Rectificación Del Bloque Del Motor
January 19, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Fj ejdquf `dttdr `d [V@MUBD [V@MUBD ▩
Kdastbtukbûa cfj ejdquf ejdquf
▩
Hdr`mkbûa cf jds kbjbacrds fa fj ejdquf ejdquf
▩
Kumjbcmcfs cf jds kbjbacr ds
▩
Cmýds
fa jds kbjbacr ds
Mvf M vfràm ràms s cfj cfj `dtdr `dtdr b`p b`putm utmejf ejfs s mj ejdquf ejdquf
▩
Ufktbhbkmcds fa fj ejdquf ejdquf
▩
DEOFSBXD[ ··
Kdadkfr fj trmemod cfj ejdquf, su su kdastbtukbûa, jm hdr`mkbûa y tbpds cf kbjbacr ds y tbpdjdgàm cf jds `bs`ds. `bs`ds.
··
jms kdacbkbdafs quf cfefa Fstucbmr jms
fuabr jds kbjbacrds, jms kmusms cf su cfsgmstf y su r
bahjufakbm fa fj fj huakbdam`bfatd cfj `dtdr . ··
Kd`prfacfr jms mvfràms dkmsbdamcms fa jds kbjbacr ds.
Mamjbz Mam jbzmr mr jds rfs rfsujt ujtmcd mcds s cf jms vfrbhbkmkbdafs
··
pmrm cftfr`bamr uam uam pdsbejf r fp fpmr mkbûa, mkbûa, rfktbhbkmcd, sustbtukbûa cfj ejdquf d km`bsms. km`bsms. ··
Kdadkfr jds prdkfsds cf r fktbhbk fktbhbkmcd y fakm`bsmcd cf kbjbacr ds.
=;2 =;2
Vabcmc > - Fj ejdquf `dtdr
= 11
Fj ejdquf `dt dr Fj ejdquf fs fj fjf`fatd prbakbpmj cfj `dtdr. Fs fj fsqufjftd quf sustfatm tdcms jms pbfzms y `fkmabs`ds afkfsmrbds pmrm nmkfr huakbdamr fj `dtdr. Jms prbakbpmjfs prdpbfcmcfs quf kmrmktfrbzma mj ejdquf sda jm sdjbcfz y jm rfsbstfakbm, jd quf jf pfr`btf sdpdrtmr jms hufrzms batframs prdcukbcms pdr jm fxpjd-
sbûa, y jms tdrsbdafs cfebcms mj gbrd cfj kbgúfýmj. Fj ejdqu Fj ejd quf f tbfaf `fkmabzmcms fa su batfrbdr uams dqufcmcfs cfstbamcms m mjdomr jds kbjbacrds cfj `dtdr. Jm pmrtf cfj ejd ejdquf quf quf kbfrrm jm kujmtm cfef tfafr uam supfrh bkbf sba rugdsbcmc y kd`pjftm`fatf pjm am pmrm msfatmr jm oua ouatm tm cf kujmtm y nmkfr nfr`âtbkds jds kbjbacrds curmatf jm kd`prfsbûa. kd`prfsbûa.
Fa jm pmrtf bahfrbdr cfj ejd ejdqu quf f fstí sbtumcm jm emakmcm. Fa fj fxtrf`d bahfrbdr sf mtdrabjjm fj kírtfr, quf kuerf fj kbgúfýmj y jds kbjbacrds, m jm vfz quf cfpdsbtm fj mkfbtf cf fagrmsf. fagrmsf. Kumacd sf hmerbkm fj ejdq uf sf rfmjbzma kdacuktds batfrads pdr cdacf kbrkujmrí fj mkfbtf cf fagrmsf, kmamjbzmkbdafs pmr pmrmm fj rfkdrrbcd cfj rfhrbgfrmatf y tmjmcrds rdskmcds pmr m
Mvfràm pdr kdabkbcmc fa fj ejdquf pdr hmjtm cf rfhrbgfrmkbûa
[b jds kbjbacrds cfoma cf dhrfkfr rfsbstfakbm mj cfsgmstf, vma pfrcbfacd su hdr`m kbjàacrbkm y mcdptmacd kbfrtm kdabkbcmc y dvmjm`bfatd quf prdvdkm pârcbcm cf gmsfs cf kd`eustbûa, pmsd cf mkfbtf m jm kí`mrm y kdasu`d fjfvmcd cf mkfbtf. Jms kdasfkufakbms pufcfa sfr pârcbcms cf pdtfakbm y mu`fatd cf kdasu`d cf kd`eustbejf, mcf`ís cf kdatm`bamr `uknd `ís quf fa kdacbkbdafs adr`mjfs. adr`mjfs. [b ad sf prdcukf uam eufam rfhrbgfrmkbûa mu`fatm fj cfsgmstf y jm kdrrdsbûa cf jds kbjbacrds y, mcf`ís, sf hmkbjbtm jm cfhdr`mkbûa cf pmrtfs pjmams kd`d fj msbfatd cf kujmtm, emakmcm, kdjfktdrfs, ftk. ftk.
jds tdrabjjds cf suofkbûa cf jm kujmtm y dtrds mkkfsdrbds. Fa `dtdrfs matbguds, fj íredj cf jfvms sf `datmem fa fj ejd ejdquf quf,, kuyd mjdom`bfatd fstí pdr fakb`m y pmr pmrmjfj mjfj d mj kbgúfýmj< jm cbstrbeukbûa fa fstds `dtdrfs sf cfad`bam DNX. DNX. Kd`d sf nm vbstd fa jm uabcmc cbcíktbkm 8, jds kbjbacrds fa fj ejd ejdqu quf f pufc p ufcfa fa mpm mpmrfk rfkfr? fr?
Fa jàafm (h bgurm bgurm >.=). >.=). ‛ Fa X (h bgurm bgurm >.5). >.5). ‛ Fa W. ‛ Ndrbzdatmj`fatf dpufstds (h bgurm bgurm >.;). >.;).
>.=. Ejdquf `dtdr kda kbjbacrds fa jàafm. jàafm.
>.5. Ejdquf `dtdr cf kbjbacrds fa X. X.
>.;. Ejdquf `dtdr cf kbjbacrds dpufstds rfhrbgfrmcds pdr mbrf. mbrf.
‛
=39 =39 =.= 1
Kjmsbhbkmkbûa cf jds ejdqufs
cf ejdqufs ufs fa fj `dtdr mktumj? mktumj? Fj sbgubfatf fsquf`m rfsu`f jds cbstbatds tbpds cf ejdq
[fgÿa fj sbstf`m cf rfhrbgfrmkbûa
Ejdqufs rfhrbgfrmcds pdr mbrf mbrf Ejdqufs rfhrbgfrmcds pdr mgum mgum
SBYD[ CF EJD]VF[
[fgÿa fj `dcd cf rfmjbzmr jds kbjbacrds
Ejdqufs kda km`bsms batfgrmjfs batfgrmjfs Ejdqufs kda km`bsms pdstbzms
sfkms Km`bsms sfkms Km`bsms nÿ`fcms nÿ`fcms
Fa jàafm jàafm [fgÿa jm cbspdsbkbûa cf jds kbjbacrds
Fa X X Kbjbacrds dpufstds dpufstds
=.5
1
Kmrmktfràstbkms cf jds ejdqufs ejdqufs
Jds ejdqufs cfefa tfafr jms sbgubfatfs kmrmktfràstbkms pmrm kmrmktfràstbkms pmrm kdasfgubr ua
huakbdam`bfatd kdrrfktd? kdrrfktd?
Ubgbcfz d rfsbstfakbm fstrukturmj. Fstm rbgbcfz fs mpdrtmcm pdr jds prd pbds `mtfrbmjfs y rfhdrzmcm rfhdrzmcm pdr pdr fj usd cf afrvbds fa su cbsfýd. Jm rbgbcfz fs afkfsmrbm pmrm? pmrm?
‛
[dpdrtmr jds fshufrzds cfebcds m jm kd`eustbûa? mjtms prfsbdaf prfsbdafs, s, mjtms tf`pfrmturms, vbermkbdafs, ftk. ftk. ◄ Ufsbstbr fj `dvb`bfatd cf jds fjf`fatds batfrads? ebfjms, batfrads? ebfjms, kbgúfýmj, pbstdafs, ftk. y jm hufrzm mpjbkmcm m jds sdpdrtfs y fstrukturm cfj `dtdr . ◄
>.3. Mkkfsdrbds quf sdpdrtm fj ejdquf
`dtdr. `dtdr.
>.6. Ejdquf eb`ftíjbkd. eb`ftíjbkd.
