Recursos Hidraulicos - Cursos de Agua Internacionales

 

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]uajrg mbrm`jkjr prafjrmfjetj m tg`gs cgs `gkjetjs `j cm ZM^ `j cm jskujcm prgijsagemc `j Aebjeajræm Kavac, pgr cm buæm y cm grajetmkaûe prjstm`m, msæ kgfg tmfhaáe pgr omhjregs trmesfata`g cgs kgegkafajetgs ghtjea`gs y ccjvmregs pmsg m pmsg je jc mprje`azmlj. Je sjbue`g cubmr, mbrm`jkjr m fas ojrfmegs quj je jstj jst j pr prjsj jsjet etj j tr trmh mhml mlg g fj mpgy mpgymrg mrge e kge kge mcbue mcbuems ms ae`akmkagejs pmrm pg`jr `jsmrrgccmrcg kgrrjktmfjetj.

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Jc mbum js ue rjkursg iaeatg, vucejrmhcj j ae`aspjesmhcj pmrm cm va`m `j cgs sjrjs oufm ou fmeg egss y cms cms `aeí `aeífa fakm kmss jkgs jkgsas astá táfa fakm kms, s, y ue aesu aesufg fg af afpr prjs jska kae` e`ah ahcj cj je eufjrgs euf jrgsgs gs prg prgkjsg kjsgss prg` prg`ukt uktavg avgs4 s4 m`j m`jfís fís,, sj `jsp `jspcmz cmzm m bjgb bjgbríi ríiakm akmfje fjetj tj sae rjkgegkjr irgetjrms pgcætakg-m`faeastrmtavms.   ^gr jccg, fís mccí `j cms `avasagejs luras`akkagemcjs, cms kujekms oa`rgbríiakms kgestatuyje cm uea`m` tjrratgramc fís mptm pmrm cm pcmeaiakmkaûe y fmejlg `jc mbum je ue fmrkg `j bjstaûe aetjbrm`m `jc rjkursg oæ`rakg. Cgs rjkursgs oæ`rakgs kgfpmrta`gs pgr `gs g fís pmæsjs, tmc kgfg cg memcazmrjfgs je jstm prjsjetj fgegbrmiæm, `jhje bjstagemrsj `j mkujr`g kge cgs praekapags aetjremkagemcfjetj mkjptm`gs `j usg jquatmtavg y rmzgemhcj, kge cm ghcabmkaûe `j eg gkmsagemr  pjrluakag sjesahcj, jc `jhjr `j kgesjrvmr jc kursg `j mbum y sus jkgsastjfms msgkam`gs, y jc `jhjr `j aeigrfmkaûe y kgesuctm prjvam jetrj cms ^mrtjs, msæ kgfg jc `jhjr `j kggpjrmr y jfpcjmr fj`ags pmkæiakgs pmrm rjsgcvjr kgeicaktgs, kge cm `jha`m kgesa`jrmkaûe `j cms kujstagejs `j sghjrmeæm. Jc pmrm`abfm quj rjijrafgs js pmrtakucmrfjetj afpgrtmetj je jc kmsg `j cgs kursgs `j mbums aetjremkagemcjs, je cgs quj su kgeigrfmkaûe kgfg rjkursgs kgfpmrta`gs bjejrm, pgr uem pmrtj, mctms aetjr`jpje`jekams quj jxabje mkkagejs kggr`aem`ms y kgeluetms jetrj cgs Jstm`gs y, pgr gtrm pmrtj, cm ejkjsa`m` `j quj tg`gs cgs mktgrjs aevgcukrm`gs kgfprje`me kmhmcfjetj jc sabeaiakm`g j afpcakmekams `j cm bjstaûe aetjbrm`m `j cgs kursgs `j mbums aetjremkagemcjs. Jstg üctafg js je jspjkamc ejkjsmrag je rjcmkaûe m cgs pgcætakgs y iuekagemrags kcmvj, tmetg `j cgs grbmeasfgs trm`akagemcfjetj rjcmkagem`gs kge cgs rjkursgs oæ`rakgs kgfg kge cgs vaekucm`gs m cm mbrakucturm, ae`ustram y jejrbæm, jetrj gtrgs, msæ kgfg `j cgs trm` trm`ak akag agem emcf cfje jetj tj fjeg fjegss vaek vaekuc ucm` m`gs gs,, kgfg kgfg pg pgrr jljf jljfpc pcg g cgs cgs sjkt sjktgr grjs js `j pcmeaiakmkaûe g `j rjcmkagejs jxtjragrjs. @JC MZPGXV TEGFHXJ @J

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@js`j tmc pjrspjktavm, sj afpgej jc `jsmrrgccg `j pgcætakms quj prgfujvme uem aetjbrmkaûe aetjrsjktgramc, a`jetaiakme`g y mkgr`me`g fjkmeasfgs `j kggr`aemkaûe pmrm cm tgfm `j `jkasagejs je rjcmkaûe m cm bjstaûe `j rjkursgs oæ`rakgs.

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[j `akj quj ue kursg `j mbum js aetjremkagemc kume`g su jskurrafajetg sj prg`ukj je fís `j ue Jstm`g. Je kgesjkujekam, sj `jegfaem kursg `j mbum aetjremkagemc m tg`g kursg `j mbum, kmemc g cmbg quj sjpmrm g mtrmvajsm cgs tjrratgrags `j `gs g fís Jstm`gs. Je gtrms pmcmhrms, `jhj jetje`jrsj pgr kursg `j mbum aetjremkagemc tg`g kgcjktgr `jc `rjemlj `j uem kujekm quj jxkj`j cgs cæfatjs `j ue sgcg Jstm`g. Je tmc sjeta`g, jc kgekjptg `j kursg `j mbum js ue kgekjptg físs mf fí mfpc pcaag qu quj j jc `j ræ ræg g y rj rjsu suct ctm m sj sjrr ütac ütac pm pmrm rm tr trmt mtmr mr,, pgr jljf jljfpc pcg, g, cm kgetmfaemkaûe. ^gr kursg `j mbum aetjremkagemc sj jetaje`j jc sastjfm `j mbums `j supjriakaj y suhtjrríejms quj, je vartu` `j su rjcmkaûe iæsakm, kgestatuyje ue kgeluetg ueatmrag y quj egrfmcfjetj icuyje m uem `jsjfhgkm`urm kgfüe, mcbuems `j kuyms pmrtjs sj jekujetrme je jstm`gs `astaetgs. `astaetgs. (Mrtækucg = `j cm Kgevj Kgevjekaûe ekaûe `j cms Emkagejs Zea`ms sghrj jc `jrjkog `j cgs usgs `j cgs kursgs `j mbum aetjremkagemcjs pmrm iaejs `astaetgs `j cm emvjbmkaûe).

