Referensi Pesawat Atwood

 

Qgmjjgi ^evhsh

Mhigh

Qgmjjgi Qerhog

IGVL^GM V^GKQHKUO @HTHKG AGTG^  VETGZGQ GQZLLA

Ahsusum Liec2

 Mgog Vrgkthkgm

2 Giwgm Cgnhnhe

 MHO

2 4447>6676>

Burusgm

2 Qekmhk Oeshm

Jrup

2 E>

^ekgm

2 Xlcgmes Bugm, ^ghcgm Qekmhk, Ahogs Tgtrhl

Qji. Verd rdl lnggm Gshstem

2 Tgntu, 5 Aes eseeoner >6>6 2 Gkngr Pgmahtl Gah

IGNL^GQL^HUO IGNL^GQL^HU O @HTHKG QE^GVGM @GKUIQGT QEKMHK  UMHPE^THQGT TUIQGM GJEMJ QH^QGXGTG DHIEJLM — NGMQEM >6>6 Bi. Bemaergi Tuahrogm Ko. 64 Dhiejlm 1>145 Qeip. (6>51) 43556>, 4:0:7>  @gx.. (6>51) 485516 Zenshte2 cttp2//`hsags.umthrtg.gd.ha Eoghi2 ign.`hshkgtergpgmFumthrtg.gd.ha  @gx

 

GNTQ^GK 

Vesgwgt Gtwlla Vesgwgt Gtwlla gagigc gagigc Gigt Gigt ygmj ygmj nhgsg nhgsg ahjumk ahjumkgm gm umtuk umtuk oembeig oembeigskg skgm m cunumj cun umjgm gm Qejgmj Qejgmjgm, gm, Emerjh Emerjh Khmeth Khmethk, k, Emerj Emerjhh Vltems Vltemshgi hgi,, agm Cukuo Cukuo Mewtlm Mewtlm aemjgm oemjjumkgm aug nengm agigo shsteo kgtrli. Agigo perdlnggm hmh teragpgt ter agpgt  nenergpg `emloemg cukuo `hshkg yghtu Oleoem hmershg yghtu mhigh keieongogm su sugtu gtu ne nema magg um umtu tuk k teru teruss ne nerl rltgs tgshh pg pgag ag pl plrl rlsm smyg yg,, JIN JIN yg yght htu u Jerg Jergk k Iuru Iuruss Nergturgm, Nergtu rgm, JINN yghtu Jergk Iurus Iurus Nerungc Nergturgm Nergturgm agm ygmj tergkchr tergkchr yghtu Cukuo Mewtlm sgtu, aug agm thjg. Igiu umtuk tubugm perdlnggm hmh yghtu oeohihkh eopg eo pgtt tu tubu bugm gm,, ahgm ahgmtg tgrgm rgmyg yg yg yght htu u oeme oememt mtuk ukgm gm ne nesgr sgrgm gm `hsh `hsh oloe oloem m hm hmer ershg shg,, oemjemgi oemje mgi Cukuo Cukuo Mewtlm Mewtlm agigo shsteo kgtrli, oemjgogth jergk ahperdepgt ahperdepgt agm aemjgm perdepgtgm tetgp, oeoerhkg cukuo mewtlm agigo shsteo kgtrli, agm ygmj tergkchr yghtu oemjchthumj cgrjg oloem hmershg nhig jrgvhtgsh ahketgcuh.

Kgtg kumdh 2 Vesgwgt Gtwlla, Oloem Hmershg, JIN, JINN, Cukuo Mewtlm

hh

 

AG@QG^ HTH

Cgigogm Cgigoggm Buaui ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .................................. ............ h GNTQ^GK ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... ..................... hh AG@QG^ HTH ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ..................................... ............... hhh AG@QG^ JGONG^.............................. JGONG^.................................................... ............................................ .........................................v ...................v AG@QG^ QGNEI ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................. ....... vh AG@QG^ IGOVH^GM ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ......................vhh vhh NGN H

VEMAGCUIUGM

7.7 Igtgr Neigkgmj.................................... Neigkgmj.......................................................... ....................................7 ..............7 7.> Qubugm perdlnggm........................................ perdlnggm.............................................................. ............................7 ......7 7.4 Ngtgsgm Ogsgigc............................................ Ogsgigc.................................................................. .........................7 ...7 NGN HH

QHMBGUGM VUTQGKG

>.7 Kgtrli........................................... Kgtrli................................................................. ...........................................> .....................> >.> Cukuo Mewtlm................................... Mewtlm............................................................ ................................... ..........1 1 >.4 JIN agm JINN................................... JINN......................................................... ...................................5 .............5 >.1 Oloem Hmershg............................................. Hmershg........................................................................3 ...........................3 NGN HHH

OEQLAE VE^DLNGGM

4.7 Ahgjrgo Gihr Verdlnggm...................................... Verdlnggm.........................................................76 ...................76 4.> Vrlseaur Verdlnggm........................................ Verdlnggm.............................................................. ........................7> ..7> 4.4 Gigt ygmj Ahjumgkgm................................. Ahjumgkgm....................................................... .............................7> .......7> NGN HP

CGTHI AGM VEONGCGTGM

 1.7 Cgshi Verdlnggm....................................... Verdlnggm............................................................. ...............................74 .........74  1.> Veongcgsgm...................................... Veongcgsgm............................................................ ......................................>6 ................>6

hhh

 

NGN P

KETHOVUIGM AGM TG^GM

 5.7 Keshopuigm..................................... Keshopuigm........................................................... .....................................>1 ...............>1  5.> Tgrgm.......................................... Tgrgm................................................................ ..........................................> ....................>1 1 AG@QG^ VUTQGKG IGOVH^GM

IGOVH^GM G. VE^CHQUMJGM.......................... VE^CHQUMJGM................................................ ............................................ .......................>0 .>0 IGOVH^GM N. BGZGNGM VE^QGMXGGM AGM QUJGT KCUTUT...........>8 IGOVH^GM D. GIGQ XGMJ AHJUMGKGM............................... AHJUMGKGM...................................................4 ....................44 4 IGOVH^GM A. NIGMKL VE^DLNGGM.......................... VE^DLNGGM................................................ ................................45 ..........45

hv

 

AG@QG^ JGONG^ 

>.7 Kgtrli Qetgp........................................ Qetgp.............................................................. ............................................ ......................................> ................> >.> Kgtrli Oebeouk...................................... Oebeouk............................................................ ............................................ ..................................4 ............4 >.4 Kgtrli Nengs........................................ Nengs.............................................................. ...........................................................4 .....................................4 >.1 Jrg`hk JINN.................................... JINN.......................................................... ............................................ ........................................ ..................0 0 >.5 Jrg`hk Bgrgk tercgagp Zgktu....................................... Zgktu............................................................. ...................................: .............: 4.7 Ahgjrgo Gihr........................................... Gihr................................................................. ............................................ .................................76 ...........76 1.7 Jrg`hk Kedepgtgm Verdlnggm Verd lnggm G tercgagp wgktu............................................>> wgktu............................................>> 1.> Jrg`hk Verdepgtgm perdlnggm N tercgagp wgktu...........................................>4 D.7 Ttlpwgtdc.................................... Ttlpwgtdc.......................................................... ............................................ ............................................44 ......................44 D.> Vesgwgt Gtwlla................................... Gtwlla......................................................... .............................................. .................................. ..........44 44 D.4 Qgih Vemjjgmtumj Nerpejgs.......................................................................... Nerpejgs..........................................................................44 44 D.1 Veoejgmj Nengm........................................ Nengm.............................................................. ............................................ .............................44 .......44 D.5 Mergdg............................................. Mergdg................................................................... ..............................................................44 ........................................44 D.0 Nengm O7.................................... O7.......................................................... ............................................ ............................................44 ......................44 D.: Nengm O>.................................... O>.......................................................... ............................................ ............................................41 ......................41 D.3 Nengm Qgongcgm................................... Qgongcgm......................................................... ................................................. .................................41 ......41 D.8 Vemgcgm Nengm Neriungmj................................................ Neriungmj............................................................................41 ............................41 D.76 Vemgcgm Nengm Qgmpg Iungmj................................................................. Iungmj...................................................................41 ..41 D.77 Vemjjgrhs.......................................... Vemjjgrhs................................................................ ............................................ .....................................41 ...............41

v

 