Fa fj ejdquf fstía mkdpjmcms jms suofkbdafs cfj `dtdr mj emstbcdr, quf m su vfz, vm makjmcd m jm kmrrdkfràm m trmvâs cf sbjfatejdkls d tmkds cf `dtdr , prdpdrkbdama ma uam uabûa fjístbkm, grmkbms m jm kumj sf mesdrefa jms quf prdpdrkbda vbermkbdafs cfj `dtdr pmrm quf ad sf trmas`btma m jm kmrrdkfràm. kmrrdkfràm. ‛ Ufsbstfakbm mj cfsgmstf. [f kdasbguf kda jds `mtfrbmjfs cf hmerbkmkbûa y jds trmtm`bfatds cf jds kbjbacrds y kda uam mcfkumcm juerbkmkbûa y fvmkumkbûa cfj kmjdr. Fs b`prfskbacbejf pmrm kdasfgubr quf fj ejdquf rfsbstm m jd jmrgd cfj tbf`pd, pufs suhrf rdzm`bfatds b`pdrtmatfs y rfpftbcds. rfpftbcds. ‛ Kmpmkbcmc cf fvmkumr kmjdr. Fj `mtfrbmj cf hmerbkmkbûa kdatrbeuyf m fjjd, pufs cf âj cfpfacf jm kdacuktbebjbcmc târ`bkm y ua mcfkumcd sbstf`m cf rfhrbgfrmkbûa. Cfebcd m fstm kmrmktfràstbkm cfj `dtdr sf fvbtm jm kdrrdsbûa, jms vmrbmkbdafs b`pdrtmatfs fa sus cb`fasbdafs, cfhdr`bcmcfs, ftk. ‛ Ufsbstfakbm m jm kdrrdsbûa. Fj kdatmktd kda jds jàqubcds rfhrbgfrmatfs y jms mjtms tf`pfrmturms pufcfa jjfgmr m cmýmr sfrbm`fatf fj ejdquf y jms km`bsms. Jds `mtfrbmjfs cf hmerbkmkbûa cfj ejdquf cfefa sfr rfsbstfatfs m jm dxbcmkbûa. Cf bgumj `dcd, jds jàqubcds rfhrbgfrmatfs cfefa ku`pjbr jms prdpbfcmcfs matbkdrrdsbvms. matbkdrrdsbvms.
=3= =3=
Vabcmc > - Fj ejdquf `dtdr
=.;
1
Hmerbkmkbûa cfj ejdquf ejdquf
Xdkmeujmrbd
Fa jm hmerbkmkbûa cfj ejdquf `dtdr, quf nmstm nmkf pdkds mýds sf nmkàm sbf`prf cf uam ÿabkm pbfzm `fcbmatf kdjmcm d bayfkkbûa cf `ftmj, sf utbjbzma `ftmjfs kd`d jm huacbkbûa grbs, mýmcbâacdjf grmtd y mjfmkbdafs cf krd`d, aàqufj, `djbecfad y, fa jm mktumjbcmc, mju`babd y `mgafsbd. Jms prdpbfcmcfss quf sf qubfrfa kdasfgubr kda fstds `mtfrbmjfs sda, prbakbpmj prdpbfcmcf `fatf, rfsbstfakbm fstrukturmj, rfsbstfakbm mj cfsgmstf, eufam kdacuktb kdacuktbvbvbcmc târ`bkm y rfsbstfakbm m jm kdrrdsbûa cf jds kmreurmatfs, rfhrbgfrmatfs y mkfbtfs. prbakbpmjf s cf jms aufvms mjfmkbdafs cf `mgafsbd-mjuVad cf jds deoftbvds prbakbpmjfs `babd fs cbs`baubr fj pfsd cfj ejdquf y kda fjjd nmkfr `ís jbgfrd fj kda ouatd cfj `dtdr . =. 3 1
Jm emakmcm emakmcm emakmcm, sbtumcm fa jm pmrtf bahfrbdr cfj ejdquf, jjfvm `fkmabzmcds jds mpdyds sderf jds quf sf msbfatm y gbrm fj kbgúfýmj, quf fstí suoftd kda jds sd`erfrftfs cf emakmcm cdacf sf batfrpdafa uads kmsqubjjds matbhrbkkbûa. matbhrbkkbûa. Jm
Fa `dtdrfs matbguds y `ís jfatds, jm emakmcm hdr`m pmrtf cf jm fstrukturm cfj ejdquf, y fstí kdahdr`mcm kdahdr`mcm pdr pdr uads tmebqufs pmrm mpdrtmrjf sdjbcfz (gurm >.8). >.8).
Kdjmcm? `âtdcd cf detfakbûa cf pbf-
zms `fcbmatf `djcfs, ym sfma `ftíjbkds d cf mrfam, vfrtbfacd fj `mtfrbmj jàqubcd fa fj `bs`d y cfoíacdjd sdjbcbhbkmr. sdjbcbhbkmr. Huacbkbûa grbs? `ftmj cfrbvmcd cfj nbf-
rrd cf prb`frm husbûa kda fj quf sf kdastruyfa `uknms pbfzms cfj mutd`ûvb mutd`ûvbj. j.
Ejdquf cf `mgafsbd-mju`babd E@W
Fa fj cfsmrrdjjd cf jds aufvds ejdqufs, E@W nm pufstd fspfkbmj mtfakbûa fa jds sbgubfatfs puatds? puatds? ‛ Jm rfsbstfakbm mj cfsjbzm`bfatd cfsjbzm`bfatd vbskdsd. vbskdsd. ‛ Jm rfsbstfakbm m jm kdrrdsbûa y jm fjb-
`bamkbûa cf fstm pdr kdatmktd fatrf `mgafsbd y cf`ís `mtfrbmjfs. `mtfrbmjfs. târ`bkm y `fkíabkm. `fkíabkm. ‛ Jm rfsbstfakbm târ`bkm ‛ Fj kd`pdrtm`bfatd kd`pdrtm`bfatd fa jm huacbkbûa. huacbkbûa. `dtdr. ‛ Jm nfr`ftbkbcmc cfj `dtdr.
Fj aÿ`frd cf mpdyds cfj kbgúfýmj sufjf kdbakbcbr kda fj aÿ`frd cf ebfjms d cf kbjbacrds `ís uad. Fa `dtdrfs pfqufýds cf pdkm kbjbacrmcm, pmrm rfcukbr fspmkbd y kdstfs cf hmerbkmkbûa, pufcf sfr fj aÿ`frd cf ebfjms `fads uad (gurm >.7). >.7). Fa mjguams kdastrukkbdafs, fj aÿ`frd cf mpdyds cfj kbgúfýmj pufcf sfr bahfrbdr mj aÿ`frd cf ebfjms. [f mcdptm fstf tbpd cf kdastrukkbûa fa `dtdrfs fa X (gurm >.>) mj sfr `ís kd`pmktds. kd`pmktds. Fxbstfa emakmcm emakmcmss quf sda bacfpfacbfatfs cfj ejdqu ejdquf f y hdr`ma ua sf`bkírtfr d tmpm cf kdobaftfs quf sf uaf mj ejdq ejdquf uf m trmvâs cf uads tdrabjjds (hbgurm >.2). >.2). Fa `dtdrfs `dcfrads, fj f`pjfd cf ua aÿ`frd fskmsd cf mpdyds sf trmcukf gfafrmj`fatf fa vbermkbdafs quf tbfafa fhfktds `uy afgmtbvds fa jds kdobaftfs y fj kbgúfýmj, sbfacd fj íredj `dtdr fakmrgmcd cf trmas`btbr fj pmr mj vdjmatf cf bafrkbm, f`ermguf y kmom cf km`ebds.
>.8. Emakmcm cfj ejdquf `dtdr kda 6
mpdyds cf kbgúfýmj. kbgúfýmj.
>.7. Emakmcm cf ; mpdyds cf kbgúfýmj kda
>.>. Emakmcm cf 3 mpdyds kda kbgúfýmj pmrm pmrm
>.2. Mjdom`bfatd cfj kbgúfýmj fa emakmcm
íredj cf jfvms fa ejdquf. ejdquf.
8 kbjbacrds fa X. Hufatf? @frkfcfs. @frkfcfs.
sfpmrmcm cfj ejdquf. Hufatf? E@W. E@W.
=35 =35
=.6
1
Jds kbjbacr ds Jds kbjbacrds sda kmvbcmcfs prmktbkmcms fa fj ejdquf quf pufcfa sfr pbfzms kbjàacrbkms basfrtmcms d fstmr batfgrmcms fa fj `bs`d. Fa fj batfrbdr cf kmcm kbjbacrd sf cfspjmzm fj pbstûa kda ua `dvb`bfatd jbafmj mjtframtbvd (gu rm >.==). (gurm
prdcukfa a jds tbf`pds cfj Fj batfrbdr cf jds kbjbacrds fs fj jugmr cdacf sf prdcukf `dtdr? mc`bsbûa cf mbrf d mbrf-kd`eustbejf, kd`prfsbûa cf fsf mbrf d `fzkjm, fxpjdsbûa d kd`eustbûa fa su kmsd y fxpujsbûa cf gmsfs gmsfs hufrm cfj kbjbacrd. kbjbacrd. Cfj eufa fstmcd cf jds kbjbacrds cfpfacf, prbakbpmj`fatf, fj kdrrfktd huakbdam`bfatd cfj `dtdr y su curmebjbcmc, ym quf fstds cfefa sdpdrtmr mjtms prfsbdafs y tf`pfrmturms kd`d kdasfkufakbm cf jm kd` eustbûa. eustbû a. Sm`ebâ Sm`ebâa a sf prdcu prdcukf kf ua rdzm`bfatd kdastmatf fatrf jds sfg`fatds y fj pbstûa. Ydr tdcd fjjd, jds kbjbacrds cfefa ku`pjbr jms sbgubfa prdpbfcmcfss huacm`f huacm`fatmjfs? atmjfs? tfs prdpbfcmcf
Ufsbstfakbm mj cfsgmstf. ‛ Eufam kdacuktbvbcmc târ`bkm. târ`bkm. ‛ Eufams kumjbcmcfs cf cfsjbzm`bfatd. cfsjbzm`bfatd.
‛
Ydr dtrd jmcd, jds kbjbacrds cfefa prfsfatmr uam eruýbcd cd fspfkbmj? fs ua `mrkmcd supfrkbf kda ua eruýb supfrkbf kruzmcd m uads 89¹, kda uam kbfrtm rugdsbcmc quf pfr`btm pfr`b tm rftf rftfafr afr fj mkfbtf pmrm juerbkmr y fvbtmr fj rdzm`bfatd cf jds sfg`fatds (gurm >.=5). >.=5).
