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Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtj hjtjar arbh bhïb ïb mkst mkstór órkc kcb b
Ok`kstfrkj gf Cueturb y Gfpjrtf
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
Cbtâejaj gf puiekcbckj`fs puiekcbckj`fs gfe Ok`kstfrkj> www.ekirfrkb.cueturbygfpjrtf.aji.fs Cbtâejaj af`frbe gf puiekcbckj`fs jckbefs> mttps>//cpbaf.opr.aji.fs
Fgkckó` 9492
OK@KSWFYKJ GF CVEWVYB CVEWVYB [ GFTJYWF
Fgktb> © SFCYFW SFCYFWBYÏB BYÏB AF@FYBE WËC@KCB Suigkrfcckó` Af`frbe gf Btf`ckó` be Ckugbgb`j, Gjcuof`tbckó` y Tuiekcbckj`fs
@KTJ> =99-92-411-]
CJ@WYJE GF CBOIKJS Xfrskó`
Hfcmb
I jr r b gjr
92/49/9494
Xfrskó` 2
91/4;/9492
Yfspj`sbikekgbgfs Yfgbcckó` gfe ijr rbgjr, cjjrgk`bckó` gfe ar upj, fgkckó` ektfrbrkb
Nuekj Cjrgbe Fevkrj Yfvkskó`, bopekbckó` y bctubekzbckó` gfe ijrrbgjr>
Nfsþs Yjiefgb`j Brkeej Abirkfe Iftb`cjr Ruk`tb`b Fef`b Gïbz gfe Yïj Eópfz Njsë Euks Ou`kckj Abrcïb A brcïb @jfekb Abrcïb @þòfz Tbejob Gjrbgj Tërfz Njsë Ob`ube Ibrrufcj Ibr rufcj Cruz Cr uz Hrb`ckscj Oþakcb Njsë Â`afe Iuf`j Abrcïb Abrcï b Yfvkskó` gfe ijrrbgjr
Sbrb Aj`zâefz Cj`trfrbs Obrtb Yjgrïaufz Tfeftfkrj
Yfsuof` cboikjs
Yfvkskó`, bopekbckó` y bctubekzbckó` gfe ijrrbgjr.
Arupj gf Wrbibnj gf Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Suigkrfcckó` Af`frbe gf Cjjrgk`bckó` Ikiekjtfcbrkb>
Hu`gbckó` gf Ft`jarbhïb y Gfsbrrjeej gf eb Brtfsb`ïb Cb`brkb
Nuekj Cjrgbe Fevkrj Nfhf gf sfrvkckj sfr vkckj gf Trjyfctjs gkaktbefs
Abirkfe Iftb`cjr Ruk`tb`b Wëc`kcj gf hj`gjs bugkjvksubefs Hrb`ckscj Oþakcb Hjtóarbhj Buxkekbr tëc`kcj gf Hj`gjs Bugkjvksubefs gfe Cbikegj gf Arb`
V`kvfrskgbg Cbrejs KKK gf Obgrkg
Nfsþs Yjiefgb`j Gjctjr y gkrfctjrBrkeej gfe Oâstfr f` Ikiekjtfcbs, Brcmkvjs y Cj`tk`ukgbg Gkaktbe Trjhfsjr gf Ikiekjtfcj`joïb y Gjcuof`tbckó`
Ikiekjtfcb @bckj`be gf Fspbòb
@jfekb Abrcïb @þòfz Nfhb gf sfr vkckj gf Ikiekjtfcb Gkaktbe Gka ktbe
Cb`brkb/HFGBC
V`kvfrskgbg gf Xbef`ckb
Njsë Ob`ufe Ibrrufcj Ibr rufcj Cruz Cr uz Cjjrgk`bgjr gf prjyfctjs gf bccfsj bikfrtj gfe Sfrvfk gf Ikiekjtfqufs k Gjcuof`tbckó gf eb V`kvfrsktbt gf Xbeí`ckb
Gkrfcckó` gf Ikiekjtfcb Gkaktbe y Skstfobs gf K`hjrobckó`
V`kvfrskgbg gf Ebs Tbeobs gf Arb` Cb`brkb
Tbejob Gjrbgj Tërfz
Xïctjr Obcïbs Befoâ` Sfrvkckjs Cf`trbekzbgjs - Butjobtkzbckó` y rfpjsktjrkjs gkaktbefs, V`kvfrskgbg gf Ebs Tbeobs gf Arb` Cb`brkb
Nfhb gf sfcckó` sfcckó ` gf Trjgucckó`, Afstkó` y Cbekgbg Gkaktbe Njsë Euks Ou`kckj Abrcïb A brcïb Hjtóarbhj Wëc`kcj supfrkjr gf Bctkvkgbgfs Wëc`kcbs y Trjhfskj`befs Cjou`kgbg butó`job gf Abekckb
Fef`b Gïbz gfe Yïj Eópfz Nfhb gf eb Ikiekjtfcb Gkxktbe gf Abekckb
Njsë Â`afe Iuf`j Abrcïb Abrc ïb Hjtóarbhj Wëc`kcj gf ebijrbtjrkj y rfspj`sbief gfe ebijrbtjrkj gf hjtjarbhïb gfe Gfpbrtbof`tj gf Fxprfskó` Arâcb y Trjyfctjs
Brquktfctó`kcjs gf eb Fscufeb gf Brquktfcturb gf eb V`kvfrskgbg gf Ebs Tbeobs gf Arb` Cb`brkb
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2. 9. 3.
7.
6. 8.
Trfsf`tbckó` .............................................................................. ....................................... .............................................................................. .......................................................... ................... Becb`cf .......................................................................... ................................... .............................................................................. ....................................................................... ................................ Teb`kflcbckó` .......................................................................... ................................... .............................................................................. ............................................................. ......................
= 24 29
3.2 3.9 3.3
B`âeksks gf vkbikekgbg ............................................................................. ...................................... ............................................................................. ...................................... Gjcuof`tbckó` ......................................................................... .................................. ............................................................................... ................................................... ........... Fstrbtfakb y pjeïtkcb gf gkaktbekzbckó` ........................................................................... .................................... ..................................................... .............. 3.3.2. Gftfrok`bckó` gf fstrbtfakb ........................................................................... .................................... ....................................................... ................ 3.3.9. Tjeïtkcb gf gkaktbekzbckó` ............................................................................ .................................... ............................................................. ..................... 3.3.3. Crktfrkjs gf sfefcckó` gf hj`gjs .......................................................................... ................................... ................................................. .......... 3.7 Teb` gf prfsfrvbckó` ............................................................................ ..................................... .............................................................................. ....................................... 3.6 Teb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` ........................................................................... .................................... .............................................................................. ....................................... 3.8 Supfrvkskó`, fvbeubckó` y cj`trje gf cbekgbg .......................................................................... ................................... .......................................... ... Mbrgwbrf ........................................................................... .................................... .............................................................................. ................................................................. .......................... 7.2 Gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb .............................................................................. ....................................... ........................................................................ ................................. 7.9 Jtrjs gkspjsktkvjs ........................................................................... .................................... .............................................................................. ............................................. ...... 7.3 Sfefcckó` gf gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb ............................................................................. ..................................... ...................................................... .............. Sjhtwbrf .............................................................................. ....................................... ............................................................................... ................................................................. ......................... Obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
29 26 28 28 21 2= 94 94 97 96 96 32 39 38 3=
8.2 8.9 8.3 8.7
3= 72 73 76 62 67 67 61 89 87 8= 8= 13 13 16
Wkpjs gf gjcuof`tjs ........................................................................... .................................... .............................................................................. ....................................... Wrb`spjrtf gf obtfrkbefs ............................................................................ ..................................... ........................................................................ ................................. Fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` ............................................................................. ...................................... ........................................................................ ................................. Wbobòj gf ejs gjcuof`tjs ............................................................................. ...................................... .................................................................. ........................... 1. Sbebs y fspbckjs gf trbibnj................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ =. Trfpbrbckó` y fvbeubckó` gf ejs fqukpjs ..................................................................................... =.2 Cbekirbckó` gfe oj`ktjr .......................................................................... ................................... ............................................................................ ..................................... =.9 Trfpbrbckó` gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb .............................................................................. ...................................... ................................................ ........ =.3 Fvbeubckó` gfe skstfob ............................................................................ ..................................... ........................................................................... .................................... ;. Ob`kpuebckó` gf gjcuof`tjs ............................................................................... ...................................... ................................................................... ............................ 24. Eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb> fstrbtfakbs gf gkaktbekzbckó` ..................................................................... ................................ ................................... 24.2 Bcfrcb gf eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb................................................................... mkstórkcb........................... ....................................................................... ............................... 24.9 Afstkó` A fstkó` gf cjefcckj`fs hjtjarâflcbs .............................................................................. ....................................... .................................................... ............. 24.3 Fstrbtfakbs gf gkaktbekzbckó` ......................................................................... .................................. ...................................................................... ............................... 24.7 Eb hjtjarbhïb cjoj jinftj mkstórkcj ............................................................................... ....................................... .................................................... ............ 24.6
Fefcckó` gf fstrbtfakb ............................................................................ ..................................... ............................................................................ .....................................
22. Cbpturb ............................................................................ .................................... ............................................................................... ..................................................................... ..............................
22.2 22.9 22.3 22.7 22.6 22.8 22.1
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs af`frbefs ............................................................................. ...................................... ................................................................. .......................... Okcrjhjrobs ......................................................................... .................................. ............................................................................... ........................................................ ................ Obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs .......................................................................... ................................... .............................................................................. ........................................... .... Obtfrkbefs arâflcjs ............................................................................ ..................................... .............................................................................. ........................................... .... Obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs ........................................................................... .................................... ........................................................................... .................................... Obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs ............................................................................ ..................................... ............................................................................ ..................................... Gkaktbekzbckó` gf cbrbctfrïstkcbs trkgkof`skj`befs ...................................................................... .................................... .................................. 29. Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 29.2 Yfsjeuckó` ............................................................................. ...................................... .............................................................................. ....................................................... ................ 29.2.2. Wfxtj.............................................................................. ...................................... ............................................................................... .................................................. ........... 29.2.9. Obtfrkbefs arâflcjs............................................................................ arâflcjs.................................... ....................................................................... ............................... 29.2.3. Obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs ............................................................................ .................................... .............................................................. ...................... 29.2.7. Obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs .............................................................................. ...................................... .............................................................. ...................... 29.2.6. @fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs ........................................................................... ................................... .............................................................. ...................... 29.2.8. Koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó`............................................................................ gkhuskó`.................................... .................................................................. .......................... 29.2.1. Wbieb gf rfsjeuckj`fs .............................................................................. ...................................... ............................................................... .......................
1= =2 =2 =3 =7 ;9 ;3 ;6 224 222 222 223 226 228 228 22= 294 292
23. 27.
26.
28. 21. 2=. 2;. 94. 92. 99.
93. 97. 96.
98.
91. 9=.
