Reduced and Derated Thrust
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FLIGHT OPERATIONS ENGINEERING
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Exclusive 30 Day Trial Reduced and Derated Thrust
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Dennis Ting Performance Performance Engineer Engineer – Operations Operations Course Course Boeing Commercial Airplanes September 2009
Topics of Discussion
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• Benefits Benefits of using lower takeoff thrust
Exclusive 30 • Methods Methods and and regulator regul y requirem requirements ents Dayatory Trial Reduced and Derated Thrust
• Effect Effect of thrus thrustt on takeoff takeoff perform performance ance Access Now
• The assum assumed ed tempera temperatur ture e method method No thanks, I don't want my exclusive trial
• The The dera derate te method method • Operational Operational practices practices and and considerations considerations • Practical Practical exercises exercises and and software software tools
Topics of Discussion
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• Benefits Benefits of using lower takeoff thrust
Exclusive 30 • Methods Methods and and regulator regul y requirem requirements ents Dayatory Trial Reduced and Derated Thrust
• Effect Effect of thrus thrustt on takeoff takeoff perform performance ance Access Now
• The assum assumed ed tempera temperatur ture e method method No thanks, I don't want my exclusive trial
• The The dera derate te method method • Operational Operational practices practices and and considerations considerations • Practical Practical exercises exercises and and software software tools
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Exclusive 30 Day Trial Reduced and Derated Thrust
Now Benefits of Using Access Lower Takeoff Thrust No thanks, I don't want my exclusive trial
Internal Temperature and Pressure JT9D Sea Level Static Thrust 43,500 LB Unlock Access to An
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2
2.5
14
3
4
5
Pt (PSIA)
14.7
32.1
22.4
316
302
20.9
Tt (°C)
15°
99°
55°
470° 1075°
Station
455°
Hot section life usage increases exponentially with increasing turbine metal temperature ! Unlock Access to An
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Hot section life usage
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Turbine metal temperature
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Maintenance material cost (MMC) decreases with lower EGT Unlock Access to An
Maintenance material cost (MMC)
E Exclusive 30 L P M A X Day Trial 18% E Reduced and Derated Thrust
7%
Δ MMC ≈
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≈
25%
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Takeoff rating
Industry average thrust reduction prior to regulatory revision which permits 25% maximum takeoff thrust reduction
Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) Takeoff EGT limit Note: Specific cost savings for a particular engine model require a detailed assessment of the operator’s route structure.
Shop maintenance cost decreases with lower takeoff thrust Unlock Access to An
Exclusive 30 Derate Day Trial Full rated
10 $/EFH Shop maintenance cost
Reduced and Derated Thrust
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25% thrust reduction
No thrust reduction
Thrust
Using lower takeoff thrust will result in significant cost savings Unlock Access to An
Exclusive 30 10% thrust reduction Day Trial Reduced and Derated Thrust
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Saving: US$ 100000 per year 20% thrust reduction
Benefits of Using Lower Takeoff Thrust
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• Engine manufacturers can provide specific data on reliability Access Now and cost savings related to using lower takeoff thrust No thanks, I don't want my exclusive trial
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Engine and Thrust Designations
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Engine Nameplate versus Rated Thrust
Exclusive 30 • Engine nameplate indicates Bill of Material Day Trial
• Rated Thrust defines level of maximum thrust Reduced and Derated Thrust • Rated Thrust is programmed using data plug Access Now
Limitations on maximum thrust No thanks, I don't want my exclusive trial • Combustor inlet pressure (CIP) • Turbine inlet temperature (TIT) • Fan rotation speed (RPM)
Design Thrust Limits
Pressure Limited
Max CIP Thrust
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RPM
OAT
Max TIT
T e m p e r a t u r e L i m i t e d
Rated Thrust
Pressure limited
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Exclusive 30 Flat rated Day Trial Thrust
Reduced and Derated Thrust
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Thrust break temperature
OAT
T e m p e r a t u r e l i m i t e d
Rated Thrust Levels
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Takeoff Thrust and Exclusive Go-Around Thrust 30
• The highest thrust level for an engine; Dayprogrammed Trial it is regulatory certified and limited to 5 minutes Reduced and Derated Thrust (10-minute option available for engine-out takeoff) Access Now
Other Rated Thrust Levels:
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• Maximum Continuous Thrust (MCT); certified • Maximum Climb Thrust (MCLT); not certified • Maximum Cruise Thrust (MCRT); not certified
Methods for Takeoff Thrust Reduction
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Exclusive • Based on a certified takeoff 30 rating and ambient condition, the thrust Day reduction achieved by selecting Trial the rated thrust for Reduced a temperature that is higher than and Derated Thrust the outside air temperature.
