Registro Carga Paralela 4 Bits

 

^LIRNUQIMOM LOAIFLOH MN [I^UO BOA^H]OM MN ILDNLINUÊO ILM^Q]UIOH NQA^NHO [UFBNQIFLOH MN ILDNLINUÊO ILBFUJÏ]IAO

A^UQF3 OU_^I]NA]^UO OU_^I]NA]^U O MN AFJ[^]OMFUOQ ]NJO3 UNDIQ]UF MN AOUDO [OUOHNHO MN = EI]Q IL]NDUOL]NQ3 -Lijo [nÿo Molly Doerinh -Uojfs Qnrloqun Yol Aorhfs MFANL]N3 Ild. [nmrf Arifhhf Dflzohns, Jd.

5= mn oerih mnh 5;5?

 

ÊLMIAN ?.

IL]UFM^AAIÑL

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FECN]IRF [UILAI[OH3

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FECN]IRFQ NQ[NAÊBIAFQ3

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MNQOUUFHHF 1.?.

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MIQNßF MNH UNDIQ]UF AFL AOUDO [OUOHNHO MN = EI]Q

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IJ[HNJNL]OAIÑL NL NH QIJ^HOMFU

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AFJ[FLNL]NQ3

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IJ[ IJ[HN HNJN JNL] L]OA OAIÑ IÑL L MNH MNH UN UNDI DIQ] Q]UF UF AFL AFL AOU AOUDO DO [O [OUO UOHN HNHO HO MN ? ?>

=.1. =.1. EI]Q

IJ[ IJ[HN HNJN JNL] L]OA OAIÑ IÑL L MNH MNH UN UNDI DIQ] Q]UF UF AFL AFL AOU AOUDO DO [O [OUO UOHN HNHO HO MN = 55

=.1.?. NW[HIAOAIÑL MNH AIUA^I]F3 A AF FLAH^QIFLNQ

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51 52

2.

UNAFJNLMOAIFLNQ

54

4.

E EIIEHIFDUOBÊO

57

 

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IL]UFM^AAIÑL ^lo afjputomfro ns ulo jïquilo miditoh nhnatrñliao prfdrojoehn poro nh trotojinltf outfjïtiaf mn ho ilbfrjoaiñl, aopoz mn rnaieirho, fpnror sfern nhho jnmioltn  prfansfs mntnrjilomfs mntnrjilomfs y sujil sujilistror istror hfs rnsuhtomfs mn tohns fpnroaiflns. fpnroaiflns. Ho jisjo qun tinln bulaiflns eïsiaos afjf3 [rfansojinltf mn motfs, Ohjoanlojinltf Ohjoanlojinl tf mn motfs, ]rolsbnrnlaio mn motfs y Afltrfh. Nh afjputomfr nstï nstruaturomf pfr3 Jnjfrio prilaipoh, Nltromo/Qohimo, Qistnjo mn iltnraflnxiñl, pnribériafs, Hêlnos mn afjuliaoaiñl, A[^. Ho nstruaturo mn ho A[^ nstï aflbfrjomo pfr3 Undistrfs, ^limom mn Oritjétiao y Hñdiao (OH^), ^limom mn afltrfh n Iltnraflnxiñl iltnrlo mn ho A[^. Ho nstruaturo mn ho ^limom mn afltrfh3 Jnjfrio mn afltrfh, ^limom mn afltrfh mn rndistrfs y mnafmibiaomf mnafmibiaomfrns rns mn hñdiao snaunlaioh. ^l rndistrf ns ul airauitf miditoh afl mfs bbulaiflns ulaiflns eïsiaos3 ohjoan ohjoanlojinltf lojinltf mn motfs y jfvijinltf mn motfs. Ho aopoaimom mn ohjoanlo ohjoanlojinltf jinltf mn ul rndistrf hn aflvinrtn nl ul tipf ijpfrtoltn mn mispfsitivf mn jnjfrio. Nltrn hfs rndistrfs nlafltrojfs nh rndistrf mn aordo porohnho, nh auoh trolsbinrn ho ilbfrjoaiñl mn su nltromo o sus sohimos auolmf sn oativo ulo snÿoh mn aordo poro nstfs. Nl nh prnsnltn troeocf lfs nlbfaornjfs nl hfs rndistrfs, prilaipohjnltn nl hfs mn aordo porohnho usolmf = eits ns mnair = einstoehns.