AG@QG^ QGNEI

1.7 Cgshi Verdlnggm G............................... G..................................................... ..........................................................74 ....................................74 1.> Cgshi Verdlnggm N............................................. N......................................................................................... ............................................74 74 1.7.7 ^gigt igmjsumj O7................................... O7......................................................... ............................................ .............................71 .......71 1.7.> ^gigt igmjsumj O>................................... O>......................................................... ............................................ .............................71 .......71 1.7.4 ^gigt igmjsumj o.............................. o.................................................... ..........................................................71 ....................................71 1.7.1 ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk GN 7> do perdlnggm G............................71 1.7.5 ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk GN 7> do perdlnggm G............................71 1.7.0 ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk GN 7> do perdlnggm G............................75 1.7.: ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk GN 7> do perdlnggm G............................75 1.7.3 ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk ND 7> do perdlnggm G............................75 1.7.8 ^gigt igmjsumj t> aemjgm bgrgk ND 71 do perdlnggm G............................75 1.7.76 ^gigt igmjsumj t> aemjgm bgrgk ND 70 do perdlnggm G..........................70 1.7.77 ^gigt igmjsumj t> aemjgm bgrgk ND 73 do perdlnggm G..........................70 1.7.7> ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk GN 7> do perdlnggm N..........................70 1.7.74 ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk GN 71 do perdlnggm N..........................70 1.7.71 ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk GN 70 do perdlnggm N..........................7: 1.7.75 ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk GN 73 do perdlnggm N..........................7: 1.7.70 ^gigt igmjsumj t> aemjgm bgrgk ND 7> do perdlnggm N..........................7: 1.7.7: ^gigt igmjsumj t> aemjgm bgrgk ND 7> do perdlnggm N..........................7: 1.7.73 ^gigt igmjsumj t> aemjgm bgrgk ND 7> do perdlnggm N..........................73 1.7.78 ^gigt igmjsumj t> aemjgm bgrgk ND 7> do perdlnggm N..........................73

vh

 

Ag`tgr Igophrgm

IGOVH^GM G. VE^CHQUMJGM.......................... VE^CHQUMJGM................................................ ............................................ .......................>0 .>0 IGOVH^GM N. BGZGNGM VE^QGMXGGM AGM QUJGT KCUTUT...........>8 IGOVH^GM D. GIGQ XGMJ AHJUMGKGM............................... AHJUMGKGM...................................................4 ....................44 4 IGOVH^GM A. NIGMKL VE^DLNGGM.......................... VE^DLNGGM................................................ ................................45 ..........45

vhh

 

NGN H VEMAGCUIUGM

7.7 Igtgr Igtgr Neigkgm Neigkgmj j

@emloemg @hshkg tgmpg khtg sgagrh thagk gkgm permgc chigmj agrh kechaupgm khtg, ngckgm gmec bhkg khtg oeicgt sesugtu ygm thagk ahagsgrh aemjgm Cukuo @hshkg. @hshk g. Teperth Teperth cgi nerbgigm, Nerigrh, Nerputgr, Nerputgr, agm ighm-ighm, ighm-ighm, seoug htu gagigc agsgr agrh Cukuo @hshkg. Tengjgh dgilm sgrbgmg Qekmhk khtg ahcgruskgm pgcgo agm oemjerth ngjghogmg Cukuo `hshkg htu terbgah agm ngjghogmg oumjkhm khtg  nhsg oeygkhmkgm lrgmj ighm, agm bujg agpgt oemeoukgm gtgu oememtukgm  nemag aemjgm cukuo `hshkg ygmj tepgt. Ogkg agrh htu perdlnggm hmh ahnugt supgyg khtg nhsg nemgr-nemgr oeogch ngjghogm klmsep JIN, JINN, Oloem Hmershg agm Cukuo Mewtlm. 7.> Qubugm Qubugm Verdlngg Verdlnggm m

Nerhkut gagigc tubugm perdlnggm pgag pesgwgt gtwlla

7. Oemjemgi nesgrgm `hshs oloem hmershg >. Oemjemgi Cukuo Mewtlm oeigiuh systeo kgtrli 4. Oemjgogth jergk ahperdepgt agm jergk aemjgm kedepgtgm tetgp Oeoerhk erhksg sg gpgkgc gpgkgc Cukuo Cukuo Mewtlm Mewtlm nerigk nerigku u nghk nghk tercgag tercgagp p systeo systeo 1. Oeo kgtrli Oemjch jchtum tumj j cgrjg cgrjg oloem oloem hmershg hmershg kgtrli kgtrli nhig nhig perdep perdepgtg gtgm m jrgvht jrgvhtgsh gsh 5. Oem ahketgcuh. 7.4 Ngtgsgm Ngtgsgm Ogsgig Ogsgigc c

Nerhkut gagigc vgrhgnie vgrhgnie ygmj teragpgt agigo perdlnggm kgih hmh 7. Pgrhgnie nengs pgag perdlnggm hmh gagigc bgrgk agrh G ke N agm N ke D >. Pgrhgnie terhkgt pgag perdlnggm kgih gagigc wgktu.

 

NGN HH QHMBGUGM VUTQGKG

>.7 Kgtrl Kgtrlii

Kgtrli oerupgkgm sgigc sgtu agrh bemhs pesgwgt seaercgmg ygmj oeopumygh `umjsh umtuk nhsg oeouagckgm pekerbggm ogmushg. Ngjhgm utgog kgtrli ygmj terahrh agrh rlag kedhi ygmj nerputgr pgag plrlsmyg agm bujg oeopumygh giur  tertemtu ahsepgmbgmj shshmyg ygmj mgmthmyg gkgm ahihihth tgih, kgnei, agm rgmtgh. Kgtrli ygmj ahjumgkgm nersgog aemjgm seutgs tgih gtgupum rgmtgh tersenut, ygmj ahperjumgkgm ahperjumgkgm umtuk umtuk oemjgmjkg oemjgmjkgtt nengm-nengm nengm-nengm ygmj nergt gtgupum umtuk  oemjungc grgc temgjg. Teagmjkgm prhmshp kerbg agrh kgtrli gagigc oemgrhk gtgupum oemjgmjkgt sugtu nemag aemjgm oemjjumgkgm rlag gtgu plrls sechmjjg nhsg tergsg oembgah ienhc rhmjgm. Keouahgm ubumj tgih ahkghtkgm ke sugtu nengm, agm ubumj ygmj ighmmyg ahtgrhk liec kugsg sechmjjg oembgahkgm rlag kgtrli gkgm nerputgr. Kgtrli oeohihkh nenergpg bemhs, umtuk agpgt oemjetgcuh gpg sgbg bemhs bemhs agrh kgtrli ogrh khtg igmbutkgm peongcgsgm oemjemgh kgtrli. 7. Kgtrli Qetgp Kgtrli Kgt rli tetgp tetgp oerupg oerupgkgm kgm kgtrli kgtrli ygmj ygmj terpgsgm terpgsgmj j ah sugtu sugtu tetgp tetgp (tetgp) (tetgp).. Ahogmg Aho gmg kgtrli kgtrli tet tetgp gp thagk thagk oemjur oemjurgmj gmjhh jgyg, jgyg, oeighm oeighmkgm kgm oeoua oeouagck gckgm gm umtuk  umtuk  oemjungc oemju ngc grgc jgyg. Ohsgikgm Ohsgikgm kgtrli kgtrli ygmj ahpgsgmjkgm ahpgsgmjkgm kekerekgm suour umtuk  agpgt oeohmagckgm ghr.[7_

 

4

Jgongr >.7 Kgtrli Qetgp

>. Kgtrli Ogbeouk  Kgtrli ogbeouk oerupgkgm pgaugm gmtgrg kgtrli tetgp aemjgm kgtrli nengs. Teagmj Tea gmjkgm kgm pgag pgag kgtrli kgtrli ogbeou ogbeouk k teragpg teragpgtt aug kgtrli kgtrli ygmj ygmj ogshmj ogshmj-og -ogshm shmjmy jmygg oeopumygh `umjsh sengjgh kgtrli tetgp agm bujg kgtrli ogbeouk. Qetgph gag bujg kgtrli ogbeouk ygmj terahrh agrh aug nilk kgtrli. Agm gag  bujg kgtrli ogbeouk ygmj terahrh agrh aug ngilk kgtrli. Teagmjkgm kgtrli bemhs hmh  nhsg ahjumgkgm umtuk oemjgmjkgt sugtu nengm ygmj sgmjgt nergt sechmjjg nhsg umtuk oemgrhk tgih ygmj ahjumgkgm liec oeshm pemgrhk. 

Jgongr >.> Kgtrli Ogbeouk 

4. Kgtrli Nengs Kgtrli Kgt rli nengs nengs oeohih oeohihkh kh keauau keauaukgm kgm gtgu gtgu bujg bujg plshsh plshsh ygmj ygmj nerun nerungc gc ahsggt ahsggt ahjumgkgm. ahjum gkgm. Kgtrli bemhs hmh pgag nhgsgmyg nhgsgmyg nergag ah gtgs tgih ygmj keauaukgm keauaukgmmyg myg  nhsg nerungc. Keouahgm kgtrli ahpgsgmj pgag tgih ygmj nerjgmtumj sechmjjg ouagc umtuk ahphmagckgm. Teteigc htu sgigc sgtu ubumj tgih ahhkgt pgag teopgt tertemtu ohsgikgm, gigt-gigt pergmjkgt agrh peth keogs ahpeignucgm.