X. >.=9. @dtdr kda cbspdsbkbûa cf kbjbacrds fa X.
= 5
Fj mju`babd fa ejdqufs batfgrmjfs
Fj mju`babd ad nm cmcd eufads rfsujtmcds fa jm hmerbkmkbûa cf ejdqufs batfbatf- grmjfs. grmjfs.
; 3
89¹ 89¹
Yríktbkm
==
= Kbjbacrd
; Ybstûa
5 [fg`fatd
3 Eujûa pbf cf ebfjm. ebfjm.
>.==. Mkdpjm`bfatd cfj pbstûa y sfg`fatds mj mj
kbjbacrd.
>.=5. Mspfktd cfj eruýbcd cf jds kbjbacrds. kbjbacrds.
=3; =3;
Vabcmc > - Fj ejdquf `dtdr
=.8
1
Hmerbkmkbûa d `datmof cf jds kbjbacrds fa fj ejdquf `dtdr
Fxbstfa cds `dcds huacm`fatmjfs cf hmerbkmkbûa d `datmof cf jds kbjbacrds fa fj ejdquf? jds kbjbacrds batfgrmcds y jms km`bsms cf kbjbacrd. kbjbacrd.
batfgrmcds Kbjbacrds batfgrmcds Jds kbjbacrds sf kdahfkkbdama cbrfktm ejd`fatf m jm fjvfz quf sf fjmedrm quf y kda `bs`d `ftmj. Ydr fjtmatd, ad sf cbstbaguf abagÿa tbpd cf km`bsm pdstbzm y fj cbí`ftrd cfj kbjbacrd nmy quf moustmrjd cfspuâs cf smkmr fj kda ouatd cfj `djcf (gurm >.=;). Fa jm mktumjbcmc, fstf tbpd cf kbjbacrds sf usm fa `dtdrfs Cbfsfj ym quf prdpdrkbdama grma sdjbcfz. Ydr ÿjtb`d nmy quf sfýmjmr quf jds ejdqufs cf mju`babd ad cma eufads rfsujtmc rfsujtmcds. ds.
Xfatmoms cf jms km`bsms pdstbzms
Jms km`bsms pdstbzms sf usma fa ejdqufs cf huacbkbûa d cf mjfmkbûa pdrquf pmrm su rfpmrmkbûa sf sustbtuyf jm km`bsm pdr uam aufvm, qufcmacd fj `dtdr fa jms kdtms cf drbgfa y fj `mtfrbmj cf hmerbkmkbûa cfj ejdquf ad tbfaf quf sfr tma fspfkàhbkd pmrm fvbtmr jm mermsbûa. mermsbûa.
2
Yríktbkm
kbjbacrd Km`bssms cf kbjbacrd Jms km`bsms sda kbjbacrds cfs`datm ejfs (gurms >.=3 y >.=6). M cbhfrfakbm cf jds kbjbacrds batfgrmcds, jms km`bsms sf hmerbkma mpmrtf, kda `mtfrbmjfs `ís >.=;. Ejdquf kda kbjbacrds batfgrmcds y víjvujms fa fj ejdquf. ejdquf. rfsbstfatfs quf jds cfj ejdquf. Ydr fof`pjd, fa fj `dtdr v8 cf @frkfcfs- @frkfcfs- Efaz fj rfvfstb`bfatd cf jms km`bsms fs cf uam mjfmkbûa fspfkbmj cf mju`babd-sbjbkbd. Jm cbsbpmkbûa cfj kmjdr quf sf detbfaf fs fxkfjfatf, rfcukbfacd fa ua 69% jm cfhdr`mkbûa cfj kbjbacrd y jm hrbkkbûa kda sfg`fatds y pbstûa. Fj kdstf cf hmerbkmkbûa fs `mydr quf fj cfj ejdquf batfgrmj. batf grmj.
>.=3. Ejdquf kda km`bsms sfkms cf
mju`babd-sbjbkbd. Hufatf? @frkfcfs-Efaz. @frkfcfs-Efaz.
`datmrsf rsf cf cds hdr`ms fa fj ejdquf? Jms km`bsms pufcfa `datm ejdquf?
Km`bsms sfkms. Fs ua tbpd cf kbjbacrd cf pdkd fspfsdr quf vm moustmcd
‛
m prfsbûa fa tdcm su jdagbtuc mj `mtfrbmj cfj ejdquf pmrm rmcbmr fj kmjdr gfafrmcd fa su batfrbdr nmkbm jàqubcd rfhrbgfrmatf (gurm >.=7 E). E). M
E Kbjbacrds batfgrmcds batfgrmcds
>.=8. Ejdquf cf km`bsms nÿ`fcms. nÿ`fcms.
>.=7. Cbstbatds `datmofs cf kbjbacrds. kbjbacrds.
>.=6. Sbpds cf km`bsms y kbjbacrds. kbjbacrds.
K Km`bsms sfkms sfkms
Km`bsms nu`fcms nu`fcms
=33 =33 Km`bsms nÿ`fcms. Fj ejdquf pmrm km`bsms nÿ`fcms (gurm >.=8) fs tdtmj`fatf nufkd. Jms km`bsms sda kbjbacrds pdstbzds y fstía fa kdatmktd cbrfktd kda fj jàqubcd cf rfhrbgfrmkbûa (gurm (gurm >.=7 K). Jms km`bsms, pdr su pmrtf bahfrbdr fxtfram, nmkfa fstmakd fj kbrkubtd cf rfhrbgfrmkbûa `fcbmatf uads mabjjds tûrbkds (gurms >.=> y >.=2). Fa jm pmrtf supfrbdr tm`ebâa pufcfa br sfjjmcms kda ua mabjjd quf fakmom fa uam nfacbcurm cfemod cfj kdjjmr cf jm km`bsm (gurm (gurm >.=2). Jm pmrtf supfrbdr cf jm km`b-
‛
sm supfrm fa uads `bjà`ftrds fj pjmad cfj ejdquf (cftmjjf cf jm gurm >.=2). Fstf `datmof gmrmatbzm fj kbfrrf nfr`âtbkd cf jm km`bsm mj mprftmr jm kujmtm sderf fj ejdquf m su pmr kdrrfspdacbfatf. kdrrfspdacbfatf.
jbgfrm Jms km`bsms cf kbjbacrd fa jds ejdqufs cf mjfmkbûa jbgfrm >.=>. [fkkbûa cf jm bastmjmkbûa cf km`bsms
nÿ`fcms fa fj ejdquf. ejdquf.
Kujmtm Kujmtm smjbfatf Kudtm smjbfatf
Jms km`bsms fa jds ejdqufs cf mjfmkbûa jbgfrm fstía nfknms cf `ftmj cf huacbkbûa, `ís rfsbstfatf quf jm mjfmkbûa cfj ejdquf (gurm (gurm >.59). Fj rfvfstb`bfatd batfrbdr cf fstms km`bsms fs cf uam mjfmkbûa fspfkbmj pmrm quf jm cbsbpmkbûa cfj kmjdr sfm eufam. [u `datmof sf rfmjbzm kd`d jms km`bsms sfkms moustmcms m prfsbûa d jms nÿ`fcms sfpmrmejfs. sfpmrmejfs.
Ejdquf kda kbjbacrds rfhrbgfrmcds pdr mbr f Ejdquf Ejdquf
>.=2. Cftmjjf cf jm bastmjmkbûa cf jds mab-
jjds y smjbfatf cf jm km`bsm. km`bsm.
rfhrbgfrmcds pdr mbrf, fs afkfsmrbd quf jm rfhrbgfrmkbûa sf Fa jds kbjbacrds rfhrbgfrmcds pdr rfmjbkf fa jms cfebcms kdacbkbdafs fa tdcm jm pfrbhfrb pfrbhfrbm m cfj kbjbacrd. Ydr fjjd fs prfkbsd quf jds kbjbacrds sfma bacfpfacbfatfs, cdtmacd m kmcm uad cf fjjds kda uams mjftms pmrm fj batfrkm`ebd cf kmjdr (gurm (gurm >.5=). Fstd sf utbjbzm prbakb prbakbpmj`fat pmj`fatf f fa `dtdrfs `dadkbjàacrbkds cf usds `ÿjtbpjfs, fa `dtdkbkjftms y mjguads trmktdrfs. trmktdrfs. Fa Fa pfqufýd pfqufýdss `dtdrfs ` dtdrfs cf cds tbf`pds cfebcd m su sbstf`m cf mjb`fatmkbûa y fskmpf pdr ju`erfrms jmtfrmjfs, pufcf ad sfr prfkbsd quf jm kujmtm sfm cfs`datmejf. [f hmerbkma fa mjguads kmsds cf ua sdjd kufrpd, jjm`mcd `dadejdkl, y rfsujtma `ís kd`pmktds. [f fvbtma puatds cf uabûa fatrf fjjds y, pmrm hmkbjbtmr fj mrrmaquf, jjfvma uam víjvujm cf cfskd`prfsbûa. cfskd`prfsbûa.
cf Km`bsms huacbkbûa huacbkbûa
Sdydtm. >.59. Ejdquf cf mjfmkbûa y km`bsms cf huacbkbûa. Hufatf? Sdydtm.
>.5=. Kbjbacrd y kujmtm rfhrbgfrmcds pdr mbrf. mbrf.