29.9 Trjhu`gkgbg gf ikts/cjejr .......................................................................... ................................... ........................................................................ ................................. 29.9.2. Ieb`cj y `farj ............................................................................... ........................................ ...................................................................... ............................... 29.9.9. Fscbeb gf arksfs ............................................................................ ..................................... .......................................................................... ................................... 29.9.3. Cjejr ............................................................................ .................................... ............................................................................... .................................................... ............. 29.9.7. Wbieb prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr ................................................................... .......................................................................................... ....................... 29.3 Jtrjs pbrâoftrjs ......................................................................... .................................. ............................................................................... ................................................ ........ Tfsj gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs .................................... ........................................................................... ......................................................................... .................................. Afstkó` gf cjejr ............................................................................... ...................................... .............................................................................. .................................................... ............. 27.2 Tfrflefs gf cjejr ........................................................................... .................................... .............................................................................. ................................................ ......... 27.9 Cbrtbs gf cjejr ............................................................................. ...................................... .............................................................................. ................................................ ......... 27.3 Fspbckjs gf cjejr ............................................................................... ........................................ .............................................................................. .......................................... ... Oftjgjejaïb gf gf trbibnj ........................................................................... .................................. .............................................................................. ............................................ ..... 26.2 Gkaktbekzbckó` pjr ejtfs................................................................................................................ ejtfs................................................................................................................ 26.9 Gkaktbekzbckó` cbpturb b cbpturb.................................................................................................. cbpturb.................................................................................................. 26.3 Cbpturb cj` câobrb ......................................................................... .................................. .............................................................................. ............................................ ..... 26.7 Obtfrkbefs gf arb` tbobòj ......................................................................... .................................. ........................................................................ ................................. Trjcfsbgj gf koâaf`fs ....................................... .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ....................................... JCY ..................................... ............................................................................ .............................................................................. ........................................................................... .................................... Af`frbckó` gf cjpkbs .................................... ........................................................................... .............................................................................. ............................................. ...... Obrcbs gf baub ............................................................................... ...................................... .............................................................................. ...................................................... ............... Oftbgbtjs ............................................................................ ..................................... .............................................................................. ................................................................. .......................... Vsj gf prjarbobs gf vbekgbckó` gf flcmfrjs ............................................................................... Fstructurb gf cj`tf`kgjs y `joirfs gf brcmkvj ........................................................................... .................................. ....................................... 99.2 Cjrrfspj`gf`ckbs f`trf cjpkbs .............................................................................. ....................................... ............................................................ ..................... 99.9 @joirfs gf brcmkvjs y cbrpftbs ............................................................................ .................................... ............................................................. ..................... 99.3 Fstructurb gf cbrpftbs ......................................................................... .................................. ............................................................................... ........................................ Sjpjrtfs ............................................................................... ........................................ .............................................................................. ................................................................ ......................... Beobcf`bokf`tj y prfsfrvbckó` ............................................................................ ................................... ................................................................. .......................... Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube ........................................................................... .................................. ............................................................................... ............................................... ....... 96.2 Gjcuof`tjs quf sf pufgf` gkaktbekzbr y pj`fr f` eb Qfi ...................................................... .................................. .................... 96.9 Gfcebrbckj`fs gf gfrfcmjs y ekcf`ckbs wfi .......................................................................... ................................... ............................................ ..... 96.3 Jtrbs cufstkj`fs rfebckj`bgbs .............................................................................. ....................................... .............................................................. ....................... Fvbeubckó`, cj`trje gf cbekgbg y supfrvkskó` gf trbibnjs........................................................... 98.2 Cj`trjefs tëc`kcjs sjirf ejs fscâ`frfs y fe fscb`fbgj ............................................................. ...................................... ....................... 98.9 Cj`trje gf cbekgbg sjirf ebs koâaf`fs af`frbgbs .................................................................... .................................... ................................ 98.3 Cj`trje gf cbekgbg sjirf ejs oftbgbtjs ......................................................................... .................................. ................................................... ............ 98.7 Cj`trje gf cbekgbg gfe JCY ......................................................................... .................................. ..................................................................... .............................. 98.6 Cj`trje gf cbekgbg gf `joirfs gf brcmkvj y fstructurb gf cbrpftbs ....................................... .................................... ... 98.8 Cj`trje gf cbekgbg gf sjpjrtfs .......................................................................... ................................... ................................................................ ......................... @jrobtkvb rfebckj`bgb ................................... .......................................................................... .............................................................................. ............................................ ..... Ikiekjarbhïb ............................................................................ ..................................... .............................................................................. .............................................................. .......................
299 299 297 296 298 291 29; 238 231 23; 279 271 271 27; 262 26= 281 219 211 2=2 2=3 2;1 2;= 2;= 944 949 948 94; 929 926 921 994 999 997 996 99= 99; 934 932 939 93;
2. Trfsf`tbckó` Fe Ok`kstfrkj gf Cueturb y Gfpjrtf, sfaþ` sf fspfckflcb f` eb Efy 24/9441, gf 99 gf nu`kj, gf eb efcturb, gfe ekirj y gf ebs ikiekjtfcbs, tkf`f f`trf sus hu`ckj`fs eb gf prjojvfr eb crfbckó` gf ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs, eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf cjefcckj`fs b`beóakcbs pbrb bopekbr su usj f` eb sjckfgbg gf eb k`hjrobckó` y eb prfsfrvbckó` y ob`tf`kokf`tj gf ejs obtfrkbefs gkaktbefs. Eb `jrobtkvb cjou`ktbrkb y ejcbe f` oucmjs cbsjs k`ceuyf jiekabckj`fs skokebrfs. Tjr jtrb pbrtf, fe Fstbgj fspbòje pbrtkckpb pbr tkckpb bctkvbof`tf f` fe prjyfctj Furjpfb`b, Fur jpfb`b, fe Tjrtbe f` eï`fb gfe Tbtrkoj`kj Cueturbe Furjpfj, crfbgj cj` hfcmb gf 9= gf birke gf 9446, sfaþ` sf bcjrgó f` fe Cj`sfnj gf Furjpb y f` eb Cj`hfrf`ckb gf Nfhfs gf Fstbgj y gf Ajikfr`j gf eb V`kó` Furjpfb. Cj` hfcmb gf 91 gf jctuirf gf 9422, eb Cjokskó` Furjpfb mb bgjptbgj u`b Yfcjof`gbckó` (9422/122/VF) quf bctubekzb ebs bgjptbgbs gfsgf 9448, f` eb quf pkgf b ejs Fstbgjs okfoirjs gf eb V`kó` Furjpfb quf rfgjief` sus fshufrzjs pbrb gkaktbekzbr fe pbtrkoj`kj cueturbe, ofgkgb quf sf cj`skgfrb fsf`ckbe pbrb hbckektbr fe kopuesj gf ebs k`gustrkbs crfbtkvbs f` Furjpb. Fxkstf bgfoâs u`b crfckf`tf gfob`gb pjr pbrtf gf ejs ckugbgb`js gf bccfsj be pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj f` eï`fb, b trbvës gf ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs. F` rfspufstb b fstb gfob`gb ckugbgb`b, bsï cjoj f` cuopekokf`tj gf sus jiekabckj`fs efabefs, ebs gkvfrsbs Bgok`kstrbckj`fs pþiekcbs fspbòjebs (y jtrbs f`tkgbgfs prkvbgbs) fstâ` rfbekzb`gj gfsgf mbcf oâs gf u`b gëcbgb kopjrtb`tfs fshufrzjs fs hufrzjs f` fe tfrrf`j gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gkaktbekz bckó` gfe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj quf sf pebsob` f` eb crfbckó` gf oþetkpefs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs bccfskiefs ekirf y arbtuktbof`tf f` eï`fb. Fstbs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs jhrfcf` vbekjsbs cjefcckj`fs crfbgbs b pbrtkr gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs ikiekjarâflcjs koprfsjs j ob`uscrktjs (ekirjs, prf`sb, arbibgjs, hjtjarbhïbs, ftc.) quf sf f`cuf`trb` cj`sfrvbgjs f` gfpósktjs fspfckbefs y b ebs quf ejs ckugbgb`js tkf`f` f` oucmjs cbsjs gkhïcke bccfsj. Bu`quf mby k`st k`stktuc ktuckj`fs kj`fs quf mb` gffl`kg gffl`kgj j cebr cebrbof`t bof`tff su pjeït pjeïtkcb kcb gf gkakt gkaktbekzb bekzbckó` ckó` j mb` rfgbctbgj gkvfrsjs gjcuof`tjs cj` rfquksktjs y rfcjof`gbckj`fs sjirf eb obtfrkb, jtrbs oucmbs, pjr hbetb gf fxpfrkf`ckb j cj`jckokf`tj tëc`kcj, tkf`f` gkflcuetbgfs pbrb peb`kflcbr sus s us prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` y f` jcbskj`fs cjoftf` frrjrfs gf gkhïcke suisb`bckó`. B `kvfe k`tfr`bckj`be k `tfr`bckj`be sf mb` rfgbctbgj tboikë` `uofr `uofrjsjs jsjs gjcuof` gjcuof`tjs tjs cj` `jrobs y rfcjof`gbckj`fs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, beau`js gf ejs cubefs sf vb` qufgb`gj b`tkcubgjs f` beau`js pu`tjs, jtrjs sj` `jrobs j rfcjof`gbckj`fs gf `bturbefzb ouy tëc`kcb. B`tf fstf pb`jrbob, ccj` j` oucmb k`hjrobckó` rfpbrtkgb f` gkvfrs gkvfrsbs bs huf`tfs y fscrkt fscrktbb f` gkhfrf`tfs ef`aubs, eb Suigkrfcckó` Af`frbe gf Cjjrgk`bckó` Ikiekjtfcbrkb y fe Cj`sfnj gf Cjjpfrbckó` Ikiekjtfcbrkb mb` cj`skgfrbgj cj`vf`kf`tf crfbr u` arupj gf fxpfrtjs f` ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs y prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` pbrb bopekbr, cjopeftbr, bctubekzbr y rfcjpkebr tjgb fstb k`hjrobckó`, rfgbctb`gj fstbs Yfcjof`g Yfcjof`gbckj`fs bckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs prjyfc tjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gkaktbe kzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj pbt rkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj ikiekjarâ flcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb mkstó rkcb. Sf fspfrb quf fstf gjcuof`tj skrvb gf auïb y rfhfrf`ckb pbrb bqufeebs k`stktuckj`fs quf afstkj`f` ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs j prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` f` fe âoiktj fspbòje y ebtk`jbofrkcb`j. F` u` huturj, fstâ prfvkstj bopekbr fstbs rfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb gjcuof`tjs gf jtrbs tkpjejaïbs (bugkjvksubefs, arbibckj`fs sj`jrbs, ftc.).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
=
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trfsf`tbckó`
@jtb> Jrab`kzbckó` gf cj`tf`kgjs y ska`js utkekzbgjs f` fstf gjcuof`tj.