 

5.

FECN]IRFQ 5.?. FECN]IRF [UILAI[O I[OH3 Afltrostor ho tnfrêo visto nl ahosn afl ho portn prïatiao f rnoh. 5.5 5.5.

FEC FECN]IRF ]IRFQ Q NQ NQ[N [NAÊ AÊBI BIA AFQ FQ33 ◆ Qnhn Qnhnaaif aaiflor lor ilbfrjoa ilbfrjoaiñl iñl tnñ tnñriao riao rnho rnhoaifl aiflomo omo o hfs rndistr rndistrfs, fs, anltrïl anltrïlmflf mflfss nl hfs rndistrfs mn aordo porohnho. ◆ Ilvns Ilvnstidor tidor oanrao oanrao mmnh nh joln jolncf cf y bulai bulaifloh flohimom imom mnh mnh sijuhomfr sijuhomfr ‘Aflstr ‘Aflstruatf uatfrr Rirtuoh mn Airauitfs‚, nl nh auoh sn ijphnjnltorï lunstrf airauitf. ◆ Joln Jolncor cor afrrnato afrrnatojnlt jnltnn hfs afj afjpfln pflnltns ltns qu qunn sn lnansito lnansitoll poro ho nhoef nhoefroaiñ roaiñll mnh rndistrf mn aordo porohnho mn = eits.

 

1.

MNQOUUFHHF 1.?. UNDIQ]UFQ ^l rndistrf sn nlaunltro aflbfrjomf pfr ul aflcultf mn bhip bhfps, hfs auohns sn nlaordol mn ohjoanlor ho ilbfrjoaiñl y pfr ul aflcultf mn afjpunrtos qun afltrfhol auïlmf y mñlmn sn trolsbinrn ho ilbfrjoaiñl. Nl hfs rndistrfs sn fetinln ohjoanlojinltf ohjoanlojinltf tnjpfroh. Mneimf o qun ho jnjfrio y nh mnsphozojin mnsphozojinltf ltf sfl sus aoroatnrêstiaos eïsiaos. Juagfs rndistrfs usol bhip-bhfps tipf M, oulqun tojeiél sn punmnl usor bhipbhfps C@. Hfs jïs pfpuhorns sfl hfs mn 7 eits, yo qun hos afjputomfros afl brnaunlaio jolipuhol eytns mn ilbfrjoaiñl. Jfrris Jolf (?99=) ilmiao3 ‘Nl su mnbiliaiñl jïs ojphio, ul rndistrf aflsto mn ul drupf mn bhip bhfps y afjpunrtos qun nbnatóol ulo trolsiaiñl‚ (p.>1). Qndól Jfrris Jolf (?99=) sn nlaunltrol mivnrsfs tipfs mn rndistrfs afjf, pfr ncnjphf3 ◆ Undi Undistrf strf af afll aord aordoo poro porohnho3 hnho3 nnll nstn ttipf ipf mn rndistrfs rndistrfs hfs hfs bhip-bhfp bhip-bhfp sfl sfl ilmnpnlminltnss y sn afjportnl ho snÿoh mn goeihitoaiñl. Ho joyfrêo ilmnpnlminltn tinlnl ul dnlnromfr mn rnhfc ojf qun sujilistro ul trnl afltiluf mn  puhsfs mn rnhfc0 rnhfc0 hfs rndistrfs afl ao aordo rdo porohnho pun punmnl mnl duormor ul motf mn bfrjo ilmnbilimo y pnrjitnl aordor ul motf afl Hfom : ? ◆ Undi Undistrf strf mn afrri afrrijinl jinltf tf eïsi eïsiaf3 af3 nstï nstï afl aflbfrjo bfrjomf mf pfr ul ul aflcultf aflcultf mn mn bhipbhipbhfps aflnatomfs mn toh bfrjo qun hfs lójnrfs eilorifs ohjoanlomfs nl éh sfl mnsphozomfs mn ul bhip-bhfp oh siduinltn afl aomo puhsf mn rnhfc ophiaomf ◆ Undi Undistrf strf mn afrri afrrijinl jinltf tf eimir eimirnaai naaiflohn flohns3 s3 nl nstn nstn tipf tipf mn rndistrf rndistrfss tinln tinln ho fpaiñl mn nhndir ho mirnaaiñl nl qun sn trolsjitnl hfs motfs. Nstfs

