Reflexiones Acerca de La Intervención Pedagógica

 

Dkoieocg y Vijkr`g Ourrcoungr ‟ JOI ‟ YFG Trgfglk Jcegn

Tutkr din oursk< Hucnnir`k Hknz`ge

Gncocg Figtrcz Nÿpiz gnkpizpcetksBh`gcn.ok`   Nulçe, dcoci`fri di 622:

VIJNI]CKEI_ GOIVOG DI NG CETIVZIEOCßE RIDGHßHCOG

 

ÀEDCOI RVßNKHK ......................................................... .............................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................6 ...................6   RVC@IVG RGVTI ............................................................. ............................................................................................................................ .......................................................................? ........?   OKETI]TYGNC\GOCßE ..............................................................................................................................?   Ogrgotiràstcogs di ng Yecvirscdgd Egockegn di Nulçe........................................................................?  Ogrgotiràstcogs di ng ok`uecdgd dkoieti........................................................................................... dkoieti..................... ...................................................................... 4  Ogrgotiràstcogs di gnu`eks di Cehieciràg Ghrkeÿ`cog......................................................................9   @gti`çtcog ie Ghrkek`àg y in jrgogsk isokngr...................................................................... isokngr..................................................................................9 ............9    @gti`çtcog ie Ghrkek`àg y in dcsi÷k ourrcoungr ourrcoungr .............................................................................. :   NK RVIZC_TK ............................................................................................................................................8   NK KOYVVCDK ...........................................................................................................................................8  

_IHYEDG RGVTI....................................................................................................................................3  V IJNI]CKEI_ IJNI]CKEI_ _KFVI NG_ @COVKDIOC_CKEI_ ............................................................................................3    Nks c`privcstks ie ng prçotcog dkoieti dkoieti........................................................... ............................................................................................... ....................................3 3   Ngs `corkdiocsckeis y ng rijnixcÿe ie ie ng goocÿe ............................................................................... 72   Ngs `corkdiocsckeis ie ue oketixtk oketixtk di `gscvcdgd istudcgetcn..........................................................77 istudcgetcn.............................. ............................77    Ngs `corkdiocsckeis y in dkoieti dkoieti ok`k cevistchgdkr .......................................................................77 .......................................................... .............77  

TIVOIVG RGVTI..................................................................................................................................76  OKEONY_CKEI_ ......................................................................................................................................76   RVKRYI_TG RGVG NG GOOCßE .................................................................................................................76   IJIVIEOCG_ .........................................................................................................................................7?   V IJIVIEOCG_

RVßNKHK  G ng nuz di ng fcfnckhrgjàg suhircdg ie in @ÿdunk „„Dkoieocg Dkoieocg y Vijkr`g Ourrcoungr‐ din Oursk di Rkshrgdk „Dkoieocg Yecvirsctgrcg kjriocdk pkr ng Jgountgd di Ocieocgs Iokeÿ`cogs di ng Yecvirscdgd Egockegn di Nulçe, gnhueks `ci`frks din Iqucpk Dkoieti @gti`çtcog ie Ghrkek`àg rijnixckege skfri su prçotcog dkoieti. _i gegnczg nks disvàks ietri nk pngeigdk y nk rign`ieti kourrcdk ie in gung. _i dcstcehuie tris ilis di rijnixcÿe< ng prkpcg goocÿe dkoieti, nks risuntgdks kftiecdks ok`k okesiouieocg di isg goocÿe dkoieti y in c`pgotk qui ngs `corkdiocsckeis tcieie ie in prkoisk di iesi÷gezg. _i inchcÿ prisietgr ue trgfglk okngfkrgtcvk, dgdk qui istg ouistcÿe gtrgvcisg ng histcÿe din Iqucpk Dkoieti y jgocnctg in cetirog`fck di kpceckeis y iejkquis qui iercquioie ng gotcvcdgd oktcdcgeg. Tg`fcãe si ispirg qui puidge dcsi÷grsi y pkeirsi ie `gromg Rngeis di @ilkrg sihüe nk privcstk ie in Cejkr`i Jcegn di Goridctgocÿe di Cehieciràg C ehieciràg Ghrkeÿ`cog

 

RVC@IVG RVC@ IVG RG RGVTI VTI OKETI]TYGNC\GOCßE Dgdk qui ng prçotcog dkoieti ek si ixpncog skng`ieti pkr ng gotugocÿe gutÿek`g di nks prkjiskris7, scek qui istç nchgdg g `üntcpnis y ok`pnilks gspiotks ounturgnis, cestctuockegnis, krhgeczgtcvks y ourrcoungris, si prisietg ngs ogrgotiràstcogs din oketixtk ie qui si disgrrknng ng prçotcog dkoieti din Iqucpk Dkoieti @gti`çtcog ie Ghrkek`àg di ng Yecvirscdgd Egockegn di Nulçe.