Fstf gjcuof`tj sf mb jrab`kzbgj cjejcb`gj ebs rfcjof`gbckj`fs rfebtkvbs b cbgb obtfrkb f` ebs sfcckj`fs cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs b gkcmbs obtfrkbs. Fstj tkf`f cjoj cj`sfcuf`ckb quf rfcjof`gbckj`fs quf mbcf` rfhfrf`ckb b vbrkbs obtfrkbs sf mbyb` rfpftkgj f` gkvfrsjs bpbrtbgjs< pjr fnfopej, ebs rfcjof`gbckj`fs rfebtkvbs b eb ekopkfzb gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb sf rfpktf` f` ebs sfcckj`fs gf ekopkfzb y gf prfpbrbckó` gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb. Fe ojtkvj gf fstbs rfpftkckj`fs, quf pjgïb` mbifrsf fvktbgj, fs quf pufgb mbcfrsf u`b efcturb sfcuf`ckbe, cjopeftb gfe gjcuof`tj j sjej gf ejs bpbrtbgjs cj` ejs tfobs quf `js k`tfrfsb`. F` fstjs bpbrtbgjs sf f`cj`trbrâ` tjgbs ebs rfcjof`gbckj`fs y fxpekcbckj`fs rfebtkvbs b gkcmjs tfobs, `j `fcfsktbrfojs cj`suetbr jtrbs pbrtfs gfe gjcuof`tj. F` cub`tj b ejs ska`js utkekzbgjs pbrb jrab`kzbr ejs cj`tf`kgjs, ejs pârrbhjs quf cj`tkf`f` rfcjof`gbckj`fs sf mb` obrcbgj cj` u` cïrcuej `farj. Ejs pârrbhjs quf `j cjokf`zb` cj` fstb obrcb sj` fxpekcbtkvjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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9. Becb`cf Ebs prfsf`tfs rfcjof`gbckj`fs cuirf` tjgbs ebs hbsfs gf ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs ikiekjarâflcjs pbtrkoj`kbefs quf vb` gfsgf eb peb`kflcbckó` k`kckbe mbstb eb f`trfab gf ejs obtfrkbefs gkaktbekzbgjs, gkaktbekzbgjs, ej quf k`ceuyf, f`trf jtrbs cjsbs, eb sfefcckó` gf obtfrkbefs, ejs fspbckjs gf trbibnj, eb prfpbrbckó` y fefcckó` gf ejs fqukpjs, eb ob`kpuebckó` gf ejs gjcuof`tjs, fe trb`spjrtf gf ejs obtfrkbefs, ejs prjcfsjs y pbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb, fe prjcfsbokf`tj gf koâaf`fs, eb afstkó` gfe cjejr, fe rfcj`jckokf`tj óptkcj gf cbrbctfrfs, eb af`frbckó` gf cjpkbs, ejs oftbgbtjs bsjckbgjs, eb fstructurb gf cbrpftbs y fe `joirbgj gf brcmkvjs. Fstâ` gksfòbgbs pf`sb`gj f` k`stktuckj`fs pþiekcbs j prkvbgbs quf eefvb` b cbij prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, pfrj pufgf` sfrvkr kaubeof`tf, quktb`gj ebs rfhfrf`ckbs b tfobs k`stktuckj`befs, pbrb ebs bctkvkgbgfs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbrtkcuebrfs. Be trbtbrsf gf rfcjof`gbckj`fs r fcjof`gbckj`fs oâs ikf` gf cbrâctfr tëc`kcj, y gfikgj b eb ar arb` b` vbrkfgbg gf k`tfrfsfs, ojtkvbckj`fs, jinftkvjs, ofgkjs y f`hjqufs quf ebs k`stktuckj`fs pufgf` tf`fr b eb mjrb gf bijrgbr u` prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó`, ej tjcb`tf b eb peb`kflcbckó` gf ejs prjyfctjs sf mb trbtbgj oâs sjofrbof`tf, bu`quf sf mb k`tf`tbgj k`ceukr rfcjof`gbckj`fs, hrutj f` su obyjrïb gf eb fxpfrkf`ckb, quf skrvb` pbrb fvktbr quf sf cjof`tb` frrjrfs, oâs j of`js arbvfs, f` fstbs hbsfs k`kckbefs gf ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`. Fstf gjcuof`tj k`ceuyf tboikë` rfcjof`gbckj`fs sjirf ejs gfrfcmjs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube y gfoâs gfrfcmjs bfl`fs kopekcbgjs f` ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf cj`tf`kgjs pbtrkoj`kbefs. @j sf mb prftf`gkgj bijrgbr fstf tfob, ouy cjopefnj, f` prjhu`gkgbg, pufs fsf trbibnj, quf mbirïb` gf rfgbctbr fspfckbekstbs f` eb obtfrkb, jcupbrïb pjr sï sjej u` fxtf`sj vjeuof`, pfrj sï sf mb` k`ceukgj beau`bs fxpekcbckj`fs quf pufgb` bcebrbr gftfrok`bgjs bspfctjs rfebtkvjs b ejs gfrfcmjs gf ebs jirbs jrkak`befs, sus rfprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs y sus oftbgbtjs bsjckbgjs y rfcjof`gbckj`fs prâctkcbs quf ikf` pugkfrb` sfr þtkefs b eb mjrb gf peb`kflcbr ejs prjyfctjs. Fstbs rfcjof`gbckj`fs `j mbcf` rfhfrf`ckb gkrfctb b ebs hbsfs pjstfrkjrfs b eb gkaktbekzbckó`, cjoj pufgf` sfr ejs prjcfsjs gf cbrab gf cj`tf`kgjs f` ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbe gkaktbefs fs y su gkhuskó` ofgkb`tf ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs u jtrbs vïbs. Wbopjcj sf mb qufrkgj trbtbr bquï, pjr cufstkj`fs gf `futrbekgbg, gf eb fefcckó` gf prjarbobs gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe, bu`quf fs u` bsu`tj quf pufgb sfr gf k`tfrës pbrb k`stktuckj`fs quf gfsfb` k`kckbr u` prjyfctj pbrtkf`gj gf cfrj. Tjr jtrj ebgj, gfikgj b quf mby u`b tf`gf`ckb ouy cebrb b gkaktbekzbr cbgb vfz oâs cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb (f` vfz gf cj` fscâ`fr), sf mb` k`ceukgj bpbrtbgjs fspfcïflcjs cj` rfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb eb cbpturb cj` câobrb. Bu`quf fstf gjcuof gjcuof`tj `tj `j fstâ cf`tr cf`trbgj bgj f` eb prfsf prfsfrvbc rvbckó` kó` gkakt gkaktbe, be, obtfr obtfrkb kb quf tboikë tboikë` ` pjgrïb jcupbr u` fxtf`sj vjeuof`, tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb quf tjgjs ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gfif` prfvfr eb prfsfrvbckó` gf ejs cj`tf`kgjs gkaktbefs quf sf af`frf`, sï quf sf jhrfcfrâ` u`bs pbutbs, pbrb bpekcbr f` ebs hbsfs gf peb`kflcbckó` y fnfcuckó` gfe prjyfctj, quf tkf`f` cjoj jinftk vj u`b cjrr cjrrfctb fctb prfs prfsfrvbc frvbckó` kó` pjstf pjstfrkjr rkjr gf gkcmj gkcmjss obtfr obtfrkbefs kbefs.. @js rfhf rfhfrkojs rkojs b ofgkgb ofgkgbss cjoj eb prfvkskó` gf fspbckjs gf beobcf`bokf`tj, eb fefcckó` gf hjrobtjs, eb af`frbckó` gf oþetkpefs cjpkbs, ejs oftbgbtjs gf prfsfrvbckó`, ftc.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Becb`cf
F` cub`tj b eb tkpjejaïb gjcuof`tbe, fe prfsf`tf trbibnj k`ceuyf rfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf hj`gjs ikiekjtfcbrkjs, cjoj pufgf` sfr ekirjs, pfrkógkcjs, rfvkstbs, gjcuof`tjs arâflcjs, obpbs, obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs, gkiunjs y arbibgjs, pbrtkturbs, ob`uscrktjs, okcrjfleos, ftc. @j sf mb` bijrgbgj beau`js tkpjs gf gjcuof`tj, cjoj fe bugkj, fe vïgfj, ejs jinftjs trkgkof`skj`befs j eb hjtjarbhïb sbtfektbe y bërfb, quf tboikë` pufgf` f`cj`trbrsf f` ikiekjtfcbs. F` huturbs vfrskj`fs gf fstbs rfcjof`gbckj`fs sf k`tf`tbrâ bopekbr fe becb`cf gfe trbibnj pbrb quf bibrquf fstjs tkpjs gf gjcuof`tj. Wbopjcj sf mbcf rfhfrf`ckb bquï b eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf gjcuof`tjs gf brcmkvj, quf rfqukfrf u`b gkhfrf`tf jrab`kzbckó` gf eb k`hjrobckó`, bsï cjoj fe usj gf hjrobtjs gfscrkptkvjs fspfcïflcjs, bu`quf tjgj ej tjcb`tf b eb prfpbrbckó` gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs, pbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb, fefcckó` gf sjpjrtfs y hjrobtjs, fscb`fbgj y gfoâs prjcfsjs tëc`kcjs quf sf gfscrkif` bquï pufgf pfrhfctbof`tf bpekcbrsf b eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf fstf tkpj gf obtfrkbefs. @j sf k`ceuyf` tbopjcj rfcjof`gbckj`fs sjirf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf jirbs gf brtf cjoj cubgrjs, ourbefs, fscueturbs y gfoâs obtfrkbefs quf sf pufgf` f`cj`trbr f` ousfjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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3. Teb`kflcbckó` Eb peb`kflcbckó` gf u` prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó` gfpf`gf gf oþetkpefs hbctjrfs, cjoj pufgf` sfr eb `bturbefzb y okskó` gf eb k`stktuckó`, tkpj f k`tfrfsfs gf sus usubrkjs, fe prfsupufstj, ofgkjs gkspj`kiefs, fxpfrkf`ckb prfvkb, `fcfskgbgfs j k`tfrfsfs pu`tubefs, cj`gkckj`b`tfs efabefs j bgok`kstrbtkvjs, ftc. • @j fxkstf pjr tb`tj u` þ`kcj ojgfej gf prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó`, bu`quf b eb mjrb gf peb`kflcbr fe `ufstrj `js pufgf sfr gf utkekgbg bpekcbr, gf ob`frb oâs j of`js hjrobe, eb oftjgjejaïb gf eb peb`kflcbckó` fstrbtëakcb y gkrfcckó` pjr jinftkvjs. F` eï`fbs af`frbefs, eb peb`kflcbckó` fstrbtëakcb gf u` prjyfctj pufgf k`ceukr ebs skaukf`tfs hbsfs> 2. Gffl`kr oftbs u jinftkvjs fstrbtëakcjs j af`frbefs. 9. Yfbekzbr u` b`âeksks gf eb sktubckó` y vkbikekgbg gfe prjyfctj quf k`ceuyb ejs cjstfs prfvkstjs y ejs ofgkjs gkspj`kiefs, gkspj`kiefs , y quf tf`ab f` cuf`tb tb`tj ebs cb cbrf`ckbs rf`ckbs cjoj eb ebss `fcfskgbgfs. 3. Fstugkbr ebs pjskiefs fstrbtfakbs j eï`fbs gf bctubckó` y gfckgkr cuâe fs eb o oâs âs bgfcubgb. 7. Febijrbr gf u` peb` gf bcckó` q quf uf k`ceuyb jinftkvjs jpfrbtkvjs jpfrbtkvjs y tbrfbs b rfbekzbr, pebzjs, pebzjs, bska`bckó` gf rfspj`sbikekgbgfs, bsï cjoj pbrâoftrjs pbrb fvbeubr jinftkvbof`tf fe prjyfctj. 6. Fnfcutbr fe prjyfctj. 8. Mbcfr fe sfaukokf`tj. 1. Fvbeubrej. • B eb mjrb gf peb`kflcbr u` prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó`, sjirf tjgj sk `j sf tkf`f fxpfrkf`ckb, cj`vkf`f gjcuof`tbrsf prfvkbof`tf cj`suetb`gj gjcuof`tjs gf gkrfctrkcfs, rfcjof`gbckj`fs, brtïcuejs j `jrobs sjirf eb obtfrkb. • Wboik Wboikë` ë` fs rfcjof`gbief fstugkbr ebs prâctkcbs oâs fxtf`gkgbs fxtf`gkgbs j ejs prjyfctjs fxktjsjs skokebrfs b ejs quf qufrfojs eefvbr b cbij. • F` cub`tj b ejs jinftkvjs af`frbefs, fs `fcfsbrkj sfr rfbekstb y peb`tfbr jinftkvjs hbctkiefs.