=36 =36
Vabcmc > - Fj ejdquf `dtdr
ejdquf =.7 1 Kdacuktds y drbhbkb ds fa fj ejdquf Fj ejdquf `dtdr fstí prdvbstd cf uam sfrbf cf kmamjbzmkbdafs, kí`mrms y tmjmcrds rdskmcds, quf sda cf vbtmj b`pdrtmakbm, pmrm fj pmsd cf jds ſtub ſtub-cds cf rfhrbgfrmkbûa y fagrmsf, msà kd`d pmrm jm uabûa cf jds cbhfrfatfs kd`pdafatfs quf m âj sf mkdpjma (gurm (gurm >.55). Jm kujmtm cfef cf br hufrtf`fatf suoftm, m kdasfkufakbm cf jms grmacfs prfsbdafs quf cfef sdpdrtmr , y pmrm fvbtmr jm pârcbcm cf kd`prfsbûa y hugm cf jds jàqubcds. Fa fj ejdquf sf prmktbkm prmktbkma a jmtfrmj`fatf jmtfr mj`fatf jds drbkbds tmpdamcds pmrm fvbtmr jm rdturm cfj `bs`d fa kmsd cf kdagfjmkbûa cfj jàqubcd cf rfhrbgfrmkbûa. rfhrbgfrmkbûa.
= Kdacuktd cf rfhrbgfrmkbûa 5 [uofkbûa cf fjf`fatds fxtfrads fxtfrads ; [uofkbûa cf kujmtm
=
3 [uofkbûa sd`erfrftf cfj kbgúfýmj kbgúfýmj 6 Kdacuktd cf fagrmsf cf mpdyds cfj kbgúfýmj kbgúfýmj ;
Yríktbkm
;
Yríktbkm
3
Bakdavfabfatf cf jms km`bsms pdstbzms
prbakbpmj mj bakdavfabfat bakdavfabfatff cf jds ejd Fj prbakbp qufs kda km`bsms km`bsms pdstbzms pdstbzms fs uam hmerb hmerb kmkbûa `ís `ís kd`pjfom kd`pjfom quf jm cf ua ejd quf batfgrmj. batfgrmj.
Ejdquf `dcujmr
Fa jds ejdq ejdqufs, ufs, jm cbstmakbm cbstmakbm fatrf fatrf kbjba crds fs jm `bs`m `bs`m kda fj hba hba cf memrmtm memrmtm kdstfs.. [f mprdv kdstfs mprdvfknm fknm msà bahrmfstrukt bahrmfstruktuu rm, `mqubamrbm `mqubamrbm y `ÿjtbpjfs `ÿjtbpjfs pbfzms kd`u kd`u afs fa gm`ms gm`ms cf `dtdr `dtdrfs fs quf quf pufcm memrkmr cbstbatd aÿ`frd cf kbjbacrds. kbjbacrds.
3 6
5
>.55. Kdacuktds cfj ejdquf `dtdr. Hufatf? Sdydtm. Sdydtm.
Yríktbkm
2
Yríktbkm
=9
Yríktbkm
==
Mktbvbcmcfs prdpufstms =·· Kjmsbhbkm jds kd`pdafatfs cfj `dtdr fa huakbûa cf su uebkmkbûa fa jms pmrtfs hboms? kujmtm, ejdquf, emakmcm d kírtfr. Desfrvm quf ua `bs`d fjf`fatd pufcf fakdatrmrsf fa cds pmrtfs hboms. hboms. ‛ Ed`em cf mkfbtf ‛ Kbgúfýmj ‛ Mkfbtf cf fagrmsf ‛ Xíjvujms ‛ Íredj cf jfvms ‛ Kdacuktd cf mc`bsbûa y fskmpf fskmpf ‛ Kbjbacrds
‛ Smquâs Smquâs ‛ Ebfjms Ebfjms ‛ Eujûa Eujûa ‛ Kdobaftfs matbhrbkkbûa matbhrbkkbûa ‛ Xdjmatf `dtdr `dtdr ‛ Íredj cf emjmakbafs emjmakbafs ‛ Ybstûa Ybstûa
‛ [fg`fatds ‛ @ufjjfs cf víjvujm
kbgúfýmj ‛ [d`erfrftfs cf ebfjm d kbgúfýmj ‛ Ouatm cf kujmtm kujmtm
=38 =38
5
>
Yríktbkm
11
5.= 1
Kmrmktfràstbkms cf jds kbjbacrds kbjbacrds Cb`fasbdafs cfj kbjbacrd kbjbacrd Jms cb`fasbdafs cfj kbjbacrd vbfafa cftfr`bamcms pdr jm rfjm kbûa quf fxbstf fatrf jm kmrrfrm y fj cbí`ftrd d kmjberf. Fst rfjmkbûa pufcf vmrbmr fa huakbûa cf jms kmrmktfràstbkms gfafrm kbjbacrds. jfs cfj `dtdr? pdtfakbm, rfvdjukbdafs y aÿ`frd cf kbjbacrds.
cfa a kjmsbh bkmr fa huakbûa cf jm rfjmkbûa (ζ) f a t r f s Jds `dtdrfs sf puf cf kmrrfrm (J) y su cbí`ftrd (c). Fstm rfjmkbûa vbfaf fxprfsmcm pdr j sbgubfatf hûr`ujm? hûr`ujm?
c
ζ
J
0
J c
Fstm kjmsbh bkmkbûa fs jm quf sbguf?
[b ζ 1 = sf trmtm cf ua `dtdr mjmrgmcd. Fstf tbpd cf `dtdrfs sf kmrmktfrbzma pdr sfr jfatds. jfatds. kmrmktfrbzmcds pdr sfr rípbcds. rípbcds. ‛ [b ζ 0 = fs ua `dtdr kumcrmcd, kmrmktfrbzmcds pdr ‛ [b ζ : = fs ua `dtdr supfrkumcrmcd. Fstds `dtdrfs sf kmrmktfrbzma pdr sfr `uy rípbcds. rípbcds. ‛
kbjbacrd. >.5;. Cb`fasbdafs cfj kbjbacrd.
Ymrm jds `dtdrfs mktumjfs, jm rfjmkbûa `ís adr`mj fs ζ 0 =,5. ζ
0
J 0 =,5 c
Kmsds príktbkds Ufjmkbûa fatrf jm kmrrfrm y fj cbí`ftrd ·· Kmjkujm jm rfjmkbûa fatrf jm kmrrfrm y fj cbí`ftrd cfj â`edjd fa ua `dtdr cf kumtrd kbjbacrds, kuyd pbstûa tbfaf ua cbí`ftrd cf >5 `` y uam kmrrfrm cf 2; ``. Kjmsbhbkm fj `dtdr fa huakbûa cf fstm rfjmkbûa.
[djukbûa ·· Mpjbkmacd jm hûr`ujm cf jm rfjmkbûa fatrf kmrrfrm y cbí`ftrd, y sustbtuyfacd jds cmtds cfj prdejf`m sf detbfaf quf? quf? 0
ζ
J c
↕
0
ζ
2; `` 0 =,=;3 >5 `` ``
=. [f trmtm cf ua `dtdr mjmrgmcd, mj sfr fj rfsujtmcd ua aÿ`frd `mydr quf =.
5.5 Km`bsms krd`mcms
Jms km`bsms cf grmacfs cb`fasbdafs sf rfhufrzma kda ua rfvfstb`bfatd supfrhbkbmj cf krd`d fjfktrdjàtbkd pmrm fvbtmr pfqufýds cfsgmstfs quf supdagma grma mu`fatd cf jm kbjbacrmcm. kbjbacrmcm.
1
Fspfsdr cf jm pmrfc fa jds kbjbacrds kbjbacrds Fj fspfsdr cf jm pmrfc, t matd fa jds kbjbacrds kd`d fa jm km`bsms, sf kmjkuj m fa huakbûa cfj cbí`ftrd y cf jm pr f s b û kbjbacrd. `íxb`m quf sdpdrtm jm pmrfc cfj kbjbacrd.
Fj fspfsdr cf jm pmrfc cfef fstmr kd`prfacbcd fatrf uads jà`btfs pmr cfsg sgms ms msfgurmr jm trmas`bsbûa cf kmjdr y mj `bs`d tbf`pd rfsbstbr fj cf tf y jms prfs prfsbda bdafs fs m jms quf fstí sd`ftbcd. sd`ftbcd.
=37 =37
Vabcmc > - Fj ejdquf `dtdr
Fj fspfsdr vbfaf cmcd pdr jm sbgubfatf hûr`ujm? hûr`ujm? f0
c · Y`mx 799
Fj fspfsdr cf jm pmrfc (f) y fj kmjberf (c) sf `bcfa fa k` y jm prfsbûa (Y) fa lgh/k`5. Ymrm fj kíjkujd cfj fspfsdr fa `dtdrfs cf fxpjdsbûa sf td`ma kd`d vmjdrfs `fcbds cf prfsbûa ; 699 lYm, fqubvmjfatfs m ;6 lgh/k`5. R fa 5
`dtdrfs cf kd`eustbûa, sf td`ma 8 999 lYm, fqubvmjfatfs m 89 lgh/k` .
Kmsds príktbkds >.53. Cfsgmstf cf jm pmrfc cfj kbjbacrd. kbjbacrd.
Kíjkujd cfj fspfsdr cf jm pmrfc cfj kbjbacrd ·· ´Kuíj sfrí fj fspfsdr cf uam km`bsm `datmcm fa ua `dtdr cbâsfj kda ua kmjberf cf >6 ``4 ``4
[djukbûa ·· Mpjbkmacd jm hûr`ujm cfj fspfsdr m jds cmtds mpdrtmcds pdr fj fauakbmcd, fj rfsujtmcd fs? fs? 5
Y`mx
f 0 c ·799
`` < f 0 >,6 k` ·799 89 lgh/k` 0 9,75 k` 0 7,5 `` 799
5.; 1 Kdacbkbdafs ûptb`ms cf jds kbjbacrds kbjbacrds Jds kbjbacrds fstía sd`ftbcds m cfsgmstfs, fspfkbmj`fatf jm pmrtf supfrbdr cfj kbjbacrd, cfebcd m jms hufrzms quf mktÿma sderf fj pbstûa fa jms prdxb`bcmcfs cfj Y@[. Fstms hufrzms sda `mydrfs fa fj jmcd cf jm fxpjdsbûa, sbfacd jm zdam cf `mydr cfsgmstf mj sdpdrtmr `fadr fagrmsf y `mydrfs tf`pfrmturms.