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Cm afpgrtmekam `j cgs kursgs `j mbums aetjremkagemcjs sj rjfgetm mc fasfg aeakag `j cm oastgram `j cms kavacazmkagejs. [j `jhj rjkgr`mr quj cms fmygrjs kavacazmkagejs icgrjkajrge je cgs brme`js vmccjs igrfm`gs pgr kursgs `j mbums, quj je cm mktumca`m` sge aetjremkagemcjs. Jljfpcgs `j jccg sge cm kavacazmkaûe fjsgpgtífakm, quj icgrjkaû je jc vmccj igrfm`g pgr cgs rægs Pabras y Áuirmtjs, y cm kavacazmkaûe Oae`ü je jc vmccj `jc Ae`g. Je jc fasfg sjeta`g, cm oastgram `jc jstm`g-emkaûe jstí vaekucm`m m cgs kursgs `j mbums aetjremkagemcjs. Cgs rjbastrgs fujstrme cm afpgrtmekam quj, je tárfaegs kgfjrkamcjs, ástgs ome tjea`g, pgr jljfpcg, je cm kujekm `jc Mfmzgems pmrm jc trmespgrtj `jc kmukog m iaemcjs `jc sabcg _A_ j aeakags `jc __, msæ kgfg ome `jtjrfaem`g `jtjrf aem`g jc `jsmrrg `jsmrrgccg ccg `j fukogs sjktgrjs prg`ukta prg`uktavgs vgs pmrm mcbueg mcbuegss Jstm`gs Jstm`gs,, kgfg cm mbrakucturm je Jbaptg.  Abumcfjetj, ome sa`g ue jcjfjetg `j prjsjrvmkaûe `j cm aetjbra`m` tjrratgramc, ym quj sj utacazme kgfg jcjfjetg `j `jiaeakaûe `j irgetjrms. Je cm Pmhcm = sj vje jljfpcgs `j kûfg `avjrsgs kursgs `j mbums aetjremkagemcjs `j Mfárakm Kjetrmc sge usm`gs kgfg cæfatj aetjremkagemc. [j kgfprujhm cm afpgrtmekam `j cgs kursgs `j mbum je jstj mspjktg kume`g sj kgesa` kgesa`jrm jrm quj ue pgrkjetml pgrkjetmlj j sustmekamc `j cm cgebatu` cafætrgij `j Mfárakm Kjetrmc kgrrj pgr jc fmrbje g pgr jc tmcwjb (cæejm `j fís prgiue`a`m` `jc cjkog `jc kursg `j mbum) `j ue ræg aetjremkagemc. [gcmfjetj je `gs `j jccgs, js jc kmsg `j cgs rægs [me Lume y Fgtmbum (ZAIK, =111), jc cæfatj kgrrj je jc fmrbje `jc ræg. Fís mccí `jc mspjktg prgpag `j cm kgeigrfmkaûe iæsakm `j cms bjgbrmiæms emkagemcjs, cm `afjesaûe aetjremkagemc `j cm afpgrtmekam `j cgs kursgs `j mbum sj mprjkam, je prafjr cubmr, pgr jc ojkog `j quj jc 0:% `jc bcghg tjrríqujg sj jekujetrm je kujekms aetjremkagemcjs. Jstm rjmca`m` bjejrmc js kgaeka`jetj kge cm jspjkæiakm `j cm rjbaûe cmtaegmfjrakmem, `ge`j jc ::% `j cm supjriakaj rjbagemc pjrtjejkj m kujekms aetjremkagemcjs pgr cms quj icuyj jc 2=% `j cgs kmu`mcjs supjriakamcjs.  M jccg sj sufm, m`jfís, cm jxastjekam `j := mkuæijrgs trmesirgetjrazgs je jc írjm, quj afpgrtme vgcüfjejs `aspgeahcjs fuy supjragrjs kge rjspjktg m cms mbums

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supjr su pjriaiaka kamc mcjs js,, mspj mspjkt ktg g qu quj j `je `jegt gtm m ue uem m af afpg pgrt rtme meka kam m rj rjcm cmtatavm vm quj mvaz mvazgr grm m ue pgtjekamc `jsmrrgccg je tmc fmtjram. ^gr gtrm pmrtj, js uem tje`jekam kgestmetj quj, m cm vjz quj mufjetm jc kgesufg, cm jskmsjz `jc rjkursg oæ`rakg pmrm usgs füctapcjs sj aekrjfjetm `rmfítakmfjetj je fukoms pmrtjs `jc fue`g je `jsmrrgccg. Jstg, sufm`g mc rjijra`g jskjemrag `j ae aetj tjr`j r`jpj pje`j e`jeka ekam m sgh sghrj rj cg cgss ku kujrp jrpgs gs `j mb mbums ums tr trme mesi sirge rgetj tjra razms zms,, pg pgtj tjek ekam am su afpgrtmekam je ue fue`g `ge`j cm fmygræm `jc mbum `aspgeahcj pmrm sjr jxpcgtm`m sj jekujetrm je kujekms kuyms mbums sj jxtaje`je m trmvás `j eufjrgsgs Jstm`gs sghjrmegs (Pmhcm 8). Jstm `avasaûe pgcætakg tjrratgramc quj kmrmktjrazm cm rjmca`m` `j eufjrgsms kujekms, kge fmygr g fjegr fmbeatu`, sj ghsjrvm je cgs kursgs `j mbum `j cm rjbaûe cmtaegmfjrakmem, tmc kgfg jxpgej m kgetaeumkaûe cm Pmhcm ;.  M jsj irmkkagemfajetg tjrratgramc hmsm` hmsm`g g je sghjrmeæms emkagemcjs sj cj sufm gtrg mspjktg quj omkj fís kgfpcjlm cm bjstaûe, vaekucm`g kge cm sabeaiakmtavm jxtjesaûe jspmk js pmkam amcc qu quj j prj prjsj sjet etme me mcbu mcbuem emss ku kuje jekms kms `j cm rjb rjbaû aûe, e, kg kgei eigr grfm fm`m `mss pg pgrr ue afpgrtmetj eüfjrg `j trahutmrags `j `astaetms kmrmktjræstakms y kmu`mcjs, `ge`j km`m ueg `j jccgs pjrtjejkj sgcmfjetj m mcbuegs pmæsjs `j cm kujekm. Js jc kmsg, pgr jljfpcg, `j cm kujekm `jc ræg Mfmzgems, quj sj `jtmccm je cm Pmhcm 0. Cgs mspjktgs rjijra`gs pjrfatje miarfmr quj, je mrms `j `asfaeuar pgtjekamcjs kgeica kge icaktg ktgs, s, js afp afprjsk rjskae` ae`ahc ahcj j quj cgs Jstm`g Jstm`gss kuj kujetj etje e kge cms ojrrmfa ojrrmfajet jetms ms ejkjsmrams pmrm `asjýmr fjkmeasfgs quj pjrfatme utacazmr tmcjs rjkursgs `j uem fmejrm jquatmtavm y sgstjeahcj.

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Jc mbum, iujetj `j va`m, js tmfhaáe iujetj `j tjesagejs y kgeicaktgs. Eg ghstmetj, jxastje jskmsgs jstu`ags sghrj cgs mktgrjs y cukoms sgkamcjs pgr jc mbum4 fjegs müe je uem tjfítakm kgfg cm bjgpgcætakm `jc mbum y cm oa`rgpgcætakm je Mfárakm Cmtaem.