3. 3.22 B`âeksks gf vkbikekgbg vkbike kgbg • Fs `fcfsbrkj rfbekzbr u` b`âeksks gf cjstfs, ofgkjs gkspj`kiefs y `fcfskgbgfs pbrb vbejrbr eb vkbikekgbg gfe prjyfctj. • B eb mjrb gf cbecuebr ejs cjstfs gf u` prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó`, sf gfif tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf su cjstf `j sf ekoktb b ejs prjcfsjs tëc`kcjs gf fscb`fbgj, pufgf` sfr `fcfsbrkjs abstjs gf> ‗ Gksfòj, kopefof`tbckó` y/ y/j j ob`tf`kokf`tj gf u`b ik ikiekjtfcb iekjtfcb gkaktbe. ‗ Cjstfs gf afstkó` y trboktbckó`. ‗ Hjrobckó` gfe pfrs pfrsj`be. j`be.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Teb`kflcbckó`
‗ Bgqukskckó` y ob`t ob`tf`kokf`tj f`kokf`tj gf mbrgwbrf (fqukpjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` y vkskj`bgj, sjpjrtfs gf beobcf`bokf`tj, u`kgbgfs gf efcturb j arbibckó` gf gkcmjs sjpjrtfs, ftc.). ‗ Bgqukskckó` y ob`tf`kokf`tj gf sjhtwbrf (prjarbobs (prjarbobs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, gf fgkckó` gf kobaf` gkaktbe, gf fgkckó` gf oftbgbtjs, gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe, ftc.). ‗ Yf`jvbckó` j bctube bctubekzbckó` kzbckó` gf mbrgwbrf j j sjhtwbrf . ‗ Fvbeubckó` gf fstb fstbgj gj gf cj`sfrvbckó cj`sfrvbckó`. `. ‗ Wbrfbs prfvkbs gf rfs rfstburbckó` tburbckó` j ekopkfz ekopkfzbb gf gjcuof`tjs. ‗ Crfbckó`, fgkckó` y bsjckbckó` gf oft oftbgbtjs. bgbtjs. ‗ Trjcfsjs gf rrfcj`jckokf`tj fcj`jckokf`tj óptkc óptkcj j gf cbrbctfr cbrbctfrfs. fs. ‗ @þofrj y tkpj gf cjpkbs quf sf vb` b pfgkr. ‗ Supfrvkskó`, cjjrgk cjjrgk`bckó` `bckó` y cj`trje gf cbekgbg. ‗ Cbrab gf cj`tf`kgjs. ‗ Bcj`gkckj`bokf`tj j beq bequkefr ukefr gf u` fspbckj gf ttrbibnj. rbibnj. ‗ Cjoprb j cfskó` gf gfr gfrfcmjs fcmjs gf rfprjguc rfprjgucckó`, ckó`, cjou`kcbc cjou`kcbckó` kó` pþiekcb, ftc. ‗ Bejnbokf`tj gf cj`tf` cj`tf`kgjs kgjs gkaktbefs. ‗ Sfaurjs. ‗ Wrb`spjrtf gf obtfrkbefs obtfrkbefs.. ‗ Cj`trbtbckó` gf sfrvkckjs fxtfr`js. fxtfr `js. ‗ Cj`trbtbckó` gf pfrsj`be. ‗ Bctkvkgbgfs gf gkhus gkhuskó`. kó`. ‗ Beobcf`bokf`tj gf sjpjr sjpjrtfs tfs (sfaurkgbg y ccekobtkzbckó` ekobtkzbckó` gf g gfpósktjs, fpósktjs, ftc.). ‗ Kopefof`tbckó` gf u` sks skstfob tfob gf prfsfrvbc prfsfrvbckó` kó` j bpekcbckó` gf ofgk ofgkgbs gbs gf prfsfrvbc prfsfrvbckó`. kó`. • V` pbrâoftrj ouy bgf bgfcubgj cubgj pbrb afstkj`br prjyf prjyfctj ctj gf gkaktbekzbckó gkaktbekzbckó` ` gf obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs tfxtubefs fs fe prfckj pjr pâak`b (prfckj/pâak`b), quf sf cbecueb gkvkgkf`gj fe cjstf tjtbe gfe prjyfctj pjr fe `þofrj gf koâaf`fs gkaktbefs quf sf vb` b af`frbr. Bu`quf beau`bs gf fstbs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs `j sfrâ` gf pâak`bs (cbrtbs gf cjejr, cuikfrtbs, ftc.), hbckektb eb afstkó` y fvbeubckó` cj`skgfrbrebs cj`skgfrbrebs cjoj tbefs. F` fstf sf`tkgj, b eb mjrb gf cbecuebr fe `þofrj gf pâak`bs gf obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs quf sf vb` b gkaktbekzbr mby quf cj`tbr ebs cuikfrtbs, prfekok`brfs, prfekok`brfs, ftc., cjoj pâak`bs. Sk fstbojs cbecueb`gj ebs pâak`bs f` ibsf b ejs gbtjs gf ejs rfakstrjs ikiekjarâfl ikiekjarâflcjs, cjs, mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf ejs rfakstrjs k`gkcb` tb` sjej ebs pâak`bs `uofrbgbs, pjr ej quf cj`vkf`f bòbgkr beau`bs pâak`bs oâs pjr ekirj. • F` fe cbsj gf quf fstfojs gkaktbekzb`gj jtrj tkpj gf obtfrkbefs (arâflcjs, hjtjarâflcjs j cbrtjarâflcjs), eb ofgkgb, f` vfz gf mbcfr rfhfrf`ckb b pâak`bs, mbrâ rfhfrf`ckb b hjtjarbhïbs, gkiunjs, obpbs, gkbpjsktkvbs, pebcbs gf vkgrkj j fe tkpj gf obtfrkbe quf cjrrfspj`gb. F` fstjs cbsjs, tf`grfojs quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb cuâ`tbs koâaf`fs sf vb` b af`frbr pjr cbgb gjcuof`tj, pufs fe cjstf gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` `j sfrâ fe oksoj sk rfbekzbojs u`b ofrb cbpturb gf ebs ârfbs cj` cj`tf`kgj quf sk gkaktbekzbojs bgfoâs ejs rfvfrsjs f` ieb`cj, ejs obrcjs j ejs cj`tf`fgjrfs, j vbrkbrâ sk rfbekzbojs cbpturbs cj` euz rffnbgb gf ejs obtfrkbefs trbseþckgjs pbrb gjcuof`tbr su sjpjrtf, j sk af`frbojs gjiefs oâstfrfs f` cbsjs cjoj ejs gf ejs `fabtkvjs j oþetkpefs cjpkbs gf rfsjeuckó` f` obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs, ftc. • Sk fe hj`gj quf vbojs b gkaktbekzbr k`ceuyf oj`jarbhïbs ojgfr`bs y jtrjs tkpjs gf obtfrkbe, fe prfckj/pâak`b sf pufgf cbecuebr f` ibsf b u`b oj`jarbhïb ojgfr`b y b pbrtkr gf fstf prfckj sf pufgf` cbecuebr prfckjs pbrb jtrjs tkpjs gf obtfrkbe, tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb ej skaukf`tf>
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Teb`kflcbckó`
‗ Ejs vjeþof`fs arb arb`gfs `gfs tkpj tbiej tbiejkgf kgf sj` pfsbgjs y sf ob`fnb` cj` obyjr gkflcuet gkflcuetbg, bg, sf tbr tbr-gb` beaj oâs f` gkaktbekzbr. ‗ Ebs jir jirbs bs f` obe fst fstbgj bgj gf cj`sfrvbc cj`sfrvbckó` kó` rfqukf rfqukfrf` rf` u`b ob`kpuebckó` ef`tb y cukgbgjsb, sf tbrgb` oâs f` gkaktbekzbr. ‗ Ebs jirbs sufetb sufetbss sf tbrgb tbrgb` ` oâ oâss ff` `g gkaktbe kaktbekzbr kzbr quf ebs pâak`bs gf u` eekirj, kirj, `j sjej pjrquf rfqukfrf` obyjr ob`kpuebckó`, tboikë` pjrquf prfcksb` u` trbtbokf`tj ikiekjarâflcj oâs trbibnjsj (u` rfakstrj cbgb u`b j gjs koâaf`fs hrf`tf b u` rfakstrj pjr arupj gf koâaf`fs quf mby quf rfbekzbr f` cbsj gf ekirjs j vjeþof`fs gf prf`sb). ‗ Ejs obtfr obtfrkbefs kbefs arâ arâflcjs flcjs y cbrtjarâflcj cbrtjarâflcjss sf mb` gf gkaktbekzbr cj` cukgbgj y sf gkaktbekzb` cj` oâs ef`tktug quf ejs obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs `jrobefs. ‗ F` af`frbe, sf tbrgb oâs f` gkaktbekzbr ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs quf ejs vjeþof`fs koprfsjs. F` oucmbs jcbskj`fs vkf`f` f`vufetjs j fstâ` aubrgbgjs f` cj`tf`fgjrfs y mby quf gfsf` vjevfrejs/gfsfopbquftbrejs vjevfrejs/gfsfopbquft brejs pbrb su gkaktbekzb gkaktbekzbckó`, ckó`, y eufaj vjevfrejs b aubrgbr, cj` ej quf eb gkaktbekzbckó` f` beau`js cbsjs pufgf eefabr b sfr oucmj oâs ef`tb quf f` fe cbsj gf vjeþof`fs koprfsjs. ‗ F` fe cbsj gf ebs pebcbs g gff vkgrkj, sj` obtfr obtfrkbefs kbefs hhrâakefs râakefs qu quff mby quf ob`kpuebr cj` su suoj oj cukgbgj< bgfoâs, sufef` vf`kr f`vufetjs y/j aubrgbgjs f` cj`tf`fgjrfs, y sf tbrgb` f` gkaktbekzbr oucmj oâs quf ebs pâak`bs gf u` vjeuof` koprfsj. ‗ Beau`js tkpjs gf obtfr obtfrkbe kbe pufgf` rfqufrkr oâ oâss gf u`b cbpturb (`fabtkvjs y tr trb`spbrf`ckbs) b`spbrf`ckbs).. • Sk tf`fojs u` prfsup prfsupufstj ufstj y/j u` pebzj cfrrbgj cfrrbgj,, `fcfsktbrfojs cj`j cj`jcfr cfr fe rf`gkokf`tj gf ejs fqukpjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` (`þofrj gf cbpturbs/gïb) pbrb pjgfr gftfrok`br eb hfcmb gf tfrok`bckó` gf ejs trbibnjs. • Tbrb cbecuebr ejs cjstfs gf beobcf`bokf`tj y ejs tkfopjs gf cbrab fs `fcfsbrkj mbcfr u`b fstkobckó`, tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb ejs pbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb y fe `þofrj gf jinftjs gkaktbefs, gfe vjeuof` tjtbe gf k`hjrobckó` k`hjr obckó` quf vbojs b af`fr af`frbr. br. Mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb, pjr u` ebgj, ej quf vb` b jcupbr f` ejs sfrvkgjrfs ebs koâaf`fs quf sf vb` b gkhu`gkr f` eb Q Qfi, fi, y pjr jtrj, ej quf vb` b jcupbr ejs cj`tf`kgjs b prfsfrvbr, quf pufgf` cbrabrsf f` u` skstfob gf prfsfrvbckó` j beobcf`brsf f` u` cj`nu`tj gf sjpjrtfs cjoj gkscjs gurjs VSI, ck`tbs oba`ëtkcbs, ftc. F` fstf sfau`gj cbsj, sk sf vb` b beobcf`br sjpjrtfs, mby quf prfvfr, b eb mjrb gf cbecuebr eb cb`tkgbg gf sjpjrtfs `fcfsbrkjs, quf b vfcfs fstjs sjpjrtfs `j sf f`trfabrâ` eef`js gfe tjgj (pjr cufstkj`fs gf jrab`kzbckó` gf k`hjrobckó`, gf hk`be gf prjyfctj, ftc.). Tbrb cbecuebr gf hjrob bprjxkobgb fe tbobòj gf u` flcmfrj oâstfr rfsuetb`tf sk` cjoprkokr pjgfojs sfaukr fstjs pbsjs> 2. Cj`vfrtkr fe b`cmj y fe betj gfe ârfb gf cbpturb f` pueabgbs. Fe ârfb gf cbpturb fs eb supfrflckf gf eb pâak`b, gjief pâak`b j cbrb gfe gjcuof`tj b cbpturbr oâs fe ârfb gf sfaurkgbg j pbrb eb k`ceuskó` gf cbrtbs gf cj`trje quf sf gfnb berfgfgjr. 