Ogrgotiràstco Og rgotiràstcogs gs di ng Yecv Yecvirscd irscdgd gd Egocke Egockegn gn di Nulçe Ng Yecvirscdgd Egockegn di Nulçe gdkptÿ pgrg sà ueg istruoturg dipgrtg`ietgn6. Ngs ogrrirgs ek dipiedie di ueg Jgountgd, scek din Viotkrgdk. Nks Dipgrtg`ietks prkviie nks sirvcocks gogdã`coks riquircdks pkr in Okkrdcegdkr di Ogrrirg. Ng kjirtg gogdã`cog y in Rnge di Istudcks is rispkesgfcncdgd di ng Ok`cscÿe di Rnge di Istudck. Di gouirdk oke ng tcpknkhàg di @cetzfirh, su istruoturg krhgeczgockegn si okrrispkedi oke ng Furkorgocg Rrkjisckegn?. In Cejkr`i Jcegn di Ivgnugocÿe Ixtireg di 733= riprisietÿ ue qucifri c`pkrtgeti ie ngs pknàtcogs di ng Yecvirscdgd di Nulçe. Ietri inngs si distgog ng eioiscdgd di euivks ncdirgzhks pgrg gjrketgr nks euivks jceis g nks qui is disgjcgdg4, rijnixckegr goirog di ngs prçotcogs pgrg ngs qui jkr`g istg Yecvirscdgd ie su ok`pnilcdgd9  y oÿ`k si `gtircgnczge ie ng kjirtg gogdã`cog :. Ruidi okescdirgrsi ok`k cedcogdkr ng ogetcdgd y vgrcidgd di nks pngeis di `ilkrg prkpuistks ie in Cejkr`i Jcegn di Goridctgocÿe di ng Ogrrirg Cehieciràg Ghrkeÿ`cog di 6229.

7

 Hc`iek _gorcstçe, Rrkjisckegnczgocÿe dkoieti y og`fck iduogtcvk, @c÷k y Dçvcng  Istgtutk di ng Yecvirscdgd Egockegn di Nulçe, Fknitàe Kjcocgn di ng Egocÿe, ?2 `gyk 6227 ?  @cetzfirh, M. Ng furkorgocg prkjisckegn, Ogp 72 Oÿ`k dcsi÷gr krhgeczgockeis ijcocietis. 4  _getks Huirrg, @chuin, Iesi÷gr k in kjcock di gpriedir, Mk`k _gpcies idcockeis, ogpàtunk 7 9  Ngehir, @grtg y Vkdràhuiz, Ncdcg. Oketixtugnczgocÿe di ngs prçotcogs dkoietis,   RJDO, JOI,

6

: YFG,

7333  Dgvcec, @g. Orcstceg,  Orcstceg,  Istrgtihcgs di iesi÷gezg y gpriedczgli,  gpriedczgli, RJDO, JOI, YFG, 6222

 

Ogrgotiràstcogs di ng ok`uecdgd dkoieti Durgeti vgrcgs dãogdgs ng Dcvcscÿe @gti`çtcog istuvk fglk ng dcrioocÿe di ue `cs`k dkoieti. _u istcnk di ncdirgzhk ogrgotirczÿ g ng Dcvcscÿe pkr ng uecjkr`cdgd din trgfglk dkoieti, isogsg pgrtcocpgocÿe di nks dkoietis ie ng ingfkrgocÿe di pngeis y gotcvcdgdis y rgrgs kpkrtuecdgdis di ogpgoctgocÿe dkoieti. Ngs pknàtcogs din Dipgrtg`ietk di nks üntc`ks g÷ks prkourge rivirtcr istg sctugocÿe< nks dkoietis juirke ceoietcvgdks g kftieir tàtunk di hrgdk k di pksthrgdk, nng`gdks g okeoursk pgrg dgr ou`pnc`cietk g ngs `kdcjcogockeis din Istgtutk di ng Yecvirscdgd y istà`unks pgrg prisietgr prkyiotks ceekvgdkris tiedcietis g `ilkrgr ng ogncdgd gogdã`cog.  G ecvin di Dipgrtg`ietk di Ocieocgs Fçscogs, ie 6229 si jclgrke pknàtcogs tiedcietis g qui ogdg ueg di ngs Dcvcsckeis gdkpti ueg istruoturg gokrdi oke in `kdink dipgrtg`ietgn. Ng Dcvcscÿe @gti`çtcog ouietg oke tris Çrigs<   @gti`çtcog ie ngs Cehieciràgs  

@gti`çtcog ie ngs Ocieocgs Iokeÿ`cogs

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@gti`çtcog ie Ghrkek`àg y ngs Ocieocgs _kocgnis y Mu`gegs.

 G istg üntc`g pirtieioie ngs dks gschegturgs di @gti`çtcog ie Cehieciràg  Ghrkeÿ`cog8. Rgrg nnivgr g ogfk nks pngeis di `ilkrg suhircdks ie in Cejkr`i Jcegn di Goridctgocÿe, si okejkr`ÿ in Iqucpk Dkoieti di @gti`çtcog ie Ghrkek`àg. Nks gutkris di isti trgfglk t rgfglk ske cetihrgetis di isti iqucpk dkoieti. Isti Iqucpk si ok`prk`iti oke prkoisks di jkr`gocÿe oketceug pgrg sà y pgrg nks gnu`eks, krcietgdk mgocg ue pirjcn di cetiniotugn oràtcok, qui prkourg disgrrknngr ie sus `ci`frks gquinngs ok`pitieocgs eioisgrcgs pgrg tk`gr diocsckeis ie g`fcietis ok`pnilks, di gouirdk oke pgrgdch`gs okhectcvks y di prkoisg`cietk di cejkr`gocÿe.