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Cm fm fmyg ygræ ræm m `j cgs cgs jstu jstu`a `ags gs jxas jxastj tjet etjs js rj rjkg kgeg egkj kje e cm utac utaca` a`m` m` `j mcbu mcbueg egss aestrufjetgs tjûrakgs. [jbüe @j Mchm (8>>2), –ueg `j jccgs, kgfg aestrufjetg pmrm jc trmtmfajetg `j cgs kgeicaktgs pgr jc mbum, js jc kgekjptg `j oa`rgpgcætakm. Jc gtrg js jc rjijrjetj jspmkamc `j cgs kgeicaktgs pgr jc mbum, quj egs pjrfatarí a`jetaiakmr a`jeta iakmr g cgkmc cgkmcazmr azmr cms `avjrs `avjrsms ms fg`mca`m`js fg`mca`m`js quj ogy m`qua m`quajrj jrj jc tjrrat tjrratgrag, grag, sjm tjrratgrag pgcætakg, aestatukagemc g, kcísakmfjetj, jc tjrratgrag bjgbríiakg‖. Cm bjgpgcætakm js cm kajekam quj, m trmvás `j cm bjgbrmiæm pgcætakm, cm bjgbrmiæm `jskraptavm y cm oastgram, jstu`am cm kmusmca`m` jspmkamc `j cgs sukjsgs pgcætakgs y sus iuturgs jijktgs. Cmrm Ojreíe`jz (8>>1), katme`g m Omusogijr, rjsmctm< –Js cm kgekajekam kgekaj ekam bjgbríiak bjgbríiakm m `jc Jstm`g. Jccm prgpgrkagem cm fmtjram prafm kge cm quj jc ogfhrj `jc Jstm`g, `j jspæratu krjm`gr, ghtajej su ghrm `j mrtj‖. Cm bjgpgcætakm bjgpgcætakm jstu`am cms rjcmka rjcmkagejs gejs `j pg`jr je jc jspmkag, kge jspjkamc jspjkamc aetjrás pgrr cgs pg cgs brme brme`j `jss mk mkttgr grjs js pg pgcæ cæta takg kgs, s, js `j `jka kar, r, Js Jstm tm`g `gss y gr grbm bmea eazzmk mkaage gejs js aetjrjstmtmcjs. –Cm fmygr pmrtj `j cgs kgeicaktgs, jstáe mktavgs g kgebjcm`gs, rjquajrje ue meícasas bjgpgcætakg pmrm su kgfprjesaûe. Zegs pgrquj eg sj karkueskrahje m ue tjrratgrag emkagemc, saeg quj tajeje kmríktjr trmsemkagemc. Gtrgs kgeicaktgs rjquajrje jstj tapg `j meícasas pgrquj, muequj cafatme su mktava`m` m ue üeakg pmæs, aevgcukrm m gtrgs. Je ue mctg pgrkjetmlj `j cgs kgeicaktgs omy pgtjekams jxtjrems quj mktüme m trmvás `j mcbuem `j cms ^mrtjs‖ (Hmccjstjrgs Fmrtæe, 8>=8).  Mc kgesa`jrmr tjrratgrags emturmcjs kgfg cms kujekms kuyms mbums pjrtjejkje m `aijrjetjs pmæsjs, jxastj uem bjgpgcætakm `jc mbum quj jstu`am cms rjcmkagejs `j iujrzms jxastjetjs jetrj `avjrsgs mktgrjs jstmtmcjs y eg jstmtmcjs (jfprjsms, kgcjktava`m`js, msgkamkagejs, GEBs, brupgs mrfm`gs, jtk.), je `astaetms jskmcms jspmkamcjs, `aijrjetjs tjrratgrags kmrmktjrazm`gs pgr msafjtræms `j `aspgeahaca`m` j ae aejq jqua ua`m `m`j `jss `j mkkjs mkkjsah ahacaca` a`m` m` mc mbum mbum.. @js @jstm tmkm kme e cg cgss ghlj ghljtatavg vgss `j cm cmss pm pmrt rtjs js ae aetj tjrjs rjsm` m`ms, ms, cg cgss fj`a fj`ags gs af afpc pcjf jfjet jetm` m`gs gs pmr pmrm m cg cgbrm brmrr ástgs ástgs y cm cmss ra ravmc vmca` a`m` m`js, js, tjesagejs y kgeicaktgs rjsuctmetjs `j cm `avjrbjekam `j cgs ghljtavgs pjrsjbua`gs pgr `aijrjetjs mktgrjs. [j kgestruyj msæ uem bjgpgcætakm `jc mbum jstrjkomfjetj

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rjcmkagem`m kge cm `aspgeahaca`m` `j cm fasfm ‛jstrás oæ`rakg y `jiakajekam krûeakm‛ (Fgvm[mdmeya, 8>>1) msæ kgfg kge su kmca`m`.  Msafasfg, js afpgrtmetj rjkgr`mr cm kgestmtmkaûe `j [tjpoje K. FkKmiirjy (8>> (8 >>=) =),, rj rjcm cmtg tgrr `j cm Kgfa Kgfasa saûe ûe `j @j @jrj rjko kog g Aetj Aetjre remk mkag agem emcc je cgs cgs tr trmh mhml mlgs gs prjpmrmt prjpm rmtgr grag agss `j cm Kgev Kgevje jeka kaûe ûe `j Eu Eujv jvm m Qg Qgrd rd> >>9), 9), oa oast stûr ûrak akmf mfje jetj tj sj pr prg` g`ukj ukje e `gs `jsmrrgccgs afpgrtmetjs quj bjejrmríe rjbæfjejs `aijrjetjs je mtjekaûe m cm `ghc `g hcj j pg pgsa sahc hcj j af afpg pgrt rtm mek ekam am `j cgs cgs ræ rægs gs

 

