Referat Masturbasi Infantile - Khansa - Dr. Dina Sp.A

 

XGOGXA] K@OA@]KCG NAT]WXHA]KE@

88888888888

Mkaiula` W`tul Ngng`ufk ]ubas Xgograt Lgpa`ktgraa` Lck`kl Kcnu A`al 

Mksusu` ecgf9 Arkgsta @uroktrka Lfa`sa

K=:?11;8:26

Zgnhknhk`b9 mr. Mk`a Orkma, Tp. A

LGZA@K]GXAA@ LCK@KL KCNW LCK@KL KCNW A@AL  XWNAF TALK] WNWN MAGXAF TEGMAXTE OALWC]AT LGMEL]GXA@ W@K_GXTK]AT ]A@IW@BZWXA ZE@]KA@AL  8:81

 

CGNHAX ZG@BGTAFA@

]gcaf mksgtuiuk rgograt mg`ba` iumuc9 K@OA@]KCG NAT]WXHA]KE@

Mksusu` sghabak sacaf satu syarat u`tul ng`ygcgsakla` Lgpa`ktgraa` Lck`kl Ttasg Kcnu A`al 

 

 Zgnhknhk`b

Ze`tka`al, Eltehgr 8:81

mr. Mk`a Orkma, Tp. A

Arkgsta @uroktrka Lfa`sa  K=:?11;8:26

kk

 

HAH K ZG@MAFWCWA@

1. Cata Catarr Hgca Hgcala la`b `b Nasturhask Nasturh ask atau stknucask stknucask bg`ktacka bg`ktacka ngrupala` ngrupala` pgrkcalu pgrkcalu na`uska ya`b waiar 

ma` mkyalk`k tgriamk pama fanpkr ;: - ;=% prka ma` 7: - ?:% wa`kta sgcana nasa fkmup ngrgla.1  K`oa`tkcg K`oa`tkcg nasturhatke`  (KN) hkasa`ya mknucak pama uska 4 huca` ma` ng`dapak pu`dal pama uska 4 tafu`. Meltgr a`al sgdara unun ng`yamark oalta  hafwa altkvktas nasturhask k`oa`tkc ma` pra-rgnaia tgriamk, `anu` lura`b l ura`b ng`yamark spgltrun peca pgrkcalu ya`b hgrhgma. Altkvktas nastuhaterk pama hayk ma` a`al  lgdkcc sa`bat lgdk sa`bat suckt suckt mklg`ac mklg`ackk larg`a larg`a sgrk`bla sgrk`black ck tkmal tkmal ngckhat ngckhatla` la` na`uac na`uac stknuacs stknuacskk bg`ktacka. 8 Ngslkpu` nasturhask Ngslkpu` nasturhask k`oa`tkc hkasa tgriamk pama a`al-a`al ala` tgtapk sgrk`b lack tgriamk tgriamk lgsacafa lgsacafa` ` macan macan ng`mkab ng`mkab`esk `esks, s, tgrutan tgrutanaa apahkca apahkca stknuc stknucask ask bg`ktac bg`ktac mg`ba` mg`b a` ta`ba` ta`ba` tkmal ama sgfk`bba sgfk`bba sgrk`b sgrk`b mka`bbap mka`bbap sghabak sghabak gpkcgpsk, gpkcgpsk, `e`gpkcgptkd  parexysnac nevgng`t mksermgr   atau atau ha hafl fla` a` ba ba`b `bbu bua` a` pg pg`d `dgr gr`a `aa` a` sgpg sgpgrt rtkk

(BGXM) XM).. Mk a`tara a`tara lgtkba lgtkba fac tgrsghu tgrsghutt pack`b pack`b  bastregsepfabgac rgocux mksgsasg (BG sgrk`b mkmkab`esks sghabak gpkcgpsk ma` paskg` ng`mapatla` tgrapk ehat gpkcgpsk. ]k ]kma mal l ia iara` ra`b b iuba iuba ya`b ya`b ng`mk ng`mkab ab`es `esks ks sghab sghabak ak ba`bbu ba`bbua` a` bgral bgral atau atau nevgng`t  mksermgrs.4 

Zg`bgta Zg` bgtafua` fua` tg`ta`b tg`ta`b hgrhabak hgrhabak na`kogs na`kogstask task mark nasturh nasturhask ask k`oa`tk k`oa`tkcc ma` tk`bbk` tk`bb k`ya ya k` k`mgl mglss lg lgdur durkba kbaa` a` amaca amacaf f prasya prasyarat rat u`tul u`tul mkab`e mkab`esks sks ya`b ya`b hgrfa hgrfaskc skc.. Xglan Xg lana` a` vk vkmge mge mark mark lg lgiam iamka ka` ` sa`ba sa`batt hgrpgr hgrpgra` a` pg`tk pg`tk`b `b ma` ngnh ngnha`t a`tu u ma maca can n ng`mkab`esks nasturhask k`oa`tkc. Zama lasus mkna`a mkdurkbak sghuaf gpkcgpsy, gcgdtreg`dgpfacebrapfy (GGB) ngnpu`yak pgra` ya`b sa`bat pg`tk`b mkna`a hkca

mkmaptla` faskc `ernac nala mkab`esks gpkcgpsk mapat mksk`blkrla`. Zamaa rgograt Zam rgograt k`k ala` ala` mkhafas mkhafas habakna habakna`a `a ng`mka ng`mkab`es b`esks ks suatu suatu nasturh nasturhask ask k`oa`tkc k`oa `tkc sgfk`bba sgfk`bba mkmaptla mkmaptla` ` mkab`esk mkab`eskss ya`b tgpat tgpat sgrta sgrta tat tataca acalsa`a lsa`a nastur nasturhask hask k`oa`tkc.

