltfs hf ula rfeca fis`ac. Pnorf fsta oasf sf alacmza ca prnpufsta prfsfltaha pnr fc Rnhfr Fif`utmvn, `ndpcfdfltaha `nl ul fifr`m`mn hf hf cn quf jaoräa n`urrmhn `nl fc eastn `nrrmfltf hfc Pf`tnr Rùocm`n Ln Gmlal`mfrn Gml al`mfrn sm ca rfeca sf juomfsf apcm`ahn fl fc añn ?216. Fc fstuhmn `nl`cuyf `nl ulas rf﬏fxmnlfs filacfs, hfsta`alhn cns prml`mpacfs hfsagäns quf hfofrál flgrfltarsf para ca aprnoa`mðl f mdpcfdflta`mðl hf ca rfeca fis`ac.

@npyrmejt © ?217. ?217. A`ahfdma hf @fltrnadírm`a. Xnhns cns hfrf`jns rfsfrvahns. Lmleula partf hf fstf hn`udfltn hf traoain pufhf sfr rfprnhu`mha n utmcmzaha hf lmleula gnrda lm pnr lmleùl dfhmn, ya sfa fcf`trðlm`n n df`álm`n, ml`cuyflhn gntn`npma, eraoa`mðl, n pnr smstfda hf acda`fladmfltn n rf`upfra`mðl rf`upf ra`mðl hf mlgnrda`mðl sml su hfomhn pfrdmsn.

 

 

Alacmstas   Dmeufc Cnräa Alacmstas  Insuí Dartälf Dartälfzz

 

@ndmtí fhmtnrmac  fhmtnrmac  _n`än Aeumcar Fhla @ada`jn Wä`tnr Juen @íspfhfs Acofrtn Hflt Fhuarhn Cmzaln _nlucgn Imdílfz

@nltflmhn Mltrnhu``mðl................................................... ¾Quí snl cas rfecas fis`acfs y para quí smrvfl> ... Xmpncneäa hf rfecas fis`acfs .............................. Fstru`tura hf cas rfecas fis`acfs.......................... Cns @nlsfins Gms`acfs ...................................... _fecas fis`acfs fl Adírm`a Catmla ...................... Rrnpufsta hf rfeca fis`ac para @nsta _m`a ........... 5.1. @nofrtura (ádomtn hf apcm`a`mðl) ............... 5.?.  @ác`ucn hf ca rfeca fis`ac .......................... 5.0.  @cáusucas hf fs`apf ................................ 5.8.  Wmemcal`ma y sfeumdmfltn hf ca rfeca fis`ac .... 5.6.  Pal`mnlfs pnr ml`udpcmdmfltn .................... 5.7.  Rcazn hf apcm`a`mðl hf ca rfeca ................. 5.5.  Gulhadfltn cfeac .................................... 5.:.  @nlsfins Gms`acfs .................................... Apcm`a`mðl y fgf`tmvmhah hf ca rfeca prnpufsta9 aceulns `ndfltarmns ahm`mnlacfs ....................... :.1.  Hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns hf eastn ....................

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:.?. Eastn trmoutarmn .......................................   Apcm`a`mðl hf ca rfeca prnpufsta9 ul fifr`m`mn hf smduca`mðl ................................ 12.  @nl`cusmnlfs y prml`mpacfs hfsagäns ................... _FGF_FL@MAP ............................................ ...................................................... ..........

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Hmaerada`mðl Cums Gfrlalhn Qumrðs

 

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MLX_NHV@@MÐL 

Ca urefl`ma hf `nltrncar cns hfsfqumcmormns fis`acfs ja ccfvahn a du`jns paäsfs acrfhfhnr hfc dulhn a ca ahnp`mðl hf cfyfs hf rfspnlsaomcmhah fis`ac n rfecas fis`acfs, `uyn noiftmvn `fltrac fs `nltrmoumr a ca fstaomcmhah da`rnf`nlðdm`a fl fc `nrtn pcazn y ca snstflmomcmhah hf cas `ufltas fis`acfs fl fc caren pcazn. Hfshf ja`f du`jn tmfdpn, @nsta

dar`n `nl`fptuac para fltflhfr fl quí `nlsmstfl hm`jas rfecas, su fstru`tura, vfltaias y hfsvfltaias. Rnstfrmnrdflt Rnstf rmnrdfltff sf prfsflta ula tmpncneäa hf cns hmgfrfltfs tmpns hf rfecas, sfeumhn hf ula hms`us hms`usmðl mðl snorf sus prml`mpacfs `ndpnlfltfs. Pnorf fsta oasf sf alacmza ca prnpufsta hf rfeca fis`ac prfsfltaha a ca Asadocfa Cfemscatmva, Cfemscatmva, `ndpcfdfltaha `nl ul

_m`a `uflta `nl rfecas fis`acfs fl su nrhfladmfltn nrhfladmfltn iurähm`n quf, sml fdoaren, ln sf apcm`al fl ca prá`prá` tm`a. Fsta smtua`mðl ccfvð ac Rnhfr Fif`utmvn a prfsflprfsfltar altf ca Asadocfa A sadocfa Cfemscatmva Cfemscatmva fc prnyf`tn Cfy hf _fspnlsaomcmhah Gms`ac hf ca _fpùocm`a. Alacmzar ca laturacfza, ac`al`fs, gnrtacfzas, hfomcmhahfs f mdpcm`a`mnlfs hf hm`jn prnyf`tn fs fc noiftmvn hfc prfsfltf hn`udfltn. Ca prmdfra sf``mðl prnvff ul

fifr`m`mn hf cn quf jaoräa n`urrmhn `nl fc eastn `nrrmfltf hfc Pf`tnr Rùocm`n Ln Gmlal`mfrn (PRLG) sm ca rfeca sf juomfsf apcm`ahn fl fc añn ?216. Fc fstuhmn `nl`cuyf `nl ulas rf﬏fxmnlfs filacfs, hfsta`alhn cns prml`mpacfs hfsagäns quf hfofrál flgrfltarsf para ca aprnoa`mðl f mdpcfdflta`mðl hf ca rfeca fis`ac.

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¾QVÍ PNL CAP _FECAP GMP@ACFP ] RA_A QVÍ PM_WFL>

rfecasrasfis`acfs snl rfstrm``mnlfs  yCashurahfras hurahf hf ca pncätm`a pncätm `a fis`ac qufpfrdalfltfs sf dalmfifsdalmfifstal pnr dfhmn hf mlhm`ahnrfs hf rfsuctahns, tacfs `ndn fc hífi`mt fis`ac, fc lmvfc hf hfuha pùocm`a, n aceùl `ndpnlfltf hf eastns. Ca utmcmhah hf cas rfecas fis`acfs, sfeùl Knpmts (?221), fs prmdnrhmacdfltf `nltar `nl ul `nliultn hf lnrdas omfl hmsfñahas y fif`utahas para fvmtar fc sfsen ja`ma fc hífi`mt fis`ac ac quf `nlhu`fl `ndpnrtadmfltns npnrtulmstas y pnpucmstas. Fl ntras pacaoras, `nltar `nl ul dar`n tí`lm`adfltf sðcmhn y hfspncmtmzahn.

Rnr ntra partf, cas ul rfecas fis`acfs ous`al `nrrfemr ca tflhfl`ma ja`ma eastn fx`fsmvn `ualhn hmgf hmgfrfltfs erupns hf prfsmðl `nl mltfrfsfs partm`ucarfs partm`ucarfs `ndpmtfl `ndpm tfl pnr cns gnlhns pùocm`ns fl cns pfränhns hf onlalza fis`ac (pncätm`as prn-`ä`cm`as), hfialhn duy pn`n darefl para fstaocf`fr ula pncätm`a `nltra-`ä`cm`a fl tmfdpns hf `rmsms (P`jaf`jtfr y ntrns, ?21?). Ca mhfa fs ml`rfdfltar fc ajnrrn fl tmfdpns hf auef y audfltar fc eastn (hfsajnrrn) fl tmfdpns hf hfsa`fcfra`mðl. Ca ffi`a`ma `nlsmstf fl apcm`ar ula pncätm`a fis`ac eumaha pnr cns rfqufrmdmfltns hf ca smtua`mðl f`nlðdm`a y cas `nlhm`mnlfs fis`acfs, amscalhn cns fgf`tns tralsmtnrmns n `ä`cm`ns. _fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a   0

 

@nl`fomhas `ndn tacfs, cas rfecas fis`acfs ml`cu yfl ul ul `nliul `nliultn tn hf `nd `ndpnlfl pnlfltfs tfs oásm`n oásm`ns9 s9

ml`udpcmhns n hfiahns fl suspflsn dfhmaltf hmspnsm`mnlfs pnsm`mn lfs ml`cumhas fl cas cfyfs hf prfsupufstn prfsupufstn..

dftas `ualtmtatmvas `caras, fspf`äfi`as y dfhmocfs,

Grfltf a cas vfltaias hf `nltar `nl df`almsdns tflhmfltfs a earaltmzar ca hms`mpcmla fis`ac y prndnvfr ula `uctura hf pncätm`a fis`ac altm-`ä`cm`a, jal suremhn aceulns `ufstmnladmfltns fl `ualtn a ca apcm`a`mðl hf rfecas fis`acfs9

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fc pfränhn hf apcm`a`mðl hf ca rfeca,

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mhfltmfi`a`mðl hf cns mlstrudfltns cfeacfs quf

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cf hal gulhadfltn a ca rfeca fis`ac, fc ádomtn hfc sf`tnr pùocm`n ac `uac sf apcm`al cas rfecas (`nofrtura),

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sal`mnlfs pnr mlgra``mnlfs a ca rfeca,

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–`cáusucas hf fs`apf”” (df`almsdns hf ﬏fxmomcmza`mðl `nltmlefltfs altf fvfltns mlfspfrahns y gufra hf `nltrnc)

Oraul y Eahaln (?225) rf`ndmflhal quf cas rfecas sfal cn dás adpcmas pnsmocf, mhfacdfltf fstaocf`mhas fl ca @nlstmtu`mðl Rncätm`a y `nl ula `nofrtura qufgulhadfltacfs aoarquf tnhnpara fc sf`tnr pùocm`n. Hns aspf`tns quf ula rfeca fis`ac cnerf fc noiftmvn hf fifr`fr hms`mpcmla fis`ac snl ul gufrtf apnyn pncätm`n y, aulquf parfz`a trmvmac, quf sf `udpca. @ualhn cns a`tnrfs pncätm`ns tmflfl ml`fltmvns para fx`fhfr cns cädmtfs mdpufstns fl ca rfeca y fc `udpcmdmfltn hf ca dmsda `arf`f hf `rfhmomcmhah, ca snca prfsfl`ma hf ca rfeca ln earaltmza ula hms`mpcmla fis`ac. Vl `asn mcustratmvn fs Arefltmla. Huraltf ca hí`aha hf cns lnvflta fc @nlerfsn aprnoð varmas rfecas fis`acfs n cfyfs hf rfspnlsaomcmhah fis`ac, cas `uacfs ln sf `udpcmfrnl1, hfomhn a ula eral hfomcmhah pncätm`n mlstmtu`mnlac. Cns cädmtfs ludírm`ns gufrnl dnhmfi`ahns,

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Rrnocfdas hf atrmou`mðl y fvmhfl`ma fdpärm`a. Fl du`jns `asns cas rfecas fis`acfs sf apcm`al iultn `nl ntras rfgnrdas quf agf`tal cas filalzas pùocm`as, cn `uac `ndpcm`a ca sfpara`mðl hf rfsuctahns atrmoumocfs a ca rfeca fis`ac hf ntrns prnvn`ahns pnr fsas rfgnrdas. Fs hf`mr, ln sf tmflf `frtfza snorf `uáltn hf cns `adomns nosfrvahns fl fc `ndpnrtadmfltn hfc hífi`mt fis`ac, pnr fifdpcn, sf fxpcm`a pnr ca apcm`a`mðl hf ca rfeca y `uáltn sf hfof a ntras raznlfs, ml`cumha ca `apa`mhah

mlstmtu`mnlac hf Melnrar cns enomfrlns (P`jaf`jtfr ntrns, ?21?). fstns fgf`tns pnhräay ccfvar a ula mltfrprfta`mðl sfseaha y `arfltf hf vacmhfz fdpärm`a. •

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Eflfrar ml`fltmvns pfrvfrsns.  Cas rfecas ludírm`as pufhfl ccfvar a ula –`nltaomcmh –`nltaomcmhah ah `rfatmva””, fstn fs, actfrar ca dfhm`mðl hf cns mlhm`ahnrfs para rf﬏fiar ul rfsuctahn ludírm`n quf `udpca `nl ca rfeca, `ualhn ca dfta fs duy fstrm`ta `ndparaha `nl ca smtua`mðl a`tuac (Dmcfsm-Gfrrftm, ?222). _flul`ma a fiiar prmnrmhahfs prfsupufstarmas, smtua`mðl a ca quf pufhf vfrsf flgrfltahn ul gul`mnlarmn pnr `udpcmr `nl ca rfeca.

XMRNCNEÄA HF _FECAP GMP@ACFP

Fxmstfl varmns tmpns hf rfecas fis`acfs,1 `uyas `ara`tfrästm`as rfspnlhfl ac noiftmvn ous`ahn, fc aerfeahn prfsupufstarmn dfta, cns arrfecns mlstmtu`mnlacfs fstaocf`mhns, fc erahn hf tralsparfl-

`ma, fltrf ntrns aspf`tns. Ca cmtfratura rf`nln`f varmns tmpns hf rfecas eflfracdfltf utmcmzahns, sml pfrium`mn hf quf fl aceulns `asns sf apcmqufl `ndomla`mnlfs fltrf fccas. Fc `rmtfrmn hf `casmfi`a`mðl dás usuac nofhf`f ac aerfeahn prfsupufs-

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tarmn quf sf rfstrmlef9 rfsuctahn ecnoac,(Kudar rfsuctahn prmdarmn, eastns, mlerfsns n hfuha ft

Cas sal`mnlfs fral cas ya fxmstfltfs fl ca cfemsca`mðl la`mnlac pnr ml`udpcmdmfltn hf hfofrfs pnr partf hf gul`mnlarmns pùocm`ns.

_fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a

 

ac, ?22=; P`jaf`jtfr, Kmlha, Ouhmla y Ufofr, ?21?). A `nltmlua`mðl sf rfsudfl cas prml`mpacfs `ara`tfrästm`as hf cns tmpns dás `ndulfs9

a) Wfltaia9 ‐  Fstf Fstf rfsuc rfsuctah tahnn fstá fstá oai oainn fc fc `nlt `nltrnc rnc hf cas cas autnrmhahfs fl `aha mlstmtu`mðl a travís hf sus hf`msmnlfs hf eastn f mlerfsn, cn quf supnlf ula euäa `cara snorf ca gnrda fl quf hfof npfrar para daltflfrsf hfltrn hf ca dfta. Rfrn sm fx`cuyf cälfas

_fecas hf hfuha. Cmdmtal ca hfuha pùocm`a `ndn pnr`fltaif hfc prnhu`tn mltfrln orutn (RMO).

a) Wfltaias9 ‐  Pf `nlsm lsmhfr hfra a ahf` ahf`uah uaha a ca padfta para ra eara earaltm zarr ula`n `nlvfrefl`ma ja`ma hfltmza hfuha pùocm`a fstaocf`mha, pufs sf apcm`a hmrf`tadfltf snorf ca dmsda. ‐  Fst Fstff väl` väl`ucn ucn hmr hmrf` f`tn tn ga`mc ga`mcmta mta su `ndu `ndulm` lm`aa`mðl pnr partf hf cas autnrmhahfs.

hfc prfsupufstn `nlmltfrfsfs mdpnrtaltfs rmemhf`fs `ndn fc paen hf hf ca hfuha n cns hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns, su utmcmhah sf hfomcmta para earaltmzar ca snstflmomcmhah hf ca hfuha fl fc caren pcazn.

o) Hfsvfltaias9

o) Hfsvfltaias9 ‐  Cns `ad `adomn omnss prfs prfsupu upufst fstarm armns ns puf pufhfl hfl tar tar-har fl dalmgfstarsf snorf ca hfuha, cn `uac hmfi`ucta earaltmzar quf cas hf`msmnlfs tndahas fl fc `nrtn pcazn a cn mltfrln hf `aha mlstmtu`mðl sfal cas ahf`uahas para `udpcmr `nl ca dfta fl fc caren pcazn. ‐  Fxm Fxmstf stfll ga`tn ga`tnrfs rfs guf gufra ra hfc hfc `nlt `nltrnc rnc quf puf puf-hfl hmfi`uctar fc `udpcmdmfltn hf ca dfta hf hfuha, `ndn ca tasa hf mltfrís n fc tmpn hf `adomn. ‐  Fst Fsta a rfeca rfeca ln fvmt fvmta a `ndpc `ndpcft ftadf adfltf ltf ca prnprn`m`cm`mhah. @ualhn ca hfuha sf hffilf `ndn prnpnr`mðl hfc RMO, sm fstf ùctmdn hmsdmluyf, hfomhn a ula `rmsms pnr fifdpcn, fltnl`fs ca dfta HFVHA/RMO ac`alzaräa ul lmvfc daynr ac hfc pfrmnhn altfrmnr pfrdmtmflhn, asä, ul daynr flhfuhadmfltn. Aquä tadomíl sf prfsflta fc tfda hf ca –`nltaomcmhah `rfatmva—   a ca jnra hf rfemstrar pasmvns, `nl fc fil hf fvahmr cädmtfs ac flhfuhadmfltn. _fecas hf rfsuctahn prfsupufstarmn.  _fstrmlef ula varmaocf `nl ml﬏ufl`ma hmrf`ta snorf fc lmvfc hf hfuha9 fc supfrávmt/hífi`mt `nrrmfltf n prmdarmn?. ?

Fc rfsuctahn n supfrávmt/hífi`mt `nrrmfltf fs fc rfsuctahn fis`ac sml ml`cumr cns eastns hf mlvfrsmðl pùocm`a (sf `nln`f tadomíl `ndn –rfeca hf nrn—). Fc supfrávmt/hífi`mt prmdarmn fs fc rfsuctahn fis`ac sml ml`cumr cns eastns pnr mltfrfsfs hf ca hfuha pùocm`a.

‐  Xmflf Xmflf ula sfr sfrma ma hfsv hfsvflt fltaia aia sm cas cas dfta dftass hf rfsuctahn fis`ac ln fstál aiustahas ac `m`cn f`nlðdm`n ya quf pufhf eflfrar ul sfsen prn-`ä`cm`n quf daelmfiquf ca vncatmcmhah da`rnf`nlð da`rnf`nlðdm`a dm`a0 (Ear`äa, ?21?). ‐  Pm ca ca rfstr rfstrm`` m``mðl mðl sf fsta fstaocf ocf`f `f snor snorff fc sup supffrávmt/hífi`mt `nrrmfltf pnhräa su`fhfr quf cas autnrmhahfs `casmfiqufl `ndn eastns hf mlvfrsmðl gäsm`a rfac ula sfrmf hf frnea`mnlfs quf fl rfacmhah ln cn snl. s nl. ‐  Fst Fstff tmpn tmpn hf rfe rfecas cas puf pufhf hf efl eflfra frarr ul sfs sfs-en a gavnr hf ca mlvfrsmðl gäsm`a fl hftrmdfltn hf ca mlvfrsmðl sn`mac n fl `apmtac judaln. ‐  Vl prno prnocfd cfda a ahm`m ahm`mnla nlacc fs quf cns rf` rf`urs ursns ns sfal usahns fl prnyf`tns hf oaia rfltaomcmhah sn`mac n quf ln sfal prmnrmtarmns. _fecas hf supfrávmt/hífi`mt fstru`turac.  Fstaocf`fl ula dfta hf rfsuctahns aiustaha pnr fc `m`cn f`nlðdm`n. Xnda fl `uflta fc mdpa`tn hf `jnqufs f`nlðdm`ns fxtfrlns `ndn, pnr fifdpcn, varma`mnlfs fl cns prf`mns mltfrla`mnlacfs hf datfrmas prmdas `ndn dmlfracfs y pftrðcfn, 0

Rnr fifdpcn, ula ula `aäha fl cns mlerfsns huraltf ca gasf rf`fsmva hfc `m`cn gnrzaräa a ul rf`nrtf hfc eastn y/n a ul ml`rfdfltn fl cns mdpufstns para prfsfrvar fc fqumcmormn prfsupufstarmn, `udpcmr `nl ul cädmtf hf hífi`mt n ac`alzar ula dfta hf supfrávmt. Fc rf`nrtf hf eastns y/n fc audfltn fl cns mdpufstns fl ula rf`fsmðl a`fltuaräa ca `nltra``mðl f`nlðdm`a. _fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a   6

 

hf dalfra quf fc rfsuctahn fis`ac ln fstá suiftn a varma`mnlfs hf `nrtn pcazn hfc `m`cn.

a) Wfltaias9 ‐  Fsta Fsta rfeca rfeca sua suavmz vmza a fc fc `m`c `m`cnn f`nl f`nlðdm ðdm`n `n cn quf pfrdmtf ula pncätm`a fis`ac `nltra`ä`cm`a ‐sf easta dás fl pfränhns rf`fsmvns y sf ajnrra ula partf hf cns rf`ursns ahm`mnlacfs eflfrahns fl tmfdpns hf auef. Vla rfeca hf hífi`mt meuac a `frn, pnr fc `nltrarmn, fxmef rfhu`mr cns eastns `ualhn cns mlerfsns `afl, cn `uac n`urrf fl ípn`as hf rf`fsmðl, `nltrmouyflhn a fxa`froar fc `m`cn rf`fsmvn. ‐  Fl ca a` a`tua tuacmh cmhah ah sf rf rf`nl `nln`f n`f ca fgf fgf``tmvmhah hf ca rfeca hf supfrávmt/hífi`mt fstru`turac para cnerar fc noiftmvn hf snstflmomcmhah hf ca hfuha a caren pcazn, `nltrncar a``mnlfs hf pncätm`as prn-`ä`cm`as quf prngulhm`fl fc hfsfqumcmormn fis`ac y `nltrmoumr a ula daynr `rfhmomcmhah hf ca pncätm`a fis`ac.

o) Hfsvfltaias9 ‐  Ca prml prml`mp `mpac ac hfsv hfsvfl fltai taia a fs qum qumzás zás su `nd `nd-pcfimhah tí`lm`a, ya quf ul ahf`uahn hmsfñn y sfeumdmfltn rfqumfrf hftfrdmlar cns `ndpnlfltfs fstru`turacfs y `ä`cm`ns hfc RMO, `ac`ucar ca orf`ja fltrf fc prnhu`tn nosfrvahn y fc pntfl`mac, fltrf ntrns aspf`tns, quf ln tnhns cns paäsfs fstál fl `nlhm`mnlfs hf ccfvar a `aon. ‐  @n @ndul dulm`a m`arr y fxpc fxpcm`a m`arr fc gul gul`mn `mnlad ladmfl mfltn tn hf ca rfeca fstru`turac ln fs tarfa sfl`mcca. _fecas hf eastn. Mdpnlfl ul cädmtf hmrf`tn ac lmvfc n ac `rf`mdmfltn snorf aceùl aerfeahn hf eastn (tntac, prmdarmn, `nrrmfltf) hf cas mlstmtu`mnlfs.

a) Wfltaia9 ‐  Rnr cn eflf eflfrac rac snl gá` gá`mcf mcfss hf `nd `ndulm ulm`ar `ar y vfrmfi`ar su `udpcmdmflt `udpcmdmfltn. n.

o) Hfsvfltaia9 ‐  Ca rfe rfeca ca pnhr pnhräa äa cmdm cmdmtar tar fx`f fx`fsmv smvad adflt fltff fc darefl hf dalmnora hf ca pncätm`a 7

_fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a

fis`ac altf `jnqufs fxðeflns `ndn hfsastrfs laturacfs n audfltns sùomtns fl cas tasas hf mltfrís quf ml`rfdfltfl fc sfrvm`mn hf ca hfuha. Fstn ùctmdn pnhräa gnrzar ul aiustf fl ca `ndpnsm`mðl hfc eastn tntac fl hftrmdfltn hfc eastn prmdarmn n `nrrmfltf, `nl fvfltuacfs `nlsf`ufl`mas rf`fsmvas, eflfra`mðl hf ml`fltmvns para –`nltaomcmhahfs `rfatmvas—   n `alacmza`mðl hf rf`ursns ja`ma mlvfrsmnlfs hf oaia rfltaomcmhah sn`mac n ln prmnrmtarmas. _fecas hf mlerfsn. Eflfracdfltf sf utmcmzal para gnrzar ula daynr rf`ncf``mðl trmoutarma n para prfvflmr ula `area trmoutarma fx`fsmva (Ear`äa, ?21?).

a) Wfltaia9 ‐  Ca rfe rfeca ca pufh pufhff rfstr rfstrmle mlemrmr fc fc usn usn hf mle mlerfrfsns fxtranrhmlarmns mlfspfrahns hf dalfra quf sfal guturns, fdpcfahns fx`cusmvadfltf para ferfsns fvmtalhn asä quf fc eastn sfa prn-`ä`cm` prn-`ä`cm`n. n.

o) Hfsvfltaias9 ‐  Fl ca ca prá`t prá`tm`a m`a puf pufhfl hfl rfs rfsuct uctar ar hmgä hmgä`mc `mcfs fs hf hf `udpcmr. ‐  Fc lmvf lmvfcc hf mle mlerf rfsns sns quf sf fiia fiia ln ln fstá fstá asn`mahn ac RMO fstru`turac. Vl audfltn hf cns mlerfsns fl ca ftapa fxpalsmva hfc `m`cn pnhräa mlhu`mr a ul rfcaiadmfltn fl ca ffi`mfl`ma hf ca ahdmlmstra`mð ahdmlmstra`mðll trmoutarma hmgä`mc hf rfvfrtmr `ualhn sf fltra fl ula ftapa rf`fsmva. Rnr cn taltn, ln sf earaltmzaräa ca rf`auha`mðl lf`fsarma para fvmtar hífi`mts fis`acfs n ul ml`rfdfltn hfc flhfuhadmfltn. Fl eflfrac, ca fvmhfl`ma sfñaca quf `aha ula hf fstas rfecas pnr sä snca ln cnera `udpcmr smductálfa y fgf`tmvadfltf cns noiftmvns hf snstflmomcmhah hf ca hfuha, fstaomcmza`mðl f`nlðdm`a y, sfeùl sf rfqumfra, fc tadañn hfc enomfrln. Rnr fccn, ca tflhfl`ma ja smhn ca `ndomla`mðl hf rfecas para `uormr hffi`mfl`mas quf `aha ula prfsflta hf gnrda cas mlhmvmhuac.

 

8.

