Reflexiones Sobre La Educación Basada en Competencias

 

Pcacxjikcs si`rc fm Cluomojÿk @msmlm ck Oigpctckojms Pcacoiks ik Oigpctckoc-@mscl Cluomik Dumk @musstm OFJGCK\ @IKJFFM Skjvcrsjlml Mutÿkigm Gctripifjtmkm Skjlml Riobjgjfoi Gêxjoi Pcoj`jli4 Gmyi 0>>: Mocptmli4 Kivjcg`rc 0>>: Pcsugck Cf pripÿsjti lc cstc mroufi cs mgpfjmr y ofmrjomr o fmrjomr cf gmroi oikocptumf lc fm cluomojÿk `msmlm ck oigpctckojms, m pmrr lcf mkífjsjs lc ljsktis mspcotis rcfcvmktcs m fms omrmotcrçsoms y pripjclmlcs lc fms oigpctckojms lc fms pcrsikms, msç oigi m pifçoms, jkjojmvms y movjlmlcs lc ompmojtmojÿk y irgmojÿk, ck cf gukli cluomvi y fm`irmf. _c mkmfjzmk fms oigpctckojms lcslc ljsktis íkhufis “oikocpti, cstruoturm, pifihçm, lcsmrriffi, kmturmfczm y mfomkoc“ quc mojfjtmk fm oigprcksjÿk lc su sjhkjomli, pmrm kcs tcÿrjois y príoois. ^mfm`rms ofmvc4 ompmojtmojÿk, jkstruoojÿk, oigpctckojms, bm`jfjlmlcs, cluomojÿk `msmlm ck oigpctckojms. M`strmot \bc jktckik i tbjs mrofc js ti cxtckl mkl ofmrjy tbc oikocptumf rmgcwire i oigpctckoc-`mscl cluomik, rig tbc mkmfysjs i ljcrckt mspcots, rcfcvmkt ti tbc obmrmotcrjsos mkl pripcrcs i pcrsikmf oigpctckocs, ms wcff ms ti pifjojcs, jkjmvcs mkl movjcs i trmjkjkh mkl pricssjikmf lcvcfipgckt, jk tbc cluomik mkl fm`ir wirfl. \bc oigpctckocs mrc mkmfyzcl rig ljcrckt mkhfcs “oikocpt, struoturc, typifihy, lcvcfipgckt, kmturc mkl soipc“ tbmt mojfjtmtc tbc uklcrstmkljkh i tbcjr gcmkjkh, ir tbcircomf mkl prmoomf mjgs. Ecy wirls4 trmjkjkh, jkstruoik, oigpctckocs, sejffs, ooigpctckoc-`msc igpctckoc-`mscl l cluomik. Biy ck lçm, fm cluomojÿk lc fms pcrsikms, m kjvcf lc jkljvjluis, hrupis y hrmklcs oifcovis, cs oiksustmkojmf m fis priocsis lc fm hfi`mfjzmojÿk, h fi`mfjzmojÿk, ki sÿfi oigi pmrtc lc fis ccotis lc cstc ckÿgcki, sjki tmg`jêk, y uklmgcktmfgcktc, lc sus prjkojpmfcs omusms. Ck cf birjziktc lc fms hrmklcs trmksirgmojikcs pir fis quc mtrmvjcsm fm cluomojÿk ck cf gukli, surhc fm oirrjcktc lc fm Cluomojÿk @msmlm ck Oigpctckojms (Oigpctckoc-@mscl Cluomik), bm`jfjtmlm pir fms tcokifihçms lc fm jkirgmojÿk y fm oigukjomojÿk, ck cf íg`jti lc fm ffmgmlm siojclml lcf oikiojgjckti “lc fms siojclmlcs, irhmkjzmojikcs c jkljvjluis ouym movjlml y lcsmrriffi (pifçoi, coikÿgjoi, oigcrojmf, siojmf, oufturmf) ck hrmk h rmk gcljlm sc `msmk ck cf moocsi m fm jkirgmojÿk y cf oikiojgjckti m trmvês lc sjstcgms oigputmrjzmlis. oigputmrjzmlis . ^ir trmtmrsc lc uk gclji cstrmtêhjoi pmrm jkorcgcktmr fm oigpcvjlml lc cgprcsms y coikigçms ck csockmrjis hfi`mfcs, fm Cluomojÿk @msmlm ck Oigpctckojms, pcsc m su hrmk oigpfcdjlml y cfcvmli oisti, oik rcouckojm sc prigucvc sjk fm lc`jlm oiksjlcrmojÿk lc Dumk @musstm Ofjgêkt @ikjffm Pcacxjikcs si`rc fm Cluomojÿk @msmlm ck Oigpctckojms :0 Pcvjstm Oigpfutcksc Oigpfutcksc lc Cluomojÿk Cluomojÿk Qif. 0= Kôg. = (0>=>) :=-=>1 mspcotis ocktrmfcs m fms omrmotcrçsoms y pripjclmlcs lc fms oigpctckojms gjsgms. M trmvês lc fis sjhujcktcs mpmrtmlis sc jktcktm bmocr vcr fm trmsocklckojm lc mfhukis msuktis ocktrmfcs, mf tcgm lc fms oigpctckojms y su igckti, quc usumfgcktc sc pmsmk pir mfti, ck gckisom`i lc fis rcoursis y csucrzis jkvcrlis.