 

HAH KK ]K@IAWA@ ZWT]ALA

8.1 Tgiar Tgiaraf af Tghgcun aham lg 8:, nasturhask unun`ya mksghut sghabak prebg`kter mark

ba`bbua` `gurepsklkatrk. `gurepsklkatrk. @anu` macan pa`ma`ba` psklea`acksks Tbnu`m Orgum, nasturha nast urhask sk mklatal mklatala` a` hgrle`tr hgrle`trkhu khusk sk u`tul u`tul tgriamk tgriamk`ya `ya `gurast `gurastfg`k fg`kaa ma` fystgrk fystgrka. a. Alfkr tafu` 1;18, Orgum hgrsklgras nasturhask ng`yghahla` ba`bba` erba`kd ma`  psklks. Ogckx Battgc, sgera`b nurkm Orgum, ng`yamark mk tafu` 16;6 hafwa nasturhask ngrupala` fac ya`b hkasa tgriamk pama a`al-a`al tgrutana pgrgnpua`.1

8.8 Mgok`ksk Mgok`ksk ma` Zrgvacg`s Zrgvacg`skk

NK mkmgok`kskla` sghabak stknucask na`mkrk pama acat bg`ktacka ecgf a`al   prgpuhgrtas. Kstkcaf k`k hgcun mknasulla` lgmacan MTN-K_ ecgf  Angrkda`  Zsydfkatrkd Assedkatke`, sgfk`bba kstkcaf k`k tkmal mklcaskoklaskla` sgdara spgskokl 

sghab sgh abak ak ba`bbu ba`bbua` a` psklka psklkatr trk. k. RFE RFE ng`g ng`gnp npat atla` la` NK mk ma macan can habka habka` ` – Etfgr   spgdkokgm hgfavkeurac a`m gnetke`ac mksermgrs wktf e`sgt usuaccy eddurrk`b k` dfkcmfeem a`m amecgsdg`dg„ (O;6.6) mk macan KDM-1:. @anu` pg`mapat cak` ya`b

 hgrhgma, kstkcaf nasturhask hgrasac mark lata catk` – na`us„ ya`b hgrartk ta`ba` ma` – stupratke`„ ya`b hgrartk lghefe`ba` hatk`. Bratkokdatke Bratk okdatke` ` mksermgr  mksermgr   iuba iuba mk mklg` lg`ac ac sgha sghabak bak suatu suatu hg`tu hg`tul l mark mark pgrk pgrkcal calu u

nasturha nastu rhask sk ya`b ya`b sgrk` sgrk`b b sglac sglackk lgck lgckru ru mg mg`ba `ba` ` gpkcg gpkcgpsk psk,, `ygrk `ygrk pgrut, pgrut, mkste` mkste`ka ka  parelsksnac atau myslk`gska. Tacaf satu dkrk pgnhgma pg`tk`b mark nasturhask nasa la`al-la`al amacaf hafwa pgrkcalu sgrk`b hgrfg`tk ikla a`al ng`iamk tgrba`bbu, ngnha`tu ngnhgmala` nasturhask mark mkab`esks ha`mk`b cak``ya.  Ngslkpu` lgrap mksghut sghabak 'lgcak`a`', k`k ngrupala` varka` pgrkcalu `ernac ya`b tgrckfat mk nasa la`al-la la`al-la`al. `al. Habakn Habakna`a a`a ngla`k ngla`ksng sng tgriamk tgriamk`ya `ya naskf naskf lura`b lura`b mkpafan mkpafank, k, `anu` mklaktla` mg`ba` lgtgba`ba`, lghesa`a`, lgbgnhkraa`, k`oglsk bg`ktac, ma` lura`b`ya stknucask. Taat k`k mapat mktgrkna hafwa nasturhask amacaf habka` `ernac mark pgrkcalu sglsuac na`uska, mkna`a tgriamk pama ;:-;=% calk-calk ma` 7:-?:% pgrgnpua` pama

 

suatu waltu macan lgfkmupa` lgfkmupa` ngrgla. ngrgla. Fac k`k tgriamk pama a`al-a`al a`al-a`al a`tara uska 4  huca` ma` 4 tafu`, ng`k`blat uska ?-11 taf tafu` u` mg`ba` pu`dal`ya pu` dal`ya mglamg lgmua lgmu a pama sglktar uska rgnaia.  Orglug`sk rata-rata tgriamk a`tara mua ma` gnpat lack sgfark. 1,4

Mktgnula` iuba hafwa pgrkcalu hkasa`ya hgrca`bsu`b mark 4,; fk`bba 1:,: ng`kt. 8.4 Zgrlgnha`ba` Zgrlgnha`ba` Zsklesglsuac Zsklesglsuac @ernac ma` Nasturhask Nasturhask pama A`al 

