redes

2010

“RED DE AREA LOCAL”

Josue bautista calzada Cetis 09/04/2010

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INTRODUCCION Hoy en día como todo mexicano sabe, el futuro de nuestra Nación depende de la educación que se le pueda ofrecer a todo habitante de este suelo. La tecnología actual, nos da diferentes tipos de soluciones eficaces y a nuestro alcance para satisfacer necesidades básicas. En esta página presentare una de esas soluciones... Redes!!! Ustedes se preguntarán que soluciones nos brindan las redes y seguramente se sorprenderán de lo útil que pueden llegar a ser. Hoy en día hablar de Internet (la red de redes) y el uso de redes en hogares, oficinas, comercios y organismos (bancos, cybers), permite afirmar que el uso de las mismas se ha popularizado y gracias a los avances de hardware, software y la formación de estándares internacionales; utilizar una red se ha convertido en algo cotidiano. Las redes, propiamente dichas, nos permiten estar conectados con el mundo, donde podremos informarnos informarnos y actualizarnos de todos todos los temas sobre sobre las cuales deseamos conocer. Sin embargo, como se pueden implementar, configurar, mantener y utilizar sigue siendo una tarea que no muchos se atreven a realizar. Por tal motivo los invito a visitar este libro donde encontrará las bases acerca de este tema intensivo.

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INDICE

RED DE AREA LOCAL 1.-RED 1.1 Funciones 1.2 Ventajas 1. 3 Desventajas 1.4 componentes 1.4.1 servidor 1.4.1.1 características 1.4.1.2 funciones 1.4.1.3 tipos 1.4.1.4 otros 1.4.2clientes 1.4.3 estaciones de trabajo 1.4.4 tarjetas o placas de interfaz de red 1.4.5 sistema de conectividad 1.4.6 recursos compartidos 1.4.7 otros

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2.2 Dependiendo su tamaño tamaño 2.3 Por su medio de conexión 2.4 Por su relación funcional 2.5 Por su topología 2.6 Por su direccionalidad

3. PROTOCOLOS DE RED 3.1 Que es lo que hacen los protocolos protocolos de red? 3.1 Manejo de información. 3.3 Algunos de estos protocolos son: 3.3.1 NetBEUI 3.3.2 IPX/SPX 3.3.3 TCP/IP 3.3.4 Ethernet 3.3.5 Token Ring 3.3.6 Protocolo de transferencia de hipertexto

4. APRENDIENDO A INSTALAR UNA RED 4.1 Requisitos

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Es un conjunto de computadoras conectadas conectadas entre sí por medios medios físicos (a través de cables u otro medio de comunicación como por ejemplo vía microondas), permitiendo así el intercambio de datos (archivos e información) y compartir recursos (impresoras, lectoras de discos compactos, escáner, etc.) del sistema. Cabe aclarar que no es necesario que todas las computadoras estén funcionando para que exista una red, pero es recomendable que lo estén para sacar su máximo provecho. Las redes fueron creadas con la idea principal pr incipal de compartir información entre lugares físicamente separados de una manera sencilla. Esto llevo a que se fueron agregando con el tiempo características que permitían la colaboración entre computadoras (o estaciones de trabajo) de arquitectura muy Heterogénea (PCs IBM compatible, Apple Macintosh y terminales UNIX). Hoy en día esa idea original a permanecido y ha sido potenciada por las nuevas n uevas tecnologías. FUNCIONES

Compartir recursos. -transferencia de datos. .-transferencia de archivos sin utilizar dispositivos d ispositivos de almacenamiento. .-administración del sistema. VENTAJAS

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Mejoras en la organización de una empresa. Interconectividad. DESVENTAJAS

Corto periodo de vida del periférico o dispositivo compartido. Acceso ilegal y colisiones debido ala transmisión simultanea. Ingreso de software malignos ala PC’. Pérdida y robo de información. Bloqueo de sistema y/o periféricos. COMPONENTES

SERVIDOR: es una maquina o puede ser también una computadora que provee servicios a otras computadoras. Características (servidores): -interopebilidad

-Transferencia de datos -Grandes capacidades de almacenamiento Funciones: -puede dar acceso a otras redes.

Servicios a clientes de la red. Envía faxes o correos electrónicos, Actúa como servidor de seguridad. de

Actúa como servidor multimedia, de gestión de red y como directorio o de acceso.