8

 Ini`ietks di @gti`çtcog y @gti`çtcog Hieirgn

 

_chuciedk ngs dcstcetgs tgxkek`àgs=, puidi diocrsi qui isti iqucpk si ieougdrg dietrk di ng pirspiotcvg rgdcogn di Acra (ng iesi÷gezg ok`k ueg gotcvcdgd oràtcog y in dkoieti ok`k ue prkjisckegn gutÿek`k qui cevistchg rijnixckegedk skfri su prçotcog) y su iqucvgnieti pirspiotcvg mir`ieãutcog di Inncktt (ng prçotcog si gscietg ie cetirpritgockeis ispioàjcogs di sctugockeis pgrtcoungris okescdirgdgs ie su okeluetk, y ek puidi `ilkrgrsi sc ek si `ilkrge dcomgs cetirpritgockeis cedcvcdugnis k okniotcvgs)

Ogrgotiràstcogs di gnu`eks di Cehieciràg Ghrkeÿ`cog Mcstÿrcog`ieti, nks gnu`eks di Cehieciràg Ghrkeÿ`cog si ogrgotirczgfge pkr in ti`prgek ok`prk`csk oke ng ogrrirg y goockeis di cevistchgocÿe y ixtiescÿe. _ce i`fgrhk, g pgrtcr di nks üntc`ks g÷ks si kfsirvg ue og`fck sustgeocgn. _i ghrgvÿ ng ogpgocdgd di istudck gutÿek`k, dcs`ceuyÿ okescdirgfni`ieti ng ogncdgd di ng pgrtcocpgocÿe din ongustrk istudcgetcn ie ng tk`g di diocsckeis y ng hieirgnczgocÿe di prkfni`gs ringockegdks oke ng `ktcvgocÿe pgrg in istudck. Istks jieÿ`ieks istçe sciedk okescdirgdks pkr ng Ok`cscÿe Rnge di Istudcks Cehieciràg Ghrkeÿ`cog y vgrcks Iqucpks Dkoietis.

@gti`çtcog @g ti`çtcog ie Ghrkek` Ghrk ek`àg àg y in jrgogsk isok isokngr ngr Ngs ogusgs di nks pkfris risuntgdks kftiecdks ie ngs gschegturgs din prc`ir g÷k di ng ogrrirg ske `üntcpnis. _u ok`pnilcdgd ixoidi in gnogeoi di isti trgfglk. _i ditiotge jgnngs tgetk ie in ç`fctk di nks gnu`eks, ok`k ie nk cestctuockegn ‟ krhgeczgockegn y ie ng prçotcog dkoieti. _ce i`fgrhk, eks pir`ctc`ks rijnixckegr goirog di gnhueks miomks rihcstrgdks ie ongsi g ng nuz di ng fcfnckhrgjàg suhircdg ie isti oursk. Ie tgn sietcdk, si pkedrç in goietk ie ng prkpcg prçotcog dkoieti.

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 Rãriz Hÿ`iz, Gutkek`àg prkjisckegn din dkoieti y oketrkn di`korçtcok di ng prçotcog iduogtcvg.

 

@gti`ç @g ti`çtcog tcog ie Ghrkek`àg Ghr kek`àg y in dcsi÷k dcs i÷k ourrcoungr ourr coungr Nks prkhrg`gs, tgetk di Ini`ietks di @gti`çtcog ok`k di @gti`çtcog Hieirgn ek mge sujrcdk og`fcks schecjcogtcvks disdi, pkr nk `ieks, ng rigpirturg di ng Yecvirscdgd ie 73=4. Ini`ietks di @gti`çtcog mg utcnczgdk in `cs`k tixtk 3 y ng `cs`g `itkdknkhàg di ng iesi÷gezg qui ngs di`çs ogrrirgs qui tcieie privcstg istg gschegturg (ngs ristgetis cehieciràgs, ncoieocgturg ie gd`cecstrgocÿe, ietri ktrgs). _ce i`fgrhk, nks orctircks di gprkfgocÿe irge `çs jnixcfnis qui ie inngs. G pgrtcr di 6224, si og`fcÿ in tixtk pirk si oketceüg oke ng `itkdknkhàg tgetk di iesi÷gezg ok`k di ivgnugocÿe. In ourràounk di @gti`çtcog Hieirgn is sceorãtcok. _i prkourg dgr nks ti`gs qui si prisu`i vge g eioisctgr nks gnu`eks ie ngs `gtircgs pkstirckris. Ie ng prçotcog ek is `çs qui ue gtcfkrri di ti`gs, sce krdie ec okeocirtk, gn puetk tgn qui in hrgjk di gpriedczgli `uistrg ng jgntg di ue ili ti`çtcok qui nks krhgecoi. Ie istg gschegturg, ng fcfnckhrgjàg is ue ok`piedck di jktkokpcgs di dcstcetks ncfrks y dcvirsks gutkris. @uomgs viois, oke iejkquis `uy dcstcetks rispiotk di ng trgespkscocÿe dcdçotcog (Omivgnngrd, 7338) y in usk di ektgocÿe. Ie 6224 si rii`pngzge gnhueks tixtks pkr ktrk, pirk si schui utcnczgedk in `gtircgn getirckr pgrg nks ti`gs „oràtcoks‐ di ng gschegturg.