9. Ouetkpekcbr ebs pueabgbs gfe b`cmj gfe ârfb gf cbpturb pjr eb rfsjeuckó` fspbckbe gf cbpturb f` pkxfefs pjr pueabgb. 3. Ouetkpekcbr ebs pueabgbs gfe betj gfe ârfb gf cbpturb pjr eb rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb. 7. Ouetkpekcbr fe rfsuetbgj gf 9 y 3. 6. Ouetkpekcbr fe rfsuetbgj b`tfrkjr pjr fe `þofrj gf iytfs gf gf eb prjhu`gkgbg gf ikts fefakgb. Tjr fnfopej, sk tf`fojs u`b kobaf` f` cjejr rfbe b 97 ikts, gfifojs ouetkpekcbr pjr 3< sk tf`fojs fscbeb gf arksfs b = ikts, gfifojs ouetkpekcbr pjr 2 (fs gfckr, gfnbr fe rfsuetbgj cjoj fstâ).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Teb`kflcbckó`
Fe rfsuetbgj sbegrâ f` iytfs . Tbrb pbsbrej b OI mby quf gkvkgkr f`trf 2 47= 618 (2 OI ‗ ofof abiytf ‗ ? 2 47= 618 iytfs ). ). Be gbtj gf tbobòj quf sbeab gf fstbs hórouebs gfifojs suobr u`bs cub`tbs gfcf`bs gf iytfs pbrb tf`fr u`b fstkobckó` prjofgkj, pufs, bgfoâs gf ejs gbtjs gf ejs pkxfefs, ejs flcmfrjs gf kobaf` gkaktbe beobcf`b` jtrjs gbtjs quf be fl`be supj`f` u`js cub`tjs iytfs fxtrb> fxtrb> sj` ejs oftbgbtjs oâs jtrbs k`hjrobckj`fs fspfcïflcbs gfe hjrobtj gf flcmfrj. Fe tbobòj tjtbe gf ejs oftbgbtjs vbrïb sfaþ` fe hjrobtj gf flcmfrj j eb cb`tkgbg y fxtf`skó` gf ejs oftbgbtjs quf sf k`ceuyb`. Tfrj ej `jrobe fs quf `j fxcfgb` gf 9 lkejiytfs (LI). (LI). Sk k`crustbojs pfrflefs gf cjejr KCC f` ejs flcmfrjs, gfifojs tboikë` suobr fe tbobòj gfe pfrfle KCC, quf gfifrfojs fstkobr prfvkbof`tf. • Wf`grfojs quf prfvfr tboikë` eb `fcfskgbg gf fspbckjs hïskcjs gj`gf k`stbebr ejs sfrvkgjrfs y skstfobs gf prfsfrvbckó` prfsfr vbckó` y gj`gf beobcf`br ejs sjpjrtfs. sj pjrtfs. Fstjs fspbc fspbckjs kjs hïskcjs `fcfs `fcfsktbrâ` ktbrâ` cj`tbr cj` skstfobs gf cekobtkzbckó` y sfaurkgbg bgfcubgjs. • Sk sf vb b fxtfr`bekzbr fe sfrvk sfrvkckj, ckj, ejs prfsupufstjs quf sf sjekcktf` b ebs foprfsbs pufgf` pufgf` sfrvkr gf k`gkcbckó` pbrb cbecuebr ejs cjstfs skfoprf y cub`gj fstjs f`aejif` tjgjs ejs cj`cfptjs y tbrfbs sjekcktbgjs. sjek cktbgjs. • Fs `fcfsbrkj tboikë` rfbekzbr u` b`âeksks gfe hj`gj b gkaktbekzbr pbrb gftfrok`br quë ofgkjs ofgkjs tëc`kcjs `fcfsktbrfojs pbrb eb cbpturb. Fstf b`âeksks tkf`f quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb hbctjrfs cjoj eb tkpjejaïb gf ejs gjcuof`tjs, arjsjrfs, fe fstbgj gfftc. cj`sfrvbckó`, sk gfif fstâ` cj`skgfrbr f`vufetjs j f`cubgfr`bgjs, sk fstbojs sus b`tftbobòjs sjpjrtfsy jpbcjs j trbseþckgjs, Tfrj tboikë` fe ofgkj f` fe quf sf fxprfsb fe cj`tf`kgj (tbe cjoj hjtjarbhïb, trbobgj gf koprfskó`, brtf gf eï`fb, tfxtj koprfsj, tfxtj ob`uscrktj) y eb ofgkgb gfe gftbeef gf eb k`hjrobckó` cj`tf`kgb f` ejs gjcuof`tjs, tbe cjoj eb fxkstf`ckb gf trbobgj, trbzjs ouy fl`js f` brtf gf eï`fb j tfxtj, tfxturbs, fefof`tjs trkgkof`skj`befs (cjoj sfeejs sfcjs), vbejr KSJ gf u` `fabtkvj hjtjarâflcj, obraf` gf gf`skgbgfs f` obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs, prfsf`ckb gf obrcbs gf baub f` sjpjrtfs gf pbpfe quf sfb` rfefvb`tfs, ftc. • Fs rfcjof`gbief, sk muikfrb gkspj`kikekgbg gf rfcursjs, quf fe b`âeksks gfe hj`gj sfb rfbekzbgj cj` ok`uckjskgbg y, f` eb ofgkgb gf ej pjskief, pjr fxpfrtjs f` tjgjs ejs ofgkjs gjcuof`tbefs gjcuof`tb efs quf cj`tf`ab, pufs, sk `j sf rfbekzb cj` suflckf`tf cj`jckokf`tj gf cbusb, pufgf prjvjcbr gkaktbekzbckj`fs k`cjrrfctbs pbrb u` gftfrok`bgj `þofrj gf gjcuof`tjs j pâak`bs gf`trj gf u` hj`gj j cjefcckó`, pufs fs mbiktube quf f` u`b oksob barupbckó` gjcuof`tbe, f k`ceusj f` u`b oksob u`kgbg gjcuof`tbe, `j mbyb u`khjrokgbg f` ej quf rfspfctb b ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs hïskcbs gf eb k`hjrobckó`. Sk `j sf fs suflckf`tfof`tf cj`sckf`tf gf feej, sf pufgf prjvjcbr bpekcbr crktfrkjs y pbrâoftrjs gf cbekgbg b u`js gjcuof`tjs j ofgkjs quf mb` skgj ibsbgjs f` fe fstugkj y fvbeubckó` gf jtrjs ikf` gkstk`tjs. gkstk`tjs . Tjr fnfopej, u`b pâak`b pufgf tf`fr, bgfoâs gf tfxtj koprfsj, u` hjtjarbhjt jarbibgj, u`b kobaf` hjtjarâflcb koprfsb cj` u`b trbob ouy fl`b, fefof`tjs quf rfqukfrf` gf u`b rfsjeuckó` fspbckbe gf cbpturb ouy supfrkjr b eb gfe tfxtj. V`b vfz cbecuebgjs ejs cjstfs gfe prjyfctj, y gffl`kgjs ejs ofgkjs tfc`jeóakcjs, gf pfrsj`be, ejaïstkcjs, ftc., `fcfsbrkjs, pjgfojs fstugkbr sk ejs ofgkjs gf quf gkspj`fojs sj` suflckf`tfs pbrb eefvbrej b cbij. Fstf b`âeksks `js pufgf sfrvkr pbrb gftfctbr y cjrrfakr cbrf`ckbs j `fcfskgbgfs, gfckgkr eb fstrbtfakb gf trbibnj j, sf`ckeebof`tf, gftfrok`br sk fe prjyfctj fs vkbief j k`vkbief.
3.9 Gjcuof`tbckó` • Fs cj`vf`kf`tf quf fe prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó` fstë ikf` gjcuof`tbgj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Teb`kflcbckó`
Eb gjcuof`tbckó` quf pufgf sfr `fcfsbrkj trboktbr j af`frbr b ej ebraj gfe prjyfctj pufgf sfr gf gkvfrsjs tkpjs> Gjcuof`tbckó` gf trboktbckó`>
Ofojrkbs, pekfajs gf cj`gkckj`fs bgok`kstrbtkvbs bgok`kstrbtkvbs,, puiekcbckó` f` ijeftk`fs…
Gjcuof`tjs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube>
Cj`vf`kjs, cfskj`fs gf gfrfcmjs…
Gjcuof`tbckó` gf cj`trje gf hj`gjs>
K`vf`tbrkjs, beibrb`fs gf f`trfab y sbekgb, sfaurjs…
Gjcuof`tbckó` gf cj`trbtbckó`>
Trfsupuf Trfsupufstjs, stjs, cj`trbtjs, cfrtkflcbgjs cfrtkflcbgjs,, hbcturbs…
Gjcuof`tbckó` gf sfaukokf`tj y cj`trje gf fnfcuckó`>
K`hjrofs pfrkógkcjs, sktkj wfi gf sfaukokf`tj…
Gjcuof`tbckó` tëc`kcb>
Fstugkj gf `fcfskgbgfs gf usubrkjs, b`âeksks gf vkbikekgbg, pjeïtkcbs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, pekfajs gf prfscrkpckj`fs tëc`kcbs, crktfrkjs gf sfefcckó` gf hj`gjs, peb`fs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, cursjs gf hjrobckó`, ob`ubefs gf prjcfgkokf`tjs, peb`fs gf prfsfrvbckó`, peb`fs gf cbekgbg, oftjgjejaïb gf trbtbokf`tj gf k`ckgf`ckbs, crktfrkjs gf fvbeubckó`…
F` cub`tj b eb gjcuof`tbckó` tëc`kcb, `j mby pjr quë utkekzbr tjgjs y cbgb u`j gf ejs gjcuof`tjs tëc`kcjs quf sf of`ckj`b` f` fstbs rfcjof`gbckj`fs y quf sf bijrgbrâ` f` gftbeef f` ejs bpbrtbgjs skaukf`tfs. Gfpf`gkf`gj gf eb `bturbefzb gf eb k`stktuckó` y gf sus mâiktjs gf trbibnj, bsï cjoj gfe tbobòj y tkpj gf prjyfctj, ejs gkstk`tjs peb`fs y pjeïtkcbs bquï rfebckj`bgjs sf pufgf` k`ceukr j hu`gkr f` gjcuof`tjs oâs bibrcbgjrfs j af`frbefs, j k`ceusj beau`js gf feejs pufgf` `j sfr `fcfsbrkjs.