Derated Thrust (Derate)
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• For a given ambient condition, the thrust reduction achieved by selecting another certified takeoff rating that is lower than the maximum takeoff rating. These two methods can be combined per regulation
Assumed Temperature
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Maximum thrust
Exclusive 30 Day Trial Reduced and Derated Thrust
Thrust
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Thrust required
OAT
Actual temperature
Assumed temperature
Derate (Multiple Takeoff Ratings)
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Full rated Maximum thrust
Exclusive 30 Day Trial
Derate Reduced and Derated Thrust Thrust set
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Thrust required
Thrust
OAT
Actual temperature
Types of Takeoff Derate
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Fixed Derate
Exclusive 30 • A derate that is pre-defined by the engine manufacturer; Day Trial the level of derate cannot be changed by the operator. Reduced and Derated Thrust
• 737, 757 and 767 Variable Derate (VTR)
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• A derate that can be selected from a range of ratings; the level of derate can be changed by the operator. • 747-400, 777, 717, MD-90 and MD-11
Takeoff Thrust Bump vs. Bump Rating
Design limit
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Pressure bump
Exclusive 30 Bump rating Day Trial Reduced and Derated Thrust
Full rated Thrust
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OAT
Temperature bump
Derated Climb Thrust
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Exclusive 30 “Washout” altitude Day Trial Reduced and Derated Thrust
Altitude
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10000 ft
CLB 1 Climb Derate
CLB 2
Regulatory Requirements
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Regulatory guidance Exclusive
30 • FAA Advisory Circular Day (AC) Trial25-13
• JAR Advisory Material JointThrust (AMJ) 25-13 Reduced and Derated Access Now approval Compliance and operational thanks, I don't want my exclusive • AFM providesNocertification and trial authorization
• Each operator establishes operating procedures • Local regulatory authority grants final approval
AC 25-13 and AMJ 25-13
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Regulatory Definitions
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“c. “c. Reduced Reduced takeoff takeoff thrust, thrust, for for an an airplane, airplane, is is aa takeoff takeoff thrust thrust less less than than the the takeoff takeoff (or (or derated derated takeoff) takeoff) thrust. thrust. The The airplane airplane takeoff takeoff performance performance and and thrust thrust setting setting are are established established by by approved approved simple simple methods, methods, such such as as adjustments, adjustments, or or by by corrections corrections to to the the takeoff takeoff or or derated derated takeoff takeoff thrust thrust setting setting and and performance. performance. When When operating operating with with aa reduced parameter which reduced takeoff takeoff thrust, thrust, the the thrust thrust setting setting which establishes establishes thrust thrust for for takeoff takeoff Reducedparameter and Derated Thrust is is not not considered considered aa takeoff takeoff operating operating limit.” limit.”
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“b. “b. Derated Derated takeoff takeoff thrust, thrust, for for an an airplane, airplane, is is aa takeoff takeoff thrust thrust level level less less than than the the maximum maximum takeoff takeoff thrust, thrust, for for which which exists exists in in the the AFM AFM aa set set of of separate separate and and independent, independent, or or clearly clearly distinguishable, distinguishable, takeoff takeoff limitations limitations and and performance performance data data that that complies complies with with all all the the takeoff takeoff requirements requirements of of Part Part 25. 25. When When operating operating with with aa derated derated takeoff takeoff thrust, thrust, the the value value of of the the thrust thrust setting setting parameter parameter which which establishes establishes thrust thrust for for takeoff takeoff is is presented presented in in the the AFM AFM and and is is considered considered aa normal normal takeoff takeoff operating operating limit.” limit.”