>.56. Cfsgmstf cfj kbjbacrd pdr jms hufrzms
cf kd`prfsbûa. kd`prfsbûa.
Jds kbjbacrds cfefa ku`pjbr jds sbgubfatfs rfqubsbtds? rfqubsbtds?
[fr kd`pjftm`fat kd`pjftm`fatf f kbjàacrbk kbjàacrbkds ds y ad prfsfatmr dvmjbzmkbûa mjguam. ‛ Ad Ad suhrbr suhrbr kdabkbcmc, fs cfkbr, tfafr fj `bs`d cbí`ftrd fa tdcm su jdagbtuc. ‛ Sfafr uam supfrkb supfrkbf f batfrbdr jbsm, sba rmyms, grbftms ab fskmjdafs. ‛ Jds kbjbacrds sbf`prf cfefa fstmr pfrpfacbkujmrfs m jm supfrkb supfrkbf f supfrbdr cfj ejdquf. ejdquf. ‛
Jds hmktdrfs quf b ah juyfa fa fj cfsgmstf cf jds kbjbacrds, sda prba kb pmj `f `fatf atf??
Cfspjmzm`bfatd cfj â`edjd m uam vfjdkbcmc fxtrf`mcm`f fxtrf`mcm`fatf atf fjfvmcm. ‛ Vsd cf mkfbtfs cf emom kmjbcmc, vbskdsbcmc bamcfkumcm d kda ua `mj `matfab`bfatd. ‛ Basukbfat Basukbfatf f mpdyd cf jds sfg`fatds. sfg`fatds. ‛ Fj mrrmaquf fa hràd, mj usmr `fzkjms `uy rbkms r bkms y fj fxkfsd cf kd`eustbejf sba gmsbkm gmsbkmrr cbjuyf fj mkfbtf fjb`bamacd jm juerbkmkbûa cf fstm zdam. ‛ Jms mjtms tf`pfrmturms suhrbcms, cfebcd m uam `mjm rfhrbgfrmkbûa. rfhrbgfrmkbûa. ‛ @mj `matfab`bfatd cfj jtr d cf mbrf, kda fatrmcm cf cf pmrtàkujms. pmrtàkujms. ‛ ]uf nmym fjf`fatds kdrrdsbvds fa fj jàqubcd cf rfhrbgfrmkbûa d fa fj mkfbtf. mkfbtf. ‛
>.58. Cfsgmstf cfj kbjbacrd pdr jms hufrzms
cf fxpjdsbûa. fxpjdsbûa.
=3> =3> 5.3
1
Mjtfrmkbdafs fa fj kbjbacrd pdr cf sgmstf
Fj cfsgmstf cf jds kbjbacrds prd prdvdkm vdkm mjtfrmkbdafs fa jms cb`fasbdafs cf jds `bs`ds, kd`d pdr fof`pjd? fof`pjd?
=.m zdam zdam
E
Dvmjbzmkbûa? cbhfrfakbm cf cbí`ftrds `fcbcds fa fj `bs`d pjmad pfrpfacbkujmr mj fof cfj kbjbacrd fatrf M y E. E. ‛ Kdabkbcmc? cbhfrfakbm cf cbí`ftrds `fcbcds fa fj `bs`d pjmad
‛
M
m
M 5.m zdam zdam
E M E
;.m zdam zdam
m
pmrmjfjd mj fof cfj kbjbacrd fatrf =. , 5. y ;. zdam. Kd`d kdasfkufakbm cf fstds cfsgmstfs sf prdc ukf a hugms cf kd`prfsbûa, quf cbs`bauyfa fj rfacb`bfatd cfj `dtdr y mu`fatma fj kdasu`d cf mkfbtf y cf kd`eustbejf. kd`eustbejf.
5.6
>.57. _dams cf kd`prdemkbûa cfj cfsgmstf. cfsgmstf.
m
1
Fhfktds cf jms mvfràms fa jds kbjbacrds kbjbacrds
Va `dtdr pufcf suhrbr cmýds batfrads. Fstds sda prfvb sbejf s y, kumacd cfa a kjmsbh bsf prd prdcuk cukfa, fa, rfp rfpmrm mrmejfs ejfs . Jms mvfràms cf jds kbjbacrds sf puf cf kmr fa cds grmacfs grupds? grupds?
Vad hdr`mcd pdr jms mvfrà mvfràms ms gfafrmcms fa jm zdam cfj ejdq uf, ad prdvdkmcds prdvdk mcds pdr cfsgmstfs. ‛ Dtrd hdr`mcd hdr`mcd pdr pdr jms mvfr mvfràms àms prdvd prdvdkmcm kmcm s pdr hrbkkbdafs y ua cfsgms ‛
tf curmatf fj huakbdam`bfatd. Jm `mydràm cf jms mvfràms cfj ejdquf sda pdr cfsgmstf cf jds kbjbacrds, cfsgmstf prdcukbcd pdr fj pbstûa y sus sfg`fatds prbakbpmj`fatf, y cfebcd m ua `mj usd, `mj `matfab`bfatd d cfsgmstf amturmj amturmj pdr pdr fj huakbdam`bfatd.
>.5>. Mad`mjàms cf jds kbjbacrds? kbjbacrd
rmymcd y huacbcd pdr hmjtm cf fagrmsf. fagrmsf.
>.52. Cmýds pdr dxbcmkbûa fa fj ejdquf `dtdr.
Sm`ebâa pufcf prfsfatmr cfhdr`mkbdafs fa fj pjma pjmad d supf rbdr, rmoms d kdrrdsbdafs fa jms pmrfc pmrfcfs fs cf jds kbjbacrds, kmusmcms pdr fj mgum cf rfhrbgfrmkbûa mj kdagfjmrsf d pdr jm kmj kdatfabcm fa fjjm, mj fstmr fj `dtdr pmrmcd pmrm cd curm curmatf atf ua jmrgd pfrbdc pfrbdcd d cf tbf`pd sba fj rfhrbgfrmatf mcfkumcd. Fs b`pdrtmatf ad mýmcbr mgum adr`mj mj kbrkubtd cf rfhrbgfrmkbûa.
>.;9. Kmvbtmkbdafs fa km`bsms nÿ`fcms. nÿ`fcms.
[b nmy cf`msbmcd cfsgmstf fatrf jds sfg`fatds y fj kbjbacrd d grmacfs rmymcurms (h bgurm >.5>) mpmrfkf uam zdam ad fstmakm y fj mkfbtf pmsm m sfr quf`mcd fa jm kd`eustbûa. kd`eustbûa.
fstmcd. >.;=. Km`bsms nÿ`fcms fa eufa fstmcd.
Kumacd jms mvfràms cf jms km`bsms jjfvma msdkbmcms grbftms, rmoms d kmvbtmkbdafs (h bgurm >.;9) jms kdasfkufakbms pufcfa sfr `ís grmvfs. Fj jàqubcd rfhrbgfrmatf pmsm mj batfrbdr cfj kbjbacrd y sf `fzkjm kda fj mkfbtf jjfgmacd m prd prdvdkm vdkm r fj grbpmof cfj `dtdr .
=32 =32
Vabcmc > - Fj ejdquf `dtdr
;
11
Mvfràms cfj `dtdr b`putmejfs b`pu tmejfs mj ejdquf
cfa a M kdatbaumkbûa sf cftmjjma jms mvfràms kmrmktfràstbkms quf sf puf cf prd cuk br fa fj `dtdr y quf sda b`putmejfs mj ejd ejdquf quf . Fj kdadkb`bfatd cf fstms mvfràms myucm fa grma `fcbcm mj cbmgaûstbkd cf mvfràms fa fj `dtdr, su pds pdstfr tfr bdr rfp rfpmrm mrmkbû kbûa a y fj `datmof cfj ejd ejdqu quf f `dtdr .
>.;5. Jb`pbfzm cfj hbjtrd cf mbrf.
>.;;. Hdr`m bakdrrfktm cf jb`pbfzm cfj hbjtrd cf mbrf. mbrf.
Jms Jms prb prbakb akbpmjf pmjf s mvfràms cfj `dtdr b`putmejfs mj ejd ejdquf quf sda?
Yârcbcms cf jàqubcd rfhrbgfrmatf mj fxtfrbdr. Yufcfa sfr cfebcms m quf? quf? ◄ Jm pjmabh abh bkmkbûa kdrrfktm. Jm oua ouatm tm cf kujmtm y fj ejd ejdqu quf f ad tbfafa jm pjm kdrrfktm. ◄ Jds tmpdafs cf prd prdtfkk tfkkbûa bûa cfj ejd ejdquf quf nma sbcd fxpujsmcds. fxpujsmcds. ◄ Jds tmpdafs d tmpms cf `fkmabzmkbûa cfj ejdquf ad fstía ebfa moustmcds. moustmcds. ◄ Hbsurms d grbftms fa fj kdatdrad cfj ejd ejdquf quf y fa kdatmktd kda jds kdacuktds cf rfhrbgfrmkbûa. rfhrbgfrmkbûa.