 

1

Jgongr >.4 Kgtrli Nengs

>.> Cukuo Mewtlm Mewtlm Cukuo Mewtlm gagigc cukuo ygmj oemjjgongrkgm cunumjgm gmtgrg jgyg

ygmj nekerbg pgag sugtu nemag agm jergk ygmj ahsengnkgmmyg. Cukuo jergk hmh oerupgkgm plmagsh oekgmhkg kigshk ygmj ahbgngrkgm agigo thjg Cukuo. Tesugh Tes ugh aemjgm aemjgm mgogmy mgogmyg, g, Cukuo Cukuo Mewtlm Mewtlm ahkeou ahkeoukgg kggm m liec liec selrgm selrgmj j gcih gcih `hshkg, ogteogthkg, agm `hisg`gt agrh Hmjjrhs ygmj nermgog Thr Hsggd Mewtlm (7014  — 7:>>). Hg oemeoukgm cukuo jrgvhtgsh, cukuo jergk, kgikuius, teiesklp teies klp pgmtui, agm spektruo. Cukuo Mewtlm 7 Numyh2 ’Bhkg resuitgm pgag sugtu nemag sgog aemjgm mli, ogkg nemag ygmj ahgo gkgm tetgp ahgo agm nemag ygmj nerjergk gkgm tetgp nerjergk aemjgm kedepgtgm tetgp‟. Nera Ne rags gsgr grkg kgm m cuku cukuo o hm hmh, h, kgou kgou agpg agpgtt oeog oeogcg cgoh oh ng ngcw cwgg su sugt gtu u ne nema magg demaerumj oeopertgcgmkgm kegaggmmyg. Nemag ygmj ahgo gkgm demaerumj umtuk  tetgp ahgo agm nemag ygmj nerjergk gkgm demaerumj umtuk tetgp nerjergk. Liec kgremg kgr emg htu, htu, Cukuo Cukuo Mewtlm Mewtlm H bujg bujg ahsenu ahsenutt sengjg sengjghh cukuo cukuo keieon keieongog gogm m gtgu gtgu cukuo hmershg.

Dlmtlc pemergpgm Cukuo Mewtlm H agpgt kgou gogth gpgnhig kgou seagmj agigo kemagrggm ygmj seagmj nerjergk keouahgm ahreo sedgrg oemagagk, ogkg  ngagm kgou gkgm teralrlmj ke aepgm. Htuigc ygmj ahogksua aemjgm ’kedemaerumjgm umtuk tetgp oeigbu‟. Dlmtlc ighmmyg agpgt kgou gogth gpgnhig kg kgou ou seagm seagmj j au auau auk k pg pgag ag ke kema magr grgg ggm m yg ygmj mj ah ahgo go ke keou ouah ahgm gm ne nerj rjer ergk gk sedgr sedgrgg oemagagk, oemag agk, ogkg ngagm kgou gkgm tersemtgk tersemtgk ke neigkgmj. neigkgmj. Htuigc ygmj ahogksua ahogksua aemjgm ’kedemaerumjgm umtuk tetgp ahgo‟. Cukuo Mewtlm >

 

5

Numyh2 ’Verdepgtgm senugc nemag nerngmahmj iurus aemjgm jgyg tltgi ygmj  nekerbg pgagmyg agm nerngmahmj terngihk aemjgm ogssgmyg. Grgc perdepgtgm sgog aemjgm grgc jgyg tltgi ygmj nekerbg pgagmyg‟. Neragsgrkgm Cukuo Mewtlm HH, kgou agpgt oeogcgoh ngcwg sugtu nemag gkgm nertgongc keigbugmmyg bhkg ahnerhkgm jgyg tltgi ygmj grgcmyg sgog aemjgm grgc jergk nemag. Gkgm tetgph, bhkg grgc jgyg tltgi ygmj ahnerhkgm pgag nemag ters tersen enut ut neri nerigw gwgm gmgm gm aemj aemjgm gm gr grgc gc jerg jergk k ne nema magg ogkg ogkg jg jgyg yg te ters rsen enut ut gk gkgm gm oeoperkedhi igbu nemag gtgu g tgu ngckgm oemjcemthkgmmyg. Kgremg Kgr emg perung perungcgm cgm keigbu keigbugm gm gtgu kedepg kedepgtgm tgm oerupg oerupgkgm kgm perdep perdepgtgm gtgm.. Ogkg Ogkg agpg agpgtt ahsh ahshop opui uikg kgm m ngcw ngcwgg jgyg jgyg tl tltg tgii yg ygmj mj ah ahne nerh rhkg kgm m pg pgag ag ne nema magg ag agpg pgtt oemyengnkgm perdepgtgm. Dlmtlc pemergpgm cukuo Mewtlm HH agpgt kgou gogth gpgnhig kgou oememagmj senugc nlig (grthmyg kgou oeonerhkgm jgyg kepgag  nlig), ogkg nlig tersenut gkgm nerjergk aemjgm perdepgtgm tertemtu. Cukuo Mewtlm 4 Numyh2 Num yh2 ’Kethk ’Kethkgg sugtu sugtu nemag nemag oeoner oeonerhkg hkgm m jgyg jgyg pgag pgag nemag nemag keaug, keaug, nemag nemag keaug tersenut oeonerhkgm jgyg ygmj sgog nesgr tetgph nerigwgmgm grgc tercgagp  nemag pertgog.‟[>_ Dlmtlc pemergpgmmyg gagigc sggt kgou oeoukui oebg (grthmyg oeoner oeo nerhkgm hkgm jgyg jgyg kepgag kepgag oebg), oebg), ogkg ogkg oebg oebg tersen tersenut ut gkgm gkgm oeoner oeonerhkg hkgm m jgyg jgyg keongi keo ngihh kepgag kepgag tgmjgm tgmjgm kgou aemjgm aemjgm nesgr ygmj ygmj sgog sgog agm nerigw nerigwgmg gmgm m grgc aemjgm grgc jgyg ygmj kgou nerhkgm. Liec kgremg htu, seogkhm nesgr kgou oeoukui oebg, ogkg tgmjgm kgou gkgm seogkhm sgkht kgremg oebg oeigkukgm jgyg ygmj bujg seogkhm nesgr ke tgmjgm kgou. >.4 JIN agm agm JINN JINN

Jergk gagigc perungcgm plshsh sugtu lnbek ygmj ahgogth agrh sugtu ththk  gdugm. Qhthk gdugm ygmj ahogksua ahae`hmhshkgm sengjgh ththk gwgi lnbek tersenut gtgupum ththk teopgt pemjgogt nergag. Jergk Iurus Nergturgm (JIN) gagigc jergk iurus ygmj oeohihkh kedepgtgm ygmj tetgp kgremg thagk gagmyg perdepgtgm pgag lnbek. Bgah, mhigh perdepgtgm pgag lnbek ygmj oemjgigoh JIN gagigc mli (g ? 6).

 

0

Dgrg oemdgrh mhigh kedepgtgm pgag lnbek ygmj oemjgigoh JI nergturgm oeogkgh oeo gkgh persgo persgoggm ggm sgog sgog sepert seperthh ygmj ygmj suagc suagc ahbgng ahbgngrkg rkgm m seneiu seneiuomy omygg ahgtgs. ahgtgs. Nerhkut ahtgophikgm agigo nemtuk ruous. ………………………………………….>.7 Khtg suagc oemjetgcuh ngcwg, v ? kedepgtgm (ko/bgo gtgu o/s) s ? perphmagcg perphmagcgm, m, pgag slgi-slgi slgi-slgi nhgsgmyg bujg ahsenut ahsenut sengjgh sengjgh bgrgk  teopuc (ko gtgu o) t ? seigmj wgktu gtgu wgktu teopuc (bgo, seklm) Jergk Iurus Nerungc Nergturgm (JINN) gagigc jergkgm nemag ygmj ihmegr   nergrgc oemagtgr (Jergk Iurus) aemjgm kedepgtgm ygmj nerungc sethgp sggt kgremg gagmyg perdepgtgm ygmj tetgp (Nerungc Nergturgm). Vgag Vgag je jergk rgk iuru iuruss ne neru rung ngc c ne nergt rgtur urgm gm,, je jerg rgk k ne nema magg ag agpg pgtt oe oemj mjgi gigo gohh  perdepgtgm bhkg mhigh perdepgtgm plshth`, gtgu perigongtgm bhkg mhigh perdepgtgm mejgth` mej gth`.. Jergk Jergk nemag nemag ygmj ygmj oemjgi oemjgigoh goh perdep perdepgtgm gtgm ahsenu ahsenutt JINN JINN ahperd ahperdepg epgt, t, seagmjkgm jergk ygmj oemjgigoh perigongtgm ahsenut JINN ahperigongt.[4_ Jrg`hk kedepgtgm tercgagp wgktu agrh jergkgm JINN agm jergkgm ygmj thagk nerungc teragpgt pgag jgongr ah ngwgc hmh.

Jgongr >.1 Jrg`hk JINN

Vgag jrg`hk (h) jergk nemag ahperdepgt sedgrg nergturgm, seagmjkgm pgag jrg`hk (hhh) jergk nemag ahperigongt sedgrg nergturgm. Jrg`hk (hh) oemumbukkgm je jerg rgk k ne nerg rgtu turgm rgm ahog ahogmg mg ke kedep depgt gtgm gmmy mygg thag thagk k ne neru rung ngc. c. Jrg`h Jrg`hk k (h) (h) ag agm m (hhh (hhh))

 

:

oemumbukkg oemum bukkgm m JINN, JINN, seagmjkgm seagmjkgm jgongr (hh) thagk kgremg kgremg kedepgtgm kedepgtgm nemag nemag thagk   nerungc. Jrg`hk bgrgk tercgagp wgktu teragpgt pgag jrg`hk-jrg`hk nerhkut.