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Jstm`gs `j mbums mrrahm m jxpjesms `j cgs aetjrjsjs `j cgs Jstm`gs `j mbums mhmlg. Je gtrms pmcmhrms, sjbüe jstm tjsas, jc Jstm`g mbums mrrahm pg`æm `jsvamr y utacazmr tg`g jc vgcufje `j cms mbums quj surkmrme su tjrratgrag, `jsprjgkupíe`gsj `j cgs `mýgs kmusm`gs m cgs pmæsjs `j mbums mhmlg.  Muequj prgfucbm`m, jstm tjsas tme rm`akmc eg ccjbû euekm m afpgejrsj. Aekcusg sge cgs fasfgs Jstm`gs Zea`gs `j Mfárakm cgs quj vme m rjpu`amr cm @gktraem Omrfge kume`g, je cgs mýgs kaekujetm, je uem `askusaûe kge Kmem`í sghrj jc ræg Kgcufham, rjsuctmhme mijktm`gs kgfg pmæs `j mbums mhmlg je cm utacazmkaûe `j sus mbums pmrm jejrbæm jcáktrakm (Xægs y Ojreíe`jz, 8>>9). Zem `gktraem `amfjtrmcfjetj gpujstm m cm metjragr, pjrg msafasfg jxtrjfm, js cm `j cm aetjbra`m` tjrratgramc mhsgcutm, `j mkujr`g m cm kumc cgs Jstm`gs `j mbums mhmlg jstmræme mutgrazm`gs pmrm jxabar m cgs `j mbums mrrahm cm fasfm kmeta`m` y kmca`m` kmca` m` `j mbum quj cm hrae`m hrae`m`m `m pgr jc kursg emturmc `jc ræg. Jstm `gktraem om sa`g aevgkm`m je cm príktakm pgr mcbuegs Jstm`gs `j mbums mhmlg, muequj tmfpgkg om ccjbm`g m igrfmr pmrtj `jc @jrjkog Aetjremkagemc pgsatavg (^mstgr, 8>>>). [j ome `jsmrrgccm`g msæ kajrtgs praekapags rjktgrjs, m iae `j cgbrmr ue jquacahrag mprgpam`g y uem rmzgemhcj mrfgeæm jetrj jstgs `jrjkogs kgeicaktumcjs `j vmcgr  jquavmcjetj. Cm tjgræm sae `u`m ogy kgesmbrm`m pgr jc @jrjkog Aetjremkagemc, y quj iue`mfjetm tmcjs praekapags, js cm `j cm sghjrmeæm tjrratgramc cafatm`m `j cgs Jstm`gs rahjrjýgs. [jbüe jccm, tg`g Jstm`g rahjrjýg puj`j utacazmr cm pmrtj `jc kursg `j mbum satum`m je su tjrratgrag je cm fj`a`m je quj jc usg eg kmusj ue `mýg `m ýg sj sjes esah ahcj cj m cg cgss gtrg gtrgss ra rahjr hjrjý jýgs, gs, rjk rjkge gegka gkaáe áe`gs `gsj j cm jxa jxast stjek jekam am `j uem uem kgfuea`m` kgfuea `m` `j aetjrj aetjrjsjs sjs je tgreg mc kursg `j mbum. Cm `gktra `gktraem em pgstucm, pgr tmetg, cm mtrahukaûe jquatmtavm `j cm utacazmkaûe `jc ræg y sus rjkursgs. Jc praekapag `j cm sghjrmeæm tjrratgramc mhsgcutm jshgzm`g pgr Omrfge eg sj m`fatj, saeg quj mktumcfjetj sj rjkgegkje kgekjptgs tmcjs kgfg "aetjrjsjs kgfuejs" `j cgs pmæsjs rahjrjýgs y "sghjrmeæm tjrratgramc cafatm`m" sghrj cgs rjkursgs oæ`rakgs kgfpm kgf pmrt rta` a`gs, gs, m iaiae e `j prg prgpg pgrka rkage gemr mr m tg tg`g `gss cg cgss pmæ pmæsj sjss ra rahj hjrj rjýgs ýgs ue mkk mkkjs jsg g rmzge rmz gemh mhcj cj y jqua jquatm tmtatavg vg m cm cmss mb mbums ums (Hj (Hjre remr` mr`,, =1 =111 11). ). Je jijkt jijktg, g, jc @jrjk @jrjkog og

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Aetjremkagemc prgkurm jekgetrmr ue hmcmekj lustg quj trmkj uem cæejm `avasgram jetrj jc usg y jc mhusg `j cgs `jrjkogs `jc Jstm`g. Jstj Js tj je jeig igquj quj va vaek ekuc ucm` m`g g m ue uem m kgf kgfue uea` a`m` m` `j ae aetj tjrj rjsj sjss sg sghr hrj j cg cgss rjkurs rjkursgs gs kgfpmrta`gs sj prjsjetm mkgr`j m cm rjsgcukaûe =?>; (_YAA), rjcmtavm m cm sghjrmeæm pjrfmejetj sghrj cgs rjkursgs emturmcjs, prgeuekam`m pgr cm Msmfhcjm Bjejrmc `j cms Emkagejs Zea`ms jc =0 `j `akajfhrj `j =198. Je cm fasfm, m cm vjz quj sj rjkgegkj jc `jrjkog `j cgs pujhcgs y `j cms emkagejs m cm sghjrmeæm pjrfmejetj sghrj sus raqujzms y rjkursgs emturmcjs y su jljrkakag je aetjrás `jc `jsmrrgccg emkagemc y `jc hajejstmr `jc pujhcg `jc rjspjktavg Jstm`g, tmfhaáe sj jstapucm quj jc jljrkakag cahrj y prgvjkogsg `j tmc sghjrmeæm sghrj cgs rjkursgs emturmcjs `jhj igfjetmrsj fj`ametj jc futug rjspjtg jetrj cgs Jstm`gs, hmsm`g je su abumc`m` sghjrmem, miarfíe`gsj quj cm vagcmkaûe `j tmcjs `jrjkogs sghjrmegs js kgetrmram mc jspæratu y m cgs praekapags `j cm Kmrtm `j cms Emkagejs Zea`ms y jetgrpjkj jc `jsmrrgccg `j cm kggpjrmkaûe aetjremkagemc y cm prjsjrvmkaûe `j cm pmz sghjrmegs.

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Zeg `j cgs praekapmcjs prghcjfms msgkam`gs m cm bjstaûe `j kursgs `j mbums aetjrem aetjremkag kagemc emcjs js js quj, quj, bje bjejrmc jrmcfje fjetj, tj, cgs Jst Jstm`gs m`gs eg msu msufje fje cgs kgs kgstgs tgs ea rjkahje cgs hjejiakags tgtmcjs `j cms jxtjremca`m`js quj prg`ukje. Js pgr jccg afpgrtmetj aekgrpgrmr cms jxtjremca`m`js je jc meícasas pmrm cm tgfm `j `jkasagejs, ym quj cm cmss pm pmrt rtjs js huskm huskmræ ræme me `a `asf sfae aeua uarr cg cgss kg kgst stgs gs y km kmpt pturm urmrr cg cgss hjej hjejiaiaka kags, gs, bjejrme`g msæ ue aekjetavg pmrm cm kggpjrmkaûe jetrj Jstm`gs. Je jstm pjrspjktavm, metj cm musjekam `j ue mkujr`g rjbagemc quj aetjremcakj rjkæprg rjkæ prgkmf kmfjet jetj j kgs kgstgs tgs y hje hjejia jiakag kags, s, cms jxt jxtjre jremca mca`m`j `m`jss ejb ejbmta mtavms vms taj taje`j e`je e m sghrjprg`ukars sghrjprg `ukarsj j `jha`g m quj jc Jstm`g quj cms prg`ukj eg jekujetrm aekjetavgs aekjetavgs TEG GFH FHX XJ @JC MZPGX GXVV TE

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pmrm mhsgrhjr jc kgstg tgtmc `j tmc prg`ukkaûe. Ze huje jljfpcg `j cg metjragr cg kgestatuyje cgs prghcjfms `j kgetmfaemkaûe je ue kursg `j mbum aetjremkagemc, je `ge`j jc Jstm`g kujekm mhmlg rjkahj jc kgstg fmygr `j cm jxtjremca`m`, cg quj omkj ejkjsmrag kgetmr kge ue fjkmeasfg aestatukagemc `j kggpjrmkaûe quj pjrfatm rj`astrahuar kgstgs y hjejiakags.  Msafasfg, cms jxtjremca`m`js pgsatavms taje`je m sjr fjegrjs, pujstg quj jc Jstm`g –_‖, muequj `jhm mirgetmr jc kgstg tgtmc `j su prg`ukkaûe, eg rjkahj jc hjejiakag tgtmc `j cm fasfm. Ze jljfpcg `j jstm oapûtjsas sjræm uem ghrm `j rjbucmkaûe `j kmu`mcjs pmrm jc kgetrgc `j krjka`ms quj, metj cm imctm `j mkujr`g, `jhjr `j hjræm æm sj sjrr mi mirge rgetm tm`m `m ue ueacacmt mtjrm jrmcf cfje jetj tj pg pgrr ue ueg g `j cg cgss Jst Jstm` m`gs gs,, mu muequ equj j cg cgss hjejiakags `j cm fasfm sj jxtaje`je m tg`gs cgs tjrratgrags mbums mhmlg `j tmc aeirmjstrukturm.

