Redes de Transporte

 

 

MC@INIVS_MFIÖN B INZBVSIGMFIÖN CB HQB_MFIHNBV SB@M; Q_HG_M@MFIÖN DINBMD _BCBV CB S_MNVQH_B

FR_VH;

MÝH ?1=9 INS_HCRFFIÖN Fumnch unm b`prbsm inifim su mftivicmc prhcuftivm cbob pdmntbmrsb fö`h em cb ddbvmr sus prhcufths cbscb sus fbntrhs cb prhcuffiön emstm bd fhnsu`ichr jinmd. Dm cistrioufiön cb dhs prhcufths qub fh`brfimdizm dm b`prbsm, msà fh`h htrms vmrimodbs emrín qub dm dhgàstifm sbm `ís h `bnhs fh`pdbkm y phr dh tmnth dhs fhstbs bn dhs qub infurrirí dm hrgmnizmfiön sbmn `myhrbs h `bnhrbs. Eistörifm`bntb bd prhodb`m cb trmnsphrtb cmtm cb =93=, fumnch J. D. Eitfefhhl prbsbntö un bstucih titudmch —Seb cistrioutihn hj m prhcuft jrh` sbvbrmd shurfb th nu`brhus dhfmditibs‐, qub sb fhnsicbrm bd pri`br trmomkh rbmdizmch qub mohrcm bd prhodb`m cb

trmnsphrtb. Srmcifihnmd`bntb, bd bstucih shorb dm cistrioufiön jàsifm cb `brfmnfàms em sich trmtmch `bcimntb téfnifms cb Qrhgrm`mfiön ciní`ifm y cb Invbstigmfiön hpbrmtivm. Dms bstrufturms bspbfimdbs cb dm prhgrm`mfiön dinbmd, bstín hribntmcms m rbshdvbr prhodb`ms cb dhgàstifm, bs cbfir, trmnsphrtmr `brfmnfàms cbscb un hrigbn h vmrihs hràgbnbs qub cisphnbn cb hjbrtms cb oibnbs h sbrvifihs, emfim un cbstinh h vmrihs cbstinhs qub tibnbn cb`mncms cb bsths oibnbs h sbrvifihs, fuyh hokbtivh bs `ini`izmr bd fhstb thtmd cbd trmnsphrtb cb dhs oibnbs h sbrvifihs.

 

 Vbgûn EIDDIB_ & DIBOB_@MN (?1=1), bd punth cb pmrticm sbràm fö`h emfbr jrbntb m dm cistrioufiön cb fumdquibr `brfmnfàm cbscb fumdquibr gruph cb fbntrhs cb

— 

su`inistrh, ddm`mchs hràgbnbs, m fumdquibr gruph cb fbntrhs cb rbfbpfiön, ddm`mchs cbstinhs, cb tmd `mnbrm qub sb `ini`ifbn `i ni`ifbn dhs fhsths thtmdbs cb cistrioufiön.   ‐

Dm gdhomdizmfiön cb dhs `brfmchs ` brfmchs em pbr`itich qub dms b`prbsms `mnujmfturbrms pubcmn b`pdbmr dhs insu`hs cb rbgihnbs h pmàsbs chncb ésths tibnbn `ís phcbr bfhnö`ifh< cb tmd jhr`m qub fumnch bd prhcufth bstí tbr`inmch, nhs cm`hs fubntm qub em rbqubrich cb  pmrtbs ebfems bn pmàsbs msiítifhs, qub dm `mnh cb horm pmrm bd bnsm`odmch bs dmtinhm`brifmnm y dm puodificmc sb eizh bn Bstmchs Rnichs. Bstm situmfiön pdmntbm cbsmjàhs fmcm vbz `myhrbs. Qhr un dmch rbquibrb cb sistb`ms cb fh`unifmfiön y cb `mnbkh cb grmncbs vhdû`bnbs cb injhr`mfiön ígidbs y rípichs< phr htrh, nbfbsitm fhntmr fhn bsqub`ms cb dhgàstifm qub momtmn dhs fhsths cb bnvàh, msà fh`h `bcihs cb trmnsphrtb fmcm vbz `ís bfhnö`ifhs, sbgurhs y puntumdbs. Bd `hcbdh cb trmnsphrtb cb dm Q. D. tibnb qub vbr fhn situmfihnbs fh`h dms mntbs cbsfritms. Bd hokbtivh bs bnfhntrmr bd fhsth `àni`h cb bnvàh cb unm fmnticmc cbtbr`inmcm cb  prhcufths cbscb fibrths punths gbhgríjifhs ddm`mchs hràgbnbs, emstm dhs punths cb cistrioufiön ddm`mchs cbstinhs. Mdgunms cb dms trbs téfnifms `ís fhnhficms shn;  

Bsquinm nhrhbstb

 

Zhgbd

 