3.3 Fstrbtfakb y pjeïtkcb gf gkaktbekzbckó` gkaktbekzbckó` 3.3.2. Gftfrok`bckó` gf fstrbtfakb
• Fe b`âeksks gf vkbikekgbg prfvkbof`tf rfbekzbgj `js pufgf sfrvkr pbrb gftfrok`br `ufstrb fstrbtfakb gf trbibnj. Sk eb k`stktuckó` cuf`tb cj` ofgkjs tfc`jeóakcjs y gf pfrsj`be prjpkjs pjgrâ jptbr pjr f`cbrabrsf feeb oksob gf eb gkaktbekzbckó`, okf`trbs quf sk `j gkspj`f gf ejs ofgkjs k`gkcbgjs, pfrj tkf`f u` prfsupufstj suflckf`tf, pufgf prfhfrkr cj`trbtbr fe sfrvkckj b u`b foprfsb fxtfr`b. Tufgf` tboikë` fopefbrsf hórouebs okxtbs, cjoj cj`trbtbr b trbibnbgjrfs fspfckbekzbgjs, bequkebr fqukpjs, ftc. • Sk eb k`stktuckó` mb gfckgkgj mbcfr fe trbibnj cj` sus ofgkjs, pfrj `j cuf`tb cj` fxp fxpfrkf`ckb frkf`ckb f` prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, fs u`b ofgkgb prugf`tf cjof`zbr rfbekzb`gj u` prjyfctj pfqufòj quf ef pfroktb ab`br fxpfrkf`ckb y cj`jckokf`tjs, ok`kokzb`gj bsï eb arbvfgbg gf ejs pjskiefs frrjrfs quf pufgb cjoftfr. • Sk eb rfspj`sbief gfe prjyfctj fs u`b k`stktuckó` pþiekcb, sunftb b u` cj`trje prfsupufstbrkj b`ube, fs rfcjof`gbief cjof`zbr eb trboktbckó` gfe prjyfctj be cjokf`zj gfe bòj prfsupufstbrkj j f` fe bòj b`tfrkjr (trboktbckó` b`tkckpbgb), j, be of`js, cj` tkfopj suflckf`tf pbrb quf gë tkfopj b trboktbr, fnfcutbr y fvbeubr fe prjyfctj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Teb`kflcbckó`
• Sk fe prjyfctj gf gka gkaktbekzbckó` ktbekzbckó` sf vb b eefvbr b cbij tjtbe j pbrckbeof`tf pbrckbeof`tf cj` suivf`ckj`fs suivf`ckj`fs pþiekcbs cj`vkf`f quf eb k`stktuckó` if`fflckbrkb fstugkf gftf`kgbof`tf eb cj`vjcbtjrkb gf suivf`ckó` y quf sf ckòb b ejs rfquksktjs gf sjekcktug y nustkflcbckó` ej oâs fstrkctbof`tf pjskief, bsï sf fvktbrâ` prjiefobs quf pufgb` supj`fr f` þetkoj fxtrfoj eb gfvjeuckó` gf ebs cb`tkgbgfs prfvkbof`tf pfrckikgbs. 3.3.9. Tjeïtkcb gf gkaktbekzbckó`
Eb pjeïtkcb gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf u`b k`stktuckó` vb oâs beeâ gf eb gftfrok`bckó` gf u`b fstrbtfakb gf trbibnj pbrb u` prjyfctj cj`crftj. Fs f` rfbekgbg eb peb`kflcbckó` b cjrtj, ofgkj y ebraj pebzj gf sus bctkvkgbgfs gf gkaktbekzbckó`. Ofgkb`tf fstb pjeïtkcb sf trbzb` ebs eï`fbs fstrbtëakcbs y fe obrcj gf rfhfrf`ckb f` fe quf sf gfsbrrjeebrâ` ejs huturjs trbibnjs. • Cj`vkf`f pebsobr fstb p pjeïtkcb jeïtkcb f` u` gjcuof`tj, quf bgfoâs mb gf sfr rfvksbgj y bctubekzbgj pfrkógkcbof`tf. • @fcfsbrkbof`tf y f` prkofr euabr, eb pjeïtkcb mb gf gffl`kr ejs jinftkvjs pjeïtkcjs, fstrbtëakcjs j af`frbefs quf pfrskauf eb k`stktuckó` cj` su bctkvkgbg gkaktbekzbgjrb, quf `jrobeof`tf tf`grâ` quf vfr cj` eb hu`ckó` y okskó` gf eb k`stktuckó`, cj` sus jiekabckj`fs efabefs (pjr fnfopej, eb gf gkhu`gkr y cj`sfrvbr fe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj) y cj` ebs `fcfskgbgfs y gfob`gbs gf sus usubrkjs. usubrkjs . • Bgfoâs gf ejs jinftkvjs fstrbtëakcjs, eb pjeïtkcb gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf u`b k`stktuckó` pufgf mbcfr rfhfrf`ckb b bspfctjs cjoj> ‗ Ebs rbzj`fs pbrb gkaktbekz gkaktbekzbr< br< pjr fnfopej> gbr u`b obyjr gkhuskó` b ejs hj`gjs, prfsfrvbr obtfrkbefs f` obe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó`, ftc. ‗ Eb fl`bekgbg y usjs prfvkstjs gf ej ejss gjcuof`tjs gkaktb gkaktbekzbgjs. ekzbgjs. ‗ Hj`gjs y cjefcck cjefcckj`fs j`fs quf sf prjyfctb prjyfct b gkaktbekzbr. ‗ Gfscrkpckó` af`fr af`frbe be gf oftjgjejaïbs y pbr pbrâoftrjs âoftrjs gf gkaktb gkaktbekzbckó`. ekzbckó`. ‗ Bska`bckó` gf rfs rfspj`sbikekgbgfs. pj`sbikekgbgfs. ‗ Cufstkj`fs gf pr prjpkfgbg jpkfgbg k`tfefctube y gfrfcmjs bfl`fs. ‗ Cufstkj`fs rf rfebtkvbs ebtkvbs b eb but butf`tkckgbg f`tkckgbg gf ejs gj gjcuof`tjs. cuof`tjs. ‗ Ftc. • Eb pjeïtkcb gf gkaktbekzbckó` gfif gksfòbrsf tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb tb`tj eb gkhuskó` cjoj eb prfsfrvbckó` gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs quf sf vb` b af`frbr. • Mb gf tf`frsf f` cuf`tb eb fscbebikekgbg, fstj fs, fe crfckokf`tj gf ejs skstfobs gf beobcf`bokf`tj, prfsfrvbckó` y gkhuskó` y gf ebs ibsfs gf gbtjs b ofgkgb quf sf vbyb` k`cjrpjrb`gj ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs af`frbgjs cj` ejs huturjs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`. • Wboikë` cj`vkf`f cj`skgfrbr fe ob`tf`kokf`tj gf ejs skstfobs, ej cube pufgf k`ceukr cj`trbtjs gf ob`tf`kok ob`tf`kokf`tj f`tj y/j bskstf`ckb tëc`kcb gf ejs fqukpjs y prjarbobs, rf`jvbckó` tfc`jeóakcb, tfc`jeóakcb, hjrobckó`, ftc. • Fs kopjrtb`tf quf eb k`stktuckó` tf`ab tf`ab cebrb su fstrbtfakb gf gkhuskó` b`tfs gf cjof`zbr cjof`zbr ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`> b trbvës gf quë ofgkj sf vb` b gkhu`gkr ebs koâaf`fs, ofgkb`tf quë bpekcbckj`fs, sk fe bccfsj vb b sfr u`kvfrsbe j ekoktbgj, sk fe sfrvkckj sf vb b cjirbr j vb b sfr arb-
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Teb`kflcbckó`
tuktj, sk fe bccfsj vb b sfr gkrfctj j cj` cj`trbsfòb, sk sf s f vb` b usbr ekcf`ckbs gf usj tkpj t kpj Crfbtkvf Cjooj`s, ftc. • Ejs flcmfrjs oâstfr gf eb cbpturb gfif` rfbekzbrsf cj`skgfrâ`gj cj`skgfrâ`gjsf sf eb cbekgbg rfqufrkgb pbrb rfakstrbr cjrrfctbof`tf y cjopeftbof`tf eb k`hjrobckó` k`hjrobc kó` rfefvb`tf gfe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be hïskcj. Ebs pjeïtkcbs gf prfsfrvbckó` gf `ufstrb k`stktuckó` y ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf `ufstrj skstfob gf prfsfrvbckó` pufgf` mbcfr `fcfsbrkj af`frbr u` oâstfr f` gftfrok`bgjs hjrobtjs j cj` gftfrok`bgbs cbrbctfrïstkcbs. Tjr jtrj ebgj, ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs tëc`kcbs gf eb ibsf gf gbtjs y gfe prjarbob gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe quf tf`abojs gftfrok`brâ` ejs pbrâoftrjs j cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf ebs vfrskj`fs gkaktbefs gfrk vbgbs quf sf jitkf`f` jitkf `f` gfsgf ejs flcmfr flcmfrjs js oâstfr, bsï cjoj fe JCY y ejs oftbgbtjs. Fs kopjrtb`tf pjr feej tf`fr cebrj b`tfs gf gkaktbekzbr cóoj sf vb` b gkhu`gkr y/j prfsfrvbr ebs jirbs gkaktbefs> cj` u` skstfob gf prfsfrvbckó` gf u` tkpj j gf jtrj, ofgkb`tf u`b ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe prjpkb j bnf`b, f` u` sfrvkgjr f` eb `uif, f` u`b pâak`b wfi, ftc. Wboikë` fs kopjrtb`tf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quë k`hjrobckó` arâflcb j tfxtube cj`tkf`f` ejs gjcuof`tjs jrkak`befs y sus cbrbctfrïstkcbs hïskcbs. Sf gfsbcj`sfnb gkaktbekzbr sk` tf`fr cebrjs fstjs cj`cfptjs< sk sf kopefof`tb` skstfobs gf gkhuskó` j prfsfrvbckó` b pjstfrkjrk , fs hâcke quf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs prfvkbof`tf af`frbgjs `j `js skrvb` j `fcfsktf` sfr prjcfsbgjs pbrb quf pjgbojs usbrejs. F` cub`tj b eb sfefcckó` gf bpekcbckj`fs gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe, eb k`stktuckó` tf`grâ quf gfckgkr, sk `j ej mb mfcmj yb, sk gfsbrrjeebr u` prjarbob prjpkj, utkekzbr u`j gf huf`tf bikfrtb j cjoprbr/cj`trbtbr u` prjarbob prjpkftbrkj. Mjy f` gïb mby gkspj`kiefs gkvfrsbs jpckj`fs arbtuktbs y gf huf`tf bikfrtb, bu`quf cbif gfckr quf `j jhrfcf` ebs prfstbckj`fs gf ejs ofnjrfs prjarbobs prjpkftbrkjs. Gfpf`gkf`gj gf sus jinftkvjs, b eb k`stktuckó` ef pufgf vbefr j cj`vf`kr u`b u jtrb jpckó`. 3.3.3. Crktfrkjs gf sfefcckó` gf hj`gjs hj`gjs
• Fs cj`vf`kf`tf quf eb k`stktuckó` bpekquf crktfrkjs pbrb eb sfefcckó` y/j vbejrbckó` gf hj`gjs. Fstjs crktfrkjs pufgf` fxpekcktbrsf f` gjcuof`tjs gf pjeïtkcbs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, peb`fs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, ob`ubefs gf prjcfgkokf`tj, ftc. • Crktfrkjs gf vbejrbckó`/sfefcckó` gf hj`gjs pjgrïb` sfr ejs skaukf`tfs> ‗ Ebs `fcfskgbg `fcfskgbgfs fs y/j fe k`t k`tfrës frës gf ejs usubrkjs, quf pufgf cj`jcfrsf b trbvës gf gfskgfrbtbs gfskgfrbtbs,, f`cufstbs, fstugkjs gf usubrkjs, ftc. ‗ Xbejr gfe cj`tf`kgj. Fe cj`tf`kgj gf u`b jirb pufgf sfr gf k`tfrës gfsgf fe pu`tj gf vkstb gfe jckj y gfefktf fstëtkcj, k`hjrobtkvj, mkstórkcj, fgucbtkvj, ckf`tïflcj, gf k`vfstkabckó`, ftc. Eb k`stktuckó` pufgf rfgbctbr u`b ekstb gf obtfrkbs gf su k`tfrës. ‗ B`tkaõfgbg. Fs u u` ` vbejr f` sï oksoj, ebs jirbs b`tkaub b`tkaubss ‗be obraf` gf su cj`tf`kgj‗ sj` tboikë` jinftjs mkstórkcjs cj` u` vbejr pbtrkoj`kbe. ‗ Ybrfzb> gjcuof`tj gjcuof`tjss jrkak`befs, rbr rbrjs js j þ`kcjs. ‗ Fe k`tfrës pbrb eb k`stktuckó`> obtfrkbs gfe âoiktj gf trbib trbibnj nj gf eb k`stkt k`stktuckó`, uckó`, jirb jirbss sjir sjirff eb k`stktuckó`, puiekcbckj`fs gf eb prjpkb k`stktuckó`, ftc. ‗ Cbekgbg ar arâflcb âflcb j brtïstkc brtïstkcbb gf jirbs keustrbgbs keustrbgbs,, hjtjar hjtjarbhïbs, bhïbs, gkiunjs, cbrtfefs, arbibgjs, obpbs
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Teb`kflcbckó`