AFM-DPI Basic Performance
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AFM-DPI Alternate Performance – Fixed Derate
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AFM-DPI – Variable Derate (VTR)
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AFM Appendix – Fixed Derate
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AFM Appendix – Variable Derate (VTR)
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AFM Appendix – No Derate
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Effect of Thrust on Takeoff Performance
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Level of takeoff thrust affects:
Exclusive 30 • Takeoff and stopping distances Day Trial • Climb capability Reduced and Derated Thrust • Obstacle clearance Access Now
Lower takeoff thrust will: No thanks, I don't want my exclusive trial • Increase takeoff and stopping distances • Reduce climb gradient • Reduce obstacle clearance margin
Minimum Takeoff Speeds Requirements
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Exclusive 30 Day Trial VEF V1
V2
Thrust VRReduced and Derated VLO
35 ft
Access Now want my≥exclusive trial V1(MCG) V2No≥thanks, 1.13I don't VS 1G 1.05 V MU(EO) ≤ VR ≥ 1.05 VMCA ≥ 1.10 VMU(AE)
≥
1.13 VS 1G ≥ 1.10 VMCA ≥
Takeoff and Stopping Distances Requirements
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V2
• Engine Inoperative Accelerate-Go distance
Brake release
VEF All engine acceleration
Exclusive 30 V V V Day Trial One engine inop 1
R
One engine inop
35 ft
LO
Reduced and Derated Thrust acceleration
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• Accelerate-Stop distance
Balance takeoff field length Accel-Go = Accel-Stop
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Brake release
Brakes Throttles Spoilers set applied set to idle VEVENT V1 VB
. All engine acceleration
Transition to stopping
Maximum manual braking
Full stop
Effect of Thrust on Speeds and Distances Max thrust V1 = 135
VR = 140
V2 Access = 155 to An Unlock
Exclusive 30 Proper takeoff speeds for aTrial balanced field length Day Reduced and Derated Thrust
Reduced thrust
V2 = 155 V1 = 135
VR =Access 140 Now No thanks, I don't want my exclusive trial
Speeds same as those for max thrust would result in an unbalanced field length Reduced thrust V1 = 140
VR = 145
V2 = 150
Increasing V1 and VR will re-balance field length
Effect of Thrust on Flight Path
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Exclusive 30 Day Trial t u s r h x t a M
Reduced and Derated Thrust
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Climb gradient is reduced with reduced thrust which, along with longer takeoff distance, also reduces obstacle clearance margin
VMCG (and V1MCG) varies with thrust rating
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VMCG for derated thrust is lower than that for full rated thrust
Stab trim setting varies with thrust rating
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Derated thrust requires more Nose-up trim than full rated thrust
Effect of Thrust on Speeds and Controllability
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Exclusive 30 • Reduced / derated thrust Dayrequires Trial increased speeds (V1 and VR) to maintain a balance field length Reduced and Derated Thrust
• Derated thrust lowers Access minimum control speed on Now the ground (VMCG) and minimum V1 (V1MCG) No thanks, I don't want my exclusive trial
• Derated thrust requires more Nose-up stabilizer trim
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Certificate Limitations (Basic AFM)
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40% Limit Option (777-300ER/200LR/200F)
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Certificate Limitations (AFM Appendix)
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FAR / JAR Takeoff Performance Requirements sto An Unlock Access ) r o s l G t u a ( a c
t 30 Exclusive N e 2 1 Day Trial
35 ft
35 ft and Derated Thrust Reduced
.
Obstacle Access Now
1
Field length No thanks, I don't want my exclusive trial • One engine inoperative takeoff distance • Accelerate-stop distance • 115% all-engine takeoff distance
2
Climb gradient • 1st segment – positive (2-engine airplanes) • 2nd segment – 2.4% (2-engine airplanes) • Final segment – 1.2% (2-engine airplanes)
3
Obstacle clearance • Net flight path must clear obstacle by 35 ft • Net is gross reduced by 0.8% (2-engine airplanes)
3
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Assumed Temperature Concept Concep t Unlock Access to An
Max thrust
Thrust Exclusive
30 Day Trial
Minimum assumed tem
Reduced and Derated Thrust MTOW
Max TOW
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Reduced thrust