@hci







=.  ¸]ué shn _bcbs cb trmnsphrtb8 Bd @hcbdh cb trmnsphrtb t rmnsphrtb bs unm fdmsb bspbfimd cb prhodb`m cb Qrhgrm`mfiön Dinbmd. Qmrrm (?1=3) mjir`m; Srmtm dm situmfiön bn dm fumd sb bnvàm un oibn cb dhs punths cb hrigbn (jíorifms), m dhs punths cb cbstinh (md`mfbnbs, ohcbgms, cbpösiths). Bd hokbtivh bs cbtbr`inmr dms fmnticmcbs m bnvimr cbscb fmcm punth cb hrigbn emstm fmcm punth cb cbstinh, qub `ini`ifbn bd fhsth thtmd cb bnvàh, md `is`h tib`ph qub smtisjmgmn tmnth dhs dà`itbs cb dm hjbrtm fh`h dhs rbqubri`ibnths cb dm cb`mncm. Vi hosbrvm`hs fumdquibr tiph cb incustrim, b`prbsm h nbghfih, phcb`hs ddbgmr m dm fhnfdusiön cb qub bn fumdquibr mftivicmc cb dms `bnfihnmcms sb bnfubntrm prbsbntb bd

 

trmnsphrtb cb oibnbs h prhcufths cbscb dhs fbntrhs cb prhcuffiön cbnh`inmchs hràgbnbs m dhs fbntrhs cb fhnsu`h ddm`mchs dd m`mchs cbstinhs; phr dh qub bd ddbvmr dd bvmr m fmoh bstm mftivicmc cb `mnbrm öpti`m, bs cbfir, md `bnhr fhsth phsiodb, nhs rbprbsbntmrí vbntmkms bfhnö`ifms y fh`pbtitivms. Bd trmnsphrtb cb oibnbs h prhcufths, `mtbrim pri`m, bquiphs, btf., bstí in`brsh bn dm tbncbnfim mftumd cb dm gdhomdizmfiön, phr bkb`pdh, dhs prhcufths tbxtidbs qub sb `mnujmfturmn bn un pmàs, sb btiqubtmn bn htrh y tibnbn unm cistrioufiön m nivbd intbrnmfihnmd fh`h prhcufths tbr`inmchs. t br`inmchs. 

=.=.  Qdmntbm`ibnth cbd @hcbdh cb Srmnsphrtb Bd pdmntbm`ibnth gbnbrmd cb un prhodb`m cb trmnsphrtb inifim fumnch un jmorifmntb h cistriouichr quibrb trmnsphrtmr fibrtms `brfmnfàms cbscb sus md`mfbnbs, fbntrhs cb  prhcuffiön u hràgbnbs (`), emfim fibrths cbstinhs (n), fmcm cbstinh tibnb nbfbsicmcbs cb (ok) fmnticmcbs cb prhcufth y fmcm hrigbn pubcb smtisjmfbr cb (mk) fmnticmc cb prhcufth. Bd prhodb`m qub nhs bnfhntrm`hs bs; ¸]ué fmnticmc cb prhcufth (xik) emy qub ddbvmr cbscb bd hrigbn (i) md cbstinh (k) fhnhfibnch qub fmcm unicmc cb prhcufth tibnb un fhsth cb trmnsphrtb (fik)8. Incbpbncibntb`bntb Incbpbncibntb `bntb cbd `éthch qub utidifb`hs pmrm rbshdvbr bd `hcbdh cb trmnsphrtb, dm jhr`m cb trmomkmr fhn éd bs phr `bcih cb unm tmodm qub fhntibnb dm injhr`mfiön cb hràgbnbs, cbstinhs, hjbrtm, cb`mncm y fhsths. M fhntinumfiön sb prbsbntm bd prhfbci`ibnth pmrm dm fhnstruffiön cb bstm tmodm, dm fumd si`pdijifm dm shdufiön cbd `hcbdh cb trmnsphrtb;

=.  Zbrijifm`hs qub dm hjbrtm thtmd 0 cb`mncm thtmd. ?.  Fhnstrui`hs unm tmodm fhn s fhdu`nms y r rbngdhnbs. Bd nû`brh s bs igumd md nû`brh cb cbstinhs `ís chs. Y r bs igumd md nû`brh cb pdmntms `ís chs. btiqubtms bd 6.  Bn dm pri`brm jidm, m pmrtir cb dm sbguncm fhdu`nm, sb fhdhfmn fh`h btiqubtms nh`orb h nû`brh cb fmcm unh cb dhs cbstinhs. Bn dm ûdti`m fhdu`nm sb fhdhfm dm btiqubtm hjbrtm.

3.  Bn dm pri`brm fhdu`nm m pmrtir cb dm sbguncm jidm, sb fhdhfmn fh`h btiqubtms bd nh`orb h nû`brh cb fmcm unm cb dms pdmntms. Bn dm ûdti`m jidm sb fhdhfm dm btiqubtm cb`mncm.

2.  Bn dms intbrsbffihnbs cb fmcm jidm y fhdu`nm sb fhdhfm bd fhsth cb trmnsphrtmr unm unicmc cbscb bd hrigbn mshfimch m bsm jidm, emstm bd cbstinh mshfimch fhn dm fhdu`nm.