 

rndistrfs tinlnl ulo snÿoh mn afltrfh qun pnrjitn snhnaaiflor nh snltimf mn mnsphozojinltf mn hfs motfs Nl nstn troeocf, misnÿornjfs ul rndistrf mn aordo porohnho mn = eits afl bhip bhfps tipf M

 

1. 1.5. 5.

MIQN MIQNßF ßF MNH MNH U UND NDIQ IQ]U ]UF F AFL AFL AO AOUD UDO O [OU [OUOH OHNH NHO O MN = EI EI]Q ]Q Qn troto mn ul rndistrf auyos nltromos N lf sfl trolsbnrimos o hos sohimos Q

jinltros lf sn ophiqun ulo snÿoh mn aordo A. Auolmf A:;, M mnenrï pnrjolnan pnrjolnanrr sil aojeifs (M:_) y auolmf A:?, M mnenrï snr iduoh o ho nltromo (M : N), punstf qun nl nh siduinltn puhsf mnh rnhfc M sn trolsbnrirï o _ f sno Q. (Arifhhf Dflzohns, 5;;7) Aflstruirnjfs ul rndistrf mn aordo porohnho usolmf bhip bhfps tipf M. [rijnrf mnenjfs aflfanr aflfanr afjf ns nh bula bulaiflojinltf iflojinltf mn mnhh bhip bhfp tipf M, pfr hf auoh auoh sn  prnsnltorï su toeho toeho aoroatnrêstiao y ssuu toeho mn nxa nxaitoaiñl3 itoaiñl3 ]oeho ?3 ]oeho aoroatnrêstiao Bhip Bhfp tipf M

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Bunltn3 Arifhhf Dflzohns, 5;;7

Mflmn3 ◆ M3 motf motf mmnn nlt nltro romo mo oh bbhi hipp bhf bhfpp ◆ AH@3 snÿoh ÿoh mn mn rnh rnhffc ◆ _3 so sohi himo mo mn mnhh bhip bhip bhfp bhfp Nauoaiñl aoroatnrêstiao _:M

 

Ogfro sn prnsnlto ho toeho mn nxaitoaiñl3 ]oeho 53 ]oeho mn nxaitoaiñl Bhip Bhfp tipf M.

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? ? Bunltn3 Jfrris Jolf, ?99=

Mflmn3 ◆ _(l) _(l)33 nst nstom omff oolt ltnr nrif ifr  r  ◆ _(l+ _(l+?) ?)33 ns nsto tomf mf bilo bilohh ◆ M3 motf motf mmnn nlt nltro romo mo oh bbhi hipp bhf bhfpp Aflfainlmf nh bulaiflojinltf, sn aflstruirï ul rndistrf afl aordo porohnho mn ?  eit3 Qndól hf nxpunstf oltnrifrjnltn nstn ns ul rndistrf auyos nltromos N lf sfl trolsbnrimos o hos sohimos Q(Q:_) jinltros lf sn ophiqun ulo snÿoh mn aordo A. [fr hf auoh sn punmn posor o misnÿor su toeho mn vnrmom, poro bhip bhfp tipf M3

 

]oeho 13 ]oeho mn vnrmom mnh rndistrf mn aordo porohnho mn ? eit3

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? ? ? Bunltn3 Arifhhf Dflzohns, 5;;7

Qijphibiaolmf jnmioltn jopos mn @orloudg3 ]oeho =3 Jopo mn @orloudg rndistrf aordo porohnho

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mn ? eit 

Bunltn3 Nhoefroaiñl prfpio

Ho nxprnsiñl qunmorêo mn ho siduinltn jolnro3 M : A’_ + AN

Nstn misnÿf ns poro ul rndistrf mn ul eit, poro misnÿor ulf mn = eits eostorï rnphiaor nstn = vnans.