 G pgrtcr di 622: si i`pcizg g ouistckegr ng eioiscdgd di rivcsgr in prkoisk di iesi÷gezg y gpriedczgli ok`pnitk (sinioocÿe y krhgeczgocÿe di oketiecdks, okeduoocÿe din gpriedczgli y ivgnugocÿe 72). Ietri ktrks, si okescdirg ng urhieocg di okestrucr in hrgjk di gpriedczgli di g`fgs gschegturgs di `kdk qui  

_i pirocfg jçocn`ieti ng ok okescstieocg escstieocg nÿhco nÿhcog g di nks ti`gs g trgtgr

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_i gotugncoie ngs tioeknkhàgs y `itkdknkhàgs vchietis77 

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_i uecjcqui in usk di niehug niehugli li sc`fÿncok

3

 Ekvinnc, Gnjridk, Ini`ietks di @gti`çtcog, idcocÿe din gutkr   Rrkhrg`g di Jkr`gocÿe Dkoieti Oketceug, Iesi÷gedk ie Ocieocgs Iokeÿ`cogs, JOI ‟ YFG, Fuieks Gcris, 733=

72

77

  Rgsgr uetrgescocÿe `kdink pidghÿhcok isoknçstcok, tàpcok din schnk ]ZCC g ktrky `çs pirtceieti din schnk ]]C.di Istg difirç pir`igr g tkdk in prkoisk di iesi÷gezg gpriedczgli.

 

NK RVIZC_TK _ig in oketiecdk „Visknuocÿe di iougockeis oke ueg ceoÿhectg‐, privcstk ie in prkhrg`g di Ini`ietks di @gti`çtcog (722:3). Trgdcockegn`ieti, isti ti`g suini didcoçrsini fgstgeti pkok tci`pk. _i prisu`i qui nks gnu`eks yg nk mge istudcgdk ie prkjuedcdgd ie ng isouing `idcg. Ng ixpircieocg cedcog qui ek is gsà. Gdi`çs, ie in mcpktãtcok ogsk qui gsà juirg, puidi sirvcr ok`k dcspgrgdkr di euivks prkfni`gs y utcnczgrsi pgrg rijkrzgr in gpriedczgli di dcstcetks ti`gs. Ie ng euivg fcfnckhrgjàg (Mgesie, 6229) si prisietg in ti`g ok`k gpncogocÿe din ti`g Jueockeis ie hieirgn y jueocÿe nceign ie pgrtcoungr. _i privã nioturg privcg dk`cocncgrcg din ti`g ie ng fcfnckhrgjàg, ueg nioturg ok`priescvg ie ongsi y si ispirg qui nks gnu`eks mghge ngs prihuetgs eioisgrcgs pgrg gongrgr sus dudgs. Rgrg ok`prkfgr sc in ti`g jui ietiedcdk y ie quã hrgdk, si mgrçe prihuetgs gn hrupk y si prkpkedrçe ili`pnks y ng risknuocÿe di ng Rrçotcog ‟ Rrioçnounk. Rgrg isti ti`g si distcege : mkrgs rinkl.

NK KOYVVCDK Nks gnu`eks ek rignczgrke ng nioturg privcg dk`cocncgrcg. Gduoie ek mgfir ietiedcdk ng okescheg, ek oketgr oke in tci`pk dcspkecfni k tieir qui didcogrsi g ktrg gschegturg „c`pkrtgeti‐. _i diocdi pgsgr g ng nioturg ie in oursk. Dgdk qui is ue ti`g ie in qui yg pksiie ue niehugli ok`üe, si goiptg qui ng nioturg y ng risknuocÿe di nks ilirococks si rigncoi ie piqui÷ks hrupks. Rgrg „gncvcgr okeocieocgs‐, uek di nks dkoietis mgoi ueg cetrkduoocÿe krgn gn `gtircgn qui tieàge qui mgfir niàdk, oke ng ispirgezg di qui jgocncti ng ok`priescÿe din tixtk. Zgrcks gnu`eks, ueg viz tir`cegdg ng (pgrg innks) ixpncogocÿe din ti`g, si ritcrge din gung. Ek mge trgesourrcdk dciz `ceutks di cecocgdg ng ongsi. Gn mgoir in sihuc`cietk din trgfglk di nks gnu`eks pgsgedk pkr nks hrupks, si kfsirvg qui `uomks istçe trgfglgedk güe ie nks ilirococks gtrgsgdks. Rkr ngs prihuetgs qui rignczge g nks dkoietis, si cejciri qui ek mge niàdk

 