FPX_V@XV_A HF CAP _FECAP GMP@ACFP

Mlhfpflhmfltfdfltf hfc noiftmvn quf sf ousquf, cas rfecas fis`acfs ml`cuyfl ula sfrmf hf `ndpnlfltfs oásm`ns9 @nofrtura (ádomtn hf apcm`a`mðl)9  sf rffifrf ac ádomtn hfc sf`tnr pùocm`n ac `uac sf apcm`a ca

rfeca (ahdmlmstra`mðl enomfrlnecnoac). eflfrac, enomfrln suola`mnlac,`fltrac, sf`tnr pùocm`n Ca fxpfrmfl`ma mltfrla`mnlac a`nlsfia ahnptar fc `nl`fptn dás adpcmn pnsmocf. @ác`ucn hf ca rfeca9 ml`cuyf cns parádftrns snorf cns `uacfs sf `ac`ucal cas dftas `ualtmtatmvas, cns supufstns suoya`fltfs `ualhn apcm`al y ntrns aspf`tns dftnhncðem dftnhncðem`ns. `ns. @cáusucas hf fs`apf9 `nlsmstfl fl ula sfrmf hf cmlfadmfltns nrmfltahns a pfrdmtmr `mfrta ﬏fxmomcmhah para ahaptar ca rfeca a fvfltns n `jnqufs tfdpnracfs mdprfvmstns y smelmfi`atmvns, `ndn cn snl hfsastrfs laturacfs n `rmsms filal`mfras8. Pal`mnlfs pnr ml`udpcmdmfltn9  ca fxpfrmfl`ma mltfrla`mnlac mlhm`a quf ca smdpcf mltrnhu``mðl hf ca rfeca ln earaltmza `rfhmomcmhah, a dflns quf fc `nstn hf ml`ud ml`udpcmr pcmr ca rfeca sfa daynr quf fc oflffi`mn hf ln ja`frcn (Kudar ft ac, ?22=). Rara fccn, fccn, sf rf`ndmflha fstaocf`fr sal`mnlfs, s al`mnlfs, cas `uacfs pufhfl sfr hf hns tmpns tmpns99 gnrdacfs n ahdmlmstratmvas, y cas rfputa`mnlacfs. Rcazn9 pfränhn snorf fc `uac rmef ca apcm`a`mðl hffscafchfuha. Wmemcal`ma y sfeumdmfltn9 `nlsmstf fl ula sfrmf hf hmspnsm`mnlfs mlstmtu`mnlacfs para fstaocf`fr ul `ufrpn tí`lm`n, `ndùldfltf ccadahn @nlsfin Gms`ac, mlhfpflhmfltf hf ca fsgfra pncätm`a, fl`areahn hf `nltrncar y har sfeumdmfltn ac `udpcmdmfltn hf ca rfeca, ormlhalhn cns mlgnrdfs `nrrfspnlhmfltfs ac ðrealn supfrmnr quf sf hftfrdmlf. 8

_fsucta hf suda mdpnrtal`ma sfñacar quf fstns fvfltns ln mdpcm`al quf ca rfeca sf aoalhnlf n sf dnhmfiquf hf gnrda grf`ufltf, pufs hf cn `nltrarmn sf agf`ta ca `rfhmomcmhah hf ca dmsda y, `nl fccn, fc fsgufrzn hf cas autnrmhahfs pnr daltflfr ca snstflmomcmhah hf cas filalzas pùocm`as.

Fl fc `asn hf quf fc @nlsfin Gms`ac hftfrdmlf vmnca`mnlfs a ca rfeca fl aceula mlstmtu`mðl pnhrá suefrmr cas dfhmhas `nrrf`tmvas hfc `asn. Rnhräa Rnhr äa sfr hfsfaocf quf cas rf`ndflha rf`ndflha`mnlfs `mnlfs hfc @nlsfin Gms`ac sfal vml`ucaltfs para ca ahdmlmstra`mðl. Dás ahfcaltf sf adpcäa fc `nl`fptn hf fsta fieura. Gulhadfltn cfeac9 fc snpnrtf iurähm`n hf ca rfeca hfof fstar `caradfltf fstaocf`mhn, ya sfa fl ca @nlstmtu`mðl Rncätm`a, fl cfyfs rfca`mnlahas `nl cas gul`mnlfs hf ca rfeca, n `ndn fs usuac, fl cfyfs fspf`macfs hf rfspnlsaomcmhah fis`ac. Rnr su rfcfval`ma hfltrn hf ca fstru`tura hf cas cfyfs fis`acfs, `aofl aceulns `ndfltarmns snorf cas `cáusucas hf fs`apf  y cas sal`mnlfs pnr ml`udpcmdmfltn. Rara fvmtar quf cas `cáusucas hf fs`apf sf apcmqufl hf gnrda hms`rf`mnlac asä, dmtmear cns fgf`tns lfeatmvns quf pufhaly,tflfr snorf ca `rfhmomcmhah hf ca rfeca, hfofl hffilmrsf prfvmadfltf fl a`nrhf `nl `mfrtns `rmtfrmns9 m) daelmtuh daelm tuh y laturacf laturacfza za hf cns `jnqufs fl cns quf pufhfl apcm`arsf, mm) ca hura`mðl hfc pfränhn hf fx`fp`mðl fl fc `udpcmdmfltn hf ca rfeca, mmm) df`almsdns hf rfvfrsmðl hf ca hfsvma`mðl a`uducaha huraltf fc pfränhn hf ca fx`fp`mðl, y mv) cas mlstal`mas hf enomfrln quf a`tmval ca apcm`a`mðl hf cas fx`fp`mnlfs. Pf a`nlsfia quf fstf prn`fsn hf rfvfrsmðl sf rfacm`f hf gnrda erahuac a travís hf ul hftfrdmlahn lùdfrn hf añnsfis`ac. para fvmtar aiustfs aoruptns fl ul sncn pfrmnhn Ahm`mnlacdfltf, sf rf`ndmflha ca mdpcfdflta`mðl hf aefl`mas n fltmhahfs fis`acfs mlhfpflhmfltfs, para rfgnrzar ca `rfhmomcmhah fl ca apcm`a`mðl hf cas `cáusucas hf fs`apf fs`apf.. Cas sal`mnlfs gnrdacfs n ahdmlmstratmvas pufhfl sfr ductas pfrsnlacfs, hfspmhns, n prn`fsns pflacfs. Fstf tmpn hf sal`mnlfs ahdmlmstratmvas snl raradfltf mltrnhu`mhas fl cas rfecas fis`acfs, hfomhn a ca hmfi`uctah quf supnlf hfdnstrar a pnstfrmnrm ula ludírm`ns, mltfl`mðl hfcmofraha hf adpcmar rndpfr `nl cns cädmtfs cn `uac pnhräa _fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a   5

 

fc tmfdpn hf su apcm`a`mðl. Fl ca prá`tm`a, fstas sal`mnlfs sf fdpcfal `ndn ùctmda np`mðl hmsuasnrma, sml mltfl`mðl rfac hf sfr mdpcfdfltahas y apfcalhn dás omfl ac autn-`udpcmdmfltn (Kudar ft ac., ?22=). Ac parf`fr, rfsuctal dás fgf`tmvns cns df`almsdns quf daxmdm`fl fc `nstn snorf

6.

CNP @NLPFINP GMP@ACFP

Ca hmfi`uctah hf `udpcmr `nl ca rfeca fis`ac ja dntmvahn quf fl du`jns paäsfs sf fstaocfz`al cns ccadahns `nlsfins fis`acfs. Pf trata hf nreal nrealmsdns msdns pfrdalfltfs oain ul dalhatn cfeac n fif`utmvn para fvacuar hf gnrda pùocm`a f mlhfpflhmfltfdfltf hf tnha ml﬏ufl`ma pncätm`a fc hfsfdpfñn fis`ac y da`rnf`nlðdm`n, rfca`mnlahns `nl ca snstflmomcmhah tflmo mcmhah a caren pcazn hf cas filalzas pùocm`as y ca fstaomcmhah da`rnf`nlðdm`a da`rnf`nlðdm`a a `nrtn y dfhmaln pcazn (Hforul ft ac, ?210). Fc lùdfrn hf paäsfs quf `ufltal `nl `nlsfins fis`acfs `rf`mð rápmhadfltf a partmr hf ?226. Fl 1=72, sncn Jncalha `nltaoa `nl ul `nlsfin a`tmvn. Rara fc ?210, ?= paäsfs ya `nltaoal `nl `nlsfins fis`acfs. Pm omfl ca daynräa hf fstns sf jal fstaocf`mhn fl paäsfs hfsarrnccahns,, partm`ucardf hfsarrnccahns par tm`ucardfltf ltf fl Fur Furnpa, npa, ca ahnp`mðl hf cfyfs hf rfspnlsaomcmhah fis`ac fl paäsfs fl väas hf hfsarrnccn ja a`rf`fltahn fc mltfrís fl fstaocf`fr fstf tmpn hf mlstm mlstmtu`mnlfs tu`mnlfs..

7.

Fltrf cas gul`mnlfs quf rfacmza ul `nlsfin fis`ac hfsta`al prndnvfr ca tralsparfl`ma y rflhm`mðl hf `ufltas dfhmaltf ul fs`rutmlmn pùocm`n hfc hfsfdpfñn fis`ac; ga`mcmtar prnlðstm`ns da`rnf`nlðdm`ns y prfsupufstarmns; mhfltmfi`ar np`mnlfs hf pncätm`a fis`ac y, hf sfr pnsmocf, gnrducar rf`ndflha`mnlfs; rfsactar fc `nstn pncätm`n y rfputa`mnlac hf pncätm`as mlhfsfaocfs y fc rndpmdmfltn hf `ndprndmsns pùocm`ns pa`tahns fl ula rfeca fis`ac. Fl cans fxpfrmfl`ma mltfrla`mnlac mlhm`a qufeflfrac, cns `nlsfi `nlsfins fis`acfs `nltrmouyfl fl ca prndn`mðl hf ca hms`mpcmla fis`ac, smfdprf quf tfleal ul ahf`uahn hmsfñn, sndftal ca fvacua`mðl fis`ac ac fs`rutmlmn pùocm`n, tfleal ula gufrtf prfsfl`ma fl fc hfoatf pùocm`n (fstratfema hf `ndulm`a`mðl) y `udpcal ul papfc fxpcä`mtn fl fc sfeumdmfltn hf cas rfecas fis`acfs. Fl fc _f`uahrn 1 sf hfs`rmofl cns tmpns hf `nlsfins dás `ndulfs mlstacahns fl varmns paäsfs, asä `ndn aceulas `nlsmhfra`mnlfs mdpnrtaltfs para su ahf`uahn gul`mnladmfltn.

_FECAP GMP@ACFP FL ADÍ_M@A CAXMLA

Fc usn hf rfecas fis`acfs sf ja mhn fxtflhmflhn fxtflhmflhn fl fc dulhn fl fc trals` trals`ursn ursn hf cas ùctmda ùctmdass hí`ahas. Pfeùl fc Gnlhn Dnlftarmn D nlftarmn Mltfrla`mnlac, fl 1==2 1==2 sncadfltf sf rfemstraoal `ml`n paäsfs `nl rfecas fis`acfs9 Acfdalma, Mlhnlfsma, Iapðl, Cuxfdouren  y cns Fsta Fstahns hns Vlmh Vlmhns ns,, `nl `nl ula ula `nofrtur `nofrtura a mlstm mlstmtu`m tu`mnnlac hf ac dflns fc Enomfrln @fltrac. A partmr hf fltnl`fs fc lùdfrn hf paäsfs p aäsfs sf ja ml`rfdfltahn ml`rfdfltahn fl rfspufsta a cas `rmsms f`nlðdm`as y `nl fc fil hf prnpm`mar `ndprndmsns hms`mpcmla fis`ac. Ja`ma dfhmahns hfc `rfäocfs ?21?, fchflùdfrn hf :

ca rfputa`mðl, fs hf`mr, hañns a ca mdaefl. Rnr fifdpcn, sf pufhf fdpcfar ula rfsncu`mðl iuhm`mac para hf`carar ml`nlstmtu`mnlac `uacqumfr hfsvma`mðl hf ca rfeca u nocmear a ca autnrmhah fl`areaha a `ndparf`fr pùocm`adfltf y fxpcm`ar sus hf`msmnlfs hf rndpfr `nl ca rfeca.

_fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a

paäsfs `nl rfeca fis`ac as`flhäa a :1, ml`cuyflhn 01 f`nlndäas avalzahas, 02 f`nlndäas fdfrefltfs y ?2 f`nlndäas suohfsarrnccahas. Hfltrn hfc erupn hf f`nlndäas fdfrefltfs sf ml`cuäal 10 paäsfs hf Adírm`a Catmla. Cas rfecas fis`acfs fl Adírm`a Catmla `ndmflzal a nosfrvarsf `nl daynr grf`ufl`ma huraltf ca prmdfra partf hfc prfsfltf smecn. Alacmzalhn cas fxpfrmfl`mas hf @jmcf, Orasmc, Arefltmla, Díxm`n, Rfrù, Wflfzufca y @ncndoma sf `nl`cuyf quf ln

 

ja fxmstmhn ul patrðl hf rfeca quf pufha eflfracmzarsf para tnhns cns paäsfs (Ofrealza, ?21?). Pm omfl tnhns fstaocf`fl rfecas `nl cädmtfs ludírm`ns, ca `nofrtura `nofr tura hfc lmvfc hf enomfrln hmfifrf. Rnr Rnr fifdpcn, Arefltmla, @jmcf y Díxm`n fstaocf`mfrnl sus rfecas fis`acfs para fc Enomfrln @fltrac dmfltras quf Orasmc, @ncndoma y Rfrù cn jm`mfrnl para fc Pf`tnr pùocm`n Ln Gmlal`mfrn (PRLG) ml`cuyflhn cns enomfrlns suola`mnlacfs n prnvml`macfs. Meuacdfltf sf jal utmcmzahn hmstmltns `nl`fptns para hffilmr ca varmaocf noiftmvn (eastn prmdarmn, eastn `nrrmfltf, rfsuctahn prmdarmn, rfsuctahn `nrrmfltf, rfsuctahn fstru`turac) y cmdmtar fc dnltn hf

flhfuhadmfltn n fc sfrvm`mn hf ca hfuha. Rnr ntrn cahn, ùlm`adfltf fl Arefltmla y Orasmc sf rfpnrta fc usn hf `nlsfins fis`acfs y ca fx`cusmðl hf eastns hf mlvfrsmðl hf ca rfeca (rfeca hf nrn). Ahfdás, fl aceulns `asns ln fxmstfl `cáusucas hf fs`apf (Arefltmla, @jmcf, @ncndoma). Fl eflfrac, ca fvmhfl`ma mlhm`a quf cns rfsuctahns hf ca apcm`a`mðl hf rfecas fis`acfs fl Adírm`a Catmla ln ja smhn duy pnsmtmva (Ofrealza, ?21?). @nl ca fx`fp`mðl qumzás hf @jmcf y Orasmc, cas rfecas fis`acfs jal smhn `nl grf`ufl`ma dnhmfi`ahas dnhmfi`ahas n suspflhmhas. Dás quf `nlhm`mnlfs lf`fsarmas  y sufi`mfl sufi`mfltfs tfs para para ac`alza ac`alzarr ca hms`m hms`mpcm pcmla la fis`ac, fis`ac, cas cas _fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a   =

 

rfecas fis`acfs, `ndn tacfs, sf jal `nlsmhfrahn `ndn ula fxprfsmðl gnrdac hf ca vncultah pncätm`a para daltflfr ca hms`mpcmla fis`ac. Fc tfda hf cas sal`mnlfs pnr ml`udpcmdmfltn ja smhn qumzás fc pmcar dás híomc hfltrn hf cns `ndpnlfl `ndpnlfltfs tfs hf cas rfecas.. Fl duy pn`ns `asns sf ml`cuyfl sal`mnlfs rfecas fspf`äfi`as dás accá hfc ml`udpcmdmfltn hf hfofrfs hfc gul`mnlarmn pùocm`n (ya hf pnr sä fxmstfltfs fl ntrns `ufrpns hf cfemsca`mðl), y `ualhn sf fstaocf`fl fl ln pn`ns `asns snl dnhmfi`ahas, ml`udpcmhas n melnrahas. Pf fvmhfl`ma fvmhfl`ma quf cns paäsfs hffilfl ca daelmtuh y laturacfza hf cns `jnqufs mltfrlns y fxtfrlns hf dalfra duy eflfrac, hnlhf ca apcm`a`mðl hf cas

5.

`cáusucas hf fs`apf qufha a `rmtfrmn hms`rf`mnlac n pncätm`n. Fl ca daynräa hf cns `asns, tadpn`n sf fstaocf`fl cns capsns hf su vmefl`ma lm cns rfqumsmtns hf `nrrf``mðl hf ca hfsvma`mðl hf ca dfta fis`ac quf sf `nlsmhfra `njfrfltf `nl ca snstflmomcmhah hf ca hfuha pùocm`a. Pm omfl ca apcm`a`mðl hf `cáusucas hf fs`apf pfrdmtf quf cas rfecas fis`acfs sfal ﬏fxmocfs altf `mr`ulstal`mas fx`fp`mnlacfs f mlfspfrahas, sf paea ul `nstn fl tírdmlns hf `rfhmomcmhah. Rnr fsta razðl, rfsucta lf`fsarmn hffilmr hf dalfra fxpcä`mta y tralsparfltf cas `nlhm`mnlfs hf su apcm`a`mðl para ln `ndprndftfr ca `rfhmomcmhah hf ca rfeca lm ca snstflmomcmhah hf cas filalzas pùocm`as.

R_NRVFPXA HF _FECA GMP@AC RA_A @NPXA _M@A

Ca cfemsca`mðl `nstarrm`flsf `nltmflf varmas rfecas

Artä`ucn 88.  Gmlal`madmfltn hf lufvns eastns.

fis`acfs, ln casf@nlstmtu`mðl jal `udpcmhnRncätm`a fl ca   prá`tm`a.sml Rnrfdoaren ula partf, fstaocf`f fl fc artä`ucn 157 quf… —fl —fl lmleùl `asn fc dnltn hf cns eastns prfsupufstahns pn-  hrá fx`fhfr fc hf cns mlerfsns prnoaocfs—. Pf prnoaocfs—. Pf mlhm`a ahfdás quf cas dulm`mpacmhahfs y cas mlstmtu`mnlfs autðlndas nosfrvarál fsa rfeca para aprnoar sus prfsupufstns.

Xnha cfy la`mnlac nrhmlarmahfofrá quf tflea fgf`tns fl fc prfsupufstn mlhm`ar, fxpcä`mtadfltf, hf quí dalfra sf fgf`tuarál cns aiustfs prfsupufstarmns para daltflfr fc prml`mpmn hfc fqumcmormn. Fl `nlsf`ufl`ma, hf a`ufrhn `nl fc dar`n iurähm`n vmefltf, hfofrál rfacmzarsf cns dnvmdmfltns prfsupufstarmns `nrrfspnlhmfltfs.

Asmdmsdn, fc artä`ucn 15= hf ca @nlstmtu`mðl fstaocf`f quf  quf  –Ca Asadocfa Cfemscatmva ln pnhrá audfltar cns eastns prfsupufstahns pnr fc Rnhfr

tacf`fr ca gul`mnlacmhah y `acmhah hf ca hfdn`ra`ma `nstarrm`flsf, prfparahn fl fc ?21? pnr

Asmdmsdn, fl fc hn`udfltn Rrnpufstas para gnrca @ndmsmðl Rrfsmhfl`mac snorf Enofrlaomcmhah 6

Fif`utmvn, sm lnhffs `uormrcns, sfñacalhnprfvmn cns lufvns quf juomfrfl mlgnrdfmlerfsns hf ca @nltracnräa Eflfrac hf ca _fpùocm`a snorf ca fgf`tmvmhah fis`ac hf cns dmsdns.—  Rnr ntra partf, ca Cfy hf Ahdmlmstra`mðl Gmlal`mfra y Rrfsupufstns Rùocm`ns  (Cfy :101 hfc 17 hf n`tuorf hf ?221) ml`cuyf hns rfecas ahm`mnlacfs9 Artä`ucn 79  Gmlal`madmfltn hf eastns `nrrmfltfs. Rara cns fgf`tns hf ula ahf`uaha efstmðl filal`mfra, ln pnhrál filal`marsf eastns `nrrmfltfs `nl mlerfsns hf `apmtac. 12

_fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a

Hfdn`rátm`a , sf ml`cuyfrnl para dfinrar fc hfsfdpfñn hf ca rf`ndflha`mnlfs ahdmlmstra`m ahdmlm stra`mðl ðl pùocm`a, quf fl fc gnlhn vmflfl a sfr rfecas fis`acfs `nl cädmtfs, cädm tfs, `nlstmtu`mnlacfs `nlstmtu`mnlacfs fl aceulns `asns, ac flhfuhadmfltn pùocm`n, pùocm`n, ac hífi`mt fis`ac, a cas fxnlfra`mnlfs, ac `rf`mdmfltn `rf`mdmfltn hfc fdpcfn pùocm`n pùocm`n,, a eastns e astns ln fsfl`macfs,, fltrf ntras a``mnlfs (vfr _f`uahrn ?). fsfl`macfs ?). A ca gf`ja fstas rf`ndflha`mnlfs ln jal smhn ml`nrpnrahas a cas lnrdas iuräh iurähm`as m`as `nrrfspnlhmfltfs. 6

Ca @ndmsmðl fstuvn mltferaha mltferaha pnr Gral`ms`n Altnlmn Ra`jf`n (`nnrhmlahnr), Wcahmdmr hf ca @ruz, Dalrmquf  Imdílfz, _nhncgn Rmza, Gaomál Wncmn y @nlstaltmln Vr`uyn. Pu dalhatn qufhð cmdmtahn a eflfrar prnpufstas `nl`rftas para ca dfinra hf ca mlstmtu`mnlacmhah y ca `nlvmvfl`ma hfdn`rátm`a fl @nsta _m`a.

 

Altf ca ausfl`ma hf rfecas fis`acfs quf sf `udpcal fl ca prá`tm`a, fc Rnhfr Fif`utmvn prfsfltð a ca Asadocfa Cfemscatmva fc Rrnyf`tn Cfy hf _fspnlsaomcmhah Gms`ac hf ca _fpùocm`a  (Fxpfhmfltf Ln. 1=.=6?). Fc prnyf`tn, sfeùl sf mlhm`a fl ca fxpnsm`mðl hf dntmvns, ous`a cmdmtar fc `rf`mdmfltn hfc eastn `nrrmfltf y ja`fr npfratmvn cn hmspufstn fl ca @nlstmtu`mðl Rncätm`a y fl ca Cfy :101. A `nltmlua`mðl sf `ndfltal cas prml`mpacfs `ara`tfrästm`as hf ca rfeca fis`ac prnpufsta9

5.1. @nofrtura (ádomtn hf apcm`a`mðl)

Pmeumflhn ca rf`ndflha`mðl mltfrla`mnlac, fc prnyf`tn prnpnlf quf tnhns cns fltfs y ðrealns quf `nlgnrdal fc PRLG fstíl suiftns a ca rfeca. Pml fdoaren, sf fx`cuyf fxpcä`mtadfltf fc _íemdfl hf Mlvacmhfz, Wfifz y Dufrtf (MWD) hf ca @aia @nstarrm`flsf hfc Pfeurn Pn`mac (@@PP)  yoain cas ríemdfl fdprfsa fdp rfsas s pùoc pùocm`as m`as fl `uac `uacqum fr a`tm a`tmvmh vmhah ah hf `ndpftfl`ma, pnrqumfr fstar suiftas a _fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a   11

 

ntrn tmpn hf rfeuca`mðl. Ca fx`cusmðl hf ca @@PP parf`f iustmfi`aocf fl gul`mðl hf ca autnlndäa fspf`mac quf cf `nlfifrf ca @nlstmtu`mðl Rncätm`a. @nl rfspf`tn a cas fdprfsas fl `ndpftfl`ma, fc prnyf`tn ln fspf`mfi`a `uácfs snl, pnr cn quf sf prfsudf qufharál hffilmhas fl fc rfecadfltn hf ca cfy. 5.?. @ác`ucn hf ca rfeca fis`ac

Pf apcm`a ul `rmtfrmn `ualtmtatmvn, cmdmtalhn fc `rf`mdmfltn hfc eastn `nrrmfltf sfeùl ac `ndpnrtadmfltn hf ca rfca`mðl Hfuha hfc Enomfrln @fltrac/ RMO. Fl ca fxpnsm`mðl hf dntmvns sf mlhm`a quf sf fs`nemð fstf parádftrn pnr `ualtn ca hfuha hfc Enomfrln @fltrac sf ja nrmemlahn prml`mpacdfltf pnr fc `rf`mdmfltn hfc eastn `nrrmfltf pnr fl`mda hf cns mlerfsns `nrrmfltfs. Pf apcm`a ca ccadaha rfeca hf nrn ac fx`cumr ca hfuha hfc rfstn hfc PRLG pnr `ualtn fcca rfspnlhf oásm`adfltf a eastns hf mlvfrsmðl. Fc noiftmvn fs fltnl`fs `nltrncar fc hífi`mt cmdmtalhn fc eastn `nrrmfltf, sml agf`tar cas pnsmomcmhahfs guturas hf `rf`mdmfltn f`nlðdm`n. Fl fc `asn hf @nsta _m`a ca apcm`a`mðl hf fsta rfeca flgrflta flgrflta fc prnocfda hf cns hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns hf eastn, `ndn sf `ndflta dás ahfcaltf. Ntra np`mðl `nlsmhfraräa fdpcfar ula rfeca hf rfsuctahn n supfrávmt/ supfrávmt/hífi`mt, hífi`mt, ecnoac n prmdarmn, p rmdarmn, hf dalfra quf sf `ufltf `nl daynrfs erahns hf cmofrtah pnr ca väa hf cns mlerfsns trmoutarmns. trmoutarmns. 5.0. @cáusucas hf fs`apf

@ndn fs usuac fl `asm tnhns cns paäsfs, ca rfeca ml`cuyf `cáusucas hf fs`apf n suspflsmðl tfdpnrac hf ca rfeca9 m) fl `asns fxtrfdns hf rf`fsmðl f`nlðdm`a7, hf`caraha pnr fc Oal`n @fltrac hf @nsta _m`a, n mm) fdfrefl`ma la`mnlac5, `uya atfl`mðl mdpcmquf ula frnea`mðl hf eastn `nrrmfltf meuac n supfrmnr ac 2,0 pnr `mfltn hfc RMO. Ca rfeca 7 5

1?

Vla `rmsms mltfrla`mnlac pnhräa supnlfr ula suspflsmðl n `adomns fl ca rfeca prfvmflhn pnsmocfs `nlsf`ufl`mas hf ca `rmsms snorf ca f`nlndäa la`mnlac. Fltflhmha fl cns tírdmlns hf cn hmspufstn hmspufstn fl ca Cfy Cfy La`mnlac hf Fdfrefl`mas, Cfy L² :8::, hf 7 hf flfrn hf ?217).

_fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a

ahfdás `udpcf `nl cns rfqumsmtns hf vmemcal`ma, `udpcmdmfltn y sfeumdmfltn rf`ndflhahas para ca apcm`a`mðl tfdpnrac hf `cáusucas hf fs`apf, asä `ndn fc df`almsdn hf rfvfrsmðl quf sf apcm`ará ula vfz fxpmrahn fc pcazn hf suspflsmðl. Ca Hmrf``mðl Eflfrac hf Rrfsupufstn La`mnlac (HERL) y ca @nltracnräa @nltracnräa Eflfrac hf ca _fpùoc _fpùocm`a m`a (@E_) snl cns fltfs hfsmelahns para ccfvar a `aon fstas gul`mnlfs. 5.8. Wmemcal`ma y sfeumdmfltn hf ca rfeca fis`ac

Ca graedflta`mðl quf fxmstf fl ca aprnoa`mðl hf cns prfsupufstns pùocm`ns fl @nsta _m`a hmfi`ucta hfsmelar ula snca hfpflhfl`ma `ndn rfspnlsaocf hfc `udpcmdmfltn hf ca rfeca fis`ac. fis `ac. Ca Hmrf``mðl Eflfrac hf Rrfsupufstn La`mnlac (HERL) vmemcará fc `udpcmdmfltn hf ca rfeca fis`ac fl fc ádomtn hfc Enomfrln @fltrac y ca @nltracnräa Eflfrac hf ca _fpùocm`a (@E_) fl rfca`mðl `nl cas fltmhahfs quf `nlgnrdal fc PRLG, `uyn prfsupufstn fs aprnoahn pnr fc fltf `nltracnr. Pf rfacmzará ul sfeumdmfltn trmdfstrac hf ca fif`u`mðl hfc prfsupufstn `nl fc fil hf prfvfr fvfltuacfs hfsväns fl fc `udpcmdmfltn hf ca rfeca fis`ac. Fc `udpcmdmfltn sf fstaocf`f fl gnrda mlhmvmhuac pnr dmlmstfrmn y pnr mlstmtu`mðl, cn `uac pcaltfa ul hmcfda fltrf ca lf`fsmhah hf fstaocf`fr rfspnlsaomcmhah hmrf`ta  y ca lf`f lf`fsmha smhah h hf pfrd pfrdmtm mtmrr ula asm asmela` ela`mðl mðl quf rfspnlha a cas prmnrmhahfs hfc paäs, cas `uacfs fvncu`mnlal hf a`ufrhn `nl cas `adomaltfs `mr`ulstal`mas. 5.6. Pal`mnlfs pnr ml`udpcmdmfltn

Ca prnpufsta `nlsmhfra ula gacta eravf fc ml`udpcmdmfltn hf ca rfeca fis`ac, n hf su `nltrnc. Pml fdoaren, ln sf hffilf hf dalfra fxpcä`mta fc tmpn hf sal`mnlfs pnr apcm`ar. _fdmtf ca apcm`a`mðl hf sal`mnlfs sal`mnl fs a cn fstaocf`mhn fl fc artä`ucn 7: hf ca Cfy Nreálm`a hf ca @E_. Ahfdás, ca prnpufsta fstaocf`f quf `nrrfspnlhf a ca Asadocfa Cfemscatmva prn`fhfr `nltra cas autnrmhahfs supfrmnrfs hf ca @E_ fl `asn hf ml`udpcmr sus hfofrfs

 

fl `ualtn ac hfomhn `nltrnc y `udpcmdmfltn hf ca rfeca fis`ac9 –Cf `nrrfspnlhf a ca Asadocfa Cfemscatmva prn`f-  hfr `nltra fc `nltracnr y suo`nltracnr eflfrac hf ca _fpùocm`a quf ml`udpcal `nl su hfofr hf `nl-  trncar hfomhadfltf fc `udpcmdmfltn hf ca rfeca fis`ac, fl cns tírdmlns quf fstaocf`f fc artä`ucn 80 hf su Cfy Nreálm`a— (artä`ucn ?1). 5.7. Rcazn hf apcm`a`mðl hf ca rfeca

Pf fstaocf`f quf ula vfz hftfrdmlaha ca apcm`a`mðl hf ula rfeca, ln pnhrá apcm`arsf ntra dflns rmeurnsa altfs hf ac dflns `ml`n añns. Ca rfvmsmðl aluac hf ca rfeca sncn pfrdmtmrá ca fvfltuac apcm`a`mðl hf ula dás sfvfra. 5.5. Gulhadfltn cfeac

Ac meuac quf ca daynräa hf cns paäsfs quf apcm`al rfecas fis`acfs, fc gulhadfltn cfeac hf ca rfeca prnpufsta sf nrmemla fl ula cfy hf rfspnlsaomcmhah fis`ac, quf prnpnr`mnla daynr snstflmomcmhah quf ul a`ufrhn pncätm`n, ul cmlfadmfltn prfsmhfl`mac n ul Hf`rftn Fif`utmvn. Hfof hfsta`arsf quf fc prnyf`tn `nltmflf ula sfrmf hf lnrdas `uyn

:.

prnpðsmtn fs rfgnrzar hmspnsm`mnlfs ya fxmstfltfs fl ca @nlstmtu`mðl Rncätm`a y fl ca Cfy :101. Fstn cu`f dás vmaocf quf mltrnhu`mr rfgnrdas `nlstmtu`mnlacfs. Fl partm`ucar, sf prnpnlf quf tnhn prnyf`tn hf cfy prfsfltahn pnr fc Rnhfr Fif`utmvn, cns hmputahns, n cns `muhahalns pnr mlm`matmva pnpucar, quf mdpcmquf ul ml`rfdfltn fl fc eastn n ca ahm`mðl hf lufvas gul`mnlfs a ca Ahdmlmstra`mðl Rùocm`a hfofrá a`ndpañarsf hf su filal`madmfltn hf dfhmaln y caren pcazn `nl pcfln apfen a cn fstaocf`mhn fl fc artä`ucn 15= hf ca @nlstmtu`mðl Rncätm`a. Rara tac fgf`tn hfofrál sfñacarsf cas lufvas gufltfs hf filal`madmfltn n rf`nrtfs hf eastn. 5.:. @nlsfins Gms`acfs

Fc prnyf`tn hf cfy prfsfltahn ln ml`cuyf ca mlstaca`mðl hf ul @nlsfin Gms`ac. Fstf pufhf sfr `mfrtadfltf ul tfda `nltrnvfrsmac fl fc `nltfxtn pncätm`n-mlstmtu`mnlac hfc paäs. Rnhräa fvacuarsf ca pnsmomcmhah pnsmom cmhah hf quf ca @E_ asuda fc papfc hf ul @nlsfin Gms`ac, `nl sus atrmou`mnlfs y gul`mnlfs cfeacdfltf cfeacdfl tf fstaocf`mhas. fstaocf`mhas. Ntra np`mðl sfräa ca pnsmomcmhah hf `nlgnrdar ul `nlsfin hf Fxdmlmstrns hf Ja`mflha y quf ca @E_ asuda cas gul`mnlfs hf ula sf`rftaräa tí`lm`a.

ARCM@A@MÐL ] FGF@XMWM FGF@XMWMHAH HAH HF CA _FECA R_NRVFPXA9  ACEVLNP @NDFLXA_MNP @NDFLXA_MNP AHM@MNLACFP

Ca fxpfrmfl`ma mltfrla`mnlac rf`ndmflha quf cas rfecas fis`acfs sfal hmsfñahas tndalhn fl `uflta aspf`tns prnpmns hfc nrhfladmfltn iurähm`n-mlstmtu`mnlac tmtu`m nlac hfc paäs p aäs.. Fl fc `asn partm`ucar hf @nsta _m`a `aof alacmzar fc fgf`tn hf hns ga`tnrfs mdpnrtaltfs snorf ca apcm`a`mðl y fgf`tmvmhah hf ca rfeca fis`ac prnpufsta9 prnpufsta9 cns hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns hf eastn y cas fxnlfra`mnlfs trmoutarmas. :.1. Hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns hf eastn

Hf a`ufrhn `nl fc Dmlmstfrmn hf Ja`mflha, ul 08 pnr `mfl `mfltn tn hfc Rrfsupufstn La`mnlac nofhf`f

a dalhatns `nlstmtu`mnlacfs y ul ?0 pnr `mfltn a dalhatns cfeacfs. Fsta rmemhfz prfsupufstarma `nlstmtuyf ul sfrmn nostá`ucn para ca apcm`a`mðl  y `ud `udpcm pcmdm dmflt fltnn hf ca rfe rfeca ca fis`a fis`acc prn prnpufst pufsta. a. A dalfra mcustratmva, fl fc @uahrn 1 sf dufstral aceulas hf cas prml` prml`mpacfs mpacfs rmemhf`fs rmemhf`fs `ausahas pnr cns hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns. Cns `ndprndmsns `nlstmtu`mnlacfs para fc Dmlmstfrmn hf Fhu`a`mðl Rùocm`a (DFR) y fc Rnhfr Iuhm`mac rfprfsfltal acrfhfhnr hfc 56 pnr `mfltn hfc tntac hf hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns. Fc rfstaltf ?6 pnr `mfltn `nrrfspnlhf a dalhatns cfeacfs, fltrf cns `uacfs dás hf ca dmtah `nrrfspnlhf a tralsgfrfl`mas rfacmzahas ac Gnlhn _fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a   10

 

@uahrn 1

_memhf`fs prfsupufstarmas pnr hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns dás smelmfi`atmvns Fltmhah

Hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns

Gulhadfltn

Eastn fl fhu`a`mðl

: pnr `mfltn hfc RMO para fhu`a`mðl

@nlst. Rncätm`a, art. 5:

Rnhfr Iuhm`mac

Ac dflns 7 pnr `mfltn hf cns mlerfsns `nrrmfltfs 11 pnr `mfltn hfc RMO hfc añn altfrmnr a ca fcf``mðl

@nlst. Rncätm`a, art. 155

Eastn fcf`tnrac

@nlst. Rncätm`a, art. =7

Gnlhn hf Hfsarrnccn Pn`mac y Asmela`mnlfs Gadmcmarfs (GNHFPAG)

prfsmhfl`mac 5 pnr `mfltn hfc mdpufstn snorf ca rflta Cfy :1181/ ?7 pnr `mfltn hfc mdpufstn a cas ofomhas ac`njðcm`as Cfy 5=5??/ Vla asmela`mðl fqumvacfltf a 6=0 dmc sacarmns oasf utmcmzahns pnr fc Rnhfr Iuhm`mac ac fiiar ductas y pflas pnr Cfy :5:0 ca `ndmsmðl hf hmgfrfltfs mlgra``mnlfs, prnvflmfltfs hf ca rf`auha`mðl snorf fc mdpufstn snorf cas vfltas

@nlsfin La`mnlac hf Wmacmhah (@NLAWM)

62 pnr `mfltn hf cns mdpufstns a vfjä`ucns 56 hfc 02 pnr `mfltn hf cns mdpufstns a `ndoustmocfs

Ratrnlatn La`mnlac hf ca Mlgal`ma (RALM)

@aia @nstarrm`flsf hf Pfeurn Pn`mac 12,06 pn pnr `m`mfltn hfc prfsupufstn hfc GNHFPAG (@@PP) Dulm`mpacmhahfs

?6 hfc 02 pnr `mfltn hfc mdpufstn ùlm`n snorf cns `ndoustmocfs 12 pnr `mfltn hf cns mlerfsns `nrrmfltfs hfc Rrfsupufstn Nrhmlarmn

Cfy 55=:0/ Cfy :118 Cfy :5 :5:08/ Cfy :118 Cfy :1276/

1/ Cfy hf Pmdpcmfi`a`mðl y Ffi`mfl`ma Xrmoutarma. ?/ Cfy 5=5? hf `rfa`mðl hf `areas trmoutarmas snorf cm`nrfs, `frvfzas `frvf zas y `mearrmccns para filal`mar ul pcal mltferac hf prntf``mðl y adparn hf ca pnoca`mðl ahucta daynr, lmñas y lmñns fl rmfsen sn`mac, pfrsnlas hms`apa`mtahas aoalhnlahas, rfjaomcmta`mðl hf ac`njðcm`ns y garda`nhfpflhmfltfs, apnyn a cas caonrfs hf ca @ruz _nia y hfrnea`mðl hf mdpufstns dflnrfs snorf cas a`tmvmhahfs aerä`ncas y su `nlsf`ufltf sustmtu`mðl. 0/ Cfy hf @rfa`mðl hfc @nlsfin La`mnlac hf Wmacmhah (@NLAWM) 8/ _fgnrda Cfy hf Hfsarrnccn Pn`mac y Asmela`mnlfs Gadmcmarfs, L² 677?, Cfy Rflsmðl para Hms`apa`mtahns `nl Hfpflhmfltfs L² 5707, Cfy @rfa`mðl hfc M@NHF_, L¹ 5:22, Cfy Pmstfda Gmlal`mfrn La`mnlac para Wmvmflha L² 526? y Cfy @rfa`mðl Gnlhn La`mnlac hf Of`as. 6/ _fgnrda hfc artä`ucn 152 hf ca @nlstmtu`mðl Rncätm`a, hfc 0 hf iucmn hf ?221. Gufltf9 fcaonra`mðl prnpma, `nl oasf fl @ada`jn y Calkfstfr, Wacfrmf (?218).

hf Hfsarrnccn Pn`mac y Asmela`mnlfs Gadmcmarfs (GNHFPAG), fc @nlsfin La`mnlac hf Wmacmhah (@NLAWM), cas dulm`mpacmhahfs, ca @@PP (filal`madmfltn hfc ríemdfl ln `nltrmoutmvn hf pflsmnlfs) y fc Ratrnlatn La`mnlac La `mnlac hf ca Mlgal`ma (RALM).

rf`ursns lf`fsarmns a partmr hf mdpufstns quf fxmstäal prfvmadfltf a su `rfa`mðl. Fstn ja `ausahn ula eral ml﬏fxmomcmhah para asmelar cns rf`ursns pùocm`ns hf gnrda dás ffi`mfltf. •

@ada`jn y Calkfstfr (?21 (?218) sfñacal cns prml`mpacfs prnocfdas hfrmvahns hf cns hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns para ca efstmðl ffi`mfltf y snstflmocf hf cns rf`ursns pùocm`ns9 •

18

Ca daynräa jal smhn `rfahns sml ula lufva gufltf hf filal`madmfltn, notflmflhn cns

_fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a

•

@ufltal `nl ula hffilm`mðl duy adpcma sml fspf`mfi`ar su usn lm vmefl`ma, cn quf hmfi`ucta fvacuar su fgf`tmvmhah y pfrdalfl`ma. Fsta smtua`mðl sf aerava `ualhn fxmstf dás hf ula cfy quf oflffi`ma a ul dmsdn fil. Fl cns ùctmdns añns, `asm tnhas cas mlstmtu`mnlfs oflffi`marmas oflffi`marm as hf cfyfs `nl hfstmln fspf`äfi`n

 

`ufltal `nl ul supfrávmt pfrdalfltf. Ca oaia fif`u`mðl hf cns rf`ursns para ul fil fspf`äfi`n `ufstmnla ca lf`fsmhah hf daltflfr hm`jas nocmea`mnlfs a ul lmvfc ml`nlsmstfltf `nl fc usn quf cf hal fstas mlstmtu`mnlfs. Fc fifr`m`mn hf smduca`mðl rfacmzahn para fc añn ?216 (vfr Pf``mðl =) pfrdmtmð hftfrdmlar quf cas mlstmtu`mnlfs `nl daynrfs dnltns hf eastn `nrrmfltf fltrf tnhn fc PRLG `nml`mhfl `nl aqufccas quf prfsfltarnl cas daynrfs hfsvma`mnlfs fltrf fc eastn fgf`tmvn y fc eastn smducahn hf a`ufrhn `nl ca rfeca prnpufsta. Fl `nlsf`ufl`ma, pufhf mlgfrmrsf mlgfrm rsf quf cns `adom `adomns ns fl cas varmaocfs hf rfgfrfl`ma rfl` ma hf cns hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns para fstas fltmhahfs tflhrál ul mdpa`tn mdpnrtaltf fl fc eastn `nrrmfltf. Asä, ul daynr RMO lndmlac y aczas fl mdpufstns (rflta, vfltas, `nlsudn, `ndoustmocfs) y fl cns mlerfsns `nrrmfltfs adpcmaräal fc darefl hf eastn hf cas mlstmtu`mnlfs oflffi`marmas hf hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns, ja`mflhn dás hmgä`mc fc `udpcmdmfltn hf ca rfeca fis`ac pnr ca väa hf rf`nrtfs prfsupufstarmns fl ausfl`ma hf dfhmhas `ndpflsatnrmas. Ca prnpufsta ln `nltmflf prnvmsmnlfs quf `nlsmhfrfl fc mdpa`tn quf pufhfl tflfr cns hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns hf eastn fl ca apcm`a` apcm`a`mðl mðl hf ca rfeca fis`ac. Pncn fstaocf`f quf sm ca hfuha hfc Enomfrln @fltrac supfra fc `ml`uflta pnr `mfltn hfc RMO, fc Dmlmstfrmn hf Ja`mflha pnhrá prfsupufstar y emrar cns hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns cfeacfs `nlsmhfralhn ca hmspnlmomcmhah hf rf`ursns salns y sufi`mfltfs hfc Enomfrln y hf cas fltmhahfs oflffi`marmas. Hm`ja prnvmsmðl, sml fdoaren, fs `caradfltf mlsufi`mfltf pnr hns raznlfs. Rnr ul cahn, pnrquf ca Paca @nlstmtu`mnlac ja rfsufctn rfmtfrahadfltf quf ca cfy nrhmlarma fstá pnr fl`mda hf ca cfy prfsupufstarma fl cas rfsncu`mnlfs a rf`ursns hf adparn y hf `nlstmtu`mnlacmhah (vfr @ada`jn y Calkfstfr, ?218). Fl `nlsf`ufl`ma, fc Dmlmstfrmn hf Ja`mflha y ca Asadocfa Cfemscatmva sf jal vmstn nocmeahns a prfsupufstar y emrar cns rf`ursns aulquf –ca hmspnlmomcmhah hf rf`ursns ln sfa sufi`mfltf—. Rnr ntra partf, ula cfy nrhmlarma ‐`ndn cn sfräa fc prnyf`tn –Cfy hf _fspnlsaomcmhah Gms`ac

hf ca _fpùocm`a—‐ ln fs fxpcä`mta fl `ualtn a sm fc `udpcmdmfltn hf ca rfeca fis`ac rfsucta prmnrmtarmn grfltf a ca pnsmomcmhah hf `nltravflmr aceula ntra cfy nrhmlarma quf fstaocf`f hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns. Fl fstf sfltmhn, tadpn`n sf fxprfsa fl hm`jn prnyf`tnn `ðdn sf ja hf rfeuca prnyf`t rfeucarr ula pnsmocf `nltrahm``mðl `nl cns hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns hmspufstns pnr ca prnpma @nlstmtu`mðl, @nlstmt u`mðl, cns `uacfs, fs `carn, ln pnhräal vfrsf agf`tahns, smflhn quf `nlgnrdf ac Rrml`mpmn hf _feucarmhah Iurähm`a, ula lnrda hf dflnr ralen ln pufhf `nltr `nltrahf`mr ahf`mr ca hf supfrmnr ifrarquäa. Pm ln sf fl`ufltra ula sncu`mðl a fstf tfda pnhräa jaofr ula `nltrapnsm`mðl fltrf cas lnrdas cfeacfs, mdpnsmomcmtalhn ca apcm`a`mðl hf ca rfeca. :.?. Eastn trmoutarmn

Ca mdpnrtal`ma hf fstmdar fc eastn trmoutarmn:  rahm`a fl ca tralsparfl`ma quf hfof tflfr tnhn smstfda trmoutarmn ‐ac sfr rf`ursns ln pfr`momhns, pfrn sä gufltfs pntfl`m pntfl`macfs acfs hf rf`auha` rf`auha`mðl‐ mðl‐ fl fc alácmsms hf cns `nstns y oflffi`mns hf cns hmgfrfltfs rfeädflfs hf fxnlfra`mðl y su mdpa`tn fl ca a`tmvmhah f`nlðdm`a hfc paäs. Rara fc ?217, fc Dmlmstfrmn hf Ja`mflha fstmda fc eastn trmoutarmn fl 6,1 6,1 pnr `mfltn hfc RMO (Dmlmstfrmn hf Ja`mflha, Ja `mflha, ?21 ?2 18). A hmgfrfl`ma hf cns hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns f spf`äfi`ns hf eastn, ca prnpufsta hf rfeca fis`ac fs dás adpcma `nl rfspf`tn ac tratadmfltn hfc eastn trmoutarmn, `nl fc fil hf ra`mnlacmzar fc oflffi`mn hf cas fxnlfra`mnlfs trmoutarmas. Rara aprnoar `uacqumfr lufva fxnlfra`mðl, fc rfspf`tmvn prnyf`tn hf cfy hfofrá mr a`ndpañahn, prfvmn a mlm`mar su trádmtf cfemscatmvn, hf cn smeumfltf9

a) Vl fstuhmn fstuhmn para fstaocf`fr y `ualtmfi`ar `ualtmfi`ar cns oflffi`mns f`nlðdm`ns, sn`macfs n hf ntrn tmpn, quf eflfrará ca fxnlfra`mðl. :

@nrrfspnlhf ac lmvfc lmvfc hf mlerfsns quf fc Enomfrln Enomfrln hfia hfia hf pfr`momr ac ntnrear ul tratadmfltn mdpnsmtmvn hmstmltn ac quf sf apcm`a hf `ará`tfr eflfrac, fl cfemsca`mðl trmoutarma la`mnlac y quf tmflf `ndn fil oflffi`mar n prndnvfr a hftfrdmlahas a`tmvmhahfs, sf`tnrfs, rfemnlfs n erupns hf `nltrmouyfltfs (Dmlmstfrmn hf Ja`mflha, ?211). _fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a   16

 

o) Vla prnpufsta prnpufsta hf ahnp`mðl hf dfhmhas `ndpflsatnrmas para audfltar cns mlerfsns pùocm`ns n rf`nrtar fc eastn pùocm`n fl ula prnpnr`mðl meuac ac hf ca fxnlfra`mðl n oflffi`mn fis`ac quf sf prnpnlfl. `) Rcazn dáxmdn hf vmefl`ma hf ca ca fxnlfra`mðl.

Eflfrac hf Ja`mflha (HEJ), `nl fx`fp`mðl hf aqufccas fxnlfra`mnlfs rf`ndflhahas pnr aceula mlstmtu`mðl, fl `uyn `asn ca fvacua`mðl sf rfacmzará fl gnrda `nliulta. Pm fc fstuhmn, `nlgnrdf a cns parádftrns rfecadfltarmadfltf hffilmhns para tac fgf`tn, hftfrdmlf quf ca fxnlfra`mðl ln fstá `udpcmflhn su noiftmvn, n ln `udpcf `nl aceu-

Xnhas cas suiftas fxnlfra`mnlfs n añns suoiftmvas, qufharál a rfvmsmðlnoiftmvas `aha `ml`n para fgf`tns hf fvacuar ca `nlvflmfl`ma hf su `nltmlumhah. Ca fvacua`mðl fstará a `aren hf ca Hmrf``mðl

lns hf cnsquf prnpðsmtns su `rfa`mðl, prnpnlf ca HEJ hf pn hrá pnhrá suspflhfrfcsuprnyf`tn ntnreadmfltn jasta taltn ln sf hfdufstrf pnr partf hf cns oflffi`marmns fc `udpcmdmfltn hf cns filfs.

=.

ARCM@A@MÐL HF CA _FECA R_NRVFPXA9  VL FIF_@M@MN HF PMDVCA@MÐL  PMDVCA@MÐL 

Fl fsta sf``mðl sf mcustra ca apcm`a`mðl hf ca rfeca prnpufsta para hftfrdmlar hftfrdmlar fc rfsuctah rfsuctahnn quf sf jaoräa notflmhn sm sf juomfsf apcm`ahn para fc añn ?216. Ca rfeca cmdmta fc `rf`mdmfltn hfc eastn `nrrmfltf hf cas mlstmtu`mnlfs hfc PRLG a partmr hf ca razðl hfuha / RMO hfc Enomfrln @fltrac =. Fc fifr`m`mn utmcmzð ca mlgnrda`mðl prfsupufstarma hf 162 mlstmtu`mnlfs hfc PRLG rf`npmcaha pnr ca Pf`rftaräa Xí`lm`a hf ca Autnrmhah Rrfsupufstarma (PXAR). Pf vfrmfi`ð quf 15 fdprfsas pùocm`as ln filal`mfras prfsfltarnl ul `nffi`mfltf Hfuha/ A`tmvns mlgfrmnr ac 62 pnr `mfltn, pnr cn `uac sf fx`cuyfl hf ca rfeca sfeùl cn hmspufstn fl fc Artä`ucn 0 (–Fx`fp`mnlfs—) hfc prnyf`tn. Fc cädmtf ac `rf`mdmfltn hfc eastn `nrrmfltf fstá hftfrdmlahn pnr fc `rf`mdmfltn prndfhmn rfac hfc RMO para cns ùctmdns `uatrn añns y pnr ca rfca`mðl Hfuha Enomfrln @fltrac/RMO, tac `ndn sf dufstra fl fc @uahrn ?. Asä, fc `rf`mdmfltn hfc eastn `nrrmfltf fs fc rfsuctahn hf ductmpcm`ar fc prndfhmn hfc RMO rfac pnr ul pnr`fltaif pnr`fltaif hfc lmvfc hf hfuha hfc Enomfrln @fltrac, tac `ndn sf dufstra fl fc @uahrn ?. =

17

Rara fc `ác`ucn hf ca rfeca fis`ac sf utmcmza ca hfuha hfc Enomfrln @fltrac, pnr `ualtn ca dmsda sf nrmemla prml`mpacdfltf pnr fc `rf`mdmfltn hfc eastn `nrrmfltf. Ca apcm`a`mðl hf ca rfeca, sml fdoaren, `uorf a tnhn fc PRLG (`nl `mfrtas fx`fp`mnlfs) ya quf fxmstfl fltmhahfs hfltrn hf fstf sfedfltn quf pnhräal fvfltuacdfltf `nlstmtumr ul rmfsen para fc Enomfrln @fltrac.

_fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a

@uahrn ?

_alens hf hfuha y `rf`mdmfltn mltfraluac hfc eastn `nrrmfltf hfc PRLG _alen

@rf`mdmfltn mltfraluac

Hfuha/RMO

hfc eastn `nrrmfltf hfc PRLG

Dflnr ac 02 pnr `mfltn Hf 02 pnr `mfltn a dflns hf 86 pnr `mfltn Hf 86 pnr `mfltn a dflns hf 72 pnr `mfltn

Ln snorfpasará fc prndfhmn hfc `rf`mdmfltn hfc RMO rfac

72 pnr `mfltn n dás

Fc `rf`mdmfltn hfc eastn tntac  ln snorfpasará fc 76 pnr `mfltn hfc prndfhmn hfc `rf`mdmfltn hfc RMO rfac

Ln snorfpasará fc :6 pnr `mfltn hfc prndfhmn hfc `rf`mdmfltn hfc RMO rfac Ln snorfpasará fc 56 pnr `mfltn hfc prndfhmn hfc `rf`mdmfltn hfc RMO rfac

Gufltf9 fcaonra`mðl prnpma `nl oasf fl fc Rrnyf`tn Cfy 1=.=6?.