 

^solmf nh Qfbtworn ‘Hfdisij‚ sn misnÿñ nh siduinltn airauitf qun afrrnspflmn o ul rndistrf mn aordo porohnho mn = eits3 Biduro ?3 Miodrojo mnh airauitf mn aordo porohnho mn = eits

Bunltn3 Nhoefroaiñl prfpio

 

=.

IJ IJ[H [HNJ NJNL NL]O ]OAI AIÑL ÑL NL NH QI QIJ^ J^HO HOMF MFU  U  =.?. AFJ[FLNL]NQ3 Hundf mnh misnÿf mnh airauitf, posojfs o ho ijphnjnltoaiñl mn nstn poro hf auoh usornjfs nh prfdrojo hhojomf ‘Aflstruatfr Rirtuoh mn Airauitfs‚. Nl nstn prfdrojo usornjfs siduinltns afjpflnltn afjpflnltns3 s3 ◆ Air Airaui auitf tf ilt iltnd ndrom romff 4=H 4=HQ;7 Q;7-Af -Afjpu jpunrt nrtos os OLM OLM (x5)3 (x5)3 Biduro 53 Airauitf Iltndromf 4=HQ;7

Bunltn3Ti`ihierfs (l.m.)

◆ Air Airaui auitf tf ilt iltnd ndrom romff 4=H 4=HQ;= Q;=-Af -Afjpu jpunrt nrtos os LF] LF] (W?)3 (W?)3

Biduro 13 Airauitf iltndromf 4=HQ;=

 

Bunltn3 Afjpnh Q.O (l.m.)

◆ Air Airaui auitf tf ilt iltnd ndrom romff 4=H 4=HQ4= Q4=-Bh -Bhip ip bhfps bhfps ti tipf pf M(x M(x5)3 5)3 Biduro =3 Airauitf iltndromf 4=HQ4=

Bunltn3 Afjpflnltns Nsafenmf (l.m.)

◆ Air Airaui auitf tf ilt iltnd ndrom romff 4=H 4=HQ15 Q15-Af -Afjpu jpunrt nrtos os FU (x?)3 (x?)3 Biduro >3 Airauitf iltndromf 4=HQ15

Bunltn3 Ïhojf Qnjiaflmuatfrns (l.m.)

 

◆ [r [rft ftffefo form rm(x (x??)3 Biduro 23 [rftfeform 

Bunltn3 Ormuilfs.afj (l.m.)

◆ Iltnrrup ruptfrns3  Lfs morïl hfs vfhtocns poro ho aordo aordo y hos nltromos, nltromos, si sn oativol oativol nh vohfr hñdiaf snrï ulf, nl aosf afltrorif nh vohfr hñdiaf snrï ; Biduro 43 Iltnrruptfrns

◆ Hnms3 Hfs usornjfs poro rnprnsnltor ho trolsbnrnlaio pfr aordo porohnho, si ho aordo ns ? (>v) nh hnm sn prnlmnrï, nl aosf sno ; (;v) nh hnm snrï opodomf. Biduro 73 Hnms

 

◆ ]njpfrizomfr3  Lfs ilmiaorï ho brnaunlaio brnaunlaio nl qun qun sn morïl hos snÿohns mn rnhfc rnhfc Biduro 93 ]njpfrizomfr 

 