Ngslkpu Ngs lkpu` ` tkmal tkmal tgrmapa tgrmapatt pgruhaf pgruhafa` a` skb`kok skb`kokla` la` pama pgrlgnh pgrlgnha`ba a`ba` ` okskl  okskl  ou`bsk sglsuac sgial cafkr ma` puhgrtas, `anu` pgrlgnha`ba` psklesglsuac mknucak sgial hayk. A`al-a`al nucak sgrk`b ng`bglspcerask ma` hgrglspgrkng` mk tafu`  pgrpuhgrtas`ya. Fac k`k hgrlghackla` mg`ba` apa ya`b awac`ya mklatala` ecgf  psklea`acktkl. Tgera`b hayk ala` nucak ng`bg`ack mu`ka sglktar`ya, tgrnasul  tuhuf`ya. ]gnua` habka` tuhuf ya`b ng`urut`ya ng`yg`a`bla` ala` ngnhuat mkrk`ya labun ma` hgruiu`b pama nasturhask larg`a a`al ala` hgrgalsk mg`ba` lgk`bk`a` k`stk`b ma` ng`dark lgsg`a`ba`. =,7 Macan Mac an sghuaf sghuaf stumk, stumk, orglug` orglug`sk sk pgrkcal pgrkcalu u sglsuac sglsuac a`al a`al mk`kcak mk`kcak ecgf khu`ya khu`ya ng`bbu`ala` ng`bbu`a la` DTHK ma` DHDC. DHDC. Zg`ucks ng`bglslcuskla` ng`bglslcuskla` a`al mg`ba` sgiaraf atau lgdurkbaa` ala` lglgrasa` sglsuac u`tul ng`be`trec sanpgc. Faskc`ya sana mg`ba`  pg`gcktka` ya`b tgcaf mkcalula` sghgcun`ya, ma` ng`u`iulla` ama`ya spgdtrun cuas mark pgrkcalu sglsuac ya`b ama pama a`al mg`ba` hgraban orglug`sk. orglug`sk. Ttknucask na`mk na `mkrk rk ng`i ng`iamk amk saca sacaf f satu satu mark mark pgrkc pgrkcalu alu sglsua sglsuacc ya`b ya`b sgrk` sgrk`b b mkca mkcalul lula` a` a`al. a`al. Zgrkcalu ya`b cghkf k`truskvg iara`b mktgnula` pama a`al `ernac. Zgrkcalu sglsuac  iuba ngnpgrckfatla` fuhu`ba` ya`b tgrhackl mg`ba` uska, mg`ba` uska pu`dal yaktu  pama unur 7 tafu` u`tul u `tul a`al calk-calk ca lk-calk ma` pgrgnpua`. pgr gnpua`. Tgtgcaf Tgtgca f ngnasulk ngnasul k uska us ka k`k, tgriamk pg`uru`a` macan hgrpgrkcalu sglsuac u`tul lgmua ig`ks lgcank`. lgcank`. Zg`uru`a` k`k tkmal tkmal hgrlgca hgrlgca`iut `iuta`, a`, ma` sgpgrtk sgpgrtk`ya `ya tgriamk tgriamk macan macan hghgrap hghgrapaa oasg sgpgrtk sgpgrtk oasg  prgsglecaf (8-7 tafu`), nasa pgrtg`bafa` (?-; tafu`), ma` prapuhgrtas (1:-18 ta tafu fu`) `).. Fac Fac k` k`kk ma mapa patt mk mkig igca casl sla` a` ma mark rk sksk sksk se sesk skac ac mk na`a na`a ha hayk yk hg hgca caia iarr u` u`tu tul  l   hgramaptask mg`ba` `erna seskac ma` humaya. @ernac`ya, a`al ya`b sgma`b  hgrlgnha`b ala` hgcaiar u`tul ng`iamk hgrfatk-fatk ma` sgcgltko tgrfamap pgrkcalu atau lghkasaa` tgrtg`tu.

 

.

 ]ahgc 1. Orglug`sk pgrkcalu sglsuac pama a`al calk-calk ma` pgrgnpua`.

Zg`ucks ngcahgck pgrkcalu k`k sghabak pgrkcalu ya`b cghkf hgrlgnha`b. Tgfk`bba NK amacaf pgrkcalu ya`b hkasa ma` cghkf hgrlgnha`b mk a`tara a`al  ya`b mkiamkla` rgspe`mg`. NK u`tul a`al uska 8-7 tafu` naskf ng`iamk fac ya`b `ernac ma` ala` hgrlura`b sgkrk`b hgrtanhaf`ya uska.= 8.= Gtkece Gtkecebk bk

Mark hghgrapa stumk pg`gcktka` ya`b tgcaf mkcalula` mksknpucla mksknpucla` ` hafwa tkmal  ama gtkecebk tgrtg`tu atau spgskokl ya`b ng`yghahla` fac k`k. Ala` tgtapk ng`iamk datata` pg`tk`b hafwa lucturac sgrta oalter seskac mkcaperla` pama hghgrapa stumk dulup dulu p hgrle`tr hgrle`trkhus khusk. k. Zama sacaf satu stumk mkmapatl mkmapatla` a` mua tahgc tahgc mkstrkhu mkstrkhusk sk ya`b ngnpgrckfatla` oalter-oalter hakl ya`b hgrle`trkhusk naupu` tkmal  _arkahcgs

Cewgr tfa` ? ygars Fkbfgr tfa` ? ygars Bg`mgr Nacg Ognacg Oatfgr wktf u`kvgrskty gmudatke` Netfgr wk wktf u u` `kvgrskty ggm mudatke`  @utrktke`  @utrktke ` Hrgast Hrgast oggmk`b oggmk`b

Nasturhatke` [gs (%) @e (%) 11 (11.8) 81 (81.=) 8: (8:.=) =? (=?.;) 1; (1;.=) =8 (=8.;) 18 (18.8) 87 (87.7) 6 (6.?) 81 (88.?) = (= (=.1) 81 (8 (81.?) 16 (16.6) (16.6) =4 (==.6 (==.6))

]etac (%) 48 (48.2) ?? (?2.4) ?1 (?8.8) 42 (42.6) 8; (41.8) 8; ((8 8;.;) ?1 (?4.7) (?4.7)

:.28 :.:26 :.116

Mry nkcl Hetf Beem ckog `gkbfherfeem Mkverdg eo parg`ts Okrst dfkcm

: (:.:) 14 (14.7) 14 (1=.4) 4 (;.2) 8: (8:.=)

7 (7.8) 12 (12.2) 48 (47.8) ? (;.:) =: (=:.6)

7 (7.8) 4: (41.4) =7 (=;.7) 6; (;:.6) ?: (?1.8)

:.;=2 :.;:6 :.?=;

Tk`bcg-dfkcm

8: (8:.8)

? (?.1)

8? (8?.4)

:.8;8

Abg (ygar)

p-vacug

:.8? :.6;

 

]etac _arkahcgs

41 (41.?)