Hahn quf ca rfca`mðl Hfuha /RMO para fc Enomfrln @fltrac fl fc ?218 guf hf 0=,08 pnr `mfltn y quf fc prndfhmn hf `rf`mdmfltn rfac hfc RMO para fc pfränh p fränhnn ?211-?21 ?218 guf guf 8,? pnr p nr `mfltn, `mf ltn, fc `rf`mdmfltn hfc eastn eas tn `nrrmfltf para fc ?2 ?21 16 ln hfofräa snorfpasar fc :6 pnr `mfltn hfc prndfhmn hfc `rf`mdmfltn hfc RMO rfac. Fl `nlsf`ufl`ma, fc `rf`mdmfltn hfc eastn `nrrmfltf para `aha ula hf cas mlstmtu`mnlfs vflhräa hahn pnr9 (2,:6*8,?) 4 0,60 pnr `mfltn

 

@uahrn 0

Eastn `nrrmfltf hfc PRLG sfeùl Fs`flarmns y ajnrrn pntfl`mac ?216 (fl dmccnlfs hf `ncnlfs) Fs`flarmn 1 (Eastn fgf`tmvn)

@casmfi`a`mðl

Enomfrln @fltrac Ðrealns Hfs`nl`fltrahns Mlstmtu`mnlfs Hfs`fltracmzahas Ln Fdprfsarmacfs Enomfrlns Cn`acfs Xntac

Fs`flarmn ? (Eastn smducahn `nl rfeca fis`ac)

Ajnrrn pntfl`mac

6.015.0?1,82 :0:.?=8,=7 ?.88:.575,?5 026.865,:1

6.220.?=?,=: :18.008,:2 ?.022.82=,27 ?:6.1??,52

018.2?:,8? ?0.=72,17 18:.06:,?1 ?2.006,12

11.8:1.1=0,18

12.=58.611,?8

627.7:1,=2

Gufltf9 fcaonra`mðl prnpma `nl hatns hf ca PXAR.

Hf a`ufrhn `nl fc prnyf`tn hf cfy, fsta rfeca hfof `udpcmrsf fl gnrda gnrd a mlhmvmhuac, fs hf`mr, hf`mr, para fc eastn hf `aha mlstmtu`mðl pnr sfparahn. Fstn pnhräa `ufstmnlarsf ac `nlsmhfrar quf cn mdpnrtaltf fl ula rfeca fs su apcm`a`mðl snorf fc tntac, 12 eastn sfeùl pfrdmtmflhn daynr ﬏fxmomcmhah hfc cas prmnrmhahfs hf `aha enomfrln .

@nl fc hatn `ac`ucahn pufhfl pcaltfarsf hns fs`flarmns119 Fs`flarmn 19  eastn fgf`tmvn hf cas mlstmtu`mnlfs hfc PRLG fl fc añn ?216 `nl oasf fl cns hatns quf rf`ncf`tð fc Dmlmstfrmn hf Ja`mflha.

Fs`flarmn ?9 eastn smducahn para fc ?216 sm ca rfeca fis`ac sf juomfsf apcm`ahn fl fsf añn.

Fc @uahrn 0 dufstra cns rfsuctahns. Pm sf juomfra apcm`ahn ca rfeca prnpufsta fl fc ?216 sf jaoräa notflmhn ul ajnrrn hf pn`n dás hf 622 dmc dmccnlfs hf `ncnlfs, dnltn fqumvacfltf a ul 1,: pnr `mfltn hfc RMO. Fc daynr ajnrrn sf jaoräa eflfrahn fl cns eastns `nrrmfltfs hfc Enomfrln @fltrac y hf cas Mlstmtu`mnlfs Hfs`fltracmzahas Ln Fdprfsarmacfs. Fstf rfsuctahn pcaltfa ul eral hfsagän, tnha vfz quf `asm hns tfr`fras partfs hfc ajnrrn eflfrahn sf fstaräa prnhu`mflhn fl fc Enomfrln @fltrac.

12. @NL@CVPMN @NL@CVPMNLFP LFP ] R_ML@MRACFP HFPAGÄN HFPAGÄNP P 12

11

Ca mlnpfral`ma hf casy rfecas fis`acfs quf fxmstfl a lmvfc `nlstmtu`mnlac cfeac fl fc nrhfladmfltn mlstmtu`mnlac hfc paäs dntmvð a cas autnrmhahfs a prfsfltarr altf ca Asadocfa prfsflta A sadocfa Cfemscatmva Cfemscatmva fc prnyf`tn Cfy hf _fspnlsaomcmhah Gms`ac hf ca _fpùocm`a. Fc 12 Hahn quf cas mlstmtu`mnlfs sf `casmfi`al hf a`ufrhn ac @casmfi`ahnr Mlstmtu`mnlac hfc Dmlmstfrmn hf Ja`mflha, fs `nlvflmfltf, `nl oasf fl fc Rcal hf Hfsarrnccn hf `aha enomfrln, quf fxmsta ﬏fxmomcmhah fl fc eastn. Pm ul dmlmstfrmn ln `udpcf `nl ca rfeca huraltf ul pfrmnhn hftfrdmlahn, ntrn pufha aiustar su eastn `nrrmfltf hf tac dalfra quf fc eastn tntac hfc Enomfrln @fltrac sä `udpca `nl ca rfeca fis`ac. 11 Rara fvmtar ula snorffstmda`mðl hfc eastn fl ca `nlstru``mðl hfc Fs`flarmn ?, rfsuctð `nlvflmfltf cmdmtar fc eastn `nrrmfltf sncn para aqufccas mlstmtu`mnlfs `uyn eastn smducahn fs da ynr ac eastn fgf`tmvn.

prnyf`t prnyf`tn n prnpnlf ula hfc rfeca fis`ac oasaha flatflfc cädmtf ac eastn `nrrmfltf Enomfrln @fltrac, hmflhn a ca rfca`mðl fltrf ca hfuha hfc Enomfrln @fltrac @fltr ac y fc RMO. Ca rfeca fstá hmsfñaha hf dalfra quf, a dfhmha quf audfltf fsa rfca`mðl, ca rfstrm``mðl hf `rf`mdmfltn hfc eastn `nrrmfltf sfa daynr. Hfshf fc pultn hf vmsta hf su hmsfñn, ca prnpufsta satmsga`f cns `ndpnlfltfs fstálhar hf ula rfeca fis`ac9 tmflf ul lmvfc hf `nofrtura adpcmn (PRLG), hffilf `caradfltf fc `ác`ucn hf cas dftas `ualtmtatmvas, mltrnhu`f dfhmaltf ca prnvmsmðl hf `cáusucas hf ﬏fxmomcmhah fs`apf, hffilf df`almsdns hf _fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a   15

 

`nltrnc y sfeumdmfltn `nl fc fil hf hftf`tar hfsvma`mnlfs a ca rfeca, y fstaocf`f pcazns para ca apcm`a`mðl hf ca rfeca. Pm omfl mltrnhu`f sal`mnlfs pnr ml`udpcmdmfltns hf ca rfeca, ln hfsarrncca fstf `ndpnlfltf fl gnrda prf`msa smln quf rfdmtf a cn fstaocf`mhn fl fc artä`ucn 7: hf ca Cfy Nreálm`a hf ca @E_. Asmdmsdn, fc prnyf`tn ln

•

`nltfdpca ca `nlgnrda`mðl hf ul @nlsfin Gms`ac. Fc fifr`m`mn hf smduca`mðl sf rfacmzð apcm`alhn ca rfeca prnpufsta para fc añn ?216. Fccn jaoräa smelmfi`ahn ul ajnrrn `fr`aln ac ? pnr `mfltn hfc RMO. Ca notfl`mðl hf fstf pntfl`mac ajnrrn, sml fdoaren, rfprfsflta ula sfrmf hf hfsagäns quf hfofrál flgrfltarsf9 •

•

Wmaomcmhah pncätm`a. Ca aprnoa`mðl hfc prn yf`tn hf rfspnlsaomcmh rfspnlsaomcmhah ah fis`ac rfqumfrf, prfvmadfltf, ca aprnoa`mðl hf ula sfrmf hf prnyf`tns hf cfy prfsfltahns pnr fc Fif`utmvn

`udpcmdmfltn hf rf`mfltf ca rfeca fis`ac. A dalfra hf fifdpcn, fl ul prnlul`madmfltn ca Paca M hf ca @nrtf Puprfda hf Iustm`ma nocmea ac Dmlmstfrmn hf Ja`mflha a prfsupufstar `ndn dälmdn fc 5 pnr `mfltn hfc Mdpufstn Pnorf ca _flta para fc RALM, `ndprndmsn quf ja smhn ndmtmhn pnr ahdmlmstra`mnlfs altfrmnrfs. Asmdmsdn, rf`mfltfdfltf ca Paca @nlstmtu`mnlac sf prnlul`mð altf ca ndmsmðl par`mac fl fc `udpcmdmfltn hf cas tralsgfrfl`mas a ca fhu`a`mðl pùocm`a, nocmealhn ac Fstahn a prfsupufstar fc : pnr `mfltn hfc RMO.

a ca Asadocfa Cfemscatmva rfca`mnlahns `nl ca ra`mnlacmza`mðl hfc eastn, fl fspf`mac, fl tfdas hf pflsmnlfs y rfgnrdas ac smstfda hf fdpcfn pùocm`n y a cas rfdulfra` rfdulfra`mnlfs. mnlfs.

Fc a`atadmfltn hf fstas nocmea`mnlfs mdpfhmr quf fc Dmlmstfrmn hf Ja`mflhapnhräa fgf`tùf rf`nrtfs fl `asn hf quf fc eastn `nrrmfltf snorfpasf fc cädmtf fstaocf`mhn fl ca rfeca.

Wncultah hfc Fif`utmvn. Vla vfz aprnoaha ula rfeca fis`ac, fc Fif`utmvn hfof tflfr fc firdf prnpðsmtn hf jnlrar cns `ndprndmsns ahqumrmhns. Pm cns `ndprndmsns sf ml`udpcfl, sf dnhmfi`al `nl `mfrta grf`ufl`ma n sf melnral ca rfeca pmfrhf `rfhmomcmhah y su ffi`a`ma sf pmfrhf. Ca fxpfrmfl`ma fl Adírm`a

Catmla fs acf``mnlahnra rfspf`tn. Ca rfeca prnpufsta para @nsta ac _m`a fstaocf`f quf `ualhn ca hfuha hfc Enomfrln @fltrac ac `mfrrf hfc fifr`m`mn prfsupufstarmn altfrmnr ac añn hf apcm`a`mðl hf ca rfeca fis`ac sfa meuac n daynr ac sfsflta pnr `mfltn `mfl tn hfc RMO sf pnlhrá fl vmefl`ma ula sfrmf hf dfhmhas hf fdfrefl`ma, cas `uacfs rfqumfrfl ula gufrtf vncultah pncätm`a para su apcm`a`mðl1?. 1? Ln sf aiustarál cas pflsmnlfs, ln sf rfacmzarál ml`rfdfltns pnr `nstn hf vmha fl fc sacarmn oasf, fc Rnhfr Fif`utmvn ln pnhrá fgf`tuar rfs`atfs filal`mfrns, ntnrear suosmhmns hf lmleùl tmpn, lm a``mnlfs quf mdpcmqufl ula frnea`mðl hf rf`ursns pùocm`ns a cns sf`tnrfs prnhu`tmvns, y cns ml`fltmvns sacarmacfs ln sfrál noiftn hf rf`nln`mdmfltn patrmdnlmac 1:

Hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns hfc eastn. Altfrmnrdfltf sf `ndfltð ca mdpnrtal`ma hf fstf tfda, uln hf cns aspf`tns fstru`turacfs quf dás agf`ta cas filalzas pùocm`as. Fc tfda fs `ndpcfin, pnr `ualtn pufhfl harsf `nltrahm``mnlfs fltrf fc dalhatn `nlstmtu`mnlac y cfeac para emrar rf`ursns `nl hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns `nl fc

_fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a

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Pal`mnlfs pnr ml`udpcmdmfltn hf ca rfeca. Fl ca prnpufsta ln sf fstaocf`f ul smstfda hf sal`mnlfs prnpmadfltf hm`jn. Fs rf`ndflhaocf quf ca prnpufsta hfsarrnccf dás fc tfda, ml`cuyflhn fc ac`al`f, nrealmsdns fif`utnrfs, fif`utnrf s, tmpn hf sal`mnlfs, mlstal`ma fl ca `uac sf apcm`a ca sal`mðl (fl ca aprnoa`mðl

naspf`tns. fl ca fif`u`mðl hf prfsupufs prfsupufstn), tn), fltrf ntrns •

Autnlndäa mlstmtu`mnlac. Fstf fs ul tfda `fltrac fl ca `nlgnrda`mðl hfc sf`tnr pùocm`n hf @nsta _m`a. Fstaocf`mhn fl ca @nlstmtu`mðl Rncätm`a, hftfrdmla lmvfcfs hf autnrmhah y `nofrtura pnr partf hfc Rnhfr Fif`utmvn grfltf a fltmhahfs autðlndas u ðrealns ahs`rmtns `nl huraltf fsta smtua`mðl lm hf dalfra rftrna`tmva, fc Enomfrln @fltrac ln sus`rmomrá prístadns n `ríhmtns, sacvn aqufccns quf sfal ul pacmatmvn para ca hfuha pùocm`a, fc audfltn hfc eastn tntac hf `aha ula hf cas fltmhahfs hfs`fltracmzahas ln pnhrá supfrar fc `rf`mdmfltn hf eastns tntacfs fl ca Ahdmlmstra`mðl @fltrac.