:.  Bn dm fhdu`nm cb hjbrtm sb fhdhfm dm hjbrtm cisphniodb bn bd hrigbn mshfimch fhn fmcm unm cb dms jidms.

 

7.  Bn dm jidm cb dm cb`mncm sb bsfriob dm cb`mncm cb fmcm cbstinh, mshfimcm fhn fmcm fhdu`nm. Frbm`hs unm tmodm y fhdhfm`hs dms btiqubtms fhrrbsphncibntbs;

CBVSINH

CBVSINH ?

CBVSINH

CBVSINH

6

3

=

H JB_ S M

QDMNSM = QDMNSM ? QDMNSM 6 CB@M N CM

Rnm vbz qub sb pdmntbm dm tmodm mshfimcm md `hcbdh cb trmnsphrtb, cbob`hs ousfmr téfnifms `mtb`ítifms pmrm su sh shdufiön. dufiön.

Bxistbn cijbrbntbs `éthchs qub utidizmn bstb bstb

 prhfbci`ibnth, bntrb bddhs tbnb`hs; @éthch cb dm bsquinm nhrhbstb. @éthch cb Zhgbd. @éthch @hci.

Oiodihgrmjàm EIDDIB_, _. J., & DIBOB_@MN, G. K. (?1=1).  Intrhcuffiön m dm invbstigmfiön cb hpbrmfihnbs. ((9ª hpbrmfihnbs.  ((9ª bcifiön) bc.). Bcifihnbs @fGrmw Eidd. Qmrrm,

L.

(6=

cb

@myh

cb

?1=3).

Vfrioc.   Vfrioc.

Hotbnich

cb

ettps;//bs.sfrioc.fh`/chfu`bnt/??762: ettps;//bs.sfrioc.fh` /chfu`bnt/??762:66:/Invbstigmf 66:/Invbstigmfihn-cb-hpbrmfihnbsihn-cb-hpbrmfihnbsS_MNVQH_SB-Y-_BCBV

?.  Hokbtivhs cbd @hcbdh cb Srmnsphrtb Bd hokbtivh gbnbrmd bs bnfhntrmr bd `bkhr pdmn cb cistrioufiön, bs cbfir, dm fmnticmc qub sb cbob bnvimr phr fmcm unm cb dms rutms cbscb dhs punths cb su`inistrh emstm dhs punths cb cb`mncm. Bd —`bkhr pdmn‐ bs mqubd qub `ini`izm dhs fhsths thtmdbs cb bnvàh , prhcuzfm dm

`myhr gmnmnfim u hpti`ifb mdgûn hokbtivh fhrphrmtivh. (Jribcrife, ?117) Vb cbob fhntmr fhn;

=.   Nivbd cb hjbrtm bn bn fmcm jubntb y dm fmnticmc cb cb`mncm bn fmcm cbstinh. ?.  Fhsth cb trmnsphrtb unitmrih cb `brfmcbràm cbscb fmcm jubntb j ubntb m fmcm cbstinh. Oiodihgrmjàm

 

Jribcrife @. (?117) @hcbdmfiön cb dm cb`mncm. Nhtms cb fdmsb. Rnivbrsicmc cb Vtuttgmrt 

6.  Mpdifmfihnbs cbd @hcbdh cb Srmnsphrtb Dm `mnbrm `ís jífid cb rbfhnhfbr un prhodb`m cb trmnsphrtb bs phr su nmturmdbzm h bstrufturm —cb-emfim‐ cb un hrigbn emfim un cbstinh, cb unm jubntb emfim un usumrih, cbd

 prbsbntb emfim emfim bd juturh, cb mqu mquàà emfim mddí, unm rbdmfiön rbdmfiön cb unh m htrh. (Feimpms, ?1=:) Bd @hcbdh cb Srmnsphrtb nh södh bs mpdifmodb md `hvi`ibnth cb prhcufths, sinh qub tm`oién, fh`h `hcbdh sb pubcb mpdifmr m htrms írbms tmdbs fh`h;   Qdmnijifmfiön cb dm Qrhcuffiön



  Fhntrhd cb Invbntmrihs



  Fhntrhd cb Qrhvbbchrbs



  Htrms



Oiodihgrmjàm Feimpms, B. (?1=:). _bcbs (?1=:). _bcbs cb Srmnsphrtb. Ohghtm; Srmnsphrtb. Ohghtm; Bd Vhd. 

3.  Fmrmftbràstifm Fmrmftbràstifmss cbd @hcbdh cb Srmnsphrtb  Bn su jhr`udmfiön oísifm, bd `hcbdh cb trmnsphrtb cbsfriob unm rbc cb cistrioufiön cb fibrth mrtàfudh h oibn cbscb ` punths cb su`inistrh (hràgbnbs, jubntbs h punths cb hjbrtm) emstm n punths cb fhnsu`h (cbstinhs, su`icbrhs h punths cb cb`mncm).  (Qbddifbr, ?1=3)   Bn bd cisbýh cb dhs sistb`ms cb trmnsphrtb injduybn `ûdtipdbs jmfthrbs.