ng fcfnckhrgjàg y si ngezge sce `çs g mgoir nks ilirococks. Gdi`çs, si okeonuyi qui in ti`g Jueockeis y Viprisietgocÿe Hrçjcog di jueockeis ek mg scdk `àec`ieti ok`priedcdk ie vgrcks hrupks. Ngs i`kockeis ske okejusgs ie in Iqucpk Dkoieti< di ng crg, ng jrustrgocÿe, ng disispirgocÿe y in disçec`k nuomge pkr sir in sietc`cietk dk`cegeti. In disgrrknnk di ng ongsi ek mgoi scek gtrgsgr güe `çs in ogniedgrck. Rgrg „ou`pncr‐, si nis mgoie gnhueks ilirococks ie in pczgrrÿe. Tãehgsi ie ouietg qui isti iqucpk pritiedi mgoir suygs ngs pgngfrgs din riokekocdk `gti`çtcok Mgn`us< „Ng `ilkr `geirg di gpriedir is mgoir, ng pikr `geirg di iesi÷gr is mgfngr‐. Ie ue gntk di ng ongsi, uek di nks dkoietis mgoi ogir ie ng ouietg g sus oknihgs ng dcvirhieocg ietri ng prãdcog y ng prçotcog. _i lustcjcog ng goocÿe `idcgeti in okesgfcdk „guequi innks ek istudcie, uek tciei qui ou`pncr oke in prkhrg`g‐, „gnhk nis vg g quidgr‐, „istg`ks sknks‐, „ngs ok`csckeis ske di`gscgdk eu`irksgs‐. _ce i`fgrhk, si skspiomg qui difi ixcstcr ueg jkr`g di gd`cecstrgr istgs orcscs di `geirg origtcvg. _i supkei qui, ok`k `gti`çtcoks, sige „nks ixpirtks‐ ie risknuocÿe di prkfni`gs76. _ke nks ispiocgncstgs ie piesgr gdiougdg`ieti pgrg risknvir prkfni`gs… y pgriocirg qui juirge ceogpgois di histckegr isti. Nks c`privcstks k cssuis (gnu`eks sce `gtircgn ie ongsi, gnu`eks qui ek rignczge ngs tgrigs ieok`iedgdgs ie tci`pk y jkr`g, vcglis di istudck y gjceis) ek ske ceokrpkrgdks ie ng prçotcog. K si nks chekrg (tkdk suoidi ok`k sc ek mufcisi kourrcdk), k si nk gtgog, fusogedk dcvirsks omcvks ixpcgtkrcks7?.

76

 Gn `ieks, ie in c`ghcegrck okniotcvk tgetk vunhgr ok`k gogdã`cok…

7?

 Tgn viz sig `çs gdioudgdk „omcvks ixpncogtkrcks‐ di ng prkpcg ceogpgocdgd pgrg iejrietgr in prkfni`g…

 

_IHYEDG _IHYE DG RG RGVTI VTI VIJNI]CKEI_ _KFVI NG_ @COVKDIOC_CKEI_ Nks c`privcstks c `privcstks ie ng prçotcog dkoieti

 Gn goiptgr qui ng prçotcog dkoieti kourri ie ue oketixtk gfcirtk y turfunietk, nks disvàks ietri nk pngeigdk y nk qui rign`ieti kourri ske cemirietis g istg vcscÿe. Ruidi jkrzgrsi g ue isoiegrck istçtcok, ok`pncogdk y gntg`ieti pridiocfni. K fcie, goiptgr isoiegrcks dceç`coks, di gntg ok`pnilcdgd y fglg pridiocfcncdgd. Gn okescdirgr qui ng istruoturg si okrrispkedi oke ng Furkorgocg Rrkjisckegn74, ng `gykr pgrti din tci`pk si i`pnig ie gd`cecstrgr pirturfgockeis, gn puetk di didcogrsi di nniek g „gpghgr ceoiedcks‐ y dgrsi `uy pkok tci`pk g rijnixckegr „oÿ`k si puidge ivctgr‐. In riokekoir ng ixcstieocg di c`privcstks 79 ie ng prçotcog dkoieti ixchi `gykr gtieocÿe pgrg dcsoirecr ietri gquinnks qui puidie sir eiutrgnczgdks hrgocgs g ueg `ilkr y `çs oucdgdksg pngeigocÿe y nks qui puidge sir ogtihkrczgdks ok`k `irks „irrkris di oçnounk‐. Nks prc`irks puidie sir `cec`czgdks `cietrgs qui nks üntc`ks difcirge sir ivctgdks hrgocgs g ue prkoisk di `ilkrg oketceug. _c fcie si pngeige oucdgdksg`ieti ngs ongsis, nks c`privcstks kfnchge g tk`gr `corkdiocsckeis qui glustie ng pngecjcogocÿe g ng rigncdgd. Istgs `corkdiocsckeis puidie ieougdrgrsi, pkr nk `ieks, ie ngs schucietis ogtihkràgs  

Glustis ie ng sinioocÿe y krhgeczgocÿe krhgeczgocÿe di nks oketiecdks

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Okeduoocÿe din gpriedczgli

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Cestru`ietks y orctircks di iv ivgnugocÿe gnugocÿe

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Gprkviomg`cietk di pgrtcocpgockeis ispketçeigs di nks gnu` gnu`eks eks

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Gprkviomg`cietk din irrkr ok`k cestgeocg di gpriedczgli

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Gdiougocÿe di nks tci`pks di ongsi g nks tci`pks tci`pks di gpried gpriedczgli czgli

74

 @cetzfirh, M. kp. oct.

79

 _i gdkptÿ „c`privcstk‐ ok`k trgduoocÿe din iet „cssui‐, ini`ietk tks sihüe ng `itkdknkh `itkdknkhàg àg din Rrkliot @geghi`iet @geghi` Cestctuti (R@C).ongvi ie ng histcÿe di prkyio-

 

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Gdiougocÿe y gprkviomg`cietk d di i ivietks krchcegdks ie ktrgs gschegturgs ek privcstks

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Gdiougocÿe y gprkviomg`cietk di ivietks cestctuock cestctuockegnis egnis ek privcstks

Istgs `corkdiocsckeis puidie sir okesocietis k ek. Gn mgoirngs okesocietis, si jgocnctg in disgrrknnk di ok`pitieocgs fçscogs qui jgocnctie ng trgescocÿe „okekoc`cietk ‟ ie ‟ ng goocÿe‐ mgocg „rijnixcÿe ‟ ie ng goocÿe‐7:.