=.5.. =.5

IJ[HNJ IJ[HNJNL] NL]OAI OAIÑL ÑL MNH UND UNDIQ] IQ]UF UF AFL AOUDO AOUDO [OU [OUOHN OHNHO HO MN ? E EI] I] Qn nxphiaorï ho ijphnjnltoaiñl mnh rndistrf mn aordo porohnho poro ul eit3 ?. ]n ]nlnj lnjfs fs lluns unstro tro bulaiñ bulaiñll M : A A’_ ’_ + AN 5. Hf prij prijnrf nrf ns oodrndo drndorr hfs aira airauitfs uitfs il iltndro tndromfs mfs nl nh prftfe prftfeform, form,  pflinlmf su vfhtocn vfhtocn (aoehn rfcf) y ssuu tinrro (aoehn lnd lndrf), rf), nl hfs hudorns afrrnspflminltn. Biduro 93 Afhfaoaiñl mn hfs airauitfs iltndromfs

Bunltn3 Nhoefroaiñl prfpio

1. Hund Hundff oativojfs oativojfs ho ssnÿoh nÿoh mmnn rnhfc nl lunst lunstrf rf mn lunstrf lunstrf airauitf airauitf iltndromf 4=HQ4=, yo qun nstn afltinln lunstrfs bhip bhfps tipf M.

 

Biduro ?;3 Aflnxiñl mn ho nltromo mn rnhfc

Bunltn3 Nhoefroaiñl prfpio

=. Qidu Qiduinlmf inlmf hhoo nauo nauoaiñl aiñl M : A’_ A’_ + AN, ogf ogfro ro aflnatoj aflnatojfs fs ho snÿoh snÿoh mn aordo (aoehn ozuh) oh airauitf ]=HQ;=, nh auoh afltinln ho afjpunrto  LF], hundf ho sohimo sohimo mn nso fpnroaiñl fpnroaiñl ho poso posojfs jfs oh airauitf 4=HQ;7, 4=HQ;7, nh auoh afltinln hos afjpunrtos OLM, afjf sn vn o afltiluoaiñl

 

Biduro ??3 Aflnxiñl mn Aordo y Aordo lndomo

Bunltn3 Nhoefroaiñl prfpio

>. Hf sid siduinl uinltn tn ns ju juhtiph htiphiaor iaor _ pf pfrr nh vohfr vohfr mn A’, A’, pfr hf auoh auoh vojfs vojfs oh airauitf 4=HQ4= y fetnlnjfs ho sohimo _ mnh prijnr bhip bhfp tipf M3 Biduro ?53 Aflnxiñl mn sohimo _

Bunltn3 Nhoefroaiñl prfpio

2. Hf sid siduinl uinltn tn snd sndól ól ho bu bulaiñ laiñll M :A’_ + AN, ns ns juhti juhtiphiao phiaorr A’_ y hhnvorhf oh airauitf qun rnohizorï ho fpnroaiñl FU (4=HQ15). Nltflans3

 

Biduro ?13 Aflnxiñl mn Unsuhtomf A’ OLM _

o afjpunrto FU

Bunltn3 Nhoefroaiñl prfpio

4. Gnjf Gnjfss oao oaoeomf eomf nnhh prijn prijnrr boatf boatfrr mn ho na nauoai uoaiñl, ñl, ogfro ogfro afl afl tfao juhtiphiaor ho aordo(A) pfr ho nltromo(N), pfr hf auoh aflnatojfs ho aordo(A) y ho posojfs oh airauitf 4=HQ;7, poro pfmnr juhtiphiaorho. Biduro ?=3 Aflnxiñl mn aordo o afjpunrto OLM

Bunltn3 Nhoefroaiñl prfpio

 

7. Ogfro afln aflnatoj atojfs fs ho nltro nltromo mo N oh aairaui irauitf tf 4=HQ;7 4=HQ;733 Biduro ?>3 Aflnxiñl mn nltromo (N) o afjpunrto OLM

Bunltn3 Nhoefroaiñl prfpio

9. Nh rnsu rnsuhtomf htomf mn AN hhff hhnvo hhnvojfs jfs oh aairaui irauitf tf qun afltin afltinln ln oh prijnr prijnr sujolmf poro rnohizor ho fpnroaiñl FU, ns mnair oh airauitf 4=HQ15 Biduro ?23 Aflnxiñl mn rnsuhtomf A olm N o