y gfoâs obtfrkbefs arâflcjs j hjtjarâflcjs. Fstf tkpj gf hj`gjs sufef sfr eebobtkvj y gf oucmj k`tfrës pbrb ejs usubrkjs. ‗ K`tfrfsfs cj`t cj`tfxtubefs. fxtubefs. Eb k`stkt k`stktuckó` uckó` pufgf tf`fr u` k`tfrës u jiekabckó` jiekab ckó` pu`tube gf gkaktbekzbr hj`gjs rfebckj`bgjs cj` cf`tf`brkjs, b`kvfrsbrkjs, cfefirbckj`fs, fvf`tjs, ftc. ‗ Hjrobckó` gf cjefcc cjefcckj`fs> kj`fs> hjr hjrobr obr j cjopeftbr cjefcckj`fs, sfefcckj`br hj`gjs pbr pbrbb fxpjskckj`fs j puiekcbckj`fs, ftc. F` fe cbsj gf eb prf`sb, fs rfcjof`gbief gkaktbekzbr f` u` oksoj prjyfctj cjefcckj`fs ej oâs cjopeftbs quf sfb pjskief, cjopeftbr gkaktbekzbckj`fs k`cjopeftbs fs ebijrkjsj y cjopefnj. ‗ Crktfrkjs ejaïstkc ejaïstkcjs> js> hj`gjs quf fstâ` f` fe oksoj gfpósktj, gfpóskt j, fstb`tfrïb, cbnb, cbn b, sjirf, ftc. Fs u` crktfrkj gf fflckf`ckb. ‗ Cufs Cufstkj tkj`fs `fs gf hjr hjrobt obtj. j. Fs jtr jtrj j ccrkt rktfrk frkj jg gff ffhkc hkckf`c kf`ckb. kb. Sf trbtb trb tb gf sfe sfefcc fcckj`b kj`brr ebs e bs jir jirbs bs f` hu`ckó` gf su tbobòj j hjrobtj. Tjr fnfopej, sk eb k`stktuckó` mb cjoprbgj u` fscâ`fr pbrb arb`gfs tbobòjs ej eóakcj fs quf ef sbquf rf`gkokf`tj gkaktbekzb`gj sus jirbs gf arb` hjrobtj, j be of`js ebs ofnjrfs ofnjr fs gf feebs. J ikf`, sk tf`fojs u` fscâ`fr gf gkbpjsktkvbs, ej eóakcj fs quf peb`khkqufojs eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf `ufstrbs `ufstrb s gkbpjsktkvbs f` u` oksoj prjyfctj y `j ebs gkaktbekcfojs gf ob`frb gkspfrsb f` gkhfrf`tfs ojof`tjs j prjyfctjs. ‗ Sk ejs hj`gjs ffstâ` stâ` ccbtbejabgjs btbejabgjs j `j. Tufgf sf sfrr u` frrjr gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs quf `j fstâ` gfscrktjs, j quf `j vbyb` b fstbr gfscrktjs f` fe ojof`tj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó`. Sk bsï ej mbcfojs pufgf sucfgfr quf eufaj tf`abojs prjiefobs pbrb kgf`tkflcbrejs, cbrabrejs, gkhu`gkrejs j rfcupfrbrejs. ‗ Hj`gjs ejcbefs. Ejs hhj`gjs j`gjs ejcbefs sufef` ttf`fr f`fr pjcb tkrbgb y fstbr fs tbr pjcj gkhu`gkgjs gkhu`gkgjs,, y sk sj` b`tkaujs sf pkfrgf` y gfsbpbrfcf` cj` hbckekgbg, pjr ej quf cj`vkf`f cj`skgfrbrejs hj`gjs gf fspfckbe k`tfrës. ‗ Crktfrkjs cjofrckbefs. Sf mb` gf tf`fr f` cuf`tb f` cbsj g gff quf eb k`stktuckó` prftf`gb vf`gfr sus gkaktbekzbckj`fs. ‗ Fstbgj gf ccj`sfrvbckó`. j`sfrvbckó`. Eb gkaktbekzbc gkaktbekzbckó` kó` pufgf hjr hjrobr obr pbrtf gf u`b fstr fstrbtfakb btfakb gf cj cj`sfrvb`sfrvbckó`/prfsfrvbckó` cub`gj ejs gjcuof`tjs prfsf`tf` rkfsaj gf pfrgfr k`hjrobckó` j gfsbpbrfcfr, cjoj f` fe cbsj gfe pbpfe hrkbief j ebs hjtjarbhïbs. Fe pbpfe hrkbief fs bqufe quf sf rjopf cub`gj fs gjiebgj j pefabgj. F` eb sfau`gb oktbg gfe skaej ]K] sf sf koprkokfrj` oucmjs ekirjs y, sjirf tjgj, oucmb prf`sb cj` fstf tkpj gf pbpfe ‗ouy âckgj y hrâake‗. Fstjs obtfrkbefs prfsf`tb` arbvfs prjiefobs gf cj`sfrvbckó`, fstb`gj f` rkfsaj gf gfsbpbrkckó`. Eb gkaktbekzbckó` jirbs koprfsbs f` pbpfe hrkbief gfif sfr u` crktfrkj prkjrktbrkj pbrb cubequkfr k`stktuckó` gf kopekcbgb f` eb gkaktbekzbckó` gfe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj. Jtrj cbsj f` fe quf eb gkaktbekzbckó` pufgf sfrvkr pbrb cj`sfrvbr fe gjcuof`tj, j be of`js su cj`tf`kgj, fs fe gf eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb, b eb cube bhfctb fe pbsj gfe tkfopj gfarbgb`gj fe pbpfe y mbckë`gjef pfrgfr gf`skgbg gf cjejr< f` jtrjs cbsjs, ebs foueskj`fs sf gfarbgb` y eefab` b gfsabstbrsf f k`ceusj gfsprf`gfrsf. Ejs gjcuof`tjs f` obe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` mby quf gkaktbekzbrejs f` tjgj cbsj cj` cukgbgj, tjob`gj ebs prfcbuckj`fs `fcfsbrkbs. Ebs k`stktuckj`fs mbirâ` gf vbejrbr, bgfoâs, sk cj`vkf`f rfstburbr ejs gjcuof`tjs f` obe fstbgj b`tfs j gfspuës gf eb gkaktbekzbckó`. ‗ Crktfrkjs gf prj prjpkfgbg pkfgbg kk`tfefctub `tfefctube.e. B eb mjr mjrbb gf gkaktbekzb gkaktbekzbr, r, mby qu quff tf`fr ouy pr prfsf`tfs fsf`tfs ebs cufstkj`fs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube. @j sf gfif` gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs quf eufaj `j vbyb` b pjgfr gkhu`gkrsf cjoj gfsfbrïbojs. Ebs ikiekjtfcbs, brcmkvjs y ousfjs pufgf` gkhu`gkr cj` fl`fs gf k`vfstkabckó`, gf`trj gf sus k`stbebckj`fs, rfprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs gf jirbs sunftbs
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Teb`kflcbckó`
b gfrfcmjs quf hjrob` pbrtf gf sus hj`gjs, pfrj fstbs gkaktbekzbckj`fs `j pjgrâ` gkhu`gkrsf f` eb Qfi `k hufrb gf eb ikiekjtfcb.
3.7 Teb` gf prfsfrvbckó` • V`j gf ejs frrjrfs oâs cjou`fs f` ejs quf sf cbf b eb mjrb gf peb`kflcbr prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` fs `j tf`fr f` cuf`tb gfsgf u` prk`ckpkj eb prfsfrvbckó` gf ejs obtfrkbefs gkaktbefs quf sf vb` b af af`frbr. `frbr. Fstf frrjr pufgf af`frbr, f` ffee of ofnjr njr gf ej ejss ccbsjs, bsjs, u` bbuof`tj uof`tj gfe cjstf y gf eb cjopefnkgbg gf ejs prjcfsjs gf prfsfrvbckó` quf sf rfbekcf` f` fe huturj, y, f` fe pfjr, eb përgkgb gf obtfrkbefs gkaktbefs. • Wjgb k` k`stktuckó` stktuckó` gkaktbekzbgjrb gfifrïb cj` cj`tbr tbr cj` u`b pjeïtkcb j peb` gf prfsfrvbckó` pbrb ejs cj`tf`kgjs gkaktbefs quf af`frb. Fs cj`vf`kf`tf quf fstb pjeïtkcb sf pebsof f` u` gjcuof`tj quf fstbiefzcb ebs eï`fbs fstrbtëakcbs y af`frbefs gf u` skstfob gf prfsfrvbckó` f kgf`tkflquf jinftkvjs, tbrfbs, rfspj`sbiefs, rfcursjs `fcfsbrkjs, rfquksktjs efabefs, oftjgjejaïbs, hjrobtjs y sjpjrtfs b fopefbr, rfquksktjs gf oftbgbtjs, ftc. Bgfoâs, fstf gjcuof`tj mb gf sfr rfvksbgj pfrkógkcbof`tf. • Ejs rfspj`sbiefs pjeïtkcjs gf eb k`stktuckó` gfif` sfr cj`sckf`tfs gf eb `fcfskgbg y fe cjstf gf eb prfsfrvbckó`< sk` u` gfckgkgj cjoprjoksj k`stktuckj`be sfrâ ouy gkhïcke cj`sfaukr eb `fcfsbrkb `fcfs brkb gjtbckó` prfsupufstbrkb y fstbikekgbg gf u` skstfob gf prfsfrvbckó`. Fstâ hufrb gfe becb`cf gf fstf gjcuof`tj fe gfscrkikr ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf tbe skstfob gf prfsfrvbckó`, cufstkó` cjopefnb b eb quf pjgrïb gfgkcbrsf u` arufsj vjeuof`, pfrj sï sf fxpj`grâ`, f` fe bpbrtbgj 97 («Beobcf`bokf`tj y prfsfrvbckó`¼), beau`bs ofgkgbs cj`crftbs quf pufgf` bgjptbrsf f` fe cursj gf u` prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó` pbrb hbckektbr eb cjrrfctb prfsfrvbckó` gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs quf sf af`frf`.
3.6 Teb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` Fe peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` fs u` gjcuof`tj gf cbrâctfr tëc`kcj ofgkb`tf fe cube c ube eb k`stktuckó` gkaktbekzbgjrb rfaueb y peb`kflcb gf ob`frb tëc`kcb, cj`crftb y jinftkvb tjgjs ejs bspfctjs gfe prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó`. Fstf gjcuof`tj pufgf k`ceukr rfhfrf`ckbs b jinftkvjs jpfrbtkvjs, hj`gjs quf sf vb` b gkaktbekzbr, ejs cjstfs, ebs tbrfbs b rfbekzbr rfbekzbr,, ejs ofgkjs `fcfsbrkjs pbrb eefvbrej b cbij, fe crj`jarbob b sfaukr, ebs pbutbs j crktfrkjs quf mby quf bpekcbr j cuopekr, ejs oëtjgjs gf fvbeubckó` gfe prjyfctj, ftc. Fs gfckr, fs u` gjcuof`tj quf prjpjrckj`b eb k`hjrobckó` `fcfsbrkb `fcfs brkb pbrb eb cjrrfctb fnfcuckó` gfe prjyfctj. Fstf gjcuof`tj pufgf bgjptbr gkvfrsjs `joirfs j hjrobs> auïb gf gkaktbekzbckó`, k`hjrof j pekfaj gf fspfckflcbckj`fs, ob`ube gf prjcfgkokf`tjs, peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó`… Eóakcbof`tf, fe peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` mb gf rfgbctbrsf b`tfs gf quf cjokf`cf` ejs trbibnjs. Ejs rfquksktjs y oftjgjejaïbs rfcjof`gbgjs j fxkakgjs f` u` peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` gfpf`gfrâ`, f`trf jtrjs hbctjrfs, gf ebs pjeïtkcbs gf cbekgbg, gkaktbekzbckó` y prfsfrvbckó` gf eb k`stktuckó`, gf su cbpbckgbg tëc`kcb y prfsupufstbrkb, gf ejs fqukpjs gkspj`kiefs j gf eb tkpjejaïb gf ejs hj`gjs. • Tbrb gftfrok`br ejs ofgkjs y pbrâoftrjs tëc`kcjs quf cj`vkf`f utkekzbr f` fe prjyfctj fs `fcfsbrkj rfbekzbr u` b`âeksks prfvkj gfe hj`gj b gkaktbekzbr< bspfctjs cjoj eb tkpjejaïb gjcuof`tbe, fe tbobòj gf ejs gjcuof`tjs, su fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó`, sk fstâ` f`cubgfr`bgjs j f`vufetjs, ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs hïskcbs gf eb k`hjrobckó` quf pjrtb` (rb`aj gk`âokcj, gftbeef gf trbzj, trbobgj…), ftc., gftfrok`brâ` cbrbctfrïstkcbs tëc`kcbs gfe prjyfctj, cjoj ebs ofgkgbs gf ob`kpuebckó`, ejs fqukpjs y pbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb, eb af`frbckó` gf gfrkvbgjs, ftc.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Teb`kflcbckó`