?2 (?6.=)

Nasturhatke`

[gs (%)

;6 (1::) p-vacug

@e (%)

]etac (%)

Zfehkas 12 (12.:) 81 (81.:) 46 (46.:) :.:8: Ehsgsskvg tfeubfts 18 (18.:) 1? (1?.:) 86 (86.:) :.11: Ehsgsskvg werl 16 (16.:) 12 (12.:) 47 (47.:) :.::1 Ttrgss mksermgr 16 (16.:) 12 (12.:) 47 (47.:) :.::7 Neter tkds 8 (8.:) : (:.:) 8 (8.:) :.:44 _edac tkdl = (=.:) = (=.:) 6 (6.:) :.88? NMM* 1; (1;.:) 41(41.:) 7:(7:.:) :.14: Autksn 18 (18.:) 41 (41.:) =4 (=4.:) :.7?1 Tedkac pfehka 4 (4.:) 4 (4.:) ? (?.:) :.8;; Tgparatke` a`xkgty 8 (8.:) 1? (1?.:) 16 (16.:) :.:== **BAM ? (?.:) = (=.:) 1: (1:.:) :.:42 De`mudt mksermgr 17 (17.:) 11 (11.:) 8? (8?.:) :.::1 $EMM 17 (17.:) 1; ((1 1;.:) 4= (4=.:) :.:=8 #AMFM 1= (1=.:) 12 (12.:) 47 (47.:) :.174 ]funh sudlk`b 8= (22.=%) 87 (4?.8) ?7 (?7.:) :.::: ]ahgc. 8a — Mata mgnebraok. 8h — Ba`bbua` ya`b mkmuba tgrlakt mg`ba` lgiamka` NK.

8.7 Na`kogstask Na`kogstask Lck`ks ma` Mkab`esks Ha`mk`b Ha`mk`b

Lgca Lg cak` k`a` a` NK sgrk sgrk`b `b sgla sglack ck tgri tgriam amkk

pama pama a`al a`al-a -a`a `al, l, `an `anu` mapa mapatt

ng`knhucla` ng`knh ucla` ta`ta`ba` habk para meltgr unun naupu` a`al macan fac mkab`estkl   pama a`al uska mk`k ikla meltgr tkmal ng`yamark lgnu`blk`a``ya larg`a tkmal  sgpgrtk pama rgnaia, pama  hayk  hayk ma` a`al lgdkc suckt mklg`ack larg`a sgrk`black tkmal  ngckhatla` ngckhat la` na`kpucask na`kpucask naupu` ra`bsa`ba` ra`bsa`ba` bg`ktac na`uac ma` banhara banhara` ` lck`ks`ya ya`b sa`bat hgrvarkask. @anu`, banhara` lck`ks ya`b lfas pama a`al-a`al amacaf sghabak hgrklut 94 1. E`sgt sgtgcaf uska 4 huca` ma` sghgcun 4 tafu` 8. Gpksemg stgrgetkp mg`ba` murask ya`b hgrvarkask 4. _elacksask `anu` ta`pa –bru`tk`b„ =. Raiaf ngngraf mksgrtak mg`ba` mkapfergsks 7. ]gla`a` pama pgrk`gun mg`ba` laraltgrkstkl pestur glstrgnktas hawaf ?. ]kmal tgrmapat pgruhafa` lgsamara` 2. Hgrfg`tk mg`ba` ba`bbua` atau mkstralsk 6. Zgngrklsaa` okskl ma` caheraterkun macan hatas `ernac

 

  Banhar1. Tdksserk`b mark glstrgnktas hawaf mg`ba` pgrgba`ba` tuhuf. tuh uf.

Larg`a sgrk`b sglack apahkca meltgr tkmal ng`bgtafuk bgiaca lck`ks NK ya`b  hgrhgma pama a`al mkna`a hkasa`ya tkmal ngckhatla` na`kpucask bg`ktac na`uac, ecgf ecg f larg`a larg`a kt ktu u meltgr meltgr farus farus ngnh ngnhka kasal sala` a` u`tul u`tul ngnk ngnk`ta `ta para`b para`b er era`b a`b tua tua ngnvkmgela` a`al`ya. Nasturhask pama hayk ma` a`al-a`al cghkf hgrskoat oelac, larg`a lar g`a`ya `ya mk mkab` ab`esk esks`y s`yaa sgrk`b sgrk`blac lackk tkmal tkmal numa numaf f ma` mapat mapat ngnh ngnhk` k`bu` bu`bla bla`. `. Hghgrapa mkab`esks ha`mk`b NK hgrupa 9 1. Lgia`b atau gpkcgpsk 8.  @ygrk pgrut

 

4.  @e`gpkcgptkd parexysnac nevgng`t mksermgr < ba`bbua` bgral mg`ba` e`sgt

ma` hgralfkr alut, sgrk`black nknkd mg`ba` gpkcgpsk. Zama paskg` mkmapatla` lgcufa` pg`uru`a` lgsamara`, salkt lgpaca, ba`bbua` tkmur, nu`taf sgrta ba`bbua` gneske`ac. =. Mkste`ka parelsksnac< le`tralsk etet sgdara tkmal samar ma` hgruca`b. 7. Bastregsepfabgac rgocux mksgasg ?. Ba`bbua` psklkatrk 9 Dgnas, oehka

Nevgng`t `t mksermgrs mksermgrs 9 ]kds< bgrala` neterkl atau velacksask stgrgetkpkl ya`b 2. Nevgng tkha-tkha, dgpat, hgruca`b ma` tkmal rktnkl.