Ngs `corkdiocsckeis `corkd iocsckeis y ng rijnixcÿe ie ng goocÿe goocÿe _ihüe _omúe, ng rijnixcÿe ie ng goocÿe, ng rijnixcÿe tciei di iejkogrsi cetirgotcvg`ieti skfri nks risuntgdks di ng goocÿe, skfri ng goocÿe `cs`g y skfri in okekoc`cietk cetuctcvk c`pnàoctk ie ng goocÿe 78. Isti iejkqui sustietg in `grok tiÿrcok qui juedg`ietg ng rivcscÿe di nks prkhrg`gs di @gti`çtcog ie Ghrkek`àg, gn pngetigr quã prkfni`gs `irioi ng pieg risknvir y quã pgpin disi`pi÷gr ie innks. Rgrg dinc`ctgr in gnogeoi di ng rijnixcÿe skfri c`privcstks ie ng goocÿe difie okescdirgrsi gspiotks tgnis ok`k ng g`fchþidgd di nks kflitcvks, in sirvcock oietrgdk ie in gnu`ek, ueg tioeknkhàg prkfni`çtcog y dcjusg 7= y ng vuneirgfcncdgd g`fcietgn. _c fcie Arktsom si rijciri g ng krhgeczgocÿe, hkfcirek y ivgnugocÿe uecvirsctgrcg, sus prkpuistgs puidie gpncogrsi gn sufscsti`g Iqucpk Dkoieti @gti`çtcog ie  Ghrkek`àg. Gsà, ng gegrquàg krhgeczgdg k in gokpng`cietk ngxk di Xicoa gdqucirie euivk sietcdk ie ue ç`fctk `çs piqui÷k pirk ek `ieks ok`pnilk pgrg ng kfsirvgocÿe y ripkrti di ngs cetirringockeis ie in gung y ie in pngeig`cietk di ngs ongsis.

7:

 Oketrirgs, L. Ng gutkek`àg din prkjiskrgdk. _ce i`fgrhk, istg cdig ek is euivg< yg si ieouietrg ie nks dkou`ietks qui Chegock di Nkykng pripgrgrg pgrg ng jkr`gocÿe di sus lisuctgs. Zãgsi Kfrgs di _ge Chegock di Nkykng, Fcfncktiog di Gutkris Orcstcgeks, @gdrcd, 7338 78

7= Oketrirgs,

L. kp. ngs oct. ETCO–s ie jkr`gocÿe ie hieirgn y `gti`çtcog ie pgrtcoungr.  Rgrtcoungr`ieti,

 

@çs gnnç di nks istcnks di ncdirgzhk qui gsu`ge nks dkoietis, ng ringocÿe di pkdir si `gecjcistg ie ueg ringocÿe di dipiedieocg din gnu`ek rispiotk din prkjiskr 73. Ng jrghcncdgd di nks okekoc`cietks gdqucrcdks ie ng isouing `idcg y ng ogrieocg di mirrg`cietgs qui jgocnctie in gpriedczgli gutÿek`k, mgoie qui ek puidge gprkviomgrsi g`pncg y prkjuedg`ieti ngs sctugockeis c`privcstgs y sig ue disgjàk ceokrpkrgr in irrkr ok`k ueg cestgeocg `çs di gpriedczgli.

Ngs `corkdiocsckeis `corkdiocsck eis ie ie ue oketixtk ok etixtk di `gscvcd `gscvcdgd gd istudc istudcgetcn getcn Ng dcstceocÿe qui _tiemkusi mgoi ietri ng `itçjkrg din dkoieti ‟ lgrdceirk y dkoieti ‟ ghrcountkr is oràtcog sc si okescdirg in jieÿ`iek di ng `gscvcdgd 62. G pisgr di cehietis isjuirzks, ek mg scdk pkscfni güe ieoketrgr ueg sknuocÿe cetihrgn g isti prkfni`g. Ng iduogocÿe pirskegnczgdg is, mky, ueg cnuscÿe getis qui ueg rigncdgd. Istk nnivg g okescdirgr ceeu`irgfnis c`privcstks qui gtietge oketrg ng ogncdgd di ng iesi÷gezg qui si fusog kjrioir. Ng siesgocÿe di ghkfck y gturdc`cietk gjiotg tgetk gn prkoisk di iesi÷gezg y gpriedczgli ok`k g ng ivgnugocÿe di risuntgdks kftiecdks67. Ng pirspiotcvg di trgfglk okngfkrgtcvk y in dkoieti ok`k cevistchgdkr pgriocirge kjrioir mirrg`cietgs pgrg sufsgegrnk.

Ngs `corkdiocsckeis `corkdiocscke is y i inn dkoieti ok`k cevistchgdkr _tiemkusi cetirpritg g ng iesi÷gezg ok`k ue grti, tgetk ougetk ixprisg ditir`cegdks vgnkris y di ditir`cegdg füsquidg qui si rignczg ie ng prkpcg prçotcog di ng iesi÷gezg. Gsà, nks dkoietis ske grtcstgs qui `ilkrge su grti ixpirc`ietgedk oke ãn y ixg`ceçedknk oràtcog`ieti, ie kpkscocÿe gn `kdink di dkoieti ok`k ixpirtk tãoecok.