‛
Yríktbkm
6
Yríktbkm
=7
Ymsd cfj jàqubcd rfhrbgfrmatf mj mkfbtf, prd cuk cukbc bcd d pdr pdr?? ◄ Hbsurm fa fj ejd ejdquf quf quf kd`uabkm fj kbrkubtd cf fagrmsf y fj cf rfhrbgfrmkbûa. rfhrbgfrmkbûa. ◄ Ouatm cf fstmaqufbcmc cfhfktudsm fatrf jm km`bsm y fj ejd quf . ◄ Yjmabh bkmkbûa bakdrrfktm cfj ejd ejdquf quf ad moustmacd pfrhfktm`fatf jm
‛
ouatm oua tm cf kujmtm.
Ymsd cf mkfbtf mj jàqubcd rfhrbgfrmatf, cfebcd m? ◄ Hbsurms fa fj ejdquf fj ejdquf quf kd`uabkm jds kbrkubtds cf fagrmsf y rfhrbgfrmkbûa. rfhrbgfrmkbûa. ◄ Yjmabh bkmkbûa bakdrrfktm cfj ejd ejdquf quf .
‛
Yârcbcm cf mkfbtf mj fxtfrbdr. M kdasfkufakbm cf? ◄ Jds tmpdafs cf `fkmabzmcd cfj tmpûa cfj ejd ejdquf quf ad fstía ebfa moustmcds y ad nmkfa kbfrrf nfr`âtbkd. nfr`âtbkd. ◄ Hbsurms fa fj ejd ejdquf quf quf kd`uabkma kda fj kbrkubtd cf fagrmsf. fagrmsf. ◄ Yjmabh bkmkbûa bakdrrfktm cfj ejd ejdquf quf .
‛
mkfbtf, Hmjtm cf rfacb`bfatd cfj `dtdr y kdasu`d fxkfsbvd cf mkfbtf, prd prdcuk cukbcd bcd pdr pdr?? ◄ Hugms cf kd`prfsbûa fatrf fj ejd ejdquf quf y jm oua ouatm tm cf kujmtm, cfebcd m uam `mjm pjm pjmabh abh bkmkbûa bkmkbûa cfj ejd ejdquf quf . ◄ Fxkfsbvms `fcbcms batfrbdrfs fa fj kbjbacrd kda rfspfktd m jds sfg`fatds y pbst daf dafs, s, pdr cfsgm cfsgmstfs stfs cf huakbdam`bfatd.
‛
B`pdrtmakbm cfj hbjtrd cf mbrf
Fj hbjtrd cf mbrf fs fj sfgurd cf vbcm cfj `dtdr. [u huakbûa fs fvbtmr jm fatrmcm cf pmrtàkujms mj `dtdr. Fa kdacbkbdafs adr`mjfs auakm cfefràm`ds jb`pbmr ua hbjtrd cf mbrf kda fjf`fatds cf pmpfj. Sfabfacd kufatm sb merb`ds jds pdrds cfj fa pmpfj, jms quf pmrtàkujms pmsmría pdr fj pmpfj, kda jd quf sf mkdrtmrí jm vbcm ÿtbj cfj `dtdr. `dtdr.
=69 =69
3
11
Xfrbhbkmk frbhbkmkbûa bûa y rfpmrmkbûa rf pmrmkbûa cfj ejdquf
3.= 1 Xf rbhbkmkbûa
Ymrm jm kdrrfktm vfrbh bkmkbûa cfj ejd ejdquf quf `d `dtdr tdr fs huacm`fatmj rfmjbzmr fj sbgubfatf prdk fsd cf trmemod, rfspftmacd fj drcfa fstmejfkbcd? 5
Jb`pbfzm.
‛ ‛
= 3 ; 6
ejdquf quf . Baspfkkbûa vbsumj y cftmjjmcm cf tdcd fj ejd Xfrbh bkmkbûa cf jm sup frh bkbf cf kdatmktd kda jm kujmtm y jm oua ouatm tm cf cf kujmtm. ‛ Kd`prdemr fj cfsgmstf cf jds kbjbacrds. ‛
3.5
>.;3. Hmsf cf eruýbcd fa fj rfktbhbkmcd cf
kbjbacrds. kbjbacrds. = Mkfbtf pmrm fj eruýbcd
1
Ufktbhbkmcd cf kbjbacrds kbjbacrds
Jms cbhfrfatfs pmrtfs kdastruktbvms cfj ejd ejdquf quf fstía sd`ftbcms m cfsgmstfs y cfhdr`mkbdafs. Yrbakbpmj`fatf, jds kbjbacrds sda jds quf `mydr cfsgmstf suhrfa, cfebcd mj rdzm`bfatd fatrf pbfzms pbfz ms y mj kmjdr quf tbfafa quf sdpdrtmr . Ymrm kdrrfgbr fstds cfsgmstfs y cfhdr`mkbdafs sf utbjbzm jm tâkabkm cfj rfktbh bkmcd.
5 Ermzd cf jm nfrrm`bfatm nfrrm`bfatm ; Kfpbjjd cf jmpfmcd
Fj rfktbh bkmcd kdasbstf fa fj `fkmabzmcd cf jms km`bsms, nmstm bgumjmr jms supfrh bkbfs cf kdatmktd y cmrjfs ua mkmemcd quf cbs`bauym fj rdzm`bfatd y hmvdrfzkm jm juerbkmkbûa cf jds `dvb`bfatd. ûrgmads fa `dvb`bfatd.
3 @ufjm pmrm fj eruýbcd 6 Kbjbacrd
[btumkbdafs fa jms quf fs mkdasfomejf fj rfktbhbkmcd rfktbhbkmcd Fj rfktbh bkmcd fs gfafrmj`fatf rfkd`facmejf fa pbfzms fa jms quf fj kdstf cfj rfkm`ebd fs fjfvmcd, kd`d kujmtm, kbgúfýmj d ejd ejdqu quf f `dtdr . Sm`ebâa sf rfkd`bfacm fa vfnàkujds pfsmcds, km`bdafs, `mqubamrbm mgràkdjm y cf derm pÿe pÿejbkm jbkm s, cda cf jm vbcm ÿtbj cfj vfnàkujd fs supfrbdr m jm cfj `dtdr . Jm cfkbsbûa
cf rfktbh r fktbh bkmr jds kbjbacrds d fj ejd ejdqu quf f cfp cfpfac facf f cf jds
sbgubfatfs hmktdrfs?
[b fj hmerbkmatf pfr`btf d ad fj rfktbh bkmcd cfj ejd ejdquf quf . Fstf cmtd cfef kdasujtmrsf mj hmerbkmatf cfj `dtdr. Mcf`ís cfefa vfrbh bkmrsf tm` ebâa jms `fcbcms y pbfzms cf uam pdsbejf rfktbh bkmkbûa. ‛ Fj kdstf cfj rfktbh bkmcd. [b fs supfrbdr mj cf uam pbfzm cf rfkm`ebd aufvm, ad fs rfkd`facmejf fj rfktbh bkmcd. ‛
Cfspuâs cf nmefr rfmjbzmcd jms kd`prdemkbdafs y `fcbkbdafs prd pbm pbmss pmrm kdadkfr fj fstmcd cfj ejd ejdqu quf f y fj cfsgmstf cf jds kbjbacrds, sf cfef kdasujtmr fa jds cmtds tâkabkds cfj hmerbkmatf jds vmjdrfs cf cfsgmstf `íxb`d mc`btbcd pdr mc`btbcd pdr fj `bs`d. [b ad sf fspfkbh bkm fstf cmtd, sf td`ma td`ma 9,= `` kd`d rfhfrfakbm. rfhfrfakbm. [b jm kdabkbcmc d fj dvmjm`bfatd cfj kbjbacrd supfrm cbknd vmjdr d jm `fcbcm bacbkmcm pdr fj hmerbkmatf, fs rfkd`facmejf rfktbh bkmr jds kbjbacrds cfj `dtdr d km`ebmr jms km`bsms, cfpfacbfacd cfj tbpd cf kbjbacrds cf quf sf trmtf.
=6= =6=
Vabcmc > - Fj ejdquf `dtdr
Jds krbtfrbds prbakbpmjfs pmr pmrmm km`ebmr d rfktbh bkmr jms km`bsms km`bs ms sf cftmjjma fa fj sbgubfatf fsquf`m? fsquf`m?
Krbtfrbds pmrm km`ebmr d rfktbhbkmr jms km`bsms cfj ejdquf `dtdr `dtdr kbjbacrds Ydsbejfs mad`mjàms fa jms km`bsms cf jds kbjbacrds ‛ Cbhfrfatfs `fcbcms fa jm km`bsm y fj cbí`ftrd cfj kbjbacrd. kbjbacrd. ‛ d rdturms fa km`bsm. ‛ Nfacbcurms [upfrhbkbf frdsbdamcm fa fjfjrfedrcf fxtfrbdrcf cfjmjmkm`bsm. km`bsm. km`bsm. ‛ @mrkms, grbftms, mrmýmzds u ûxbcds fa jm km`bsm. km`bsm. ‛ Nufkds d kmvbtmkbdafs kda cftfrbdrd cf jm km`bsm. km`bsm. ‛ @mydr cbí`ftrd cf jm km`bsm kda fj grdsdr cbs`baubcd. cbs`baubcd.