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Cgs kgstgs kgstgs `j trmesmk trmesmkkaû kaûe, e, bjej bjejrmc rmcfje fjetj, tj, sj aek aekrjfj rjfjetm etme e kge jc eüf eüfjrg jrg `j pmrtakapmetjs. Msæ, m fmygr kmeta`m` `j mktgrjs, fmygr jc aekjetavg `j irjj-ra`aeb (smk (smkmr mr prgv prgvjk jkog og `j `jcc js jsiiujrz ujrzg g kg kgccjk jkttavg avg sae sae om omkj kjrr jc mp mpgr grtj tj jspj jspjrm rm`g `g y kgrrjspge`ajetj), fís `aiækac `j fgeatgrjmr cm kge`uktm `j cgs mktgrjs, y fís `a `aiaiaku kuctctm` m`js js sj jeir jeirje jetm tme e je cm rj rj`mk `mkka kaûe ûe `j ue mku mkujr` jr`g g qu quj j fg fg`a `aiaiaqu quj j cg cgss aekjetavgs. [a cgs kgstgs `j trmesmkkaûe sge `jfmsam`g mctgs, sjrí `aiækac pmrm cgs Jstm`gs ccjbmr m ue mkujr`g, müe y kume`g cgs hjejiakags jspjrm`gs je jc iuturg sjme kcmrgs. Cgs kgstgs `j trmesmkkaûe puj`je jstmr tmfhaáe sgfjta`gs m uem `aeífakm `j jkgegfæms `j jskmcm, je cm kumc ástgs sj rj`ukje kume`g gtrgs tjfms sge aetrg`uka`gs. Msæ puj`j gkurrar kume`g jc jeigquj `j cm bjstaûe aetjbrm`m `j cgs rjkursgs oæ`rakgs oæ`rakgs ccjvm m mhgr`mr tjfms vaekucm vaekucm`gs `gs m cm bjstaûe `j gtrgs rjkursgs rjcmkagem`gs kge jc mbum, m cm fmxafazmkaûe `jc hajejstmr sgkamc y jkgeûfakg

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jquatmtavg y m cm sustjetmhaca`m` `j cgs jkgsastjfms vatmcjs, mfpcaíe`gsj cm mbje`m rjbagemc fukog fís mccí `j cm fjrm bjstaûe `jc rjkursg oæ`rakg. Jstg puj`j tjejr ue afpmktg je jc jsqujfm `j sjbura`m`, bjejrme`g uem `acukaûe `j tmc tjfítakm je cm mbje`m oæ`rakm rjbagemc y `j kujekms kuyms mbums sj jxtaje`je pgr `gs g fís pmæsjs, `jha`g m cm aetrg`ukkaûe `j fukogs gtrgs tjfms. ^jrg tmfhaáe pg`ræm pjesmrsj quj, sa sj jstmhcjkj cm sjbura`m` kgfg jc tjfm `gfaemetj y `j mctm pgcætakm je tg`m cm mbje`m, tg`gs cgs gtrgs tjfms m`quajrje uem cûbakm `j sjbura`m`.

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Je iuekaûe `j cgs mspjktgs memcazm`gs sghrj pgcætakm oæ`rakm, puj`j sgstjejrsj quj jc pgtjekamc `j kgeicaktg mcrj`j`gr `j cgs kursgs `j mbums kgfpmrta`gs sj `jhj je pmrtj m cgs sabuajetjs imktgrjs kcmvj< Jc mbum js ue rjkursg km`m vjz fís jskmsg y `j fjegs kmca`m`. Cgs kurs kursgs gs `j mbums mbums aetjrem aetjremkag kagemc emcjs js sge krætak krætakgs gs pmr pmrm m jc `jsm `jsmrrg rrgccg ccg j, aekcusg, cm supjrvavjekam `j fukogs Jstm`gs, sgkaj`m`js y jkgsastjfms. Cm bjstaûe `j cgs kursgs `j mbums aetjrem kagemcjs pgsjj ue fmrkg `j prae praeka kapa pags gs cj cjbm bmcj cjss pg pgkg kg `js `jsmr mrrg rgccccm`g m`gss y, mü müe e fí fís, s, ae aesu suiaiaka kaje jetj tjfj fjet etj j afpcjf afp cjfjet jetm`g m`gs, s, mue muequj quj sge ae`u`mh ae`u`mhcjs cjs cgs prg prgbrjs brjsgs gs pmu pmucmt cmtaeg aegss quj rjicjlme cgs mkujr`gs aetjremkagemcjs jxastjetjs je cm fmtjram. ^jsj m quj cms pgsahaca`m`js `j kgeicaktg puj`je aekrjfjetmrsj je jc iuturg, cm jva`jekam mkufucm`m omstm mogrm eg pjrfatj miarfmr quj cgs jeirjetmfajetgs g kgeicaktgs fmeaiajstgs pgr jc mbum m eavjc aetjremkagemc sjme cm rjbcm. ^gr jc kgetrmrag, tmc kgfg cg `jfujstrm cm hmsj `j `mtgs `j cm Zeavjrsa`m` `j Grjbûe, TE TEG GFH FHX XJ @JC MZPGX GXVV

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omy fís jxpjrajekam mkufucm`m je jc ífhatg `j cm kggpjrmkaûe aetjremkagemc vaekucm`m m cms mbums trmesirgetjrazms quj je jc prgpag `j cgs kgeicaktgs.

=.9. =.9.

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Jc `jhjr `j kggpjrmr y ejbgkamr jetrj cgs Jstm`gs js ue praekapag bjejrmc `jc @jrjkog Aetjremkagemc quj sj mkjetüm `j fmejrm egtgram je rjcmkaûe m cms mbums trmesirgetjrazms. M pjsmr `j jccg, cms rjcmkagejs jetrj Jstm`gs rahjrjýgs puj`je jxtje`jrsj `js`j cm imctm `j kggpjrmkaûe omstm cm tgtmc kgcmhgrmkaûe. Jstms `gs satumkagejs jxtrjfms eg sge cms fís kgfuejs, je jc prafjr kmsg pgrq pg rquj uj afpc afpcak akm m lujb lujbgs gs `j sufm sufm kjrg kjrg kge kge pg pgsa sahc hcjs js mctg mctgss kgst kgstgs gs pmrm pmrm cgs cgs aevgcukrm`gs. Ae`am y ^mdastíe, pgr jljfpcg, eg kggpjrmrge je cgs tjfms rjcmtavgs m cm kujekm `jc Ae`us, cg quj bjejrû cm ejkjsa`m` `j quj cm Grbmeazmkaûe `j cms Emkagejs Zea`ms tuvajrm quj aetjrvjear. Gtrg jljfpcg js jc `j cm imctm `j kggpjrmkaûe `j cm jx Zeaûe [gvaátakm kge Aríe je jc usg `j cms mbums `jc Ygcbm y sus trahutmrags. Cm jx Zeaûe [gvaátakm usû jc Ygcbm sae kgesa`jrmr cms ejkjsa`m`js `j Aríe y cj kmusû sjrags `mýgs pgr sjr jc Jstm`g kujekm mhmlg. Kgfg kgesjkujekam, jc eavjc `jc Fmr Kmspag hmlû, m`jfís `j suirar  uem iujrtj kgetmfaemkaûe. Gtrgs Jstm`gs cafatme su kggpjrmkaûe m ue kgetmktg fæeafg y m kajrtg aetjrkmfhag `j aeigrfmkaûe. Jstg js cg quj gkurrj, pgr jljfpcg, je cm kujekm `jc ræg [me Lume, quj sj jxtaje`j jetrj Kgstm Xakm y Eakmrmbum. ^gr jc kg kget etrm rmrag rag,, gt gtrgs rgs Js Jstm tm`g `gss sæ ome ome m` m`gp gptm tm`g `g fj fjkm kmea easf sfgs gs `j vj vjr`m r`m`j `jrm rm kggpjrmkaûe, tmcjs kgfg cgs sajtj pmæsjs jurgpjgs quj sj jekujetrme je cm kujekm `jc Xoae, g Kmem`í y Jstm`gs Zea`gs rjspjktg mc [maet Cmwrjekj. Je jc kmsg `j Mfárakm Cmtaem, jc `jsmrrgccg `j fmrkgs aestatukagemcjs pmrm cm kggpj kg gpjrmk rmkaû aûe e je ku kurs rsgs gs `j mb mbum umss ae aetj tjrem remka kagem gemcjs cjs mü müe e prj prjsj sjet etm m eu eufj fjrgs rgsms ms TEGFHXJ @JC MZPGXV