Bunltn3 Nhoefroaiñl prfpio

afjpunrto FU

 

?;. Nh rnsuhtomf mn ho fpnroaiñl FU FU,, mnen snr hhnvomf o ho nltromo M mnh  prijnr bhip bhfp tipf M, yo qun qun M : A’_ + AN AN,, nltflans3 Biduro ?43 Unsuhtomf (A’ LF] _) FU (A OLM N)

Bunltn3 Nhoefroaiñl prfpio

??. Hundf mn nstf yo tnln tnlnjfs jfs lunstro bulaiñl ijphnjnltomo, ijphnjnltomo, hf qun bohto goanr ns hhnvor ho sohimo mn lunstrf bhip bhip o lunstro sohimo Q (mnh hnm), omnjïs mn soenr qun Q:_ pfr nh tipf mn bhip bhfp usomf, nltflans ho ijphnjnltoaiñl mnh rndistrf mn aordo porohnho poro ul eit qunmo mn ho siduinltn bfrjo3

 

Biduro ?73 Undistrf aordo porohnho mn ? eit 

Bunltn3 Nhoefroaiñl prfpio

 

=.1.. =.1

IJ[HNJ IJ[HNJNL] NL]OAI OAIÑL ÑL MNH UND UNDIQ] IQ]UF UF AFL AOUDO AOUDO [OU [OUOHN OHNHO HO MN = EI]Q Hf nxphiaomf oltnrifrjnltn lfs mif ho imno poro misnÿor nh rndistrf poro ul eit,

 pnrf lunstrf troeocf troeocf sn troto mn ul rndistrf mn = eits pf pfrr hf auoh sn rnphiaorïl rnphiaorïl hfs posfs oltnrifrns = vnans poro tnlnr nh rndistrf mnsnomf Hundf mn rnphiaor nh airauitf oltnrifr y ulir hfs afjpflnltns mn bfrjo omnauomo, ho auoh sn vif nl ho bosn mn misnÿf, sn hfdrñ fetnlnr nh rndistrf mn aordo  porohnho mn ho siduinltn siduinltn jolnro3 Biduro ?93 Undistrf aordo porohnho = eits afl bhip bhfps bhfps tipf M

Bunltn3 Nhoefroaiñl prfpio

 

=.1. .1.?.

NW[ W[H HIAOA IAOAIÑ IÑL L MN MNH H AI AIU UA^I ^I]F ]F33

Biduro 5;3 Undistrf aordo porohnho = eits, afl bhip bhfps tipf M (nxphiaoaiñl)

Bunltn3 Nhoefroaiñl prfpio

◆ A3 Qnÿ Qnÿoh oh mn aaordo ordo,, si nst nstïï punsto punsto nl ;v lf sn sn trolsbnri trolsbnrirï rï lildól lildól motf motf o hos sohimos. ◆ Ni3 U Unpr nprnsn nsnlto lto ho ho nl nltro tromo mo mmnn mo motfs tfs pfr aomo aomo eit. eit. ◆ _i3 _i3 Q Qoh ohim imoo mmnn hfs hfs bhip bhip bhfps bhfps.. Ncnjphf prïatiaf3 ]rolsjitir nh lójnrf > jnmioltn nh rndistrf mn aordo porohnho. [rfanmijinltf3 ?. Qn mne mnenn trols trolsbfrjo bfrjorr nh lójn lójnrf rf > o eilor eilorif, if, nl nstn nstn aosf aosf snrêo ;?;? ;?;? 5. [oso [osojfs jfs vf vfhtocn htocn o lunstrf lunstrf jñ jñmuhf muhf,, ns mnair mnair hf prnlmnj prnlmnjfs3 fs3

 

Biduro 5?3 Nlanlmnr jñmuhf

1. [rnl [rnlmnjf mnjfss hos snÿo snÿohns hns afrrnspf afrrnspflmin lminltns ltns oh lójnrf lójnrf > nl eilorif eilorif (;?;?) (;?;?) ns mnair N5:N;:?, N1:N?:;. Biduro 553 Oativoaiñl mn snÿohns poro lójnrf > nl eilorif eilorif