NK sgrk`b sglack mkpgrta`yala` apalaf k`k ngrupala` habka` mark pgrkcalu `ernac ya`b hgrfuhu`ba` mg`ba` pgrlgnha`ba` atau ngna`b ngrupala` suatu le`mksk ya`b ah`ernac. Nasturhask Nasturhask ya`b mkcalula` mk mgpa` puhckd nksac`ya nksac`ya mapat ng`iamk `ernac apahkca mkcalula` ecgf hayk atau a`al hackta ala` tgtapk tkmal  `ernac u`tul a`al uska cghkf mark 18 tafu`. A`al tgrsghut farus`ya sumaf ng`bgrtk tg`ta tg` ta`b `b pgrat pgratura ura` ` ya`b ya`b ama pama pama ck`bl ck`blu`b u`ba` a``ya `ya saat saat ktu, ktu, lgdua lgduack ck apahkc apahkcaa am amaa  pg`igcasa` ng`bg`ak le`mksk`ya. 4,?,2 Tghua Tghuaf f pg`gck pg`gcktk tka` a` ng`b ng`bban banha harla rla` ` ng`bg ng`bg`ak `ak pgrkc pgrkcalu alu sglsua sglsuacc ya`b ya`b –`ernac„„ pama a`al mk macan gnpat latgberk. Tgnua lgcenpel ng`batala` –`ernac ng`batala` hafwa  pgrkcalu sglsuac ya`b hgrlakta` h grlakta` mg`ba` pg`gtrask erac, vabk`ac, ma` a`ac a `ac pama p ama a`ala` al-

 

a`al sghgcun puhgrtas puhgrtas ngrupal ngrupala` a` suatu suatu lghkasaa lghkasaa` ` ya`b ah`ernac. ah`ernac. NK mg`ba` mg`ba` orglug org lug`sk `sk ya`b ya`b hgrcg hgrcghk hkfa` fa` tgrna tgrnasul sul lg macan macan latgbe latgberk rk tkmal tkmal `erna `ernac. c. Ks Kstk tkca caf f  hgrcghkfa` naskf hgcun mapat mkmgok`kskla` sgdara igcas hatasa``ya mk macan cktgrat cktgr aturg urg ma` naskf naskf ng`k ng`k`bb `bbacl acla` a` lgia` lgia`bba bbaca` ca` u`tul u`tul k`tg k`tgrpr rprgta gtask sk pgrse` pgrse`ac. ac. Ca`bstren gt ac ng`gcktk tg`ta`b pg`baruf bg`gtkl tgrfmapat pgrkcalu nasturhask ya`b prehcgnatkd. Ca`bstern ng`mgok`kskla` NK ya`b hgrnasacaf mg`ba` sler 1 atau cghkf mark = pek`t pek`t k`mgls k`mgls nasacaf nasacaf nastuhrhas nastuhrhaskk ya`b mkra`blun mkra`blun mark pek` DHDC DH DC.. Ck`mh Ck`mhacm acm gt ac mg`ba mg`ba` ` sanp sanpgc gc`ya `ya hgrupa hgrupa a`al a`al sgleca sglecaf f uska uska 8-? tafu` tafu` ng`gnula` hafwa 1.8% a`al nasturhask mg`ba` orglug`sk ya`b iara`b ma` 8.=% a`al nastuhask mg`ba` orglug`sk sgrk`b ma` tkap fark. Fk`bba saat k`k, naskf hgcun ama ama hu hult ltkk lu luat at u` u`tu tul l ng`g ng`gra ra`b `bla la` ` ha hafw fwaa nast nastur urha hask sk ya ya`b `b hg hgrc rcgh ghkf kf ma mapa patt  hgrmanpal `gbatkvg `gba tkvg habk a`al. Ala` tgtapk, tgta pk, nastuhask ya`b hgrcghkfa` hgrcghkfa ` mapat mkckfat sghabak lglgrasa` sglsuac. Capera` lasus ng`igcasla` hafwa hayk ya`b ng`iaca`k  pgrkcalu NK sgdara pgrkemkd sgkrk`b hgrtanhaf`ya uska ala` ng`uru`la` altkvktas nasturhask nasturha sk `ya ma` hgrlgnha`b sgdara `ernac. W`ac lgnumka` ngngrklsa lgnhack lgcenpel a`al mg`ba` pgrkcalu NK sgtgcaf 8 tafu` pg`gcktaa``ya ma` 26% a`al  tgcaf hgrfg`tk ngcalula` pgrkcalu nasturhask ma` 88% a`al naskf ngcalula` NK. W`ac ng`mapatk hafwa a`al ya`b nasturhask cghkf awac ma` cghkf sgrk`b ala` ngca`iu ngc a`iutla` tla` pgrkcalu pgrkcalu`ya. `ya. Zg`gnu Zg`gnua` a` k`k lgnumka lgnumka` ` mkle`ok mkle`okrna rnask sk ecgf ecgf stumk stumk ya`b mkcalula` ecgf Dastggcs gt ac.8,4,?,2