Jgongr >.5 Jrg`k Bgrgk Qercgagp Zgktu Qeragpgt 4 ruous agsgr JINN yghtu2

^uous kedepgtgm gkchr sggt t ^uous JINN hmh oembeigskgm nergpg kedepgtgm nemag ah sggt t gpgnhig ahnerh  perdepgtgm senesgr g agm oeohihkh kedepgtgm gwgi senesgr . …………………………………>.> ^uous perphmagcgm nemag sggt t ^uous JINN hmh oembeigskgm nergpg perphmagcgm nemag ygmj terbgah sggt t gpgnhig ahketgcuh hm`lrogsh kedepgtgm gwgi, kedepgtgm gkchr, agm nesgr  perdepgtgm. ………………………………….>.4 ^uous kedepgtgm-bgrgk  ^uous JINN hmh ahjumgkgm umtuk oembeigskgm cunumjgm bgrgk suagc ahteopuc, kedepgtgm gwgi, kedepgtgm gkchr, agm nesgr perdepgtgm tgmpg cgrus oemjetgcuh wgktu teopuc. ………………………………>.1 Ketergmjgm2

 

3

vt ? kedepgtgm gkchr gtgu kedepgtgm seteigc t seklm (o/s) vl ? kedepgtgm gwgi (o/s) g ? perdepgtgm (o/s>) t ? seigmj wgktu (s) s ? bgrgk teopuc (o) JINN Gkhngt Jrgvhtgsh Vemjgruc jgyg jrgvhtgsh ygmj oemhonuikgm perdepgtgm jrgvhtgsh tercgagp  perjergkgm nemag gagigc sgigc sgtu gpihkgsh JINN. Qeragpgt thjg bemhs JINN ygmj ahpemjgruch jrgvhtgsh, yghtu jergk bgtuc nengs, jergk verthkgi ke ngwgc, agm jergk verthkgi ke gtgs. Jergk bgtuc nengs Jergk bgtuc nengs gagigc jergk nemag ygmj bgtuc agrh sugtu kethmjjhgm tgmpg kedepgtgm gwgi. ………………………………..>.5

…………………………>.0 Ahogmg 2 vt ? kedepgtgm sggt t seklm (o/s) j ? perdepgtgm jrgvhtgsh nuoh (8,3 o/s>) c ? bgrgk ygmj ahteopuc nemag (o) t ? seigmj wgktu (s). >.1 >.1 Oloe Oloem m Hmer Hmersh shg g

Oloem Hmershg gagigc ukurgm keieongogm/kedemaerumjgm sugtu nemag umtuk nerltgsh tercgagp plrlsmyg. Nesgrmyg oloem hmershg sugtu nemag  nerjgmtumj tercgagp nenergpg `gktlr, yghtu2 Ogssg nemag gtgu pgrthkei, Jeloetrh nemag (nemtuk), Ietgk suonu putgr nemag, Bgrgk ke suonu putgr nemag (iemjgm oloem) Nesgrmyg oloem hmershg (H) sugtu  nemag nerogssg ygmj oeohihkh ththk putgr pgag suonu ygmj ahketgcuh ahruouskgm sengjgh nerhkut2 H ? o^]>……………………………………>.:

 

8

Ahogmg, o gagigc ogssg pgrthkei gtgu nemag (khiljrgo), agm ^ gagigc  bgrgk gmtgrg pgrthkei gtgu eieoem ogssg nemag tercgagp suonu putgr (oeter). Umtuk nemag pebgi (pgagt) aemjgm jeloetrh ygmj thagk seaercgmg, nesgrmyg oloem hmershg ahchtumj sengjgh nesgr ahstrhnush ogssg nemag ahkgih bgrgk suonu  putgr. Vercgthkgm jgongr ahngwgc hmh umtuk oemjetgcuh ienhc beigs jgongrgmmyg. Ahoemshmyg agigo Ttgmagr Hmtermgshlmgi (TH) gagigc Nejhtu puig bhkg sugtu nemag oeohihkh nemtuk ygmj klopieks gtgu terahrh agrhh nerngj agr nerngjgh gh ogdgo ogdgo nemtuk nemtuk,, ogkg ogkg nesgr nesgr oloem oloem hmershg hmershgmyg myg gagigc gagigc buoigc buoigc oloem hmershg agrh thgp ngjhgm-ngjhgmmyg ygmj ahruouskgm sengjgh nerhkut2 

……………………..>.3 Ahogmg, YThjog oerupgkgm mltgsh pembuoigcgm sengmygk m (sengmygk pgrthkei gtgu ngjhgm-ngjhgm ygmj gag).[1_

 

NGN HHH OEQLAE VE^DLNGGM

4.7 Ahgjrgo Gihr

Nerhkut gagigc ahgjrgo gihr perdlnggm pgag pesgwgt gtwlla

Ouigh

Oeopershgpkgm gigt agm ngcgm

Oemhongmj O7 agm O> agm tgongcgm sengmygk 4 kgih

Oemjjgmtumj ogssg utgog pgag ubumj tgih agm ahpgsgmj ke kgtrli

Oeogsgmj O7 pgag teopgt nerpejgs  pgag kgtrli

Oemekgm pejgs pgag pemygmjjg nengm

Oemgongc o pgag O>

 

77

Oemdgtgt wgktu perphmagcgm nengm agrh G ke N agm N ke D

Oemjuigmjh perdlnggm sengmygk 4 kgih

Agtg Vemjgogtgm

Ihtergtur 

Veongcgsgm

Keshopuigm

Teiesgh

Jgongr 4.7 Ahgjrgo Gihr 

 

7>

4.> Vrlseaur Verdlnggm

Nerhkut gagigc prlseaur perdlnggm agigo prgkthkuo hmh 7. Qh Qho ongm ngmj ogs ogssg sg O   O 7, O >, o7 agm o> ogshmj ogshmj sengmygk 4 kgih >. Jgmt Jgmtum umjk jkgm gm ogssg ogssg nengm nengm utgo utgogg ag agm m pg pgag ag ub ubum umj j ub ubum umj j tg tgih ih ke keou ouah ahgm gm  pgsgmj pgag kgtrli. 4. Vgsgmj Vgsgmjkgm kgm pgag peoejg peoejgmj mj nengm nerpejg nerpejgs, s, seihahkh seihahkh gpgkgc gpgkgc thgmj sebgbgr  sebgbgr  aemjgm tgih. Bhkg thagk gturigc sgopgh sebgbgr  1. Qgon Qgongc gckg kgm m nen nengm gm o lgag nengm O  nengm O > 5. Qekgm Qekgm pejgs pejgs pgag pgag peoe peoejgm jgmj j nengm, nengm, ogkg ogkg O7 gkgm teriepgs agrh peoejgmj  nengm agm nerjergk ke gtgs, seagmjkgm O> + o gkgm nerjergk kengwgc 0. Dgtg Dgtgtt wgkt wgktu u perp perphm hmag agcg cgm m O> + o agrh G ke N ( t 7 ) agm agrh N ke D ( t > ) :. Uigmjh Uigmjh pemjgo pemjgogtgm gtgm sengmy sengmygk gk 4 kgih kgih umtuk umtuk sethgp sethgp bgrgk ygmj gahtemt gahtemtukg ukgm m gshstem g. Verdln Verdlnggm ggm G2 G2 Bgrgk Bgrgk G — N tetg tetgp, p, bgrgk bgrgk N — D neru nerungc ngc  n. Verdlnggm N2 Bgrgk G — N nerungc, bgrgk N — D tetgp. 4.4 Gigt gigt perdlnggm

Nerhkut gagigc gigt gigt perdlnggm ygmj ahjumgkgm

7. Gigt pesgwgt gtwlla aemjgm buoigc 7 set >. Qgih pemjjgmtumj ( nemgmj mhilm ) sepgmbgmj 7 o 4. Veoejgmj nengm pejgs aemjgm buoigc 7 nugc 1.  Mergdg aemjgm buoigc 7 nugc 5. Nengm pemjjgmtumj O7 agm O> ( 766 j ) ogshmj ogshmj sengmygk sgtu  nugc

0. Nengm tgongcgm o >6 j sengmygk > nugc :. Vemgcgm engm neriungmj agm tgmpg iungmj sengmygk 7 nugc 3. Vemjjgrhs sengmygk 7 nugc 8. Ttlpwgtdc sengmygk 7 nugc

 

74

 

NGN HP VEONGCGTGM

1.7 Agtg cgshi perdlnggm

Nerhkut gagigc agtg cgshi perdlnggm pesgwgt gtwlla VE^DLNGGM G e) O 7 + o ? 776,7  Qgnie 1.7 Agtg cgshi perdlnggm G GN (do) g(o/s>)