Actual TOW 25% reduction
Maxim assumed tem
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FCOM Takeoff Speeds
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Exclusive 30 TOW = 70000 kg Day Trial
Flaps 5
Pressure Altitude Sea Level
Reduced and Derated Thrust
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V1
VR
V2
141 142 144 145
143 144 146 147
152 151 150 149
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30 40 50 60
C C C C
Determining Proper Takeoff Speeds
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Balanced Plus (or Standard) takeoff speeds:
Exclusive 30 • V1, VR, and V2 should be obtained from the FMC Trial takeoff weight and or FCOM based onDay the actual Reduced temperature and Derated Thrust the selected assumed
• V1MCG must be based onNow the actual OAT Access No thanks, I don't want my exclusive trial Optimized V1 or Improved Climb:
• Speeds must be obtained either from a takeoff analysis chart for the specific runway, or … • Real-time performance calculations tool (OPT)
Factors Affecting Max Assumed Temp
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Maximum allowable assumed temperature depends on the following factors: Exclusive 30 • Actual takeoff weight Day
Trial
and Derated Thrust • Runway (length, Reduced slope, wind, and obstacles)
• Airport elevation andAccess pressure (QNH) Now • Runway surface condition (dry or wet) No thanks, I don't want my exclusive trial
• Flaps setting • Thrust rating • Engine bleed configuration • Performance option (Improved Climb, V1 policy …)
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Wet Runway Performance Requirements V2 (at 35 ft)
• Engine Inoperative Accelerate-Go distance
Brake release
VEF
V1
VR
One engine inop
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VLO
Exclusive 30 Day Trial
15 ft
All engine One engine inop acceleration acceleration • Accelerate-Stop distance
Reduced and Derated Thrust
Balance takeoff field length Accel-Go = Accel-Stop
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Brake release
Brakes Throttles Spoilers set applied set No thanks, I don't want my exclusive trial to idle VEVENT V1 VB
. All engine acceleration
Transition Maximum manual braking (wet) stopping operative thrust reverser
Full stop
Two types of wet runway surface: 1. Normal – smooth hard surface; well soaked without significant areas of standing water. 2. Skid Resistant (SK-R) – conform to AC 150/5320-12C or equivalent. Typically grooved and porous friction course runways might qualify as a skid resistant runway.
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Assumed Temp with Improved Climb
737-800 737-800 CFM56-7B26 CFM56-7B26 FLAPS FLAPS 5 5 TEMP TEMP (C) (C) 50 50 48 48 46 46 44 44 42 42 40 40 38 38 36 36 34 34 32 32 30 30
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TAKEOFF TAKEOFF PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE STANDARD STANDARD CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION NO WIND, STANDARD NO WIND, STANDARD QNH QNH
NORMAL NORMAL MTOW V1 MTOW V1 VR VR 67600 67600 68800 68800 70000 70000 71200 71200 72500 72500 73700 73700 75000 75000 76300 76300 77600 77600 78900 78900 80100 80100
143 143 144 144 145 145 146 146 147 147 148 148 149 149 150 150 151 151 152 152 153 153
143 143 144 144 145 145 146 146 148 148 149 149 150 150 151 151 152 152 153 153 154 154
KSEA KSEA RWY RWY 34R 34R SEA-TAC SEA-TAC INTL INTL RWY COND RWY COND
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LENGTH LENGTH 11900 11900 FT FT ELEV 430 ELEV 430 FT FT DRY DRY
IMPROVED IMPROVED CLIMB CLIMB V2 MTOW V1 V2 MTOW V1 VR VR V2 V2 Reduced and Derated Thrust 148 71600 148 71600 165 165 168 168 172 172 149 72800 165 Access Now 149 72800 165 169 169 172 172 150 74100 150 74100 166 166 169 169 173 173 151 75200 165 168 151 75200 165 168 172 No thanks, I don't want my exclusive trial172 153 76200 153 76200 164 164 167 167 171 171 154 77300 154 77300 163 163 166 166 171 171 155 78400 163 166 170 155 78400 163 166 170 156 79400 156 79400 162 162 165 165 169 169 157 80300 157 80300 161 161 164 164 169 169 159 81300 160 163 168 159 81300 160 163 168 160 82200 160 82200 160 160 163 163 168 168
OAT 30 C TOW = 75000 kg
Thrust, EPR, and %N1 Relationship
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Thrust Exclusive EPR
30 Day Trial
Reduced and Derated Thrust
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%N1
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OAT
Assumed Temp Reduced %N1 737-800 737-800 CFM56-7B26 CFM56-7B26 FLAPS FLAPS 5 5 MAXIMUM MAXIMUM %N1 %N1 97.2 97.2 97.4 97.4 97.7 97.7 98.0 98.0 98.3 98.3 98.6 98.6 98.9 98.9 99.3 99.3 99.6 99.6 99.9 99.9 100.3 100.3 99.5 99.5 98.8 98.8 98.0 98.0 97.2 97.2