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Servidor de impresión: controla una o más impresoras. Servidor de correos: Almacena, envía, recibe, en ruta y realiza otras funciones Necesarias para la transmisión, y la recepción. Servidor de fax: almacena, envía, recibe, enruta y realiza otras funciones necesarias para la transmisión, recepción y distribución. Otros: Servidor de proxy

Servidor de base de datos Servidor de web Servidor de telefonía. CLIENTE: Este es el que utiliza el servicio prestado por el servidor, esto

puede ilustrarse por ejemplo al compartir un recurso como una impresora: en donde la maquina conectada a la impresora será el servidor y el que manda a imprimir es el cliente. ESTACIONES DE TRABAJO: Pueden ser computadoras personales

como le dos, Macintosh, Unix, Os/2 o estaciones de trabajo sin disco. TARJETAS O PLACAS DE INTERFAZ DE RED R ED: Toda

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Otros componentes: Conmutador de red.

Amplificadores o bridges. Modem (si es necesario). Conectores Sistema operativo de red Controladores

CLASIFICACION DE REDES (ALAMBRICOS O INALAMBRICAS): DE ACUERDO A SU DISTRIBUCION LOGICA:

Redes cliente / servidor. Los de cada puesto están bien definidos: uno o más ordenadores actúan como servidores y el resto como clientes. Los servidores suelen coincidir con las máquinas más potentes de la red. No se utilizan como puestos de trabajo. En ocasiones, ni siquiera tienen monitor puesto que se administran de forma remota: toda su potencia está dada a ofrecer algún servicio a los ordenadores de la red. Internet es una red basada en la arquitectura cliente / servidor.

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Dicha clasificación determinará los medios físicos y protocolos requeridos para su operación, por ello se han definido tres tipos: Redes de Área Amplia o WAN (Wide Area Network): Esta cubre áreas de trabajo dispersas en un país o varios países o continentes. Para lograr esto se necesitan distintos tipos de medios: satélites, cables interoceánicos, radio, etc... Así como la infraestructura telefónica de larga distancias existen en ciudades y países, tanto de carácter público como privado. Redes de Área Metropolitana o MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Tiene cubrimiento en ciudades enteras o partes de las mismas. Su uso se encuentra concentrado en entidades de servicios públicos como bancos. Redes de Area Local o LAN (Local Area Network): Permiten la interconexión desde unas pocas hasta miles de computadoras en la misma área de trabajo como por ejemplo un edificio. Son las redes más pequeñas que abarcan de unos pocos metros a unos pocos kilómetros. Existen otros tipos de redes como: PAN, SPL, CAM, SAN, ETC.

POR METODO DE CONEXIÓN

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blindaje, que sirve como referencia de tierra y retorno de las corrientes. Entre ambos se encuentra una capa aislante llamada dieléctrico, dieléctrico, de cuyas características dependerá principalmente principalmente la calidad del cable. Todo el conjunto suele estar protegido por una cubierta aislante. El conductor central puede estar constituido por un alambre sólido o por varios hilos retorcidos de cobre; mientras que el exterior puede ser una malla trenzada, una lámina enrollada o un tubo corrugado de cobre o aluminio. En este último caso resultará un cable semirrígido.

CABLE DE PAR TRENZADO: El cable de par trenzado es una forma de conexión en la que dos aisladores son entrelazados para tener menores interferencias y aumentar la potencia y la diafonía de los cables adyacentes. El cable de par trenzado debe emplear conectores RJ45 para unirse a los distintos elementos de hardware que componen la red. Actualmente de los ocho cables sólo cuatro se emplean para la transmisión de los datos. Éstos se conectan a los pines del conector RJ45 de la siguiente forma: 1, 2 (para

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FIBRA OPTICA: OPTICA: un hilo muy fino de material transparente, vidrio o materiales plásticos, por el que se envían pulsos de luz que representan r epresentan los datos a transmitir. El haz de luz queda completamente confinado y se propaga por el núcleo de la fibra con un ángulo de reflexión por encima del ángulo límite de reflexión total, en función de la ley de Snell. La fuente de luz puede ser láser o un LED. Las fibras se utilizan ampliamente en telecomunicaciones, ya que permiten enviar gran cantidad de datos a una gran distancia, con velocidades similares a las de radio y/o cable. Son el medio de transmisión por excelencia al ser inmune a las interferencias electromagnéticas, electromagnéticas, también se utilizan para redes locales, en donde se necesite aprovechar las ventajas de la fibra óptica sobre otros medios de transmisión.