 

_i`rc cf oikocpti lc oigpctckojm oigpctckojm Ck tirki m fm orcojcktc kcocsjlml kcocsjlml lc jkljvjluis, irhmkjzmojikcs, scotircs priluovis y siojclmlcs, lc cfcvmr fis pcrfcs lc oigpctckojm “ jkljvjlumfcs y oifcovis“ pmrm bmocr rcktc m fms prcsjikcs coikÿgjoms y siojmfcs lc fis priocsis hfi`mfjzmlircs, bm surhjli ukm cxtcksm vmrjclml lc lckjojikcs si`rc cf têrgjki ‖oigpctckojm‗, ouyi sjhkjomli cs lctcrgjkmktc ck cf omríotcr lc pifçoms c jkjojmvms jkjo jmvms lc cluomojÿk y cgpfci, quc ckck m fms oigpctckojms ck cf ocktri lc sus i`dcvis y fjkcmgjcktis. M oikkumojÿk mpmrcock oumtri lckjojikcs quc pripirojikmk ukm mgpfjm jlcm lc fi quc sc qujcrc lcojr y sc puclc cktcklcr pir ‖oigpctckojm‗, ck cf tcrrcki lc fm irgmojÿk lc fms pcrsikms4 m) Ompmojlml lc smsmocr lcgmklms i ffcvmr m om`i tmrcms oik êxjti, oikstujlm lc ljgcksjikcs oihkjvms y ki oihkjvms (IOLC, 0>>0, 8). `) Bm`jfjlml pmrm lcscgpcýmr movjlmlcs mf kjvcf cspcrmli ck cf cgpfci (Ffiyl, =::?, =>15 ojtmli o jtmli pir Gjr, 0>>1). Fms trcs prjgcrms lckjojikcs ckmzmk fm ompmojlml lc fis jkljvjluis pmrm mfomkzmr rcsuftmlis mvirm`fcs i lcscmlis, cspcojmfgcktc “sc jkcrc“ ck fi quc oikojcrkc m fms cxpcotmvms lc tcrocris (liocktcs, jkstruotircs, cgpfcmlircs, ofjcktcs). ofjcktcs). Ck fm prjgcrm cf oiktcxti lc fms lcgmklms quclm m`jcrti, puclc scr lc irlck momlêgjoi, pricsjikmf i fm`irmf, cktrc itris5 ck tmkti quc pmrm fms lis sjhujcktcs, cxpfçojtmgcktc sc rccrc m fis rcqucrjgjcktis lcf gcromli lc trm`mdi. Lc cstm irgm, ck fi quc puljcrm tckcrsc oigi ukm ‖coumojÿk‗ lc fm oigpctckojm, fms trcs prjgcrms lckjojikcs lcstmomk cf jktcrês pir fis rcsuftmlis. Fm oumrtm o umrtm lckjojÿk, pir su pmrtc, jktchrm vmrjis cfcgcktis quc fc oikcrck ukm ljgcksjÿk sjstêgjom4 m) fis jksugis lc fm oigpctckojm (oikiojgjcktis, bm`jfjlmlcs, vmfircs)5 `) cf oiktcxti jkljvjlumf (fm pcrsikm y su cktirki) ck quc fm oigpctckojm sc lcsmrriffm y mpfjom5 y o) fis priocsis y rcsuftmlis lc êstm, ck rcfmojÿk oik fm oigprcksjÿk y fm trmksirgmojÿk lc ukm rcmfjlml oigpfcdm (jkbcrcktc m oikljojikcs y ojroukstmkojms pmroufmrcs). Lcslc cstm pcrspcovm, fms oigpctckojms jkljvjlumfcs gmkckck ukm cstrcobm rcfmojÿk oik fm ompmojlml lc fms pcrsikms, oigi jkljvjluis, irhmkjzmojikcs, oigukjlmlcs y siojclmlcs, pmrm sifuojikmr fis pri`fcgms quc fcs mtmýck, lcktri lc sjtumojikcs oikorctms. Ck Dumk @musstm Ofjgêkt @ikjffm Pcacxjikcs si`rc fm Cluomojÿk @msmlm ck Oigpctckojms Pcvjstm Oigpfutcksc lc Cluomojÿk :? Qif. 0= Kôg. = (0>=>) :=-=>1 cstc vçkoufi, cf lcsmrriffi lc fms oigpctckojms jkljvjlumfcs sc rcacdm ck, y ckc quc vcr oik, msuktis lc çklifc pifçom, cluomvm, fm`irmf, siojmf y coikÿgjom. coikÿgjom . Lc fms oumtri lckjojikcs ckukojmlms, fm tcrocrm sc ojrouksorj`c m cstíklmrcs lc oigpctckojm fm`irmf5 cs lcojr, m rccrcktcs lc fms cxpcotmvms lc lcscgpcýi lc uk jkljvjlui ck lctcrgjkmlm movjlml i ukojÿk priluovm. ^ir oiksjhujcktc, fis cstíklmrcs lc oigpctckojm fm`irmf, oigi fis lc oumfqujcr itri pi lc oigpctckojm, sik rccrcktcs lc fms oigpctckojms oirrcspikljcktcs, pcri ki cqujvmfck m êstms. Skm oism cs cf cstíklmr lc oigpctckojm, y itrm, guobi gís oigpfcdm, fm oigpctckojm oik quc sc vjkoufm. ^ir itri fmli, fm lckjojÿk lc Gmtci, mdckm m fm oiksjlcrmojÿk lc cstíklmrcs, oikojcrkc m fm kmturmfczm lc fms oigpctckojms oigi jkstrugcktis i gcljis lc fm irgmojÿk (jkljvjlumf y oifcovm) quc jktchrmk sm`crcs pmrm fm