8.? Fuhu`ba` Zskleseskac Zskleseskac mg`ba` Nasturhask Nasturhask K`oa K`oa`tkc `tkc Tgrupa mg`ba` arga cak` ng`bg`ak pgrlgnha`ba` a`al, pgrkcalu sglsuac iuba

mkpg`b mkp g`baru arufk fk ecgf ecgf oalte oalterr ck`bl ck`blu`b u`ba` a` ma` se seska skacc hakl hakl ecgf ecgf nasya nasyara ralat lat naupu naupu` ` lgcuar lgc uarba. ba. Nast Nasturh urhas askk ma` ma` pgrkc pgrkcalu alu sglsua sglsuacc cak`` cak``ya ya sgrk` sgrk`b b mklakt mklaktla la` ` mg mg`ba `ba` ` lglgrasa lglg rasa` ` sglsuac sglsuac.. Zgrkca Zgrkcalu lu ya`b tgrsglsu tgrsglsuack acksask sask ng`bara ng`baraf f lg lghkasaa lghkasaa` ` ya`b  hgrpusat pama fac-fac f ac-fac sg`suac s g`suac sgpgrtk s gpgrtk NK hgrcghkfa` ma` mk mgpa` puhckd, pgrnak`a` sg`suac mg`ba` he`gla, pgrkcalu ya`b sgmultko, k`sgrsk ehigl lg macan a`us/vabk`a, ma` lgk`bk lgk`bk`a `a` ` u`tul u`tul hgrsg hgrsg`bb `bban anaa mg`ba` mg`ba` era`b era`b cak` cak`.. a`al a`al mg`ba` mg`ba` lglgra lglgrasa` sa` sglsuac ngnkcklk sler ya`b cghkf tk`bbk macan le`trec `ernatkvg mk habka` slaca nasacaf sglsuac pama DHDC. Capera` lasus ma` stumk cak` iuba ngnpgrckfatla`

 

 hafwa a`al mg`ba` lglgrasa` sglsuac ngnpgrckfatla` pgrkcalu sglsuac ya`b tkmal   pa`tas mkha`mk`bla` a`al mg`ba` lglgrasa` lglgra sa` okskl. Tg Tgca cak` k`

lglg lglgra rasa sa` `

sgls sglsua uac, c,

oalt oalter er

ck`b ck`blu lu`b `ba` a`

cak` cak``y `yaa

iuba iuba

mapa mapatt

ngnpg`baruf ngnpg`b arufkk sgera`b sgera`b a`al. a`al. Khu mg`ba` mg`ba` pg`mkmk pg`mkmkla` la` ya`b tk`bbk tk`bbk cghkf cghkf sgrk`b sgrk`b ngcaperla` pgrkcalu sglsuac ya`b mkcalula` a`al``ya, fac k`k nu`blk` mklarg`ala` ngrgla iauf cghkf `yana` u`tul ng`butarala``ya ma` cghkf ehsgrva`t. Mk sksk cak`, nasacaf nasa caf lgcuarb lgcuarbaa ala` ng`unp ng`unpucla ucla` ` lgnanp lgnanpua` ua` era`b era`b tua u`tul u`tul ngnhgrk ngnhgrkla` la` laskf saya`b pama a`al ngrgla sgfk`bba a`al tgrsghut ala` ngdark laskf saya`b mg`ba` usafa`ya sg`mkrk sgpgrtk NK.6 8.2 Fuhu`ba`

a`tara

Nasturhask

K`oa`tkc

mg`ba`

Ba`bbua`

ma`

Zgrlgnha`ba` Zsklkatrk

Tgpgrtk Tgp grtk ya`b tgc tgcaf af mkigcas mkigcasla` la` sghgcun sghgcun`ya, `ya, NK ngrupal ngrupala` a` pgrkcalu pgrkcalu ya`b tgrnasul tgrn asul lgmacan lgmacan tafapa` tafapa` pgrlgnh pgrlgnha`ba a`ba`. `. Ala` Ala` tgt tgtapk, apk, a`al mg`ba` mg`ba` ba`bbua` ba`bbua`  pgrlgnha`ba` ala` tgrtarkl mg`ba` arga bg`ktac`ya cghkf dgpat ikla mkha`mk`bla` mg`ba` mg`b a` a`al lgha`yal lgha`yala`. a`. W`ac W`ac ng`gckt ng`gcktkk tg`ta`b tg`ta`b oalter oalter prgmkspe prgmkspesksk sksk tgriamk` tgriamk`ya ya nasturhask mk ]urlk. A`al mg`ba` pgrkcalu NK ngnkcklk ba`bbua` tkmur ma` pgrkemg ng`yusuk cghkf pg`mgl mkha`mk`bla` le`trec. ]grmapat lgiamka` spgskokl ya`b mapat ngnpg`barufk ngnpg`b arufk a`al u`tul ngcalula ngcalula` ` NK, yaktu lgtkla ngcalula` le`vgrsk ATK lg NZ-ATK NZATK,, lgcafkra lgcafkra` ` saumara` saumara`ya ya ma` tgrpksa tgrpksaf f mark era`btu era`btua`ya a`ya.. Nasturha Nasturhask sk pama lgcenpel lgce npel a`al a`al k`k tanpal` tanpal`ya ya ng`iamk ng`iamk ngla`ks ngla`ksng ng u`tul u`tul ng`dura ng`durafla` fla` gnesk gnesk `gbatko`ya. `gbatko` ya. Capera` lasus cak``ya ng`igcasla` hafwa a`al cghkf sgrk`b nasturhask lgtkla sgma`b macan le`mksk dgnas, naraf, ataupu` hesa`. Ttknucask na`mkrk pama a`al mkmgslrkpskla` mkmgslrkpskla` sgrk`b pama a`al mg`ba` lgdadata` erba`kl, psklesks ma` yatkn  pkatu. Nasacaf lgcuarba ma` sgmklkt`ya laskf saya`b ya`b mkmapat ng`iamkla` oalter u`tul tgriamk`ya NK. NK lama`b ngnkcklk pgra`a` ya`b hakl sgpgrtk mkpalak sghabak ngla`ksng u` u`tu tul l ng`d ng`dur uraf afla la` ` gnes gneskk `g `gba batk tkvg vg.. Apal Apalaf af mg mg`b `ba` a` pg pgr` r`ya yata taa` a` k`k k`k ma mapa patt mksknpucla` NK cghkf sgrk`b mktgnula` pama a`al mg`ba` nasacaf gneske`ac 5 A`al A` al mg`ba mg`ba` ` nasac nasacaf af pgrk pgrkcal calu u ma` ma` gnesk gneske`a e`acc dg`mg dg`mgru` ru`b b u`tul u`tul ngpra ngpralt ltkla kla` ` lghkasaa` sglsuac ya`b cghkf varkatko ngckputk lghkasaa` ya`b hgrcghkfa`. Zg`ucks