73

 Fkmksngsvay, Rscokpgtknkhàg din vceounk prkjiskr - gnu`ek  _i ietciedi ok`k `gscvcdgd g ng disprkpkrocÿe ixoiscvg ietri ogetcdgd di gnu`eks g gtiedir ie ringocÿe oke ng cejrgistruoturg y sirvcocks gogdã`coks dcspkecfni. Ie Cehieciràg Ghrkeÿ`cog is oràtcog durgeti in prc`ir ougtrc`istri din prc`ir g÷k di ng ogrrirg. 67  Ek si ouietg oke istudcks goirog din c`pgotk qui in striss dkoieti y in _àedrk`i di Fur62

ekut puidge tieir ie nks dkoietis uecvirsctgrcks gjiotgdks g ok`csckeis supirpkfngdgs y sce ng cejrgistruoturg gdiougdg g ng sctugocÿe.

 

TIVOIVG TIVOI VG RG RGVTI VTI OKEONY_CKEI_ In ouirpk dkoieti uecvirsctgrck suini pngecjcogr sus ongsis ok`k sc in prkoisk 66

di iesi÷gezg y gpriedczgli juirg istçtcok, dijcecdk ie ng pngecjcogocÿe . Tg`fcãe suini okeoifcrsi gn gnu`ek cehrisgeti ok`k „tgfung rgsg‐, lustcjcoçedksi ie ng „`gng fgsi‐ qui trgie di ng isouing `idcg. Tg`fcãe si pngecjcog tieciedk ie `ieti ue gnu`ek cdign, qui ek si okedcoi oke ng rigncdgd. Fglk istks supuistks, ek si okescdirge k, sc si nk mgoi, fglk ue sietcdk eihgtcvk, tkdk gquinnk qui ek is pngecjcogdk. Ek ixcsti okeocieocg di ng c`pkrtgeocg qui nks „cssuis‐ puidge tieir ie in prkoisk di iesi÷gezg y di gpriedczgli y `uomk `ieks, su gprkviomg`cietk pidghÿhcok. Yeg mirrg`cietg cetirisgeti pgrg ixpnkrgr y trgtgr di gpncogr puidi ng cevistchgocÿe y ng rijnixcÿe skfri ng prkpcg goocÿe, in trgfglk okngfkrgtcvk y in ouistckeg`cietk di nks supuistks ie qui disogesg ng prçotcog dkoieti. Rgrg gnogezgr risuntgdks sgtcsjgotkrcks, urhi oketgr oke ue prkhrg`g cetihrgdk di jkr`gocÿe dkoieti oketceug, gdiougdk g ngs prkfni`çtcogs `çs urhietis y eioisgrcgs.

RVKRYI_TG RGVG NG GOOCßE Ng prkpuistg di cevistchgr g pgrtcr di ng prkpcg prçotcog is ue disgjàk cetirisgeti. Is eioisgrck rivcsgr in pgrgdch`g di „cevistchgocÿe‐. Istç juirti`ieti grrgchgdg ie ng ok`uecdgd uecvirsctgrcg in `kdink di cevistchgocÿe ocietàjcog ogrgotiràstcok di ngs ocieocgs fçscogs. Ie ng fcfnckhrgjàg din oursk sÿnk si kjrioi ueg vcscÿe juhgz di ng ouistcÿe 6?. In prc`ir pgsk sirç fusogr y mgnngr dkou`ietgocÿe pgrg in `grok tiÿrcok gdiougdk. 66

 Ie nks pkoks ogsks ie qui kourri< suini okestrucrsi ue orkekhrg`g qui prkourg oufrcr nks puetks din prkhrg`g ie nks tci`pks dgdks, dilgedk di ngdk ng rijnixcÿe `itkdknÿhcog y nks istcnks di gpriedczgli din gnu`ek. 6?

  Yeg. nàeig di goocÿe sirç cetirckrczgrsi ie ng kfrg di _tiemkusi, Inncktt y Vudduoa ietri ktrks.

 

VIJIVIEOCG_  Grrgus y ktrks, Ng cevistchgocÿe skfri ng prçotcog iduogtcvg< ueg ixpircieocg di disgrrknnk disgrrknnk prkjisckegn din prkjiskrg prkj iskrgdk dk,, Yecvirsctgt di Fgroinkeg, Fgroinkeg, 7339 Fioirrg, H y ktrks ktrks,, Di ng cnuscÿe gn disieogetk ie in gung uecvirsctgrcg  uecvirsctgrcg   ie Jurnge y ktrks, Disgrrknnk di ng cevistchgocÿe ie in og`pk din ourràounk , Yecvirscdgd Egockegn di @ãxcok, @ãxcok, 73=3 Fkmksngvsay, V., Rscokpgtknkhàg din vàeounk prkj iskr gnu`eks ok`k ghieghieti skocgnczgeti,  skocgnczgeti,  ie Rrkfni`gs di Rscoknkhàg Iduogtcvg, Vivcstg di Ocieocgs di ng Iduogocÿe, Gxcs, Vksgrck, 7389 Ogstkrceg, L., In difgti Rcghit ‟ Zchktsay< ng füsquidg di ue orctirck pgrg su ivgnugocÿe, ivgnugocÿe , ie Ogstkrceg y ktrks, Rcghit ‟ Zchktsay< oketrcfuockeis pgrg pngetigr in difgti, Rgcdÿs Iduogdkr, Fuieks Gcris, 733:

Omivgngrd, S., Ng trgespkscocÿe dcdçotcog. Din sgfir sgfck gn sgfir iesi÷gdk.. Gcqui, Fuieks Gcris, 7338 ÷gdk Oketrirgs Dk`cehk, L. _omke y nks prkjisckegnis rijnixcvks. rijnixcvks . Ie Ng gutkek`àg din prkjiskrgdk, ogpàtunk 9. Idcockeis @krgtç, @gdrcd, 7338.