 

sifuojÿk lc pri`fcgms oigpfcdis, pripjis lc fm rcmfjlml, i fms rcmfjlmlcs, ck quc fms pcrsikms vjvck y sc irdmk5 kmturmfczm ck quc rmljom cf sckli irgmvi lc fms oigpctckojms4 m`jcrti mf lcsmrriffi pcrsikmf, siojmf y fm`irmf lc jkljvjluis y hrupis. Fm cluomojÿk `msmlm ck oigpctckojms sc ocktrm ck cstíklmrcs i kirgms quc jkvifuormk m tilis fis priocsis jgpfjomlis ck fis gilcfis y gilmfjlmlcs quc fm mliptmk5 m sm`cr4 kirgmfjzmojÿk, cvmfumojÿk, ocromojÿk, rcoikiojgjckti, irgmojÿk y vmfjlmojÿk. Ck cstc mrrchfi, fis cstíklmrcs lc oigpctckojm puclck givmr cf mprckljzmdc lc jkljvjluis y hrupis, pcri tmg`jêk fjgjtmrfi, fjgjtmrfi , c jkofusi lcsmfcktmrfi (Oifcs, 0>>8, 0>)5 msç, cf usi jkmlcoumli lcf ckiquc, fcdis lc oiktrj`ujr m ocrrmr `rcobms cluomvms, tcokifÿhjoms y priluovms, puclc oiktrj`ujr m mbiklmrfms. M gckuli, ck fm fjtcrmturm cspcojmfjzmlm, sc ufjzmk jkljsktmgcktc fis oikocptis lc ‖cluomojÿk `msmlm ck kirgms (cstíklmrcs) lc oigpctckojm‗, y lc ‖cluomojÿk `msmlm ck oigpctckojms‗, pir fi quc bm`fmr lc cstíklmrcs lc oigpctckojm i, sjgpfcgcktc, lc oigpctckojms, puljcrm pmrcocr fi gjsgi5 ki i`stmktc, tmf mkmfihçm cs jkoirrcotm, ym quc, gjcktrms fis cstíklmrcs lc oigpctckojm sik jkstrugcktis lc cvmfumojÿk lcf lcscgpcýi jkljvjlumf ck tmrcms i ukojikcs lc cspcojmf jktcrês, fms oigpctckojms oikstuyck jkstrugcktis i gcljis lc fm irgmojÿk, irdmlis m fi fmrhi lc fm vjlm, ck cf íg`jti jkljvjlumf y lc fm jktcrmoojÿk oik itris, pmrm fm sifuojÿk lc pri`fcgms i kcocsjlmlcs oigpfcdis. Ck oikscouckojm, cf êkmsjs ck fm cvmfumojÿk (rcprcscktmlm pir fis cstíklmrcs lc oigpctckojm y fms omfjomojikcs oirrcspikljcktcs) lcf mprckljzmdc lc oigpctckojms cstmklmrjzmlms, puclc lcspcrtmr lcspcrtmr ck mfhukms, sj ki ck guobms pcrsikms, ukm motul lc rcobmzi bmojm cf mprckljzmdc lc ljobms oigpctckojms, oumkli fm cvmfumojÿk cstmklmrjzmlm ki cs ukm oikljojÿk cstrjotm m fm cvifuojÿk lc fms oigpctckojms lcslc cf pukti lc vjstm irgmvi. _i`rc fm cstruoturm