  Bd tm`mýh cb dhs pmàsbs

h

  Dm thphgrmjàm

h

  Dm prbsbnfim y uoifmfiön cb ràhs y dmghs nmvbgmodbs

h

  Dm dhfmdizmfiön cb fbntrhs prhcufthrbs y rbfbpthrbs.

h

Oiodihgrmjàm Qbddifbr, B. D. (?1=3). B`idih Dmrrhcé Qbddifbr. Fiucmc cb @bxifh; Dhgis.

2.  ¸]ué shn nhchs, mrfhs y rbcbs8 Ebrníncbz (?1=1) cbjinb m bsths tér`inhs cb dm siguibntb `mnbrm;

 

  Bd nhch bs un fàrfudh bn un cimgrm`m cb rbcbs qub rbprbsbntmn un mspbfth



i`phrtmntb cb un prhodb`m. _bprbsbntm un hrigbn y un cbstinh cb oibnbs y pdmnbs.   Bd mrfh bs unm dànbm qub fhnbftm chs nhchs bn un cimgrm`m bsqub`ítifh qub



rbprbsbntm unm rbdmfiön bntrb bsths chs nhchs. Bd mrfh bs unm furvm qub bndmzm chs nhchs, bstmodbfibnch msà unm fhnbxiön bn fumnth m dm rbprbsbntmfiön gríjifm bn un sistb`m.   Dms rbcbs shn rutms invisiodbs shorb dms qub sb vmn m `hvbr un "_bfurshs" h dms



"Bnticmcbs". Qmrm qub unm rbc fu`pdm fhn su junfiön, cbob bstmr unicm m dms "Dhfmfihnbs" phr `bcih cb "Intbrjmfbs". • Rnm rbc pubcb bstmr fhnjhr`mcm phr

`ufehs, dhs qub bstín sbpmrmchs phr "Nhchs", y fmcm "Nhch" cbob tbnbr su rbspbftivm "Intbrjmz". Fumnch dm rbc fm`oim cb cirbffiön bn un punth qub nh bsté fhnbftmch m unm "Dhfmfiön ", sb emodm cb" Qunths cb ]uiborb‐.  

  Rnm rbc fhnsistb bn un fhnkunth cb punths y un fhnkunth cb dànbms qub unbn fibrths



 pmrbs cb punths. Dhs punths sb ddm`mn nhchs (h vértifbs) dms dànbms sb sb ddm`mn mrf mrfhh (h digmcurms, mristms h rm`ms). (Eiddibr Jrbcbrifl, =99?).

Bd prhpösith bs cb icbntijifmr dms rutms öpti`ms cbscb dhs inifihs emstm bd jinmd fhcijifmr unm rbc cb trmnsphrtb, bstmodbfibnch dms fhnbxihnbs,   bntrb dhs cistinths `hchs cb trmnsphrtb pmrm gmrmntizmr dm fh`pdb`bntmribcmc cb rbcbs y fhnsbguir msà unm shdufiön öpti`m intbgrmd. (@írqubz, ?1==) Dm `mnbrm `ís jífid cb rbfhnhfbr un prhodb`m cb trmnsphrtb bs phr su nmturmdbzm h bstrufturm "cb - emfim"; cb un hrigbn emfim un cbstinh, cb unm jubntb emfim un usumrih, cbd prbsbntb emfim bd juturh, cb mquà emfim mddí. Md bnjrbntmr bstb tiph cb

 

 prhodb`m, dm intuifiön cifb qub cbob emobr unm `mnbrm cb hotbnbr unm shdufiön. Vb fhnhfbn dms jubntbs y dhs cbstinhs, dms fmpmficmcbs y cb`mncms y dhs fhsths cb fmcm trmybfthrim. Cbob emobr unm fh`oinmfiön öpti`m qub `ini`ifb bd fhsth (h `mxi`ifb dm gmnmnfim). Dm cijifudtmc bstriom bn bd grmn nû`brh cb fh`oinmfihnbs  phsiodbs. (Instituth Sbfnhdögifh Sbfnhdögifh cb Shdufm, ?1=:)

_BJB_BNFIMV Ebrníncbz Hrtbgm, V. (?5 cb hftuorb cb ?1=1). VdicbVemrb. Hotbnich cb ettps;//bs.sdicbsemrb.nbt/FryptifEbrnncb ettps;//bs.sdicbsemrb. nbt/FryptifEbrnncbzHrtbgm/mnmdisis-cb-rbcbs zHrtbgm/mnmdisis-cb-rbcbs-invbstigmfihn-invbstigmfihncb-hpbrmfihnbs @írqubz, D. G. (?1==). Hpti`izmfiön cb unm rbc cb trmnsphrtb fh`oinmch pmrm dm bxphrtmfiön cbd fmroön cbd intbrihr cb Fhdh`oim. _bvistm BIM, =16-==6. Instituth Sbfnhdögifh cb Shdufm. (?2 cb `myh cb ?1=:). Invbstigmfiön cb Hpbrmfihnbs. Hotbnich cb ODHGVQHS; ettp;//invbs-hp-itthd.odhgspht.f ettp;//invbs-hp-itthd.odhgspht.fh`/ h`/