TAKEOFF TAKEOFF PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE Unlock Access to An STANDARD STANDARD CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION NO NO WIND, WIND, STANDARD STANDARD QNH QNH TEMP TEMP (C) (C) 50 50 48 48 46 46 44 44 42 42 40 40 38 38 36 36 34 34 32 32 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10
KBFI KBFI BOEING BOEING FIELD FIELD RWY RWY COND COND
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ELEV ELEV 17 17 FT FT DRY DRY
MAX MAX ALLOWABLE ALLOWABLE TAKEOFF TAKEOFF WEIGHT WEIGHT (KG) (KG) / / V-SPEEDS V-SPEEDS RUNWAY RUNWAY RUNWAY 13R 13R RUNWAY 31L 31L
and Derated 66900 141 147 66900Reduced 141 142 142 147 Thrust 68400 68400 68100 142 143 148 69700 68100 142 143 148 69700 69200 71000 69200 143 143 144 144 150 150 71000 Access Now 70400 72200 70400 144 144 145 145 151 151 72200 71500 145 146 152 73500 71500 145 146 152 73500 No thanks, I don't want my exclusive trial 72700 74700 72700 146 146 147 147 153 153 74700 73800 76000 73800 147 147 148 148 154 154 76000 75000 77300 75000 147 147 149 149 155 155 77300 76200 78600 76200 148 148 150 150 156 156 78600 77400 80000 77400 149 149 152 152 158 158 80000 78500 81300 78500 150 150 153 153 159 159 81300 78900 81500 78900 150 150 153 153 159 159 81500 79200 81700 79200 150 150 153 153 159 159 81700 79500 81800 79500 151 151 153 153 160 160 81800 79800 82000 79800 151 151 154 154 160 160 82000
143 143 144 144 145 145 146 146 147 147 148 148 149 149 150 150 151 151 152 152 152 152 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153
144 144 145 145 146 146 147 147 148 148 150 150 151 151 152 152 153 153 154 154 155 155 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 156
149 149 150 150 151 151 152 152 154 154 155 155 156 156 157 157 158 158 160 160 161 161 161 161 161 161 161 161 162 162
OAT 10 C TOW = 72000 kg
FCOM Reduced %N1 Calculation OAT 10 10 C, C, altitude altitude sea level level Unlock Access to An assumed temperature: 40 assumed 40 C
Exclusive 30 Day Trial Max Max assumed temp temp Reduced and Derated Thrust
66 66 C
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Max %N1 for 40 C C
98.6 98.6
Min assumed assumed temp temp
30 30 C
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%N1 reduction reduction
4.4 4.4
Reduced Reduced %N1 %N1
94.2 94.2
Assumed Temp Reduced EPR
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Assumed Temperature is Inherently Conservative! OAT 15 C Assumed 40 C °
Actual Unlock Access to An
40 C
147 / 147
VR (IAS / TAS)
Exclusive1.376 30 147 / 153 Day Trial 155 / 162
V2 (IAS / TAS)
162 / 169
162 / 162
EPR V1 (IAS / TAS)
Reduced and Derated Thrust
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Thrust at V1 (LB)
1.376 155 / 155
30960
31210
30610
30880
Thrust at V2 (LB)
30300
30570
Engine-Out Takeoff Distance (ft)
9800
9050
All-Engine Takeoff Distance (ft)
8800
8100
Accelerate – Stop Distance (ft)
9800
9050
Thrust at VR (LB)
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Extra field length margin due to the true airspeed effect!
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Certificate Limitations In AFM
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Determining Allowable Takeoff Derate
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Full rated Max TOW
Exclusive 30 Derate 1 Day Trial Derate 2
Reduced and Derated Thrust
Actual TOW
MTOW
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OAT
Actual temperature
Maximum allowable takeoff derate
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Derate Combined with Assumed Temperature Full rated Unlock Access to An Max thrust
Exclusive 30 Day Trial
Derate 1
DerateReduced 2 and Derated Thrust Thrust required
Thrust
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OAT
Actual temp
Assumed temp
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Derate can increase max takeoff weight !
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Exclusive 30 Day Trial r a t e e Reduced and Derated Thrust D
Runway length
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d e t a r l l u F
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V1MCG Higher Weight
Field length limit weight
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Derate can expand aft CG limit (737NG)
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737NG FMC N1 LIMIT Page
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SEL / OAT — — — — /
1/1
Exclusive 30 98.8/ 98.8 Day Trial 26K
N1
+ 20°C
26K
24K DERATE
22K DERATE
27K BUMP
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