lc fms oigpctckojms Oigôkgcktc, fm cstruoturm lc fms oigpctckojms cstmklmrjzmlms “ck cf gmroi lc fm cluomojÿk, fm ompmojtmojÿk y fm irgmojÿk lc fms pcrsikms“ msugc cf mprckljzmdc ck omfjlml lc priluoti i rcsuftmli lcscmli, mf gmrhck lc uk mgpfji mocromgjckti mf sjhkjomli y mfomkoc lc fms oigpctckojms gjsgms5 lc tmf gili, sc jkourrc ck ukm oikocpojÿk fjgjtmlm lc fi quc êstms sik y sjhkjomk “jklcpckljcktcgcktc lc su pi“, quc rcoucktcgcktc lm fuhmr m gmfjktcrprctmojikcs, c jkofusi m scrjis crrircs, ck msuktis oikocrkjcktcs mf igckti lc oigpctckojms ck fis scotircs cluomvi y fm`irmf. Fm hurm = gucstrm uk csqucgm Dumk @musstm Ofjgêkt @ikjffm Pcacxjikcs si`rc fm Cluomojÿk @msmlm ck Oigpctckojms :< Pcvjstm Oigpfutcksc Oigpfutcksc lc Cluomojÿk Cluomojÿk Qif. 0= Kôg. = (0>=>) :=-=>1 sjkÿpoi lc fis oigpikcktcs lc ukm Kirgm \êokjom lc Oigpctckojm Fm`irmf (K\OF) “ rccrcktc ocktrmf m fis _jstcgms Kirgmfjzmli y lc Ocromojÿk lc Oigpctckojm Fm`irmf, lc Gêxjoi“. Ck cf csqucgm smftm m fm vjstm, pir ukm pmrtc, cf êkmsjs y fm oikocktrmojÿk ck rcsuftmlis5 y pir itrm, fm cxofusjÿk lc oumfqujcr itri pi lc pripjclml i oigpikcktc lc irlck sjstêgjoi (jksugis, priocsis, gcomkjsgis lc jktcrrcfmojÿk, oiktcxtis, mhcktcs siojmfcs), rcfmojikmli oik cf irjhck y lcsmrriffi lc fms oigpctckojms. Ck cstm tcklckojm, gjcktrms fm lckjojÿk lc fms oigpctckojms sc sjgpfjom m fm kiojÿk lc cstíklmrcs, su lc`jlm oigprcksjÿk y lcsmrriffi sc oigpfjom, lcktri lc sjtumojikcs oikorctms lc ckscýmkzmmprckljzmdc. \Ç\SFI LCF CFCGCK\I4

 

OMG^I LC M^FJOMOJßK4 CQJLCKOJM_ LC OIKIOJGJCK\I4 HSÇM LC CQMFSMOJßK4 CQJLCKOJM_ LC ^PILSO\I4 OPJ\CPJI_ LC LC_CG^CÝI4CQJLCKOJM_ LC LC_CG^CÝI4 \Ç\SFI LC FM SKJLML4 \Ç\SFI LCF CFCGCK\I4 OMG^I LC M^FJOMOJßK4 CQJLCKOJM_ LC OIKIOJGJCK\I4 HSÇM LC CQMFSMOJßK4 CQJLCKOJM_ LC ^PILSO\I4 OPJ\CPJI_ LC LC_CG^CÝI4CQJLCKOJM_ LC LC_CG^CÝI4 \Ç\SFI LC FM SKJLML4 Ajhurm =. Cstruoturm lc ukm Kirgm \êokjom lc Oigpctckojm Fm`irmf. (Mlmptmli lc Ffiyl, =::?,