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gpgrtuea`m`js `j `jsmrrgccg, muequj jxastje jljfpcgs quj hrae`me uem jxtjesm jxpjrajekam m cm ogrm `j memcazmr cms cjkkagejs mprje`a`ms je cm rjbaûe (Fmrtae, ^aetg y [mcaems Mckjbm, 8>=;), `jstmkme`g mcbuegs fmrkgs bjejrmcjs `j cmrbm trm`akaûe trm`ak aûe y `jsmrrgc `jsmrrgccg cg aestatuka aestatukagemc, gemc, kgfg jc Prmtm`g `jc Xæg `j cm ^cmtm `j =19=, g fís rjkajetjfjetj rjkajetjfjetj cm Grbmea Grbmeazmkaûe zmkaûe `jc Prmtm` Prmtm`g g `j Kggpjr Kggpjrmkaûe mkaûe Mfmzûeakm Mfmzûeakm,, quj sj `jskrahj je jc Kum`rg =. Pgfme`g cm aeigrfmkaûe `j cm hmsj `j `mtgs `j cm Zeavjrsa`m` `j Grjbûe, je jc sabcg __ sj suskrahajrge =0: trmtm`gs je jc fue`g vaekucm`gs m cgs rjkursgs oæ`rakgs trmesirgetjrazgs4 `j ástgs, =80 ome sa`g hacmtjrmcjs y 8= fuctacmtjrmcjs.

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Jc praf prafjr jr `j `jsmi smiæg æg js kûfg kûfg ig igrt rtmc mcjkj jkjrr m cm cmss ae aest statatuka ukage gejs js jxast jxastjet jetjs js g kû kûfg fg `jsmrrgccmr `jsmrrg ccmr eujvms aesta aestatukag tukagejs. ejs. Jstj rjtg `jhj mirget mirgetmr mr `aia `aiakuctm` kuctm`js js vaekucm`ms vaekucm`ms m cgs kgekjptgs sghrj sghjrmeæm y sjbura`m`. Cm prjbuetm je tgreg m jstj mspjktg sj rjiajrj m quá tapg `j kgfpjtjekams sj jstmræme mtrahuyje`g m jstj jsqujfm `j kggp kggpjr jrmk mkaû aûe e tr trme mesi sirg rget etjr jraz azm, m, quj quj pu puj` j`je je ar `j `js` s`j j cms cms hí hísa sakm kmss rj rjbc bcms ms `j kggr`aemkaûe omstm jstrukturms `j kmríktjr suprmemkagemc. Je sjbue`g cubmr, cm jijktava`m` `j cgs rjbæfjejs `j kggpjrmkaûe mfhajetmc puj`j sjr sgkmvm`m pgr ue hmlg eavjc `j kgekajekam sghrj cm mfjemzm mfhajetmc. Je jstj kmsg, jc `jsmiæg sj prjsjetm je cm bjstaûe `j rjcmkagejs je cms kumcjs mc mcbu bueg egss mkt mktgrj grjss tj tjeb ebme me ue uem m fg fgtatavmk vmkaû aûe e jspjk jspjkam amcc pmr pmrm m sgc sgcvj vjet etmr mr prg prghc hcjf jfms ms

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`jra `j ravm vm`g `gss `j `jcc kmfh kmfhag ag mf mfha haje jetm tmc,c, pj pjrg rg je jeir irje jetm tme e cm cafa cafatm tmka kaûe ûe `j qu quj j sus sus prjgkupmkagejs eg sjme kgfpmrta`ms pgr cgs gtrgs mktgrjs. Jxastje msafasfg gtrgs `jsmiægs rjcmkagem`gs kge cm bjstaûe `j cgs kursgs `j mbumss aetjre mbum aetjremka mkagem gemcjs cjs,, kgfg sge cms `ji `jiaka akajeka jekams ms je aeigrfm aeigrfmkaû kaûe e je tár tárfae faegs gs oa`rgcûbakgs, iæsakgs y sgkagjkgeûfakgs4 cm `jiakajekam je cm igrfucmkaûe `j pcmejs `j fmejlg pmrm kujekm kujekmss aetjre aetjremkage mkagemcjs4 mcjs4 g cms `aiakuct `aiakuctm`js m`js je jc kufpcafaj kufpcafajetg etg `j cm egrfmtavm aetjremkagemc je jstm fmtjram. Iaemcfjetj, jxastj kajrtm `jhaca`m` je tárfaegs `jc kufpcafajetg `j cm egrfmtavm aetjremkagemc metj jc kmríktjr vgcuetmrag `j cm luras` luras`akkaûe akkaûe aetjre aetjremkagem mkagemc,c, cg quj bjejrm quj cgs fjkmeasfg fjkmeasfgss pmrm msjburmr  jc kufpcafajetg `j cg mkgr`m`g je gkmsagejs sjme fuy `áhacjs g aejxastjetjs. Jstj mspjktg bjejrm ue `jsmiæg je kumetg mc kgetjea`g y cm tákeakm kge quj cms emkagejs jcmhgrme sus trmtm`gs, `j fg`g quj msjburje cm jijktava`m` `j cgs fasfgs.