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MEDIOS NO GUIADOS

RADIO: la Red por radio es aquella que emplea la radiofrecuencia como RADIO: medio de unión de las diversas estaciones de la red. Es un tipo de red muy actual, usada en distintas empresas dedicadas al soporte de redes en situaciones difíciles para el establecimiento de cableado, como es el caso de edificios antiguos no pensados para la ubicación de los diversos equipos componentes de una Red de ordenadores. Los dispositivos inalámbricos que permiten la constitución de estas redes utilizan diversos protocolos como el Wi-Fi: El estándar IEEE 802.11. El cual es para las redes inalámbricas, lo que Ethernet para las redes de área local (LAN) cableadas. Además del protocolo 802.11 del IEEE existen otros estándares como el HomeRF, Bluetooth y ZigBee. INFLARROJOS: Las redes por infrarrojos permiten la comunicación entre dos INFLARROJOS: nodos, usando una serie de leds infrarrojos para ello. Se trata de

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MICROONDAS: Una red por microondas es un tipo de red inalámbrica que MICROONDAS: utiliza microondas como medio de transmisión. El protocolo más frecuente es el IEEE 802.11b y transmite a 2.4 GHz, alcanzando velocidades de 11 Mbps (Megabits por segundo). Otras redes utilizan el rango de 5,4 a 5,7 GHz para el protocolo IEEE 802.11a

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necesariamente un sólo programa. Los tipos específicos de servidores incluyen los servidores web, los servidores de archivo, los servidores del correo, etc. Mientras que sus propósitos varían de unos servicios a otros, la arquitectura básica seguirá siendo la misma

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POR TOPOLOGIA:

Cuando se ha determinado realizar una red, lo que se debe tener en cuenta es la estructura que va a hacer utilizada, o sea la distribución física de los equipos conectados. Para ello se utilizan las siguientes topologías: BUS, ESTRELLA Y ANILLO. Red Anillo. En ésta, las computadoras se conectan en un circuito cerrado formando un anillo por donde circula la información en una sola dirección, con esta característica permite tener un control de recepción de mensajes, pero si el anillo se corta los mensajes se pierden.

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Red Estrella. Aquí una computadora hace la función de Servidor y se ubica en el centro de la configuración y todas las otras computadoras o estaciones de trabajo se conectan a él.

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Topología en malla

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Convertir los nombres de las computadoras en direcciones usadas por el software y hardware de la red y viceversa. Publicitar los servicios ofrecidos por esta computadora y solicitar cuales son los servicios ofrecidos por las otras computadoras. Recibir la identificación del usuario y la información de autenticación, y el control de acceso a los servicios. Codificar y decodificar la información transmitida para mantener la seguridad a través de una red poco segura.

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Es el protocolo de Microsoft para las redes simples de Windows. Estos protocolos conocidos como SMB (Bloques de mensaje de Servidor) y soportados por el Software de Samba bajo Linux así como por el Software nativo de Windows, pueden correr sobre NETBEUI Novell y protocolos de Internet.

IPX/SPX De la misma forma que NETBEUI es un protocolo que Microsoft inventó para responder a las necesidades que percibía para Windows, IPX (Intercambio de

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La Ethernet se tomó como base para la redacción del estándar internacional IEEE 802.3. Usualmente se toman Ethernet e IEEE 802.3 como sinónimos. Ambas se diferencian en uno de los campos de la trama de datos. Las tramas Ethernet e IEEE 802.3 pueden coexistir en la misma red.

Token Ring

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Características principales •

Utiliza una topología lógica en anillo, aunque por medio de una unidad de acceso de estación múltiple (MSAU ( MSAU), ), la red puede verse como si

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necesita frecuentemente mantener estado. Para esto se usan las cookies, que es información que un servidor puede almacenar en el sistema cliente. Esto le permite a las aplicaciones web instituir la noción de "sesión", y también permite rastrear usuarios ya que las cookies pueden guardarse en el

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Windows, en Configuración - Panel de Control - Sistema - Administrador de dispositivo, y expandir el ítem de tarjeta de red. Tome nota del sistema que corre cada computadora.

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UTP Categoría 3: Empleado para redes de computadoras de velocidad de hasta 10MB por segundo. Esta formado por 4 pares de cable trenzado con 3 retorcimientos por pie.

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