:.  ¸]ué bs dm hpti`mdicmc8 Vbgûn _bmd Mfmcb`im cb Ingbnibrim cbjinb m dm hpti`mdicmc fh`h un prinfipih mpdifmch bn prhgrm`mfiön ciní`ifm qub fhnsistb bn qub unm sbfubnfim öpti`m cb cbfisihnbs qub rbsubdvb un prhodb`m cbob fu`pdir dm prhpibcmc cb qub fumdquibr sbfubnfim cb cbfisihnbs, qub tbngm bd `is`h bstmch jinmd, cbob sbr tm`oién öpti`m rbspbfth md prhodb`m fhrrbsphncibntb. Bn gbnbrmd pmrm smobr si dm shdufiön bs öpti`m bxistb unm rbgdm dm fumd cifb qub bd #Fumcrhs hfupmch0 #jidms+#fhdu`nm #jid ms+#fhdu`nms-= s-= Bn fmsh cb nh fu`pdir fhn dm vmdicmfiön, sb cbobn bvmdumr dms rutms nh hfupmcms  pmsmnch phr phr rutms hfupmcm hfupmcms. s. Dhs vmdhrbs qub sb fhdhfm fhdhfmrr shn dhs fhsths fhsths cb fmcm rutm fhn sus rbspbftivhs signhs signhs (+, -, +, -), dm `mnbrm fhrrbftm cb bvmdumr dms rutms nh utidizmcms bn cb dm siguibntb `mnbrm; Dm _utm m bvmdumr sib`prb b`pibzm fhn bd phsitivh (+) y cbob jhr`mr un Mngudh cb 91», jhr`mnch dms siguibntbs jhr`ms;

 

 

Dms jhr`ms qub nh sb cbn emfbr shn dms siguibntbs;

Vhdufiön öpti`m fumnch;   Dm Bvmdumfiön cb rutms bs igumd m fbrh sb hotibnb shdufihnbs `ûdtipdbs (01)



  Dm Bvmdumfiön cb _utms shn `myhrbs m fbrh (>01), sb tibnb unm shdufiön öpti`m.



  Vi bxistbn rutms `bnhrbs m fbrh (401) dm rutm phr bntrmr bn dm `ís nbgmtivm.



 

Vb th`m cb dms rutms phr bntrmr, mqubddms qub tibnb signh nbgmtivh

 

Cb cifems rutms fhn signh nbgmtivh sb bdigb bdi gb dm `bnhr fmnticmc m trmnsphrtmr

 

Vb rbstm cifem fmnticmc m trmnsphrtmr m dms qub tibnbn signh phsitivh

  Vb rbpitb dm prubom cb hpti`mdicmc emstm bnfhntrmr dm shdufiön. (Fhntrbrms



Bnriqub, ?1=3)

_bjbrbnfims Fhntrbrms Bnriqub, @. (?3 cb sbptib`orb cb ?1=3). Hotbnich cb Srmnsphrtb Hpti`mdicmc; ettps;//www.yhutuo ettps;//www.yhutuob.fh`/wmtfe8v0Rg b.fh`/wmtfe8v0Rg`bZUXE7Fh `bZUXE7Fh

 

7.  Fdmsijifmfiön cbd @hcbdh cb Srmnsphrtb Bxistbn cijbrbntbs `éthchs cb trmnsphrtb bntrb dhs fumdbs sb pubcbn cbstmfmr;

7.= @éthchs cb inifimdizmfiön  7.=.= @éthch cb dm bsquinm nhrhbstb Bd `éthch cb dm bsquinm nhrhbstb bs bd `ís sbnfiddh pmrm dhgrmr dm cistrioufiön inifimd, bs bd `bnhs rbfh`bncmch, pubs bd fhsth cb dm `mtriz inifimd bs `uy bdbvmch. 7.=.? @éthch cbd fhsth `bnhr Bstb `éthch cb inifimdizmfiön bs `ís bjifibntb qub bd cb dm bsquinm nhrhbstb, pubs vm msignmnch bd `bnhr fhsth cb bntrb dms fmsiddms< cb meà su nh`orb. Fmob `bnfihnmr qub bstb `éthch nh sib`prb dhgrm tbnbr dm shdufiön öpti`m.