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@js`j jc puetg `j vastm `j cm bjstaûe aetjbrm`m `j cgs rjkursgs oæ`rakgs js af afpgr pgrtm tmet etj, j, m eavj eavjcc ae aest statatuk ukag agem emc,c, mkgr` mkgr`mr mr ue uem m ae aetj tjbr brmk mkaû aûe e ae aetj tjrsj rsjkt ktgr gram amcc qu quj j a`jetaiaquj fjkmeasfgs `j kggr`aemkaûe pmrm cm tgfm `j `jkasagejs je rjcmkaûe mc fmejlg `jc mbum, kgesa`jrme`g cgs eavjcjs `j `jskjetrmcazmkaûe fís m`jkum`gs `j mkujr`g m cms kmrmktjræstakms sgkamcjs, pgcætakms y jkgeûfakms `j km`m pmæs.  Mogrm haje, `js`j jc puetg `j vastm tákeakg, cm lustaiakmkaûe `arjktm `j tmc jsqujfm rjspge`j m cm rj`ukkaûe `j cgs kgstgs `j trmesmkkaûe, `j cms jxtjremca`m`js ejbmtavms, y m cm faeafazmkaûe `j cms aekjrta`ufhrjs, imkacatíe`gsj cm kgfueakmkaûe jetrj mbjetjs. M`jfís, sj kgesa`jrm quj cm aestatukagemcazmkaûe js cm rjspujstm m cgs cgs `ac `acjf jfms ms qu quj j bj bjej ejrm rm cm mk mkkkaûe aûe kg kgccjk jkta tavm vm.. Pmc rj rj`u `ukk kkaaûe `j kg kgst stgs gs j ae aekj kjrt rta` a`uf ufhrj hrjss sj prg prg`u `ukj kj pgr pgrqu quj j sj js jstm tmhc hcjk jkje je egrfm egrfms, s, prg prgkj kj`a `afa faje jetg tgss y fjkmeasfgs fjkmea sfgs `j kggr`a kggr`aemkaûe emkaûe quj kgetrahuyje m quj cgs tgfm`g tgfm`grjs rjs `j `jkasa `jkasagejs gejs TEGFHXJ @JC MZPGXV

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eg tjebme quj rjmcazmr ue meícasas tgtmc `j cm satumkaûe km`m vjz quj `jhme sjcjkkagemr uem mctjremtavm. Je jc kmsg `j cgs kgstgs `j trmesmkkaûe, km`m mktgr  smhj sm hj qu quj j cgs cgs gtrg gtrgss mk mktü tüme me hm hmlg lg cgs cgs fa fasf sfgs gs pr prae aeka kapa pags gs,, eg egrf rfms ms,, rj rjbc bcms ms,, prgkj`afajet prgkj`a fajetgs gs y fjkmea fjkmeasfgs, sfgs, pgrquj kgrrjspge`je m mqujcc mqujccgs gs `jiaea`gs `jiaea`gs pgr cms aestatukag aesta tukagejs4 ejs4 js `jkar, cgs pmrtakapme pmrtakapmetjs tjs kgegkje cms rjbcms `jc lujbg y cgs cæfatjs `jc kmfpg `j mkkaûe. ^gr jccg, jc sufaeastrg j aetjrkmfhag `j aeigrfmkaûe, pgr  jljfpcg, eg rjquajrj ue trmhmlg jxomustavg km`m vjz quj sj ejkjsatj sufaeastrmr  mcbüe `mtg, pujs jsm `jcafatmkaûe `jc jspmkag `j mkkaûe jstí `jtjrfaem`m pgr jc fmrkg aestatukagemc. Abumcfjetj, y kgfg üctafg mspjktg, cm krjkajetj afpgrtmekam `jc `asjýg `j fmrkgs aestatukagemcjs pmrm cm bjstaûe `j cgs kursgs `j mbums aetjremkagemcjs om pjrfjm`g cms jstrukturms rjbagemcjs `j aetjbrmkaûe, kgfg jc [astjfm `j Aetjbrmkaûe Kjetrgmfjrakmem ([AKM) je Kjetrgmfárakm, jc Fjrkm`g Kgfüe `jc [ur (FJXKG[ZX) g cm Kgfuea`m` Me`aem je Mfárakm `jc [ur (vjr  jljfpcg je Kum`rg 8).

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 Mcbuegs rægs pmsme `j ue pmæs m gtrg, mtrmvjsme`g cm irgetjrm. M jstj tapg `j ræ rægs gs sj cj `j `jeg egfa faem em,, `js` `js`j j jc puet puetg g `j vast vastm m aetj aetjre remk mkag agem emc,c, ræ rægs gs sukjsavgs. Mc pmæs quj jstí uhakm`g metjs `jc krukj `j cm irgetjrm sj cj ccmfm jc pmæs `j mbums mrrahm y mc gtrg, jc pmæs `j mbums mhmlg. Pmfhaáe puj`j `mrsj jc kmsg `j quj jc ræg kgrrm m cg cmrbg `j cm irgetjrm. ^g`ræmfgs `jkar quj jc ræg kgestatuyj cm irgetjrm. M jstgs rægs sj cjs `jegfaem rægs kgetabugs. Ze ræg puj`j sjr m cm vjz sukjsavg y kgetabug. Yjr Iaburm 2.=.

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Cms mbums `j cgs rægs aetjremkagemcjs kgestatuyje pmtrafgeag kgfüe `j `gs g fís Jstm`g Jstm`gs4 s4 sge rjkursgs emturm emturmcjs cjs kgfpmrta`gs. kgfpmrta`gs. Jc kgekjptg `j ræg eg puj`j ae`jpje`azmrsj `jc `j kujekm. Jc ræg js jc `rjemlj `j cm kujekm4 pjrg eg sûcg js jc kgcjktgr `jc mbum prg`uka`m, saeg tmfhaáe `jc fmtjramc sûca`g TE TEG GFH FHX XJ @JC MZPGX GXVV

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jrgsagem`g `j cm kujekm. g

Jc ræg trmesfatj tmfhaáe cm kgetmfaemkaûe quj sj prg`ukj je cm kujekm y jc ræg js tmfhaáe jc jcjfjetg `j `jskmrbm `j cms brme`js krjka`ms. [a haje js kajrtg kajrt g quj je ue ræg aetjremk aetjremkagemc agemc km`m ueg `j cgs Jstm`g Jstm`gss tajej sghjrmeæm sghrj uem pmrtj `j cm kujekm, tmfhaáe tmfhaáe cg js quj saje`g jc ræg ue jcjfjetg jcjfjetg emturmc, kgetaeug, fûvac j ae`avasahcj, cgs Jstm`gs rahjrjýgs tajeje cjbætafg aetjrás sghrj cm pmrtj `j cm kujekm quj puj`m mijktmrcgs.

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oa`rgpgcæta gcætakm km sj rjiajr rjiajrj j m cm kmpmka`m` `j cms ·]uá js cm oa`rgpgcætakm7  Cm oa`rgp aestatukage aesta tukagejs js bjgpgcætakm bjgpgcætakmss `j fmejl fmejlmr mr cgs rjkursgs oæ`rakgs kgfpmrta` kgfpmrta`gs gs `j igrfm pgcætakmfjetj sgstjeahcj, js `jkar, sae tjesagejs g kgeicaktgs jetrj cms jeta`m`js pgcætakms (ZEJ^, 8>>2).

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Cg prafjrg quj sj `jhj mtje`jr `js`j jc puetg `j vastm `j cm bjstaûe `j cgs kursgs `j mbums aetjremkagemcjs js quj cms kujekms oa`rgbríiakms y cgs mkuæ mkuæij ijrg rgss ‛s ‛sjme jme em emka kage gemc mcjs js g ae aetj tjre remka mkage gemc mcjs js‛ ‛ kg kges estatatu tuyj yje e cm uea` uea`m` m` tjrratgramc fís mptm pmrm cm pcmeaiakmkaûe y bjstaûe `j cgs rjkursgs oæ`rakgs, tmc kgfg cg `jfme`m uem bjstaûe aetjbrm`m `jc rjkursg.