 

ng`yara`la` lck`ksk u`tul cghkf ngnpgrfatkla` nasacaf gneske`ac ma` pgrkcalu ya`b tgrsgnhu`yk pama a`al mg`ba` lghkasaa` sglsuac ya`b hgrcghkfa`. Ca`bstren ngnpgcaiark fuhu`ba` pg`tk`b`ya bg`gtkl ma` oalter ck`blu`ba` mg`ba` pgrkcalu nasturhask ya`b prehcgnatkd mka`tara lgnhar prgpuhgrtas mk uska 2; tafu`. Zrgvacg`sk pgrkcalu NK prehcgnatkd cghkf ha`yal mktgnula` pama pasa`ba` lgnhar mg`ba` ne`ezkbet kmg`tkl mkha`mk`bla` mg`ba` lgnhar k`mgltkl mkzkbet. Oalter bg`gtkl iuba ngnpg`barufk NK wacaupu` oalter ck`blu`ba` lgcuarba iuba turut a`mkc. A`al mg`ba` autksn atau rgtarmask ng`tac cghkf sgrk`b u`tul ngcalula` stknucask na`mkrk. Rk`b ng`yatala` hafwa nasturhask pama uska a`al cghkf tgrckfat  pama a`al mg`ba` austng mkha`mk`bla` mg`ba` a`al `ernac. A`al mg`ba` autksn  iuba dg`mgru`b ngpgrckfatla` pgrkcalu sglsuac`ya ya`b tkmal mktgrkna ecgf `erna mklarg`ala` lgtkmalnanpua``ya macan hgrseskacksask, a`al mg`ba` rgtarmask ng`tac ala` ng`iaca`k tafapa` pgrlgnha`ba` psklesglsuac ya`b cghkf canhat lgtknha`b a`al `ernac. NK ya`b ah`ernac hgcun mklatgberkla` sghabak ba`bbua` psklkatrk macan MTN-K_. NK sghakl`ya mkle`mkskla` sghabak pgrlgnha`ba` `ernac. Ala` tgtapk  pgrkcalu NK ya`b mkcalula` mkmgpa` puhckd ma` tgrcacu abrgsko ma` ng`kru lghkasaa` era`b mgwasa naskf iara`b ma` sgrk`b mkartkla` sghabak pgrkcalu ah`ernac. 6

8.6 Zgngrkls Zgngrklsaa` aa` Zg`u`ia` Zg`u`ia`b b

A`an`gsa sgdara fatk-fatk ma` mgtakc sgrta pgrglana` vkmge saat gpksemkl  lgiamka` ng`iamk fac ya`b sa`bat hgrfarba ma` ngnha`tu macan ng`mkab`esks ng`mkab`esks NK. Ba`bbua` bg`kteurk`ark, sgpgrtk vucvevabk`ktks, k`oglsk sacura` lgnkf, k`oglsk urgtra, k`oglsk paraskt, hac-a`ktks, ma` pfknesks mapat ng`k`blatla` lgiamka` ra`bsa`ba` bg`ktac. Fac k`k pg`tk`b u`tul ng`kcak nasacaf tgrsghut sgcana pgngrklsaa` okskl  u`tul ng`g`tula` oalter-oalter ya`b ng`masark ya`b ng`yghahla` sg`tufa` mk magraf

bg`ktac

Zama

paskg`

mg`ba`

lgdurkbaa`

suatu

gpkcgpsk,

gcgdtreg`dgp gcgdtre g`dgpfaceb facebrapfy rapfy atau GGB mapat sa`bat hgrbu`a sgfk`bba hkca mkmapatla`

faskc `ernac nala mkab`esks NK mapat mkpgrtknha`bla`. GGB iuba mapat mkbu`ala`  pama lasus nevgng`t mksermgrs sgpgrtk pama tkds. Tgma`bla` pgngrklsaa` cak``ya

 

sgpgrtk slrk`k`b ngtaheckl, WTB ahmeng`, cunhac pu`bsk, D] sda` lgpaca sgrta  bastresdepy mapat mkpgrtknha`bla`.? 8.; ]atacalsa ]atacalsa`a `a