7> 6,:1 6,11 o/s>

7> 6,:1 6,11 o/s>

7> 6,:1 6,11 o/s>

7> 6,:: 6,16 o/s>

D (do) ±tN > (a t   (aethk) v ( o/s)

7> 6,44 6,40 o/s

71 6,43 6,4: o/s

70 6,1> 6,43 o/s

73 6,57 6,45 o/s

±t 7 (aethk) t 

VE^DLNGGM N `) O > + o ? 776,0 j Qgnie 1.> Agtg cgshi perdlnggm N GN (do)

±t 7 (aethk) t  g(o/s>) ND (do) ±t > ( t   (a aethk) v ( o/s)

m 7 > 4 ∗

7> 6,:5 6,14 o/s> 7> 6,44 6,40 o/s

   O ± 7   ± 7| O7 | O  766 766 766 6 766 466 Qgnie 1.7.7 ^gigt igmjsumj O

71 6,:1 6,57 o/s> 7> 6,>8 6,17 o/s

70 6,37 6,18 o/s> 7> 6,>3 6,14 o/s

  ± 7|> | O 

η 

TO7

6

6

6

73 6,33 6,10 o/s> 7> 6,46 6,16 o/s

T^   6

   O ± 7  · TO7 766 · 6

 

71

Qgnie 1.7.> ^gigt igmjsumj O>

m 7 > 4 ∗

O> 766,5 766,5 766,5 467,5

 

±>  O 

  ± >| | O 

  ± >|> | O 

η 

TO>

766,5

6

6

6

6

T^  

   O ± >  · TO>

6

766,5 · 6

 

Qgnie 1.7.4 ^gigt igmjsumj o>

m 7 > 4 ∗

o> 76,7 76,7 76,7 46,4

 

o>

± >| |o

|o>|>

η 

To>

T^ 

76,7

6

6

6

6

6

±

±

 

o ±± > · To> 76,7 · 6

 

Qgnie 1.7.1 ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk GN 7> do pgag perdlnggm G

m 7 > 4 ∗

tg 6,:1 6,:1 6,:1 >,>>

 

t  t± g

|t  t± g|

|t g|>

η 

Ttg

T^ 

6,:1

6

6

6

6

6

 

±tt  g · Ttg 6,:1 · 6

 

Qgnie 1.7.5 ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk GN 7> do pgag perdlnggm G

m

tg

7 > 4 ∗

6,:1 6,:1 6,:4 >,>7

 

±t g t  6,:1

±t g| |t 

|t g|>

6 6 6,67 6,67

6 6 6,6667 6,6667

η 

Ttg

T^ 

6,666644

6,66:6:

6,855%

 

±t±t  g · Ttg 6,:1 · 6,66:6:

 

Qgnie 1.7.0 ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk GN 7> do pgag perdlnggm G

m

tg

7 > 4 ∗

6,:1 6,:1 6,:1 >,>>

 

t  t± g

±t g| |t 

|t g|>

η 

Ttg

T^ 

6,:1

6

6

6

6

6

 

±t±t  g · Ttg 6,:1 · 6

 

Qgnie 1.7.: ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk GN 7> do pgag perdlnggm G

m

tg

7 >

6,:: 6,::

 

t  t± g

±t g| |t 

|t g|>

η 

Ttg

T^ 

6,::

6

6

6

6

6

 

±t±t  g · Ttg 6,:: · 6

 

75

4 ∗

6,:: >,47  

Qgnie 1.7.3 ^gigt igmjsumj t> aemjgm bgrgk ND 7> do pgag perdlnggm G

m

tg

7 > 4 ∗

6,45 6,4> 6,4> 6,88

 

±t g t  6,44

±t g| |t 

|t g|>

6,6> 6,67 6,67 6,61

6,6661 6,6667 6,6667 6,6660

η 

Ttg

T^ 

6,666>

6,67

4%

 

±±tt  g · Ttg 6,44 · 6,67

 

Qgnie 1.7.8 ^gigt igmjsumj t> aemjgm bgrgk ND 71 do pgag perdlnggm G

m

tg

7 > 4

6,40 6,48 6,48

∗

 

 

±t g t 

±t g| |t 

|t g|>

η 

Ttg

T^ 

6,43

6,6> 6,67 6,67

6,6661 6,6667 6,6667

6,666>

6,67:4

1,55%

6,61

6,6660

7,71

 

±t±t  g · Ttg 6,43 · 6,67:4

Qgnie 1.7.76 ^gigt igmjsumj t> aemjgm bgrgk ND 70 do pgag perdlnggm G

m

tg

7 > 4 ∗

6,48 6,13 6,13 7,45

 

±t g t  6,15

±t g| |t 

|t g|>

6,60 6,64 6,64 6,7>

6,6640 6,6668 6,6668 6,6651

η 

Ttg

T^ 

6,6673

6,6578

77,5%

 

±±tt  g · Ttg 6,15 · 6,6578

 

Qgnie 1.7.77 ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk ND 73 do pgag perdlnggm G

m

tg

7 > 4 ∗

6,57 6,57 6,57 7,54

 

t  t± g

±t g| |t 

|t g|>

η 

Ttg

T^ 

6,57

6

6

6

6

6

 

±t±t  g · Ttg 6,57 · 6

 

Qgnie 1.7.7> ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk GN 7> do pgag perdlnggm N

m

tg

7 > 4 ∗

6,:4 6,:: 6,:1 >,>1

 

±t g t  6,:1

±t g| |t 

|t g|>

6,67 6,64 6 6,61

6,6667 6,6668 6 6,667

η 

Ttg

T^ 

6,66644

6,6>>

>,8:%

 

Qgnie 1.7.74 ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk GN 71 do pgag perdlnggm N

 

±±tt  g · Ttg 6,:1 · 6,6>>

 

70

m

tg

7 > 4

6,:1 6,:1 6,:1

∗

 

 

t  t± g

±t g| |t 

|t g|>

η 

Ttg

T^ 

6,:1

6

6

6

6

6

 

±t±t  g · Ttg 6,:1 · 6

>,>>

Qgnie 1.7.71 ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk GN 70 do pgag perdlnggm N

m

tg

7 > 4 ∗

6,36 6,37 6,37 >,1>

 

±t g t  6,36

±t g| |t 

|t g|>

6 6,67 6,67 6,6>

6 6,6667 6,6667 6,666>

η 

Ttg

T^ 

6,66660:

6,6653

6,:>5%

 

±t±t  g · Ttg 6,36 · 6,6653

 

Qgnie 1.7.75 ^gigt igmjsumj t7 aemjgm bgrgk GN 73 do pgag perdlnggm N

m

tg

7 > 4 ∗

6,38 6,84 6,31 >,00

 

±t g t  6,33

±t g| |t 

|t g|>

6,67 6,65 6,61 6,7

6,6667 6,66>5 6,6670 6,661>

η 

Ttg

T^ 

6,6671

6,610

5,>>%

 

±±tt  g · Ttg 6,33 · 6,610

 

Qgnie 1.7.70 ^gigt igmjsumj t> aemjgm bgrgk ND 7> do pgag perdlnggm N

m

tg

7 > 4 ∗

6,44 6,44 6,44 6,88

 

t  t± g

±t g| |t 

|t g|>

η 

Ttg

T^ 

6,44

6

6

6

6

6

 

±t±t  g · Ttg 6,44 · 6

 

Qgnie 1.7.7: ^gigt igmjsumj t> aemjgm bgrgk ND 7> do pgag perdlnggm N

m

tg

7 > 4 ∗

6,>8 6,>8 6,>8 6,3:

 

t  t± g

±t g| |t 

|t g|>

η 

Ttg

T^ 

6,>8

6

6

6

6

6

 

±t±t  g · Ttg 6,>8 · 6

 

Qgnie 1.7.73 ^gigt igmjsumj t> aemjgm bgrgk ND 7> do pgag perdlnggm N

m

tg

7

6,>8

 

±t g t 

±t g| |t 

|t g|>

6,67

6,6667

η 

Ttg

T^ 

 

±t±t  g · Ttg

 

7:

> 4 ∗

6,>0 6,>8 6,31

6,>3

6,6> 6,67 6,61

6,6661 6,6667 6,6660

6,666>

6,67:4

0,7:%

6,>3 · 6,67:4

 

Qgnie 1.7.78 ^gigt igmjsumj t> aemjgm bgrgk ND 7> do pgag perdlnggm N

 

m

tg

7 > 4 ∗

6,46 6,>8 6,>8 6,33

±t g t  6,>8

±t g| |t 

|t g|>

6,67 6 6 6,67

6,6667 6 6 6,6667

η 

Ttg

T^ 

6,666644

6,66:6:

>,14%

 

±±tt  g · Ttg 6,>8 · 6,66:6:

 

1.7.> ^gigt thagk igmjsumj Nerhkutt gagigc rgigt thagk igmjsumj oloem hmershg pgag perdlnggm G agm Nerhku N Vgag perdlnggm G >

>

ojrr ∞ g r ( O > + O   7 oj 7 + o) H? g H?