 

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hfs`nl`fltra`mðl dáxmda10. Ca hfgflsa hf ca autnlndäa mlstmtu`mnlac pnhräa sfr ul nostá`ucn para ca apcm`a`mðl hf ca rfeca fis`ac. Rara gnrtacf`fr cns df`almsdns hf `nnrhmla`mðl `nlvflhräa gnrtacf`fr fc `nltrnc hfc Dmlmstfrmn hf Ja`mflha snorf fc eastn hfc sf`tnr pùocm`n tntac. Rnr fifdpcn, `nlsmhfrar ula adpcma`mðl

fstál vml`ucahas a ul smstfda hf pcusfs  y oflffi`mn oflffi`mnss quf `rf`fl pnr fl`mda hfc `nstn hf vmha; fc eastn fl fhu`a`mðl tmflf quf `rf`fr ‐pnr @nlstmtu`mðl‐ @ nlstmtu`mðl‐ a ca tasa hfc `rf`mdmfltn hfc RMO; ca tralsgfrfl`ma a GNHFPAG hfof `rf`fr meuac quf ca ml﬏a`mðl; ca tralsgfrfl`ma ac RALM hfof `rf`fr

hf ca `nofrtura hf ca Cfy :101. Rfränhn hf tralsm`mðl. Fs `carn quf ca rfeca ln sf pnhräa apcm`ar fl gnrda mldfhmata ula vfz aprnoaha. Pf rfqumfrf ul pfränhn hf tralsm`mðl fltrf ca aprnoa`mðl y fc cnern hf cas dftas huraltf fc `uac sf hfofrál flgrfltar aceulns hf cns hfsagäns apultahns9

meuac quf ca catasarflta, a caft`. `uacFstns `rf`f fc mdpufstn snorf fifdpcns mcustral ca hmfi`uctah hf apcm`ar ula rfeca fis`ac `ualhn fxmstfl cfyfs quf sf `nltrapnlfl a cn quf fstaocfz`a ca rfeca fis`ac, cn `uac pufhf ccfvar a quf ca dmsda ln pasf hf sfr ula oufla mltfl`mðl pfrn `arfltf hf apcm`a`mðl fl ca prá`tm`a, `ndn ja su`fhmhn `nl cas rfecas fstaocf`mhas fl ca @nlstmtu`mðl y fl ca Cfy :101.

a) Altfs hf apcm`ar ca rfeca fis`ac sf tflhräa quf har ca aprnoa`mðl cfemscatmva hf cns prnyf`tns rfca`mnlahns `nl fc eastn pùocm`n prfsfltahn pnr fc Rnhfr Fif`utmvn. Fstn rfprfsflta ul eral hfsagän. o) Ca utmcmhah utmcmhah hf ca rfeca pnhräa sfr rfhu`mha sm ln sf `uflta `nl df`almsdns para hmrmdmr cns pntfl`macfs `nl﬏m`tns fltrf cns dalhatns `nlstmtu`mnlacfs y cfeacfs para ml`rfdfltar fc eastn y cas a``mnlfs rfqufrmhas para rfhu`mrcn sm cas dftas hf ca rfeca sf ml`udpcfl. `) Ca hfgflsa hf ca autnlndäa autnlndäa mlstmtu`mnlac mlstmtu`mnlac pnhräa har ac trastf `nl ca rfeca, a dflns hf aprnoar arrfecns mlstmtu`mnlacfs n cfeacfs para hf fvmtarcn. Rnr ca laturacfza `ndpcfimhah cns aspf`tns sfñacahns,y ln `aoräa fspfrar quf ca `nlvfrefl`ma ja`ma cas dftas sf cnerf fl fc `nrtn `nr tn pcazn. h) Cns erahns hf cmofrtah snl cmdmtahns cmdmtahns pnr ca fxmstfl`ma hf ula sfrmf hf rfstrm``mnlfs y fgf`tns fl`ahflahns. Rnr fifdpcn, fc `rf`mdmfltn fxpnlfl`mac hfc paen hf mltfrfsfs `ualhn ca hfuha `rf`f; cas rfdulfra`mnlfs hf cns fdpcfahns pùocm`ns 10 Ca A`ahfdma hfsarrnccð fl hftaccf fc tfda tfda fl fc fstuhmn fstuhmn Fc sf`tnr pùocm`n fl @nsta _m`a9 hfsagäns mlstmtu`mnlacfs y npnrtulmhahfs hf dfinras. Pfrmf Wmsmðl @nsta _m`a. RW-2?-17.  Iulmn ?217.

Gmlacdfltf, qufha ca mltfrrnealtf hf `ðdn sfrál aonrhahns ula sfrmf hf aspf`tns ahm`mnlacfs `ndn cns smeumfltfs9

‐ ¾Fl `asn hf ml`udpcmdmfltn ml`udpcmdmfltn hf ca ca rfeca, rfeca, sf sal`mnla a qumfl gnrduca fc prfsupufstn n a qumfl cn aprnoð> ¾Quí tmpn hf sal`mnlfs sf val a ml`cumr, pfrsnlacfs, mlstmtu`mnlacfs, ft`.> ‐ ¾Pf `uflta `uflta `nl fc pfrsnlac, `apa`mta`mðl, fqumpadmfltn para `nltrncar y har sfeumdmfltn trmdfstrac a ca rfeca> ‐ ¾@ðdn sf hffilfl cas fdprfsas fl ríemdfl hf `ndpftfl`ma> ‐ ¾Quí hfstmln sf haräa haräa ac ajnrrn hf rf`ursns rf`ursns quf fvfltuacdfltf sf cnerf `nl ca apcm`a`mðl hf ca rfeca9 paen hf hfuha, mlvfrsmðl, ft`. > ‐ ¾Ca `ndpra hf `ndoustmocfs hf ca _ffilahnra @nstarrm`flsf hf Rftrðcfn (_F@NRF) sf trataräa `ndn eastn `nrrmfltf> ‐ ¾Fs vmaocf apcm`ar ula rfeca fis`ac hf `nltrnc snorf fc eastn `nrrmfltf `nl ul prfsupufstn pùocm`n duy ml﬏fxmocf `ndn fc `nstarrm`flsf y du`jas rfstrm``mnlfs cfeacfs f mlstmtu`mnlacfs, nvmt/hífi`mt sfräa prfgfrmocf flsayar rfeca hf supfráous`alhn daynrula﬏fxmomcmhah> _fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a   1=

 

‐ ¾Xmflf sfltmhn fc `udpcmdmfltn mlhmvmhuac hf ca rfeca, n sfräa dás `nlvflmfltf ul `udpcmdmfltn ecnoac quf pfrdmta rfspnlhfr a cas prmnrmhahfs la`mnlacfs>

‐ ¾@ðdn sf sncu`mnlaräa ula pnsmocf pnsmocf `nltrahm``mðl fltrf ula cfy nrhmlarma, `ndn ca rfeca fis`ac, y cas cfyfs quf fstaocf`fl hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns>

_fgfrfl`mas

A`ahfdma @nsta hf _m`a9 @fltrnadírm`a. hfsagäns mlstmtu`mnlacfs Fc sf`tnr pùocm`n y npnrtufl lmhahfs hf dfinras. Pfrmf Wmsmðl @nsta _m`a. RW-2?-17. Iulmn ?217. Ofrealza, I. @. _fecas Gms`acfs fl Adírm`a Catmla. Oal`n hf Fspaña, Oncftäl F`nlðdm`n. ?210. Oraul, D. y Eahaln, L. ¾Rara quí smrvfl cas rfecas fis`acfs> Vl alácmsms `rätm`n hf ca fxpfrmfl`ma arefltmla. _fvmsta hf ca @FRAC Ln. =1 (60-76). ?225. @ada`jn, Fhla y Calkfstfr, Wacfrmf. Fvacua`mðl hf cns hfstmlns fspf`äfi`ns hfc eastn hfc Enomfrln @fltrac. Pfrmf Alácmsms Ln. 5. A`ahfdma hf @fltrnadírm`a. ?218. @ndmsmðl Rrfsmhfl`mac snorf Enofrlaomcmhah Hfdn`rátm`a. Rrnpufstas para gnrtacf`fr ca gul`mnlacmhah y `acmhah hf ca hfdn`ra`ma `nstarrm`flsf. Mlgnrdf Gmlac. Pal Insí. ?210. Hforul, Z., Kmlha, X., @urrmstmlf, X., Fyrauh C., Jarrms, I. y Pfmwach, I. Xjf gul`tmnls alh mdpa`t ng fis`ac `nul`mcs. Gnlhn Dnlftarmn Mltfrla`mnlac. ?210. Ear`äa, E. _fecas fis`acfs para ca fstaomcmhah  y snstflmo snstflmomcmhah, mcmhah, fl Cas mlstmtu`mnlf mlstmtu`mnlfss fis`acfs hfc dañala. Oal`n Mltfradfrm`aln hf Hfsarrnccn. ?21?. Knpmts, E. alh P. Pydalsky. Gms`ac Rncm`y _ucfs. Gnlhn Dnlftarmn Mltfrla`mnlac, N``asmnlac Rapfr Ln. 17?. 1==:.

?2

_fecas fis`acfs9 alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a

Knpmts, nr Vllf`fssary E. Gms`ac _ucfs9 Nrladflt> Vsfguc Rncm`y GnlhnGradfwnrk Dnlftarmn Mltfrla`mnlac, Unrkmle Unrkmle Rapfr Ln. 21/186. ?221. Kudar, D., Oacha``m F., P`jaf`jtfr A., @a`frfs A., Kmd H., Hforul Z., Fs`ncaln I., Inlas I., Karad R., R., ]akahmla ]akahmla M., M. , y Yydfk _. Gms`ac G ms`ac _ucfs Al`jnrmle Fxpf`tatmnls gnr Pustamlaocf Ruocm` Gmlal`fs. Gnlhn Dnlftarmn Mltfrla`mnlac. ?22=. Dmcfsm-Gfrrfttm, E.D. Ennh, Oah nr Vecy> Nl Xjf Fggf`ts ng Gms`ac _ucfs wmtj @rfatmvf A``nultmle, Unrkmle Rapfr Ln. 22/15?. ?222. Dmlmstfrmn hf Ja`mflha. @nsta _m`a. Fstmda`mðl hfc Eastn Xrmoutarmn para @nsta _m`a fl fc ?2129 Mdpufstn hf Wfltas, Mdpufstn hf _flta y ntrns Xrmoutns. Hmrf``mðl Eflfrac hf Ja`mflha. ?211. Dmlmstfrmn hf Ja`mflha. @nsta _m`a. Fc Eastn Xrmoutarmn, Dftnhncneäa y Fstmda`mðl, Añn ?218. Mdpufstn hf Wfltas, Mdpufstn hf _flta y ntrns Xrmoutns. Hmrf``mðl Eflfrac hf Ja`mflha. Hmvmsmðl hf Xmhmalf, Rncätm`a Gms`ac. P`jaf`jtfr P`jaf`jtfr, , Alhrfa, Kmlha, Ouhmla,?216. Lmla  y Ufofr Ufofr,, Alkf. Gms`ac _ucfs ml _fspnl _fspnlsf sf tn tjf @rmsms - Xnwarh tjf –Lfxt-Eflfratmnl— _ucfs. A Lfw Hatasft. Gnlhn Dnlftarmn Mltfrla`mnlac, Unrkmle Unrkmle Rapfr Ln. 1?/1:5. ?21?.

 

Hn`udfltns hf ca Pfrmf Rrnerada Wmsmðl,  A`ahfdm  A`ah fdmaa hf @fltr @fltrnadír nadírm`a m`a `nlsncmha`mðl fis`ac9 aceulas rf﬏fxmnlfs rf﬏fxmnlfs para su hms`u1.  –Ca prnpufsta hf `nlsncmha`mðl smðl—. Pfrmf Rrnerada Wmsmðl, RW-21-18, RW-21-18, gforfrn ?218.

?. –@nsta _m`a9 fdpcfn y pncätm`a sacarmac hfc sf`tnr pùocm`n—. Pfrmf Rrnerada Wmsmðl, RW-2?-18, aormc ?218. 0. –¾@ðdn efstmnlar cns rf`ursns pùocm`ns para ca notfl`mðl hf rfsuctahns> Fc `asn hfc Rrnerada Aval`fdns fl @nsta _m`a—. Pfrmf Rrnerada Wmsmðl, RW-20-18, iucmn ?218.

8. –Ca efstmðl hf ca mlgrafstru`tura pùocm`a fl @nsta _m`a9 fc `asn hf ca rfh vmac la`mnlac—. Pfrmf Rrnerada Wmsmðl, RWRW-28-18, 28-18, n`tuorf ?218. RW-21-16, 6. –Hmstrmou`mðl hfc mlerfsn fl @nsta _m`a—. Pfrmf Rrnerada Wmsmðl, RW-21-16, gforfrn ?216.

7. –Ca gnrda`mðl huac `ndn ula np`mðl ac hfsfdpcfn—. Pfrmf Rrnerada Wmsmðl, RW-2?-16, dayn ?216.

5. –@nsta _m`a9 ca snstflmomcmhah fis`ac hf ula f`nlndäa flhfuhaha—. Pfrmf Rrnerada Wmsmðl, RW-2 RW-20-16, 0-16, iucmn ?216.

:. –Rncätm`as para fc hfsarrnccn prnhu`tmvn. Fxpfrmfl`mas fl fc `asn hf oalaln  y ealahn onvmln—. onvmln—. Pfrmf Rrnerada Wmsmðl, Wmsmðl, RW-28-16, RW-28-16, lnvmfdorf ?216. ?216.

=. –Fc prnyf`tn hf rfgnrda hfc mdpufstn snorf ca rflta hf ca Ahdmlmstra`mðl Pncäs _mvfra—. Pfrmf Rrnerada Wmsmðl, RWRW-21-17, 21-17, gforfrn ?217. 12. –Fc sf`tnr pùocm`n fl @nsta _m`a9 hfsagäns mlstmtu`mnlacfs y npnrtulmhahfs npnrtulmhahfs hf dfinras—. Pfrmf Rrnerada Wmsmðl, RW-2?-17, RW-2?-17, iulmn ?217. 11. –Fc hfsfdpcfn fl @nsta _m`a9 fvncu`mðl rf`mfltf y prml`mpacfs `ara`tfrästm`as—. Pfrmf Rrnerada Wmsmðl, RW-20-17, aenstn ?217. 1?. –_fecas fis`acfs9alácmsms hf ula prnpufsta para @nsta _m`a—. Pfrmf Rrnerada Wmsmðl, RW-28-17, lnvmfdorf ?217.