Apah Ap ahkc kcaa tkmal tkmal am amaa hultk hultk ama`ya ama`ya nasac nasacaf af cak`, cak`, lck`k lck`ksk sk mapat mapat oedus oedus u`tul  u`tul  ng`bgmulask ma` ngnhknhk`b era`btua. K`k mapat ngha`tu ng`buhaf pa`ma`ba` era`b tua mark awac`ya ng`ba`bbap NK sghabak pg`yalkt ng`iamk suatu lghkasaa` ya`b sghg`ar`ya tkmal hgrhafaya. hgrhafaya. Zg`behata` Zg`behata` hkasa`ya ngckhatla` ngckhatla` le`sgck`b ma` ng`mkmkl era`b tua abar ngrgla ng`bgrtk hafwa k`k amacaf pgrkcalu `ernac pama a`al-a a`a l-a`al `al ma ma` ` sgrk` sgrk`bla black ck ngrgl ngrglaa al ala` a` ng`ba ng`bata task sk fac ktu ktu mg`ba` mg`ba` sg`mk sg`mkrk rk`ya. `ya. Tgca`iut`ya, Tgca`iu t`ya, upaya mapat mkcalula` mkcalula` u`tul ngckhatla` a`al macan lgbkata` hgrnak` cak``ya ya`b mapat ng`barafla` pgrfatka` ngrgla mark lgbkata` nasturhask. Khu mkmere mkm ere`b `b u`tul u`tul tgrus tgrus ng`bb ng`bbu`a u`ala la` ` mkstr mkstrals alskk u`tul u`tul ngnk ngnk`kn `knacl acla` a` gp gpkse ksemg, mg, ng`awarla` nak`a` sghgcun ng`bba`tk pepel atau waltu na`mk. Tgtgcaf a`al  dulup dul up hgsar hgsar,, pg pg`mk `mkmkl mkla` a` lgsgfa lgsgfata ta` ` sglsu sglsuac ac ya`b ya`b tgpat tgpat mapat mapat mkhgr mkhgrkla kla` ` u`tul  u`tul  ngnha`tu a`al ngnpgcaiark apa ya`b mapat mktgrkna sgdara seskac ma` humaya. Nu`blk` iuba hgrna`oaat pg`tk`b u`tul ng`baiark era`b tua tg`ta`b  tg`ta`b tgrapk pgrkcalu, ng`bbu`ala` tgl`kl pg`buata` pesktko ma` `gbatko, ng`datat hafwa ikla pgrkcalu nu`duc lgnhack, tgl`kl ya`b sana mapat mkbu`ala` cabk Zama alfkr`ya, pg`ygmka caya`a` farus ngnafank ma` ng`mkmkl lgcuarba ma` paskg` tg`ta`b nasturhask, ng`datat lapa`, mk na`a, ma` habakna`a praltkl k`k mapat mka`bbap tgpat. Apah Ap ahkc kcaa ngnu ngnu`b `blk` lk`la` la`,, a`al a`al sghak sghakl`y l`yaa tgta tgtap p ng`ma ng`mapa patla tla` ` k`oern k`oernask ask ng`bg`ak pgrkfac sgls ya`b pa`tas u`tul a`al sguska`ya. Mg`ba` dara k`k, mkrk`ya ala` hgcaiar ng`bg`ak apa ya`b mktgrkna ecgf nasyaralat ma` apa ya`b tkmal. Racaupu` NK sgrk`b ng`bfkca`b mg`ba` sg`mkrk`ya, oeccew up cghkf ca`it sghakl`ya tgtap mkcalula`.? Macan Mac an sghuaf sghuaf stumk, stumk, ng`u`iu ng`u`iulla` lla` hafwa hafwa mg`ba` mg`ba` hghgrapa hghgrapa k`tgrvg k`tgrvg`sk, `sk, orglug`sk nasturhask ala` hgrlura`b ma` sgcana hghgrapa pgla` tgrus ng`u`iulla`  presgs ya`b hgrartk. Hakl pg`behata` pgrkcalu sg`mkrk ma` ng`bbahu`bla``ya mg mg`b `ba` a` a`tk a`tkps pskl klet etkl kl sgpg sgpgrt rtkk rksp rkspgr grkm kme` e` ng`b ng`bal alkh khat atla la` ` pg pg`u `uru ru`a `a` ` or orgl glug ug`s `skk nasturhask. 1:  Hghgrapa Hghgrapa pg`gcktka` tgcaf ng`gnula` hafwa paskg` mkhgrk rgsgp ehat

 

gpkcg gpk cgpsk psk u`tul u`tul pg`yal pg`yalkt kt ya`b ya`b tkmal tkmal ngrg ngrgla la nkck nkcklk, lk, ya`b ya`b pa pama ma alfkr` alfkr`ya ya mapat mapat ng`yg ng `yghah hahla` la` lenpc lenpckl klask ask mk nasa nasa mgpa`, mgpa`, iamk iamk pg`tk pg`tk`b `b u`tul u`tul ng`bg ng`bg`ac `ackk ma` ng`mkab`esks pgrkcalu nasturhask ya`b `ernac mg`ba` hg`ar. ;

 

HAH KKK LGTKNZWCA@

NK mkle`mkskla` sghabak pgrlgnha`ba` `ernac. Ala` tgtapk pgrkcalu NK ya`b mkcalula` mkcalula ` mkmgpa` puhckd ma` tgrcacu abrgsko mkartkla` sghabak pgrkcalu ah`ernac. Hakl  era`b tua naupu` meltgr farus ng`yamark, ikla tkmal fac ktu mapat ng`yghahla` sacaf ng`mkab`esks ng`mkab `esks sghabak lgia`b, bgrala` atau hafla` ba`bbua` bastrek`tgstk`ac. bastrek`tgstk`ac. Zgra` mark era`btua u`tul mapat ngrglana` vkmge mark lgiamka` lgiamka` gpksemkl k`k sa`bat hgrfarba macan ngnhuatt mkab`esks ya`b hg`ar sgfk`bba lgnu`blk`a` ngnhua lgnu`blk`a` pg`yalkt `gurecebks `gurecebks cak``ya mapat mksk`blkrla`.

18

 

MAO]AX ZWT]ALA

1. Cgu`b AL, Xehse` RC. Dfkcmfeem nasturhatke`. Dck` Zgmkatr (Zfkca) 8:18