6,6767 x 8,3 x 6,60

>

∞6,14 x 6,60> ( 6,7665+ 6,7+ 6,6767) 6,14

H ? 6,666684 kjo>

∎ H  j r > > 8,3 x 6,60>  — 6,60> ? 6,6:3 kjo>  — r  ?  ? ∎o 6,14 g ∎ H   ? -r > ? 6,60> ? 6,6640 kj/o> ∎ O   7 7 ∎ H   ? -r > ? 6,60> ? 6,6640 kj/o> ∎ O   > > TH ?

−

(

−

−

 ∎ H    ∎ H    ∎ H  ¼ x ∎ o) ¼> + ( ¼ x ∎ O 7 ) ¼> + ( ¼ x ∎ O > ) ¼> ∎o ∎ O 7 ∎ O >

TH ? − ( 6,6:3 x 6 )> + − ( 6,6640  x 6 )> + − ( 6,6640  x 6 )> ? 6 H · TH ? 6,666684 · 6 kj/o> Vgag perdlnggm N >

>

oj r ∞ g r ( O > + O   7 7 + o) H? g

 

73

H?

6,6767 x 8,3 x 6,60

>

∞6,43 x 6,60> ( 6,7665+ 6,7 + 6,6767) 6,43

H ? 6,666673 kjo> >

>

>

∎ H   ? j r  — r  ? 8,3 x 6,60  — 6,60> ? 6,638 kjo> ∎o g 6,43 ∎ H   ? -r > ? 6,60> ? 6,6640 kjo> ∎ O   7 7 ∎ H   ? -r > ? 6,60> ? 6,6640 kjo> ∎ O   > > TH ?

−

(

−

−

 ∎ H    ∎ H    ∎ H  ¼ x ∎ o) ¼> + ( ¼ x ∎ O 7 ) ¼> + ( ¼ x ∎ O > ) ¼> ∎o ∎ O 7 ∎ O >

TH ? − ( 6,638 x 6 )> + − ( 6,6640 x 6 )> + − ( 6,6640 x 6 )> ? 6 H · TH ? 6,666673 · 6 kj/o>

1.> Veongcgsgm

 

78

Vesgwgt Gtwlla gagigc gigt ygmj ahjumgkgm umtuk oembeigskgm cu cunu numj mjgm gm Qejg Qejgmj mjgm gm,, Emerj Emerjhh Vlte Vltems mshgi hgi,, Emer Emerjh jh Khme Khmeth thk, k, ag agm m Cuku Cukuo o  Mewtlm. Agrh shmh khtg oemdlng oeigkukgm perdlnggm aemjgm aug oetlae yghtu aemjgm perneaggm pgmbgmj ygmj sgihmj nerneag agm bujg aemjgm sgtugm agm cgshi mhigh ygmj nerneag puig. Igiu Ig iu um umtu tuk k cg cgii yg ygmj mj pe pert rtgo gogg yg ygmj mj kh khtg tg ch chtu tumj mj yg yght htu u oemd oemdgr grhh  perdepgtgm agrh perdlnggm. Vgag bgrgk gwgi yghtu kethkg GN 7> do. ahagpgtkgm agrh perdlnggm aemjgm oemjcgshikgm wgktu sekhtgr 6.:1 aethk, aemjgm cgshi thjg kgih pemjukurgm wgktu, igiu oemjcgshikgm rgtg-rgtg yghtu oema oe magp gpgt gtkg kgm m wgkt wgktu u se sekh khtg tgrr 6.:1 6.:1 ae aeth thk. k. Igiu Igiu ag agrh rh shmh shmh ah ahag agpg pgtk tkgm gm  perdepgtgm senesgr 6.11 o/s>. Umtuk Umtu k perd perdln lngg ggm m keau keaugg ae aemj mjgm gm bg bgrg rgk k yg ygmj mj sg sgog og ag agm m pg pgag ag le lerd rdln lngg ggm m yg ygmj mj sg sgog og se sepe pert rthh yg ygmj mj pe pertg rtgog og yg yght htu u GN yg ygmj mj oeoh oeohik ikhh  pgmbgmj sekhtgr 7> do, khtg agpgtkmg wgktu aemjgm thjg kgih yghtu 6,:1 igiu um umtu tuk k ke keau augg yg yght htu u oema oemagp gpgt gtkg kgm m mh mhig ighh wgkt wgktu u 6. 6.:1 :1 ag agm m yg ygmj mj te tergk rgkch chr  r  oemagpgtkg oemag pgtkgm m mhigh wgktu yghtu 6.:4 aethk. Agm oemjcgshikg oemjcgshikgm m rgtg-rgtg rgtg-rgtg wgktu yghtu sekhtgr 6:1 aethk, agm oemjcgshikgm perdepgtgm ygmj sgog yghtu sekhtgr 6,11 o/s> Umtuk perdlnggm ygmj kethjg aemjgm bgrgk ygmj sgog agm aemjgm  plshsh ygmj sgog yghtu GN ygmj oeohikh pgmbgmj sekhtgr 7> do. igiu oemagpgtkgm mhigh wgktu aemjgm thjg kgih mhigh ygmj ahagpgtkgm yghtu ygmj 6,:1 aethk agm ahuigmj kethjg kgih sgog yghtu oemagpgtkmg mhigh 6,:1 aethk  igiu nhsg ahagpgtkgm rgtg-rgtg wgktu ygmj ahagpgt yghtu sekhtgr 6,:1 aethk. Agrh shmh nhsg khtg chtumj perdepgtgm yghtu sekhtgr 6,11 o/s >. Igiu umtuk ygmj tergkchr pgag perdlnggm GN agm aemjgm bgrgk  ygmj ygmj sg sgog og puig puig yght yghtu u oeoh oeohik ikhh pg pgmb mbgm gmj j se sekh khtg tgrr 7> do, do, yg ygmj mj bu bujg jg ahagpgtkgmyg mhigh wgktu aemjgm thjg kgih perchtumjgm, ygmj pertgog agm sgopg sgo pghh terg tergkc kchr hr htu htu sgog sgog ne nertu rturu rut-t t-tur urut ut yg yght htu u sekht sekhtgr gr 6, 6,:: :: ae aeth thk k ag agm m

 

>6

oemjcgshikgm rgtg-rgtg yghtu 6,:: aethk, agrh shmh khtg nhsg oemjchtumj  perdepgtgm yghtu sekhtgr 6,16 o/s>. Igiu umtuk ththk keaug yghtu ththk ND aemjgm bgrgk ygmj nerneag neag yghtu aemjgm pertgog oeohikh pgmbgmj sekhtgr 7> do. agm oemagpgtkgm wgktu aemjgm thjg kgih perchtumjgm wgktu aemjgm sgtugm aethk, ygmj pertgog yghtu oemagpgtkgm wgktu sekhtgr 6,45 aethk, keouahgm keaug yghtu oemagpgtkgm mhigh wgktu sekhtgr 6,4> aethk, pum sgog aemjgm mhigh ygmj kethjg yghtu oemagpgtkgm mhigh wgktu yghtu sekhtgr 6,4> aethk, agm agrh shmh nhsg khtg agpgtkgm mhigh rgtg-rgtg wgktu yghtu 6,44 aethk. Igiu umtuk cgshi Kedepgtgm agrh perdlnggm hmh yghtu oemagpgtkgm mhigh 6,40 o/s. Umtuk perdlnggm keaug aemjgm ththk keaug yghtu ththk ND aemjgm  bgrgk ygmj nerneag yghtu pgag perdlnggm hmh aemjgm bgrgk ygmj ahohihkh yghtu 71 do. agm aemjgm cgshi perchtumjgm wgktu yghtu thjg kgih, ygmj  pertgog sekhtgr 6,40 aethk igiu umtuk cgshi wgktu ygmj keaug yghtu 6,48 aethk sgopgh aemjgm wgktu kethjg, agm ahgcshikgm rgtg-rgtg yghtu sekhtgr  6,43 aethk. Agrh shmh nhsg khtg chtumj kedepgtgmyg yghtu oemagpgtkgm mhigh 6,4: o/s. Igiu umtuk perdlnggm kethjg aemjgm ththk yghtu ND aemjgm bgrgk  ygmj ahohihkh sekhtgr 70 do. oemjcgshikgm wgktu aemjgm thjg cgshi, yghtu ygmj pertgog oemagpgtkgm oemagpgtkgm mhigh 6,48 aethk igiu umtuk umtuk wgktu keaug yghtu oemagpgtkgm mhigh sekhtgr 6,13 agm ygmj kethjg yghtu oemagpgtkgm mhigh sekht sek htgr gr 6,43 6,43 ae aeth thk. k. Agrh Agrh sh shmh mh khtg khtg nh nhsg sg oemj oemjch chtu tumj mj ke kedep depgt gtgm gm yg ygmj mj ahagpgtkgm yghtu oemagptkgm mhigh sekhtgr 6,43 o/s. Igiu ygmj terkgchr pgag perdlnggm ND agigo oetlae pertgog yghtu  pgag bgrgk ND sekhtgr 73 do, agm oemjcgshikgm thjg kgih perchtumjgm wgktu yghtu ygmj pertgog oemagptkgm mhigh 6,57 aethk agm sgopgh thjg kgih sgog neturut-turut, agm nhsg khtg sshopuikgm oemagpgtkgm mhigh rgtg-rgtg