7.=.6 @éthch `utum`bntb prbjbrbntb Vbdbffihnm dms fmsiddms cb `bnhr fhsth omkh bd fritbrih frit brih cb qub sbmn m dm vbz dms `ís omkms cbd rbngdön y dm fhdu`nm m dm qub pbrtbnbfb. =.  Icbntijifmr dms fmsiddms qub tbngmn bd fhsth `àni`h, tmnth bn bd rbngdön, fh`h bn dm fhdu`nm m dm qub pbrtbnbfb. ?.  Msignmr m dms fmsiddms dm fmnticmc `íxi`m phsiodb pmrm smtisjmfbr sbm dm hjbrtm h dm cb`mncm. 6.  Bd rbsth cb dm tmodm sb vm msignmnch rbpitibnch dhs pmshs mntbrihrbs

7.? @éthchs cb hpti`izmfiön 7.?.= @éthch cbd frufb cbd mrrhyh Bd `éthch cbd frufb cbd mrrhyh, tm`oién cbnh`inmch mdghrit`h cb Vtbpping ‖  Vthnb  Vthnb (Izmr, ?1=?), bs un `éthch cb prhgrm`mfiön dinbmd qub fhnsistb bn fmdfudmr fuíd sbràm dm vmrimfiön cbd fhsth cbd bnviö cb unm unicmc cb fibrth prhcufth phr fmcm unm cb dms rutms  phsiodbs, bs cbfir msignmr fibrtm fmnticmc cb mrtàfudhs cbscb vmrihs hràgbnbs (jíorifms) m un fhnkunth cb cbstinhs (fdibntbs) cb tmd `mnbrm qub sb cis`inuymn dhs fhsths, emstm hpti`izmr dm junfiön hokbtivh.

7.?.?. @éthch @HCI @HCI, fhnhfich fh`h bd `éthch cb dhs fhstbs jiftifihs, fhnsistb bn mýmcir m dm `mtriz cb fhsths unm jidm y unm fhdu`nm qub rbfhgbn fhsths jiftifihs cbtbr`inmchs mroitrmrim`bntb (dhs nû`brhs @HCI), tmd qub pbr`itb fmdfudmr dhs àncifbs cb `bkhrm pmrm dms fbdcms (fmsiddms) nh utidizmcms. Vb mpdifm dm siguibntb jör`udm; r= + Fik + lk 0 1

 

Cöncb; r= 0 fhbjifibntb r pmrm bd rbngdön i. Fik 0 fhsth cb dm fmsiddm msignmcm uoifmcm bn bd rbngdön i y dm fhdu`nm k. Lk 0 fhbjifibntb l pmrm dm fhdu`nm k.

7.?.6 @éthch Zhgbd Bd `éthch cb mprhxi`mfiön cb Zhgbd bs un `éthch eburàstifh cb rbshdufiön cb prhodb`ms cb trmnsphrtb fmpmz cb mdfmnzmr unm shdufiön oísifm nh mrtijifimd cb inifih, bstb `hcbdh rbquibrb cb dm rbmdizmfiön cb un nû`brh gbnbrmd`bntb `myhr cb itbrmfihnbs qub dhs cb`ís `éthchs eburàstifhs bxistbntbs fhn bstb jin, sin b`omrgh prhcufbn `bkhrbs rbsudtmchs inifimdbs qub dhs `is`hs. (Döpbz, ( Döpbz, ?11?)

OIODIHG_MJÀM Qubntb _ihjràh , @. I., & Gmvidín, Ö. C. (?1=5). Qrhgrm`mfiön Dinbmd pmrm dm Sh`m cb Cbfisihnbs. _ihom`om - Fei`ohrmzh; BVQHFE. Izmr, K. (?1=?). Invbstigmfiön cb Hpbrmfihnbs. ?m. @éxifh; Sriddms. DÖQB[ J. ?11?. Nubvhs `éthc `éthchs hs pmrm dm hotbnfiön cb shdufihnbs shdufihnbs inifimdbs bn bd  prhodb`m cb trmnsphrtb. trmnsphrtb. _bvistm cb cirbffiön y mc`inistrmfiön mc`inistrmfiön cb b`prbsms. b`prbsms. =1; =29-=76 5.

@éthch cb bsquinm nhrhbstb

Vbgûn Döpbz bn bd ?1=: incifm qub bd `éthch cb dm bsquinm Nhrhbstb bs un mdghrit`h eburàstifh fmpmz cb shdufihnmr prhodb`ms cb trmnsphrtb h cistrioufiön, `bcimntb dm fhnsbfufiön fhnsbfuf iön cb unm shdufiön oísifm inifimd qub smtisjmgm thcms dms rbstriffihnbs bxistbntbs, sin qub bsth i`pdiqub qub sb mdfmnfb bd fhsth öpti`h thtmd. (Döpbz, ?1=:)  Bstb `éthch tibnb fh`h vbntmkm jrbntb m sus si`idmrbs, dm rmpicbz cb su bkbfufiön, y bs utidizmch fhn `myhr jrbfubnfim bn bkbrfifihs chncb bd nû`brh cb jubntbs y cbstinhs sbm `uy bdbvmch. (Döpbz, ?1=:)

5.= Bkbrfifih Qríftifh Dm b`prbsm —quà`ifhs cbd fmriob V.M‐ phsbb 3 cbpösiths cb mzujrb qub cbobn sbr usmchs

 pmrm jmorifmr 3 tiphs cb prhcufths cijbrbntbs (M, O, F, C), mcb`ís phr fmcm ditrh qub sb emgm cb dhs prhcufths M, O, F, y C sb utidizmn un ditrh cb mzujrb. Vb smob qub dms fmpmficmcbss cb fmcm cbpösith sh fmpmficmcb shnn cb =11D, =?1D, 51D 51D,, 92D rbspbftivm`b rbspbftivm`bntb. ntb. Dm b`prbsm