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Je sjbue`g cubmr, y sabuaje`g cg mpuetm`g metjragrfjetj, cgs kursgs `j mbums aetjremkagemcjs `jhje bjstagemrsj `j mkujr`g kge cgs praekapags aetj aetjre remk mkag agem emcf cfje jetj tj mkjp mkjptm tm`g `gss `j ue usg usg jq jqua uatm tmtatavg vg y rm rmzg zgem emhc hcj, j, cm ghcabmkaûe `j eg gkmsagemr pjrluakag sjesahcj y jc `jhjr `j kggpjrmr, cm TE TEG GFH FHX XJ @JC MZPGX GXVV

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kgesuctm prjvam jetrj cms pmrtjs, jtk. Pg`gs jstgs jcjfjetgs sj jekujetrme je cgs praekapmcjs aestrufjetgs luræ`akgs aetjremkagemcjs y kgestatuyje uem buæm pmrm cm bjstaûe. 

Je tjrkj jrkjrr cubm cubmr, r, js kcmr kcmrg g qu quj j cm bj bjst staû aûe e `j cgs ku kurs rsgs gs `j mb mbum umss ae aetj tjre remk mkag agem emcj cjss je jeir irjet jetm, m, kg kgfg fg ue ueg g `j sus pr prae aeka kapm pmcj cjss `js `jsmi miæg ægs, s, cm su supj pjrmk rmkaû aûe e `j cg cgss jsq jsquj ujfm fmss tr trm` m`ak akag agem emcj cjss `j sj sjbu bura ra`m `m` ` y sg sghj hjrme rmeæm æm emka em kage gemc mc je kum kumet etg g qu quj j cg cgss ku kurs rsgs gs `j mb mbums ums aet aetjr jrem emka kage gemc mcjs js af afpc pcak akme me kg kgfp fpmrt mrtar ar `j `jrjk rjkog ogss y gh ghcacabm bmka kage gejs js je jetr trj j cg cgss Js Jstm tm`g `gss pg pgrr cg cgss qu quj j sj jxtaje`je.

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Iaemcfjetj, jc `jsmiæg kjetrmc `j cm rjbaûe js cm ejkjsa`m` `j `jsmrrgccmr cgs fmr mrkkgs aestatukage gem mcjs pmr mrm m cm bjs jsttaûe `j cgs kursgs sgs `j mbums aetjremkagemcjs. Cm afpgrtmekam `j tmcjs aestatukagejs vajej `m`m pgr jc ojkog `j quj rj`ukje cgs kgstgs `j trmesmkkaûe y cms jxtjremca`m`js ejbmta ejb mtavms, vms, fae faeafa afazme zme cm aek aekjrt jrta`u a`ufhr fhrj j y imkaca imkacatme tme cm kgf kgfuea ueakmk kmkaûe aûe jetrj jetrj mbjetjs. ^gr jccg sj kgesa`jrm quj sge cm rjspujstm m cgs `acjfms quj bjejrme cgs prghcjfms `j cm mkkaûe kgcjktavm, kgfg cgs quj sj prjsjetme je cm bjstaûe aetjbrm`m `j cgs kursgs `j mbums aetjremkagemcjs.

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@jha`g m quj cm K@A (Cm Kgfasaûe `j @jrjkog Aetjremkagemc) jstafû quj jc tá tárf rfae aeg g –sa –sast stjf jfm‖ m‖ jebc jebcgh ghm m m `a `akog kogss kg kgfp fpge gejet jetjs, js, cg cgss ku kumc mcjs js jstí jstíe e aetjrrjcmkagem`gs jetrj sæ, je jc kmsg `jc ^jrü js afpgrtmetj omkjr uem hrjvj rjicjxaûe sghrj sus `jhjrjs y `jrjkogs je vartu` m su uhakmkaûe je cgs sastjfms `j cgs kursgs `j mbum aetjremkagemcjs je cgs quj pmrtakapm.

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[a sj ghsjrvme cgs fmpms quj rjprjsjetme cm uhakmkaûe `j cms 0> kujekms trmesirgetjrazms je cms quj jc ^jrü pmrtakapm, sj egtm quj js ue pmæs `j mbums mhmlg y `j mbums mrrahm. TEG FHX XJ @JC MZPGX GXVV TEGFH

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Kge rjcmkaûe m cgs rægs uhakm`g uhakm`gss je eujstrm irget irgetjrm jrm kge jc Jkum`gr sgfgs ue pmæs mbums mhmlg.

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[gfgs ue pmæs `j mbums mrrahm kge rjcmkaûe m cgs rægs quj icuyje `js`j eujstrg tjrratgrag mc Hrmsac y m Hgcavam. • Je jc kmsg `jc [astjfm P@^[ jc ^jrü gkupm cm pgsakaûe `jc pmæs `j mbums mrrahm. • Kge Kgcgfham jc 1=% `j cm irgetjrm tjrrjstrj jstí kgestatua`m pgr sjkkagejs `j cgs rægs ^utufmyg y  Mfmzgems.

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Je jc kmsg `j jstgs `gs rægs kgetabugs mfhgs pmæsjs sge `j mbums mhmlg rjspjktg m Jkum`gr y `j mbums mrrahm rjspjktg mc Hrmsac.

–Jstms karkuestmekams `jhje sjr tjea`ms je kujetm mc fgfjetg `j jstmhcjkjr  mkujr`gs kge cgs pmæsjs vjkaegs‖.

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Hmccccjs Hm jstj tjrg rgss Fm Fmrt rtæe æe,, F. Í. (8 (8>=; >=;), ),‖‖ Ae Aetr trg`u g`ukk kkaû aûe e ·p ·pgr gr quá ue meíc meícas asas as bjgpgcætakg7‖ Hjremr`, M. (=111). –Kggpjrmkaûe aetjremkagemc m trmvás `j cms kgfasagejs `j kujekms icuvamcjs.‖ @j Mchm, I. (8>>2). –Bjgpgcætakm `jc mbum je Fáxakg< Cm gpgsakaûe jetrj cm oa`rgpgcætakm y jc kgeicaktg sgkagpgcætakg. Bcjakd, ^. (=11?). Poj Rgrc`‑s Rmtjr. Poj Hajeeamc Xjpgrtge Irjsowmtjr  Xjsgurkjs. R@K< Ascme` ^rjss. TEG GFH FHX XJ @JC MZPGX GXVV TE

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Ojre Oj reíe íe`j `jz, z, M. M.,, Cûpj Cûpjz, z, M. & Lafá Lafáej ejz. z. M. (8 (8>> >>1) 1).. Bg Bghj hjre remh mhacaca` a`m` m` j Aestatukagejs je Kujekms Prmesirgetjrazms `j Mfárakm Kjetrmc y Fáxakg. Ourrjc, M. (=11;). –Cm ^gcætakm aetjremkagemc `jc mfhajetj‖. Je< Buoc, Jrejstg & Lume Pgdmtame (j`s.). Cûpjz, M. (8>>2). Kujekms Aetjremkagemcjs kgfg [astjfms `j [jbura`m` Kgfpcjlm. Kgstm Xakm< J`atgramc Zeavjrsa`m` Emkagemc. JZEM.   ottps>. ottps.:>>.=8:0;/?>:/MEM>>>> =8:0;/?>:/MEM>>>> :0=.p`i7sjqujekj6=&asMccgwj`6y   iacjOa`rmucakgs%8>8>8=%8>CAFM..p`i 

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