 

>7

ygmj sgog yghtu 6,57 aethk. Agrh shmh nhsg khtg chtumj kedepgtgm ygmj ahagpgt sekhtgr 6,45 o/s. Igiu umtuk Oloem hmershg ygmj khtg kuopuikgm agrh perchtumjgm ygmj ahagpgt agrh cgshi seneiuomyg khtg ngcgs, yghtu agrh perdlnggm GN aemjgm pgmbgmj bgrgk ygmj sgog sgopgh ke-eopgt kgih perdlnggm tersenut agm agrh ND aemjg pgmbgmj bgrgk ygmj nerneag, yghtu oemagpgtkgm mhigh agrh oloem hmershg yghtu sekhtgr 6,666684 kjo>. Jrg`k P tercgagp t>

Jgongr 1.7 Jrg`k Kedepgtgm Verdlnggm G ( v ) tercgagp

6.48 6.43

 G

6.43

Zgktu (t  )

6.4:

±

6.4: 6.40 6.40

Nhsg khtg ihcgt agrh

6.45 6.45 6.41 6.41 6.44

6.43

6.1>

6.

jrg`hk

v

tercgag terc gagpt pt ngr t> hmh, hmh, bhkg bhkg khtg khtg ihcgt ihcgt jrg`hk jrg`hk ygmj ygmj gwgimy gwgimygg agtgr agtgr aemjgm aemjgm oeohikh mhigh ygmj klmstgm tetgp agrh ththk 6,44 sgopgh pgag ththk 6,43 jrg`hk ouigh mghk sgopgh ththk 6,1> nergag pgag ththk 6,43. Agm jrg`hk  tersenut keongih turum pgag ththk 6,57 yghtu ah ththk 6,45. Igiu umtuk perdlnggm keaug yghtu Verdlnggm N aemjgm O >+o ? 776,0 j. khtg ihcgt agrh ygmj pertgog yghtu Gn aemjg bgrgk ygmj nerneag neag yghtu ygmj pertgog oemagpgtkgm oemagpgtkgm mhigh rgtg-rgtg 6,:5 aethk aet hk agm oemagp oemagpgtk gtkgm gm perdep perdepgtg gtgm m sekhtg sekhtgrr 6,14 6,14 o/s>. Igiu umtuk bgrgk  ke keau augg GN yg yght htu u ae aemj mjgm gm bgrgk bgrgk sekht sekhtgr gr 71 do. do. ae aemj mjgm gm rg rgtg tg-rg -rgtg tg 6, 6,:1 :1 oemjcgshikgm perdepgtgm sekhtgr 6,57 o/s>. Igiu umtuk kethjg aemjgm bgrgk  ygmj nereneag yghtu 70 do oemjbcgshikgm rgtg-rgtg wgktu sekhtgr 6,37 aethk agm oemjcgshikgm perdepetgm sekhtgr 6,18 o/s >. Igiu umtuk tergkchr  yghtu aemjgm bgrgk GN sekhtgr 73 do agm oemjcgshikgm wgktu rgtg-rgtg yghtu sekhtgr 6,33 aethk. Agm oemagpgtkgm perdepgtgm sekhtgr 6,10 o/s >.

 

>>

Igiu umtuk cgshi ND aemjgm pgmbgmj ygmj sgog seigog perdlnggm ke-eopgt kgih htu, yghtu ygmj pertgog oemagpgtkgm rgtg-rgtg mhigh yghtu sekhtgr 6,44 aethk agm kedepgtgm ygmj ahcgshikgm yghtu sekhtgr 6,40 o/s. igiu umtuk perdlnggm keaug yghtu aemjgm rgtg-rgtg mhigh yghtu 6,>8 aethk  agm oemjcgshikg kedepgtgm yghtu sekhtgr 6,40 o/s. igiu umtuk perdlnggm seig seigmb mbut utmy mygg yght yghtu u aemj aemjgm gm rg rgtg tg-r -rgt gtgg wgkt wgktu u se sekh khtg tgrr 6, 6,>3 >3 ae aeth thk k ag agm m oemjcg oem jcgshik shikgm gm kedepg kedepgtgm tgm sekhtg sekhtgrr 6,14 6,14 o/s. o/s. igi igiu u umtuk umtuk perdln perdlnggm ggm ygmj ygmj terkgchr pgag perdlnggm ND hmh yghtu aemjgm bgrgk ygmj ogshc sgog, ygmj oemj oe mjcg cgshi shikg kgm m wgkt wgktu u rgtg rgtg-rg -rgtg tg se sekh khtg tgrr 6, 6,46 46 ae aeth thk. k. Agm Agm oema oemagp gpgtk gtkgm gm kedepgtgm sekhtgr 6,16 o/s. agm agrh shmh nhsg khtg shopuikgm agm chtumj mhigh agrh oloem hmershg yghtu oemjcgshikgm sekhtgr 6.666673 kjo>.

Jrg`k g tercgagp t> 6.5 6.15 6.1 6.45 6.4 6.>5 6.> 6.75 6.7 6.65 6 6.44

6.>8

6.>3

6.4

Jgongr 1.> Jrg`hk Verdepgtgm Verdlnggm N ( g N) tercgagp Zgktu (t 7) ±

Nhsg khtg ihcgt agrh jrg`hk tersenut ygmj khtg cgshikgm agrh perdlnggm N yghtu pgag gwgimyg kethkg ththk 6,44 nergag ah ththk 6,1 keouahgm mghk seahkht sgopgh ke ththk 6,>8 kgiu keongih turum sgopgh ah ththk 6,>3 aemjgm nergag ah ththk  gmtgr 6,4 agm 6,1 agm igmbut turum sgopgh pgag ththk 6,4 aemjgm nergag pgag ththk  6,4.

 

NGN P KETHOVUIGM AGM TG^GM

5.7 Keshop Keshopuig uigm m

Nerhkut gagigc keshopuigm agigo perdlnggm kgih hmh

7. Kht Khtgg oemagp oemagpgtkg gtkgm m

mhigh mhigh oloem oloem hmershg hmershg yghtu yghtu sekhtgr sekhtgr 6,666 6,666684 684

kjo> agm 6,666673 kjo>.

>. Oemjemgi Cukuo Mewtlm pgag shstro kgtrli yghtu kethkg ah ththk G gagigc Mewtlm H agm pgag ththk N yghtu Mewtlm HH agm kethkg  nemturgm ththk d yghtu Mewtlm HHH. 5.> Tgrgm Tgrgm

Nerhkut gagigc sgrgm agigo prgkthkuo kgih hmh 7. Vrgkthkgm ahcgrgp teihth agigo oeonuigtkgm gmjkg

>. Vrgkthkgm ahcgrgpkgm oemjhkuth prlseaur perdlnggm aemjgm nemgr  4. Vrgkthkgm ahcgrgpkgm oeoperagigo ogterh perdlnggm

 

>1

AG@QG^ VUTQGKG

7. Tepu Teputg tgrr Vemje Vemjetg tgcu cugm gm Qho Qho.. Kgtrli  Kgtrli 2 Vemjerthgm agm Bemhs Kgtrli. cttps2//www.seputgrpemjetgcugm.dl.ha/>6>6/61/kgtrli.ctoi cttps2//www.seputgrpemjetgcugm.dl.ha/>6>6/61/kgtrli.ctoi [  [ 3 Aeseoner >6>6_ >. Tt Ttua uahl hl Neig Neigbg bgrr Qho Qho.. Cukuo Mewtlm. cttps2//www.stuahlneigbgr.dlo/cukuo-mewtlm-7->-4/  [ 3 Aeseoner >6>6_ 4. Tt Ttua uahl hl Neigb Neigbgr gr Qho. Qho. Jergk Iurus — Vemjerthgm, ^uous, & Dlmtlc Tlgi Jergk Iurus Nergturgm. cttps2//www.stuahlneigbgr.dlo/jergk-iurus nergturgm/ [  nergturgm/  [ 3 Aeseoner >6>6_ 1. Tt Ttua uahl hl Neigb Neigbgr gr Qho. Qho. Oloem  Oloem Hmershg. cttps2//www.stuahlneigbgr.dlo/oloem-hmershg/  [ 3 Aeseoner >6>6_

 

>0

IGOVH^GM G VE^CHQUMJGM

Vgag perdlnggm G Mhigh t rgtg rgtg ( GN )

t7 ? t7 ? t7 ? t7 ? t7 ?

t 7 + t > + t 4 4 6,:1 + 6,:1 + 6,:1 4 6,:1 + 6,:1 + 6,:4 4 6,:1 + 6,:1 + 6,:1 4 6,:: + 6,:: + 6,:: 4

 ? 6,:1 s  ? 6,:1 s  ? 6,:1 s  ? 6,:: s

Mhigh perdepgtgm

g?

g?

g?