 

tibnb un pbcich cb =?2D cb dm sustmnfim M, 21D cb dm sustmnfim O, =61D cb dm sustmnfim F y 91D cb dm sustmnfim C. Dhs fhsths qub rbmffihnmn dm prhcuffiön cb fmcm quà`ifh fhn fmcm cbpösith sb prbsbntm m fhntinumfiön; Cbphsith=; ?,6,3 y :< Cbphsith?; =,2,5 y 6 < Cbphsith6;5, 2 = y 3< Cbphsith3; 3, 2,: y 6 rbspbftivm`bntb 

 

 

Q_HCRFSH

Q_HCRFSH

Q_HCRFSH

Q_HCRFSH

M

O

F

C 

? CBQHVISH =

=11

6 -

-

= CBQHVISH ?

?2

21

-

CBQHVISH 3

CB@MNCM

-

51

: 2

21

3 -

2

=?2

=?1

= 51

-

6 -

2

3

=11

5 32

-

: -

2

5 CBQHVISH 6

3

6 91

=61

92

91

[0 =11(?) + ?2(=) + 21(2) + 32(5) + 51(=) + 2(:) + 91(6) 0 =.?=2

 

 

Q_RBOM CB HQSI@MDICMC #Fumcrhs hfupmchs0 hfupmchs0#Fhdu`nms+#J #Fhdu`nms+#Jidms+= idms+= 703+3-= ----------------  707 Fu`pdb dm vmdicmfiön

Cbphsith=-O0 6-?+=-20-6 ---------@hcijifmr pmrm qub sbm un vmdhr phsitivh Cbphsith 6-o02-=+5-207

HJB_SM

692

Cbphsith 6-C03-=+:-60: 

Cbpösith ?-O0 2-6+?-=07 Cbphsith 6-C03-=+:-60: 

VHDRFIÖN ÖQSI@M [0$=1:2,11

 

9.  @éthch cb Fhsths `àni`hs Cb mfubrch m Vmdmzmr (?1=:), `bnfihnm qub; —Bd `éthch cbd fhsth `àni`h h `éthch

cb dhs `àni`hs fhsths bs un mdghrit`h cbsmrrhddmch fhn bd hokbtivh cb rbshdvbr  prhodb`ms cb trmnsphrtb h cistrioufiön, cistrioufiön,   mrrhkmnch `bkhrbs rbsudtmchs qub `éthchs fh`h bd cb dm bsquinm dm bsquinm nhrhbstb, cmch nhrhbstb, cmch qub sb bnjhfm bn dms rutms qub prbsbntmn `bnhrbs fhsths. Bd cimgrm`m cb jdukh cb bstb mdghrit`h bs `ufeh `ís sbnfiddh qub dhs mntbrihrbs, cmch qub sb trmtm si`pdb`bntb cb dm msignmfiön cb dm `myhr fmnticmc cb unicmcbs phsiodbs (sukbtm m dms rbstriffihnbs cb hjbrtm y/h cb`mncm) m dm fbdcm `bnhs fhsthsm cb thcm dm `mtriz emstm jinmdizmr bd `éthch‐.

9.= Bkbrfifih Qríftifh Dm b`prbsm —quà`ifhs cbd fmriob V.M‐ phsbb 3 cbpösiths cb mzujrb qub cbobn sbr usmchs

 pmrm jmorifmr 3 tiphs cb prhcufths cijbrbntbs (M, O, F, C), mcb`ís phr fmcm ditrh qub sb emgm cb dhs prhcufths M, O, F, y C sb utidizmn un ditrh cb mzujrb. Vb smob qub dms

fmpmficmcbss cb fmcm cbpösith shn cb =11D, =?1D, 51D fmpmficmcb 51D,, 92D rbspbftivm`bntb. Dm b`prbsm tibnb un pbcich cb =?2D cb dm sustmnfim M, 21D cb dm sustmnfim O, =61D cb dm sustmnfim F y 91D cb dm sustmnfim C. Dhs fhsths qub rbmffihnmn dm prhcuffiön cb fmcm quà`ifh fhn fmcm cbpösith sb prbsbntm m fhntinumfiön;

M 2

Cbpösith =

O ?

F 21

6

2

Cbpösith ?

=?1

=

/

Cbpösith 6

/

5

/

Cbpösith 3

/

Cb`mncm

32

2

/ 3

=?2

C

Hjbrtm /

3

=11

/

5

/

6

=?1

51

=

/

3

51

2 2

21

:

91 :

=61

92 6

91

692

 

=.  Vb prhfbcb m uoifmr md `bnhr fhsth fhsth fhn dm `myhr cb`mncm pmrm ir msignmnch dhs vmdhrbs mfhrcb m dm hjbrtm y cb`mncm. Vb cbob tbnbr bn fubntm dhs fhsths, dms hjbrtms, y dms cb`mncms pmrm emfbr dms msignmfihnbs. ?.  Sbnibnch uoifmch dhs fhsths, sbgui`hs msignmnch dhs vmdhrbs cb mfubrch cbd `bnhr m `myhr fhsth. 6.  Rnm vbz msignmch thchs dhs vmdhrbs, phcb`hs mjir`mr qub sb rbcukh md öpti`h dhs fhsths cb trmnsphrtb y sb smtisjizh dhs rbqubri`ibnths cb dm cb`mncm.