@fcbcms pm pmrm rm fj rfktbhbkmcd cfj ejdquf `dtdr rfktbkmcd fa fj ejdquf `dtdr sf rfmjbzma fa jds kbjbaJms dpfrmkbdafs cf rfktbkmcd crds y fa fj pjmad cf jm kmrm cfj ejdquf. [djd pfr`btfa fj rfktbkmcd jds ejdqufs batfgrmjfs. Fj hmerbkmatf pufcf mc`btbr nmstm kumtrd rfktbkmkbdafs, rfktbkmkbdafs, kda 9,5 `` fa kmcm rfktbkmcd, rfktbkmcd, msà kd`d oufgds cf pbstdafs y sfg`fatds `mydrbzmcds m jms aufvms `fcbcms cf rfktbkmkbûa. rfktbkmkbûa. Gfafrmj`fatf jds hmerbkmatfs cbspdafa cf pbstdafs `mydrbzmcds fa 9,= ``, kda rfspfktd mj cbí`ftrd drbgbamj d fstíacmr . Fa fj rfktbkmcd rfktbkmcd sf fjb`bamrí fj `àab`d fspfsdr fxbgbcd cf jm pmrfc cfj kbjbacrd quf sf mcfkÿf m jm sderf`fcbcm quf kdrrfspdacm mj pbstûa. @fcbcm cfj rfktbkmcd rfktbkmcd Cbí`ftrd cfj pbstûa 0 + Oufgd ufgd cf cf `datmof cfj kbjbacrd kbjbacrd cf sderf`fcbcm sderf`fcbcm
mamjbzmr mr jm kdrrfspdacfakbm fatrf Fa jm sbgubfatf tmejm sf pufcf mamjbz fatrf pbstdafs y kbjbacrds, pmrtbfacd cf jms `fcbcms fstíacmr .
Kdrrfspdacfakbm fatrf fj pbstûa `mydrbzmcd y fj cbí`ftrd cfj kbjbacrd kbjbacrd Oufgd cf Cbí`ftrd Cbí`ftrd [derf`fcbcms [derf`fcbcms pbstûa (``) (``) kbjbacrd (``) (``) `datmof (``) (``) Fstíacmr Fstíacmr
73,26 73,26
76 76
9,96 ½ 9,9= 9,9=
9,= 9,=
76,96 76,96
76,= 76,=
9,96 ½ 9,9= 9,9=
9,5 9,5
76,=6 76,=6
76,5 76,5
9,96 ½ 9,9= 9,9=
9,3 9,3
76,;6 76,;6
76,3 76,3
9,96 ½ 9,9= 9,9=
9,> 9,>
76,76 76,76
76,> 76,>
9,96 ½ 9,9= 9,9=
Xdkmeujmrbd @mydrmkbûa? mu`fatd cfj cbí`ftrd cf
rfktbkmcd kdasbstf fa mu`fatmr fj cbí`ftrd cfj kbjbacrd kda rfjmkbûa Fj rfktbkmcd m jm `fcbcm fstíacmr, d fa sukfsbvds rfktbkmcds, rfktbkmcds, kda rfjmkbûa m jm matfrbdr `fcbcm, `fcbcm, pmrm pmrm kdrrfgbr jm hdr`m dvmjmcm d kûabkm quf nm cfsmrrdjjmcd curmatf fj huakbdam`bfatd cfj `dtdr .
uam pbfzm kda rfjmkbûa m su `fcbcm matfrbdr. rbdr. @fcbcm fstíacmr? `fcbcm pmtrûa hbom-
cm pdr fj hmerbkmatf m uam pbfzm. pbfzm.
=65 =65
Kmsds príktbkds Kíjkujd cf jm `fcbcm cf rfktbhbkmcd ·· Kumacd sf rfmjbzm jm kd`prdemkbûa cfj fstmcd cf jds kbjbacrds cf ua `dtdr, sf detbfafa jds sbgubfatfs cfsgmstfs? gmstfs? ‛ Yrb`fr kbjbacrd? kbjbacrd? 9,96 `` `` ‛ [fguacd kbjbacrd? kbjbacrd? 9,=6 `` `` ‛ Sfrkfr kbjbacrd? kbjbacrd? 9,=5 `` `` ‛ Kumrtd kbjbacrd? kbjbacrd? 9,=7 `` ``
Fa fj kmsd cfj kumrtd kbjbacrd `fcbcd, kda fj cfsgmstf `íxb`d cf 9,=7 ``, sf rfktbhbkmràma tdcds jds kbjbacrds pmrm ua pbstûa cf +9,5 ``. ``. Sd`macd jds vmjdrfs fstíacmr cf jm tmejm cf kdrrfspdacfakbms, detfaf`ds jm `fcbcm cf rfktbhbkmcd pmrm fsf cfsgmstf. cfsgmstf. ‛ Cbí`ftrd drbgbamj cfj kbjbacrd? kbjbacrd? 76 `` `` ‛ Cbí`ftrd drbgbamj cfj pbstûa? pbstûa? 73,26 `` `` ‛ Oufgd cf `datmof? `datmof? 9,96 9,96 `` `` ‛ Cbí`ftrd cfj aufvd pbstûa? 73,26 `` + 9,5 `` 0 76,=6 `` ``
[djukbûa ·· Jm `fcbcm cf rfktbhbkmcd cfj kbjbacrd sfrí fj cbí`ftrd cf sderf`fcbcm cfj pbstûa `ís fj oufgd cf `datmof? `datmof?
`` 76,=6 `` + 9,96 `` 0 76,56 `` rfktbhbkmcd Ufkd`facmkbdafs pmrm fj rfktbhbkmcd rfktbkmcd supfrm supfrm jds 9,> ``, ad vm`ds m fakdatrmr jds pbstdafs mcf [b fj rfktbkmcd kumcds. Fj mu`fatd cf jm kbjbacrmcm quf kdajjfvm uam sde sderf` rf`fcb fcbcm cm `myd m 9,> `` prdvdkmràm ua mcfjgmzm`bfatd tma grmacf cf jms pmrfcfs cf kbjbacrd, quf ad pdcràma sdpdrtmr jms fxpjdsbdafs cfj `dtdr . >.;6. Kd`prdemkbûa cfj pjmad cfj ejdquf. ejdquf.
Mcf`ís, nmy quf tfafr fa kufatm quf, kda fj rfktbh bkmcd, sf mu `f a t jm kbjbacrmcm y, pdr tmatd, jm rfjmkbûa cf kd`prfsbûa cfj `dtdr, pd mutdfakfacbcd. jd quf pufcf mpmrfkfr fj prdejf`m cfj mutdfakfacbcd. Jm dpfrmkbûa cf rfktbkmcd rfktbkmcd cfef rfmjbzmrsf fa tdcds jds kbjbacrds m j `bs`m sderf`fcbcm, kumjqubfrm quf sfm su cfsgmstf, `mat `matfabâ fabâacdsf acdsf ms bcâatbkm kbjbacrmcm fa tdcds, y fa kdasfkufakbm, bgumj pdtfakbm. Fa kms kdatrmrbd, jds cfsfqubjberbds cf pdtfakb pdtfakbm m fatrf jds cbhf cbhfrfat rfatfs fs kbjb kbjbacrd acrd cmràma jugmr m brrfgujmrbcmcfs fa fj gbrd cfj `dtdr y cfsfqu cfsfqubjber bjberbds bds pfjb grdsds, quf pdcràma prdcukbr jm rdturm cf mjgÿa kd`pdafatf.
Ufktbhbk Ufktbhbkmcd mcd cfj pjmad cf mpdyd cfj ejdquf kda jm supfrhbkbf cf jm kujmtm kujmtm
Yjmabhbkmcdrm. >.;8. Yjmabhbkmcdrm.
vfrbkmkbûa cfj pjmad cf mpdyd cfj ejdquf sf rfmjbzm kda jm myucm c Jm vfrbkmkbûa uam rfgjm y ua oufgd o ufgd cf gmjgms cf fspfsdrfs kmjbermcms (gurm >. >.;6 ;6). ). Ydsb Ydsb kbdamcm jm rfgjm, sf kd`prdemrí kda jm gmjgm kmjbermcm quf fj `mydr mjm efd ad supfrf jds 9,96 ``. [b sf fakufatrma cfhdr`mkbdafs d mjmefds,
=6; =6;
Vabcmc > - Fj ejdquf `dtdr
sf f f prdkf fr m m rf rfkt kt km kmk k ûa f p mad fa uam p ma km dr m gurm >.;8), kubcmacd cf qubtmr jm `fadr kmatbcmc pdsbejf cf `mtfrbmj, ym quf kda fj rfktbkmc rfktbkmcd d cbs`bauyf fj vdju`fa cfj kbjbacrd y jm rfjmkbûa cf kd`prfsbûa. kd`prfsbûa.
7
Yríktbkm
Dtrd hmktdr m tfafr fa kufatm fs fj pfjbgrd cf quf jms víjvujms gdjpffa ds pbst pbstdafs dafs . Fstd sf cfef kdrrf gbr kda fj fspfsdr cf jm ouat m cf kujmtm.
Sâkabkm Kd`prdemkbûa cf jds kdobaftfs cf mpdyd cfj kbgúfýmj d emakmcm
pfrhfktm`fatf tf kbjàacrbkds y fstmr mjbafmcds fatrf sà. Jm `mydr ·· Sdcds jds mjdom`bfatds cfj kbgúfýmj cfefa sfr pfrhfktm`fa pmrtf cf jms mvfràms quf sf pufcfa mknmkmr m jds mpdyds d kdobaftfs cf emakmcm sf cfefa mj cfsgmstf y hmtbgm prdcukbcds pdr pdr jds fshufrzds fs hufrzds y fj rdzm`bfatd m quf fstía sd`ftbcds curmatf fj huakbda huakbdam`bfatd m`bfatd fa jm fxpjdsbûa. fxpjdsbûa. Fj prdkfsd cf kd`prdemkbûa cfef sfr fj sbgubfatf? sbgubfatf? ‛ Kdjdkmr jds sf`bkdobaftfs sf`bkdobaftfs y `datmr jds sd`erfrftfs d tmpms cf emakmcm. emakmcm. ‛ Mprftmr m su pmr kdrrfspdacbfatf. kdrrfspdacbfatf. ‛ @fcbr jds cbí`ftrds fa sfatbcd vfrtbkmj y ndrbzdatmj kda ua mjfxû`ftrd. Jm cbhfrfakbm fatrf m`eds cbí`f-
trds fs jm dvmjbzmkbûa. [b fstm fs `mydr cf 9,93 `` sf cfefa rfktbhbkmr jds mpdyds cf emakmcm. Fj cfsgmstfbfatd prdcukbcd pdr fjjjfgmr rdkfmcfprdcukbr jms pbfzms nmkf quf mu`fatf fj oufgd fatrf fjjms, prdvdkmacd ua `mj huakbdam` huakbdam`bfatd quf pdcràm sfrbms mvfràms. mvfràms.