> x GN >

t 

> x 6,7> 6,:1

>

> x 6,7> 6,:1

>

 ? 6,11 o/s >  ? 6,11 o/s >

> g ? > x 6,7> >  ? 6,11 o/s

6,:1

g?

> x 6,7> 6,::

>

 ? 6,16 o/s >

Mhigh t rgtg rgtg ( ND )

t> ?

t 7 + t > + t 4 4

 

>:

6,45 + 6,4> + 6,4>

t> ?

4 6,40 + 6,48 + 6,48

t> ?

4

 ? 6,44 s  ? 6,43 s

6,48 + 6,13 + 6,43

t ? >

 ? 6,1> s

4 6,57 + 6,57 + 6,57

t> ?

4

 ? 6,57 s

Mhigh P ( ND )

P? P? P? P? P?

 SND  t  6,7> 6,44 6,71 6,43 6,70 6,1> 6,73 6,57

 ? 6,40 o/s  ? 6,4: o/s  ? 6,43 o/s  ? 6,45 o/s

Oloem Hmershg Verdlnggm G >

>

 7 + o ) ojrr ∞g r ( O > + O  7 oj H? g >

H?

6,6767 x 8,3 x 6,60

∞6,14 x 6,60> ( 6,7665+ 6,7+ 6,6767) 6,14

H ? 6,666684 kjo>

Vgag perdlnggm N Mhigh t rgtg rgtg ( GN )

t7 ?

t 7 + t > + t 4 4

 

>3

t7 ? t7 ? t7 ? t7 ?

6,:4 + 6,:: + 6,:1 4 6,:1 + 6,:1 + 6,:4 4 6,36 + 6,37 + 6,37 4 6,38 + 6,84 + 6,31 4

 ? 6,:5 s  ? 6,:1 s  ? 6,37 s  ? 6,33 s

Mhigh perdepgtgm

g?

g?

g?

> x GN >

t 

> x 6,7> 6,:5

>

> x 6,71 6,:1

>

 ? 6,14 o/s >  ? 6,57 o/s>

> g ? > x 6,70 >  ? 6,18 o/s

6,37

g?

> x 6,73 6,33

>

 ? 6,10 o/s>

Mhigh t rgtg rgtg ( ND )

t> ? t> ? t> ?

t 7 + t > + t 4 4 6,44 + 6,44 + 6,44 4 6,>8 + 6,>8 + 6,>8

 ? 6,44 s  ? 6,>8 s

4

t> ? t> ?

6,>8 + 6,>0 + 6,>8 4 6,46 + 6,>8 + 6,>8 4

 ? 6,>3 s  ? 6,46 s

Mhigh P ( ND )

 

>8

P? P?

 SND  t  6,7> 6,44

 ? 6,40 o/s

P?

6,7> 6,>8

 ? 6,17o/s

P ? 6,7>  ? 6,14 o/s 6,>3

P?

6,7> 6,46

 ? 6,16 o/s

Oloem Hmershg Verdlnggm N >

>

 7 + o ) ojrr ∞g r ( O > + O  7 oj H? g >

H?

6,6767 x 8,3 x 6,60

∞6,43 x 6,60> ( 6,7665+ 6,7 + 6,6767) 6,43

H ? 6,666673 kjo>

IGOVH^GM N VE^QGMXGGM BGZGNGM AGM QUJGT KCUTUT

Igophrgm N. Bgwgngm Vertgmyggm agm Qujgs Kcusus N.7 Bgwgngm Vertgmyggm

7. Gpgnhi Gpgnhigg ahgoet ahgoeter er kgtrli kgtrli agm ogssg ogssg nengm agigo agigo perdlnggm perdlnggm ahungc, ahungc, gpgkgc gpgkgc ogopu oeopemjgruch agtg ygmj ahagpgtkgm< Oemjgpg aeohkhgm< Bgwgn2 Xg, Kgremg pgag ruous oloem hmershg teragpgt r yghtu ahgoeter kgtrli agm ogssgg nengm. gpgnhig ogss gpgnhig senugc gmjkg pgag sgigc sgtu kloplmem nerungc ogkg cgshi agrh agtg gkgm nerungc.

 

46

>. Aug nugc nugc ne nemag mag ygmj ygmj ogsh ogshmj mj-o -ogs gshm hmj j nerog nerogss ssgg 1 kj agm 7> kj ahjgmt ahjgmtumj umj aemjgm seutgs tgih oeigiuh senugc kgtrli ygmj ogssg agm ahgoetermyg agpgt ahgnghkgm. Chtumjigc perdepgtgm jergk systeo agm tejgmjgm ygmj ahgigoh liec tgih!

Bgwgn2 ahketgcuh2 Og? 1 kj O n ? 7> kj Ahtgmyg2 g?< Q?< Bgwgn2 g¼

 ( O n∞ O g ) j  O g+ O n

g? g?

(7>∞ 1 ) 76 1 + 7> 36 70

g?5 o/s> Q? O g Ú j + O g Ú g Q?1 Ú 76 + 1 Ú 5 Q?16 + >6 ? 06 M

 

47

4. Ub Ubum umj j se senug nugc c ng ngil ilk k ne nero rogs gssg sg 7> kj ahtgrh ahtgrhk k ah senugc senugc nhagmj nhagmj ag agtg tgrr kg kgsg sgr  r  aemjgm jgyg 06 M. Nergpgkgc jgyg jesek ygmj nekerbg pgag ngilk tersenut  bhkg kle`hshem jesek khmethkmyg 6,> agm jgyg Qgrhk ygmj nekerbg pgag ngilk  tersenut oeonemtuk suaut 54¶ tercgagp jgrhs verthkgi< Bgwgn2

`k ? ιM  l

`k ? ι ( w ∞ @shm 4 : ) `k ?6,> ( 7> x 76∞06.shm4:l ) `k ?6,> Ú 31 `k ?70,3 M 

1. Telrgmj ogcgshswg ogcgshswg @Q UMQH^QG UMQH^QG oeigkukgm oeigkukgm perdlnggm perdlnggm pemhongmjgm pemhongmjgm  ngagm ah agigo senugc ih`t. Tggt ih`t neiuo nerjergk, thongmjgm oemumbukkgm gmjkg 05 kj. Tesggt seteigc ih`t nerjergk ogcgshswg hmh oergsg seahkht pushmj agm thongmjgm pum oemumbukkgm gmjkg terthmjjh senesgr :5 kj, cgi hmh terbgah  puig sesggt seneiuo ih`t necemth. Ah temjgc perbgigmgm, termygtg thongmjgm oemumbukkgm gmjkg klmstgm :> kj. Nergpgkgc perdepgtgm jergk ih`t tersenut< Oemjgpg thongmjgm oemumbukkgm gmjkg terthmjjh sesggt ih`t gkgm nerjergk agm nercemth< Beigskgm! Bgwgn2 Z‘? Z+@

:6 ? 05g

Z‘ ? o.j + o.g

g ? :6/05

:>6 ? 056 + 05g

g ?7.6: o/s>

Verdepgtgmmyg gagigc 7.6: o/s> Qhongm Qho ngmjgm jgm oemumb oemumbukkg ukkgm m gmjkg gmjkg ter terthm thmjjh jjh sesggt sesggt ih` ih`tt gkgm nerjer nerjergk gk agm  nercemth, ahkgremgkgm liec perungcgm kedepgtgm agm perungcgm kegaggm ih`t. Agrh ih`t kegaggm ahgo oembgah ih`t nerjergk. Nejhtu puig aemjgm sggt nercemth, kethkg ih`t cemagk nercemth, gag perungcgm kedepgtgm agm kegaggm ih`t agrh

 

4>

 nerjergk oembgah ahgo. Agigo cgi hmh ih`t oemjjumgkgm oemjjumgk gm klmsep agrh pesgwgt gtwlla sechmjjg prhmshp kerbgmyg sgog.

Qujgs Kcusus 7. Dgrh Dgrh jrg` jrg`hk hk JIN JIN agm agm JIN JINN< N< >. Gpg perne perneaggm aggm jergk jergk ^ltgs ^ltgshh aemjgm aemjgm Qrgmsi Qrgmsigsh gsh. Jergk trgmsi trgmsigsh gsh gagigc gagigc jergk jergk nemag ygmj ygmj grgcmyg grgcmyg iurus iurus gtgupum gtgupum oeiemjkumj. oeiemjkumj.  Teagmjkgm jergk rltgsh gagigc jergk ygmj oemjgigoh perputgrgm tercgagp  plrls tertemtu.

 

44

IGOVH^GM D JGONG^ GIGQ

Igophrgm D. Jgongr Gigt agm Ngcgm

  Jgongr D.7 Ttlpwgtdc Gtwlla

Jgongr D.> Gigt Vesgwgt

Jgongr D.4 Qgih Vemjjgmtumj nerpejgs

Jgongr D.5 Mergdg

Jgongr D.1 Veoejgmj nengm

Jgongr D.0 Nengm O7

 

41

Jgongr D.: Nengm O>

Jgongr D.3 Nengm Qgongcgm

 

Jgongr D.8 Vemgcgm nengm 

Neriungmj 

Jgongr D.76 Vemgcgm nengm tgmpg iungmj