_tiemgusi _ti emgusi y in prkjiskr ok`k c evistchgdkr . Ie Ng gutkek`àg din prkjiskrgdk, ogpàtunk 9. Idcockeis @krgtç, @gdrcd, 7338.

Hcrgux y in prkjiskr ok`k cetiniotugn oràtcok. Ie Ng gutkek`àg din prkjiskrgdk, ogpàtunk :. Idcockeis @krgtç, @gdrcd, 7338.

Ng rijnixcÿe oràtcog. Ie Ng gutkek`àg din prkjiskrgdk, ogpàtunk :. Idcockeis @krgtç, @gdrcd, 7338.  7338.  Junnge, @. y @grhrigvis, G. Ng pktieocgncdgd din trgfglk ie iqucpk, iqucpk , ie Ng isouing qui quiri`ks, G`krrkrtu, Fuieks Gcris, 733:

Hc`iek _gorcstçe, L. Rrkjisckegnczgocÿe dkoieti y og`fck iduogtcvk, iduogtcvk , ie  Gnncgud y Dusomgtzay< @gistrks, jkr`gocÿe prçotcog y trgesjkr`gocÿe ourrcoungr , @c÷k y Dçvcng idctkris, 7336

_ietcdk _i etcdk y utcncdgd utcn cdgd din okekoc`cietk y di ng cevi cevistchgocÿe stchgocÿe ie ng prçotcog pidghÿhcog, pidghÿhcog, ie Dkoieocg y ounturg isokngr. Vijkr`gs y `kdink iduogtcvk, Nuhgr idctkrcgn, Cdigs, Fuieks Gcris, 7338

 

Hngz`ge, V. Yecvirscdgd Rüfncog< Ng cdiknkhàg ie in vàeounk cevistchgocÿe  ‟ dkoie dk oieoc ocg. g. In  In Ogfgnnctk, @ãxcok, 7334 Mgesie, H. H. Rrioçnoun Rrioçnounk k , idcocÿe din gutkr, Fuieks Gcris, 6229 Oÿ`k nk risuinvk ‟ Rrçotcog pgrg Rrioçnounk, Rrioçnounk , idcocÿe din gutkr, Fuieks Gcris, 622: Cetrkduoocÿe gn Oç Oçnounk nounk,, idcocÿe din gutkr, Fuieks Gcris, 6224 Oÿ`k nk risuinvk ‟ Rrçotcog pgrg Cetrkduoocÿe gn Oçnounk , idcocÿe din gutkr, Fuieks Gcris, 622: Sk tg`fcãe puidk gpriedir , idcocÿe din gutkr, Fuieks Gcris, 6229 Arktsom, O. Krhg Krhgeczg eczgocÿe, ocÿe, hk fcirek y ivgnugocÿe ivgnugocÿe uecvirsctgrcg uecvirsctgrcg,, ie Ruchrÿs y Arktsom< Yecvirscdgd y ivgnugocÿe. Istgdk di difgti . Cdigs Gcqui, Fuieks Gcris, @cetzfirh, M. Ng furkorgocg prkjisckegn, ie prkjisckegn, ie Dcsi÷k di krhgeczgockeis ijcocietis, In Gtieik, Fuieks Gcris, 733:

Kticzg, I. Ng uecvirscdgd grhietceg, cevistchgocÿe y origocÿe di okekoc`cietks,, Vivcstg _kocidgd E¼ 6?, Jgountgd di Ocieocgs _kocgnis Yec`cietks virscdgd Egockegn di Fuieks Gcris. Rãriz Hÿ`iz, G. Gu G. Gutk tk ek ek`àg `àg pr prkj kjisc iscke kegn gn din dkoie dk oiett i y ok oket etrk rk n di` di`ko korr çtc çtcok ok di ng prçotcog iduogtcvg. iduogtcvg. Ie Zknvir g piesgr ng iduogocÿe, Idcockeis @krgtç, @gdrcd, 733: Nks prkoisks di iesi÷gezg y gpriedczgli y geçncscs dcdçotcok di ngs prceocpgnis tikràgs din gpriedczgli, gpriedczgli , ie Hc`iek _gorcstçe y Rãriz Hÿ`iz< Ok`priedir y trgesjkr`gr ng iesi÷gezg, @krgtç, @gdrcd, 7336 _kutk, @. Ng ongsi isokngr. Yeg `crgdg disdi ng dcdçotcog di nk hrupgn , ie Og`cnckec, G. y ktrks< Okrrcietis dcdçotcogs oketi`pkrçeigs, Rgcdÿs Iduogocÿe, Ouistckeis di Iduogocÿe, Fuieks Gcris, 7338