>.;7. Mpdyds cf emakmcm kbjàacrbkds y
mjbafmcds.
>.;>. @fcbkbdafs cf jds mpdyds cf emakmcm. emakmcm.
>.;2. @macrbjmcd cf jds mpdyds cf emakmcm.
Sâkabkm Yrdkfsd cf rfktbhbkmcd cf jds mpdyds cf jm emakmcm ·· Fj fspmkbd quf fj cfsgmstf prdvdkm fatrf fj kbgúfýmj y jds sf`bkdobaftfs, d tmpms cf emakmcm, sf cfad`bam oufgd. @uknms cf jms mvfràms cfj `dtdr pufcfa cftfr`bamrsf fskuknmacd fj sdabcd quf fstf cfsmoustf prdcukf. prdcukf.
Ymrm fj rfktbhbkmcd cf jds mpdyds cfj kbgúfýmj sf cfef sfgubr fj sbgubfatf drcfa? drcfa?
E M
‛ Ufktbhbk Ufktbhbkmr mr jms supfrhbkbfs cf mpdyd fatrf jms tmpms y jm zdam cf emakmcm. emakmcm. ‛ @macrbjmr jds mpdyds mpdyds cf emakmcm y jms tmpms pmrm quf qufcfa kbjàacrbkds. kbjàacrbkds.
jds ‛ Kd`prdemr jm sderf`fcbcm cfj rfktbhbkmcd pmrm fj `datmof cf jds kdobaftfs. kdobaftfs.
>.39. Fhfktds cfj cfsgmstf.
=63 =63
6
11
@íqubams cf rfktbhbkmcd cfj ejdquf
rfktbkmcd d d `macrbamcd cf kbjbacrds y fj pjmabkmc pjmabkmcd d sf rfmjbzm fa grmaFj rfktbkmc cfs `íqubams quf kdasbgufa uam mjtm prfkbsbûa (gur m >.3=). Kumacd jm dpfrmkbûa cf rfktbkmc rfktbkmcd d kdasbstf fa fjb`bamr uam kmpm cf `mtfrbmj `uy am, emstm kda fhfktumr uam dpfrmkbûa cf fs`frbjmcd. Fj fs`frbjmcd sf rfmjbzm kda uam `íqubam quf
tbfaf
ua fof gbrmtd-
rbd prdvbstd cf uam kmefzm kda tbrms cf `mtfrbmj mermsbvd. Fstf fof sf batrdcukf fa fj kbjbacrd, cf hdr`m quf m`eds fstâa kfatrmcds.
>.3=. Ufktbhbkmcdrm cf kbjbacrds. kbjbacrds.
Curmatf jm dpfrmkbûa cf fs`frbjmcd, jm kmefzm gbrm mj `bs`d tbf`pd quf sf `ufvf cf mrrbem m memod. Fj `mtfrbmj mermsbvd sf fxtbfacf jd afkfsmrbd pmrm quf fstm kmefzm sf mcmptf mj cbí`ftrd cfj kbjbacrd, prdcukbfacd fj mrrmaquf cf `mtfrbmj fa uam mkkbûa cf fs`frbjmcd. Ydstfrbdr`fa Ydstfrbdr`fatf, tf, jm kmefzm fs sustbtubcm pdr tubcm pdr dtrm cf grmad `uknd `ís a ad d pmrm pujbr jm supfrkb supfrkbf f fs`frbjmcm. Kumacd fj `mtfrbmj m fjb`bamr supfrm ua fspfsdr cf 9,=6 `` cf cbí`ftrd, sf prdkfcf sf prdkfcf m jm dpfrmkbûa cf rfktbkmcd rfktbkmcd,, jm kumj sf rfmjbzm fa `íqubams sb`bjmrfs m jm cfskrbtm, fa jms quf fj `mtfrbmj mermsbvd cfj kmefzmj fs sustbtubcd pdr uams kuknbjjms. Adr`mj`fatf, fa fj rfktbkmc rfktbkmcd d sf cfom uads 9,93 `` cf `mtfrbmj, pmrm pdcfr cfspuâs nmkfr jm dpfrmkbûa cf fs`frbjmcd y msà cmr ua mkmemcd a ad d m jms pmrfcfs jms pmrfcfs cfj kbjbacrd. kbjbacrd.
Xdkmeujmrbd @macrbamr? rfktbhbkmr jm supfrhbkbf cf
ua tmjmcrd pmrm mu`fatmr jbgfrm`fatf su cbí`ftrd y cfomrjd m uams `fcbcms cftfr`bamcms, kda uam kmjbcmc supfrhbkbmj `fodrmcm, pmrm fjjd sf f`pjfma jms `macrbamcdrms. `macrbamcdrms.
>.35. Mspfktd cf jds kbjbacrds cfspuâs cfj `macrbamcd. `macrbamcd.
Kmrmktfràstbkms cf jms rfktbhbkmcdrms cf kbjbacrds kbjbacrds Ymrm fj Fj cbí`ftrd hbamj cf rfktbhbkmcd Ufktbhbkmcdrms Ufktbhbkmcdrms pdrtítbjfs pdrtítbjfs sfrí 9,9; `` `fadr quf fj rfktbhbkmcd sf Ufktbhbkmcdrmss hboms hboms Ufktbhbkmcdrm cbí`ftrd hbamj cfj kbjbacrd. kbjbacrd. f`pjfma kuknbjjms kuknbjjms Ymrm fj pujbcd sf f`pjfma `ufjms `ufjms
Ufktbhbkmcdrm Ufktbhbkmcdrmss pdrtítbjfs pdrtítbjfs Jm tdjfrmakbm cfef sfr ½ 9,95 `` fj cbí`ftrd hbamj hbamj Ufktbhbkmcdrm Ufktbhbkmcdrmss hboms hboms
Jm nfrrm`bfatm cf kdrtf tbfaf uam ràgbcm suofkbûa suofkbûa pmrm pmrm fvbtm fvbtmrr jms vberm- kbdafs, gbrm m uam fjfvmcm vfjdkbcmc y trmemom kda prdhuacbcmcfs cf kdrtf `uy pfqufýms. Fa jm tmejm mcouatm sf bacbkma jms kmrmktfràstbkms cfj rfktbh bkmcd cf kbjbacrds, msà kd`d jms `íqubams utbjbzmcms. utbjbzmcms.
=66 =66
Vabcmc > - Fj ejdquf `dtdr
Mktbvbcmcfs hbamjfs `dtdr4 =·· ´Kuíjfs sda jms huakbdafs cfj ejdquf `dtdr4 5·· Nmz uam rfjmkbûa cftmjjmcm cf jds fjf`fatds quf sf mkdpjma mj ejdquf. ejdquf. ;·· ´]uâ tbpds cf kbjbacrds sf `datma fa fj ejdquf4 ejdquf4 3·· ´]uâ fs uam `fcbcm fstíacmr4 fstíacmr4 6·· ´Ydr quâ ua `dtdr quf prfsfatm ua cfsgmstf fa ua kbjbacrd supfrbdr m 9,> `` ad cfef sfr rfktbhbkmcd4 8·· Nmz uam rfjmkbûa cf jms kmusms, jms kdasfkufakbms, pdsbejfs sdjukbdafs y `fcbcms prfvfatbvms cf jms sbgubfatfs mvfràms cfj `dtdr b`putmejfs mj ejdquf? ejdquf? ‛ Yârcbcm cf mkfbtf mj fxtfrbdr. fxtfrbdr. ‛ Ymsd cf mkfbtf mj jàqubcd rfhrbgfrmatf. rfhrbgfrmatf. ‛ Ymsd cf jàqubcd rfhrbgfrmatf rfhrbgfrmatf mj mkfbtf. mkfbtf. rfhrbgfrmatf mj fxtfrbdr. fxtfrbdr. ‛ Yârcbcms cf jàqubcd rfhrbgfrmatf ‛ Yârcbcms cf pdtfakbm y kdasu`d kdasu`d cf mkfbtf. mkfbtf.
7·· ´Cf quâ `mafrm bahjuyf fa fj `dtdr fj `mj `matfab`bfatd cfj hbjtrd cf mbrf4 >·· ´Cûacf sf `bcfa jds cfsgmstfs cfj kbjbacrd4 ´Kû`d sf cfad`bama4 ´Cûacf sda `ís prdauakbmcds4 prdauakbmcds4 2·· Ad`erm jds cfhfktds fa jds kbjbacrds d km`bsms fa jm sbgubfatf hbgurm. Fxpjbkm jms kmusms y jms `fcbcms prfvfatbvms fa kmcm kmsd. kmsd.
ejdquf. >.3;. Cfhfktds fa jds kbjbacrds d km`bsms cfj ejdquf.
=9·· Fxpjbkm jm huakbûa quf rfmjbzma jms zdams au`frmcms fa jm hbgurm? hbgurm?
=
;
3
6
>.33. Kdacuktds cfj ejdquf `dtdr. `dtdr.
5
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