A N1 N5 N? N; =. Qi lf ssnn oati oativo vo ho sn snÿoh ÿoh mn aaordo ordo A A,, lf suanmn suanmnrï rï lildól lildól aojeif3 aojeif3 Biduro 513 Qnÿoh A(aordo) iloativo

Bunltn3 Nhoefroaiñl prfpio

 

>. Ogfro oati oativojf vojfss ho snÿ snÿoh oh A y sn rnohi rnohizo zo ho trolsbn trolsbnrnla rnlaio. io. Biduro 5=3 Oativoaiñl mn Aordo(A), rnsuhtomf mn aordo porohnho

Bunltn3 Nhoefroaiñl prfpio

2. Qn oati oativorf vorfll hos sohim sohimos os afrrn afrrnspfl spflminl minltns tns _5 y _;, mïlmflfs mïlmflfs nl ho sohimo sohimo nh vohfr ;?;?:>, nh auoh ns nh jisjf qun sn ildrnsñ nl hos nltromos. 4. Nh rnd rndistrf istrf mn aordo poro porohnho hnho pporo oro = ei eits, ts, bun ijphnjnlto ijphnjnltomf mf sotisboatfriojnltn.

 

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AFLAH^QIFLNQ ◆ Oh bilo bilohizor hizor ho pprïati rïatiao ao pu pumijfs mijfs mmorlfs orlfs aunlto aunlto qun hfs hfs rndistrf rndistrfss aflsistnl aflsistnl nl ul aflcultf mn Bhip Bhfps iltnraflnatomfs mn mibnrnltns bfrjos, omnjïs sirvnl afjf aolohizomfrns mn ho ilbfrjoaiñl y nstfs nstïl  prnsnltns nl auohquinr auohquinr prnsnl prnsnltn tn nl auohquin auohquinrr sistnjo miditoh rnhoaiflomf rnhoaiflomf afl nh trotojinltf y omjilistroaiñl mn motfs. ◆ Nh lój lójnrf nrf jï jïxijf xijf qqun un sn ppfmrêo fmrêo rnprn rnprnsnlto snltorr snrêo nh lójnrf lójnrf ?>. ?>. mneimf mneimf o qun aunlto afl = Bhip-Bhfps. ◆ Hfs rn rndistrf distrfss mn ao aordo rdo po porohn rohnho ho trol trolsjitn sjitnll ho jisjo jisjo ilbfrjoai ilbfrjoaiñl ñl mn su nltromo o su sohimo auolmf sn oativo ho snÿoh mn aordo (A), si ésto lf nstï oativo, hos nltromos lf snrïl trolsbnrimos o hos sohimos. ◆ Qn pu punmnl nmnl mmisnÿo isnÿorr rndis rndistrfs trfs mn aordo porohnho porohnho usolm usolmff bhip bhfps bhfps tipf tipf M, osê jisjf afl ftrfs tipfs mn bhip bhfps, pfr ncnjphf, bhip bhfps tipf C@. ◆ Aomo bbhip hip bhf bhfpp ohjo ohjoanlo anlo uull eit mn ilbfrjoaiñ ilbfrjoaiñl, l, pfr hf auoh ho ho aoltimom aoltimom mn mn bhip bhfps o usor nl nh rndistrf r ndistrf mnpnlmn mnh lójnrf mn eits mn nltromo. ◆ ^l us usff mn ho vim vimoo rno rnohh snrio mnlt mnltrf rf mn ho portn portn mn ho rnanpa rnanpaiñl iñl mn ul jfmnj nl mflmn ho snÿoh rnaieimo ns ul trnl mn eits, hfs auohns mnenl snr   posomfs o ul bfrjotf porohnhf o bil mn pfmnr snr prfansomfs prfansomfs aflvnlinltnjnltn aflvnlinltnj nltn pfr ul jiarfprfansomfr, nh auoh sfhf troeoco afl snÿohns eilorios nl miagf bfrjotf porohnhf.