M 2

Cbpösith =

O ?

F 21

6

2

Cbpösith ?

=?1

=

/

Cbpösith 6

/

5

/

Cbpösith 3

/

3

/

2

2

C 32 / 51 2

3

5

=

:

Hjbrtm /

:

=11 92 32 1

/

6

=?1

1

/

3

51

1

91

6

92 2

1

Cb`mncm

=?2 2

1

21

1

=61 21 2 91

1

692

1

=1. _bshdufiön cb Qrhodb`ms m trmvés cbd fh`pdb`bnth shdvbr cb dm ebrrm`ibntm Bxfbd Qmrm dm rbshdufiön cbd bkbrfifih príftifh tm`oién sb utidizö unm ebrrm`ibntm injhr`ítifm qub fhrrbsphncb m Bxfbd, `bcimntb un fh`pdb`bnth ddm`mch shdvbr. Bn bd Mnbxh = sb  prbsbntmrín dms tmodms rbspbftivm rbspbftivmss y dhs rbsudtmchs rbsudtmchs hotbnichs cb bbstb stb prhfbci`ibnth.

==. Fhnfdusiön _bjbrbntb m nubstrm fmrrbrm bn i`phrtmntb bntbncbr dh qub shn dms rbcbs cb trmnsphrtb bstm bs dm uniön cb thcms dms rbcbs m nivbd dhfmd, rbgihnmd, nmfihnmd b intbrnmfihnmd, qub cbobn sbr intbgrmcms pmrm dhgrmr bd hokbtivh pri`hrcimd cb dm dhgàstifm, qub bs msbgurmr qub dhs  oibnbs h sbrvifihs ddbgubn md fhnsu`ichr jinmd bn bd `bnhr tib`ph phsiodb y md `bnhr fhsth.

 

Oiodihgrmjàm Srmnsphrtb. Ohghtm; Bd Vhd. Feimpms, B. (?1=:). _bcbs (?1=:). _bcbs cb Srmnsphrtb. Ohghtm; Döpbz,

O.

V.

(?1=:).

 Ingbnibrim

Incustrimd .

Hotbnich

cb

ettps;//www.ingbnibrimincustrimdhndinb.fh`/ebrrm` ettps;//www.ingbnibrim incustrimdhndinb.fh`/ebrrm`ibntms-pmrm-bd-ingbnibrhibntms-pmrm-bd-ingbnibrhincustrimd/invbstigmfi%F6%O6n-cb-hpbrmf incustrimd/invbstigmf i%F6%O6n-cb-hpbrmfihnbs/`%F6%M9thch-cb ihnbs/`%F6%M9thch-cb-dm-bsquinm-dm-bsquinmnhrhbstb/ @írqubz, D. G. (?1==). HQSI@I[MFIÖN CB RNM _BC CB S_MNVQH_SB FH@OINMCH QM_M DM BUQH_SMFIÖN CBD FM_OÖN CBD INSB_IH_ CB FHDH@OIM. _bvistm FHDH@OIM. _bvistm BIM, BIM, =16-==6. Qmrrm, L. (6= cb @myh cb ?1=3).

Vfrioc.   Vfrioc.

Hotbnich

cb

ettps;//bs.sfrioc.fh`/chfu`bnt/??762: ettps;//bs.sfrioc.fh` /chfu`bnt/??762:66:/Invbstigmf 66:/Invbstigmfihn-cb-hpbrmfihnbsihn-cb-hpbrmfihnbsS_MNVQH_SB-Y-_BCBV Qbddifbr, B. D. (?1=3). B`idih (?1=3). B`idih Dmrrhcé Qbddifbr. Fiucmc Qbddifbr. Fiucmc cb @bxifh; Dhgis. Qubntb, @., & Gmvidínbz, H. (?1=5). Q_HG_M@MFIÖN (?1=5).  Q_HG_M@MFIÖN DINBMD QM_M DM SH@M CB

 CBFIVIHNBV . _ih`m`om; . _ih`m`om; DM FM_MFHDM BCISH_BV. Vmdmzmr, O. (?1=:). INGIBNB_ÀM (?1=:). INGIBNB_ÀM INCRVS_IMD HNDINB . Hotbnich cb @ÉSHCH CBD FHVSH @ÀNI@H; ettps;//www.ingbnibrimincustrimdhndinb.fh`/ebrrm`ibntms pmrm-bd-ingbnibrh-incustrimd/invbstigmfi%F6%O6n-cb  pmrm-bd-ingbnibrh-incu strimd/invbstigmfi%F6%O6n-cb-hpbrmfihnbs/`%F6%M9thch-cbd-fhsth-`%F6%MCni`h/