 

2.

UNAFJNLMOAIFLNQ ◆ Ns ln lnanso ansorif rif af aflfan lfanrr nh bul bulaifl aiflojin ojinltf ltf mnh mnh prftfefo prftfeform, rm, afjf afjf sn trolsjitn nh vfhtocn pfr nstn y o hfs airauitfs iltndromfs. ◆ [oro ij ijphnj phnjnlto nltorr nl nh sijuhom sijuhomfr fr ul airauit airauitf, f, ns rnafjn rnafjnlmoe lmoehn hn misnÿor misnÿor su portn hñdiao oltns poro soenr añjf ns nh bulaiflojinltf mn nstn. ◆ Qn mn mnen en fe fesnrvo snrvorr afjf bu bulaif laiflo lo ao aomo mo airauitf airauitf iltndro iltndromf, mf, aflsimn aflsimnrolm rolmff sus nltromos, sohimos, vfhtocn y snÿoh o tinrro.

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4.

EIEHIFDUOBÊO

MI[-?= . Ïhojf Ïhojf Qnjiaflmuatfrns. (l.m.). Auotrf Afjpunrtos FU mn 5 nltromos, 4=15, MI[-?=. Qnjiaflmuatfrns. Qnjiaflmuatf rns. Unaupnromf nh 51 mn oerih mn 5;5?, mn gttps3//ohojfsjx.afj/prfmuat/auotrf-afjp gttps3//ohojfsjx.af j/prfmuat/auotrf-afjpunrtos-fr-mn-5-nltromos-4=1 unrtos-fr-mn-5-nltromos-4=15-mip-?= 5-mip-?= Ormuilfs.afj. (l.m.). [rftfeform, (l.m.). [rftfeform, ¶_ué ¶_ué ns y añjf sn uso6 uso6 Ormuilfs.afj.  Ormuilfs.afj. Unaupnromf nh 55 mn oerih mn 5;5?, mn gttps3//mnsauerno gttps3//mnsauernormuilf.afj/prftfefo rmuilf.afj/prftfeform/ rm/ Afjpnh Q.O. (l.m.). Afjpunrto Hñdiao Ilvnrsfro Nlaopsuhomf MI[ Mn ?= [ilns 4=HQ;=. 4=HQ;=. Afjpnh Q.O. Unaupnromf nh 55 mn oerih mn 5;5?, mn gttps3//www.afjpnhnhnatrfliao.afj/prfm gttps3//www.afjpnhnhn atrfliao.afj/prfmuat/afjpunrto-hfdiao-ilvn uat/afjpunrto-hfdiao-ilvnrsfro-nlaopsuho rsfro-nlaopsuhomfmfmip-mn-?=-pilns-4=hs;=/ Afjpflnltnss Nsafenmf. (l.m.). Afjpflnltn (l.m.). [unrtos  [unrtos Hfdiaos MI[34=HQ4=. MI[34=HQ4=. Unaupnromf nh 51 mn oerih mn 5;5?, mn gttps3//www.nhnatrfl gttps3//www.nhnatrfliaoohaoho.lnt/tinlm iaoohaoho.lnt/tinlmo/afjpflnltns-nhn o/afjpflnltns-nhnatrfliafs/airauitfsatrfliafs/airauitfsiltndromfs/snrin-4=-tth/4=45->>7->2;->21-4?5-mntoih Arifhhf Dflzohns, [. O. (5;;7). Jfrris Jolf, J. (?99=). Orquitnaturo (?99=). Orquitnaturo mn Afjputomfros (1nro Afjputomfros (1nro nm.). Unaupnromf mn gttp3//flhiln.olybhip.afj/vnmn/uqcr/jfeihn/ilmnx.gtjh Ti`ihierfs. (l.m.). Airauitf iltndromf 4=;7. 4=;7. wi`ihierfs. Unaupnromf nh 51 mn oerih mn 5;5?, mn gttps3//ns.wi`ieff`s.frd/wi`i/AirauitfViltndromfV4=;7