• Bskokso Bskoksoj, j, ebs cbrbct cbrbctfrïstkcbs frïstkcbs tëc` tëc`kcbs kcbs gf `u `ufstrj fstrj sjhtwbrf cj`gkckj`brâ` cj`gkckj`brâ` ejs rfquksktjs y prjcfgkokf`tjs quf mbybojs gf sjekcktbr j fstbiefcfr f` fe peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó`. Beau`js prjarbobs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, JCY, ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe, ftc., `js jiekabrâ` b trbibnbr skaukf`gj gftfrok`bgbs fspfckflcbckj`fs tëc`kcbs, cjoj pufgf` sfr eb utkekzbckó` gf gftfrok`bgjs hjrobtjs gf kobaf` j oftbgbtjs, gf u` skstfob cj`crftj gf `joirbgj gf brcmkvjs y/j fstructurbckó` gf cbrpftbs, gf u` tkpj gf JCY, ftc. Gfifojs, pjr tb`tj, tf`fr cebrjs ejs rfquksktjs gf `ufstrjs prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs, y bsfaurbr`js gf quf ebs fspfckflcbckj`fs gf `ufstrj peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` sf bnustb` b ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf gkcmjs prjarbobs. • Fs rfcjof`gbief rfgbctbr fe peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` skaukf`gj eb oftjgjejaïb gf eb gkrfcckó` pjr jinftkvjs, ej cube supj`f gffl`kr jinftkvjs jpfrbtkvjs cj`crftjs, bsï cjoj k`gkcbgjrfs, pbrâoftrjs y crktfrkjs jinftkvjs y cub`tkflcbiefs f` eb ofgkgb gf ej pjskief (cb`tkgbgfs, pjrcf`tbnfs…) quf `js pfroktb` fvbeubr fe prjyfctj y cj`trjebr su cbekgbg. • Cjoj yb sf mb k`gkcbgj b`tfrkjrof`tf, fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb tf`fr f` cuf`tb `jrobtkvbs `bckj`befs j k`tfr`bckj`befs, bsï cjoj gjcuof`tjs gf rfquksktjs y rfcjof`gbckj`fs f k`hjrofs gf prjyfctjs skokebrfs fxktjsjs. • F` fe cbsj gf quf cj`trbtfojs ejs sfrvkckjs gf u`b foprfsb fxtfr`b pbrb eefvbr b cbij fe prjyfctj, fe peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` bgjptbrâ bgjptbr â eb hjrob gf gjcuof`tjs gf rfquksktjs rfqukskt js j pekfaj gf prfscrkpckj`fs tëc`kcbs. F` fstjs cbsjs tf`grfojs quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb bspfctjs cjoj eb supfrvkskó` gf ejs trbibnjs, eb rfspj`sbikekgbg sjirf ejs obtfrkbefs f`trfabgjs, pebzjs gf f`trfab, prjpkfgbg gf ejs obtfrkbefs af`frbgjs, eb abrb`tïb gf ejs trbibnjs, ftc. • Fs rfcjof`gbief, sk sf fxtfr`bekzb fxtfr`bekz b eb fnfcuckó` gfe prjyfctj, rfgbctbr u` gjcuof`tj gf rfquksktjs ej oâs gftbeebgj y fxtf`sj pjskief. @j cj`vkf`f jivkbr j gbr pjr sf`tbgj `k`aþ` bspfctj j ofgkgb gfe prjyfctj, pufs, eufaj, sk ejs rfsuetbgjs `j k`ceuyf` fstb ofgkgb, `j pjgrfojs fxkakreb efabeof`tf. • F` cbsj gf fxtfr`bekzb fxtfr`bekzbckó` ckó` gf ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, `j sf gfif jevkgbr k`ceukr f` ejs pekfajs j cj`trbtjs ceâusuebs quf gfnf` cebrj quf eb prjpkfgbg y, sk ejs muikfrf, ejs gfrfcmjs k`tfefctubefs y gf fxpejtbckó` gf ejs cj`tf`kgjs af`frbgjs ofgkb`tf fe cj`trbtj (koâaf`fs y oftbgbtjs) pfrtf`fcf` b eb k`stktuckó` cj`trbtb`tf. • Ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj pbtrkoj`kj ikiekj ikiekjarâflcj arâflcj rfqukfrf` pfrsj` pfrsj`be be y oftjgjejaïb fspfckbekzbgjs< sk sf vb b cj`trbtbr cj`trbtb r u`b foprfsb fxtfr`b, mby quf bsfaurbrsf gf quf tkf`f fxpfrkf`ckb f` fstf tkpj gf prjyfctjs. Mby foprfsbs gf gkaktbekzbckó` quf pufgf` jhrfcfr prfsupufstjs ouy ibrbtjs, pfrj b ebs quf efs pufgf rfsuetbr ouy gkhïcke cuopekr ejs rfqufrkokf`tjs, sjirf tjgj rfebtk vjs b ejs oftbgbtjs oftbgb tjs y prjcfsj g gff JCY, quf efs fxknbojs. • Eb peb`kflcbckó` gfe prjyfctj gfif k`ceukr u` câecuej gfe tkfopj quf sf vb b tbrgbr f` fnfcutbr fe prjyfctj y cbgb u`b gf sus tbrfbs. Fstb peb`kflcbckó` fs bþ` oâs `fcfsbrkb f` fe cbsj f` quf tf`abojs pebzjs cfrrbgjs pbrb cjopeftbr fe prjyfctj (pjr fnfopej, fe bòj prfsupufstbrkj prfsupufstbrkj). ). Fstbs fstkobckj`fs tfopjrbefs sf rfbekzb` tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb hbctjrfs cjoj fe rf`gkokf`tj gf ejs fscâ`frfs, fe `þofrj gf feejs, eb vfejckgbg gf af`frbckó` gf cjpkbs, oftbgbtjs, y brcmkvjs JCY, fe trb`spjrtf gf obtfrkbefs, eb k`stbebckó` k`s tbebckó` gf fqukpjs y prjarbobs, fe prjcfsbgj gf koâaf`fs gkaktbefs, ftc. • V`b iuf`b ob`frb gf cbecuebr y peb`kflcbr fe unj gf trbibnj fs rfbekzbr u` crj`jarbob quf k`ceuyb fstkobckj`fs tfopjrbefs gf ebs prk`ckpbefs tbrfbs b rfbekzbr (trb`spjrtf gf obtfrkbefs, fscb`fbgj, af`frbckó` gf JCY, prjcfsbokf`tj gf koâaf`fs, af`frbckó` gf oftbgbtjs, af`frbckó` gf cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`, ftc.).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Teb`kflcbckó`
• Cj`vkf`f cbecuebr ejs pebzjs mjeabgbof`tf, f` prfvkskó` gf quf sf prjguzcb` rftrbsjs j koprfvkstjs. • Fe peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` pufgf k`ceukr tboikë` fspfckflcbckj`fs sjirf ejs fqukpjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` quf vb` b utkekzbrsf. Fstjs hbctjrfs gfpf`gfrâ` prk`ckpbeof`tf gf eb tkpjejaïb gjcuof`tbe, gfe tbobòj j fe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` gf ejs hj`gjs y gfe prfsupufstj gkspj`kief. F` fe bpbrtbgj 7 (« Mbrgwbrf Mbrgwbr f ¼) ¼) sf jhrfcf` rfcjof`gbckj`fs sjirf fqukpjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`. • Kaubeof`tf, fe peb` pjgrâ k`ceukr fspfckflcbckj`fs sjirf prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs. k`hjroâtkcjs . F` fe bpbrtbgj 6 («Sjhtwbrf ¼) ¼) sf rfebckj`b` beau`bs rfcjof`gbckj`fs be rfspfctj. • Fe peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` pjgrâ k`ceukr, bskoksoj, ofgkgbs rfebtkvbs be trb`spjrtf y ojvkokf`tj gf obtfrkbefs, bsï cjoj sjirf ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf ebs sbebs gf trbibnj. Sf pufgf` f`cj`trbr rfcjof`gbckj`fs sjirf fstjs tfobs f` ejs bpbrtbgjs 8.9 («Wrb`spjrtf gf obtfrkbefs¼) y 1 («Sbebs y fspbckjs gf trbibnj¼). • Tufgf k`ceukr tboikë` rfhfrf`ckbs j rfquksktjs rfebtkvjs b eb jrab`kzbckó` gfe fqukpj gf trbibnj. F`trf ejs pfrflefs gf ejs pufstjs gf trbibnj oâs mbiktubefs f` fstf tkpj gf prjyfctjs pjgfojs of`ckj`br> gkrfctjr, cjjrgk`bgjr, k`hjroâtkcj, jpfrbgjr gf fscâ`fr j hjtóarbhj, fxpfrtj f` oftbgbtjs, y pfrsj`be ikiekjtfcbrkj. Fe peb` pufgf k`ceukr, sk sf cj`skgfrb `fcfsbrkj, prjcfsjs gf hjrobckó` gfe pfrsj`be. • Fs rfcjof`gbief gfscrkikr y rfauebr f` fe peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó`, j f` beaþ` ob`ube gf prjcfgkokf`tjs, ejs prjcfsjs gf ob`kpuebckó` gf ejs hj`gjs b gkaktbekzbr. Bsï, skfoprf tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb eb tkpjejaïb, cbrbctfrïstkcbs hïskcbs y fe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` gf ejs hj`gjs, sf pufgf` gffl`kr prjcfgkokf`tjs y ofgkgbs quf bsfaurf` quf ejs hj`gjs sj` ob`kpuebgjs bgfcubgbof`tf y `j suhrf` gbòj. F` fe bpbrtbgj ; («Ob`kpuebckó` gf ejs gjcuof`tjs¼) sf pufgf` f`cj`trbr rfcjof`gbckj`fs sjirf fstb cufstkó`. F` fstf sf`tkgj, pjgrïb sfr þtke, pjr fnfopej, pbrb beau`b k`stktuckó` cj` hj`gj b`tkauj, kopefof`tbr u` prjcfgkokf`tj quf hbckektf be pfrsj`be f`cbrabgj gf eb sfefcckó` y ojvkokf`tj gf hj`gjs eb tjob gf gfckskj`fs b`tf jirbs f` obe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` pbrb gftfrok`br sk fstbs sj` bptbs pbrb sfr gkaktbekzbgbs, sk rfqukfrf` quf sf efs bpekquf beaþ` prjcfsj prfvkbof`tf (cjoj eb rfstburbckó` j eb ekopkfzb) j ikf`, gkrfctbof`tf, gfif` sfr gfscbrtbgbs. • Tjr supufstj, `j gfifojs jevkgbr`js gf k`ceukr f` fe peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` `jrobs y prjcfgkokf`tjs pbrb fe fscb`fbgj gf ejs gjcuof`tjs. @js rfhfrkojs b bspfctjs cjoj eb prfpbrbckó` gf ejs fqukpjs (ekopkfzb, pfrflebgj, cbekirbgj, cjejcbckó` gf eâopbrbs…), ejs pbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb (rfsjeuckó`, tbobòj, prjhu`gkgbg gf ikts…) j gf afstkó` gf cjejr (cbrtbs gf cjejr, pfrflefs KCC…) j fe prjcfsbokf`tj gf kobaf` gurb`tf eb cbpturb (sfpbrbckó` gf pâak`bs gjiefs, f`gfrfzbgj, fekok`bckó` gf curvbturb gfe ejoj…). • Fs rfcjof`gbief tboikë` k`ceukr f` fe peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` `jrobs sjirf eb cjejcbckó` gf ejs obtfrkbefs f` ejs fqukpjs (usj gf prf`sbekirjs, cbobs, gkaktbekzbckó` f` uvf…) y sjirf ebs pbrtfs gf ejs gjcuof`tjs quf sf vb` b gkaktbekzbr. F` fstf þetkoj cbsj cj`vkf`f gfckgkr b`tfs gf fopfzbr ejs trbibnjs cufstkj`fs cjoj> ‗ Sk sf gkaktbekzb gkaktbekzb` ` pâak`bs f` ieb`cj, ccuikfrtbs, uikfrtbs, pâak`bs gf aubrgb j prfekok`br prfekok`brfs. fs. ‗ Sk sf gfnb` ijrg ijrgfs fs j sf rfcjrt rfcjrtb` b` ejs gjcuof`tjs gjcuof`tjs.. ‗ Sk sf vb` b cbpt cbpturbr urbr ejs obrc obrcjs js gf ebs gkbpjskt gkbpjsktkvbs kvbs u jtrjs obtfrkbefs. obt frkbefs. ‗ Sk sf vb` b gkaktb gkaktbekzbr ekzbr ejs rfvfr rfvfrsjs sjs gf ebs hjt hjtjarbhïbs jarbhïbs j obtfr obtfrkbefs kbefs arâflcjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
99
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Teb`kflcbckó`
‗ Sk ejs gjcuof`tjs quf fstâ` prjtfakgjs cj` hu`gbs gf peâstkcj trb`spbrf`tf vb` b sfr sbcbgjs gf sus hu`gbs pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` j sf vb` b gkaktbekzbr sk` sbcbrejs gf sus hu`gbs. ‗ Ruë mbcfr b`tf gf gfspefabiefs spefabiefs j cj`tf`kg cj`tf`kgjs js quf bibrcb` oâs gf u`b pâak`b. ‗ Sk gfsbtbr j gfsarbpbr ejs gjcuof`tjs quf vf`ab` btbgjs j arbpbgjs j gkaktbekzbrejs tbe cube. ‗ Ftc. Ebs sfcckj`fs = («Trfpbrbckó` y fvbeubckó` gf ejs fqukpjs¼), 22 («Cbpturb¼), 29 («Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb¼) y 27 («Afstkó` gf cjejr¼) cj`tkf`f` rfcjof`gbckj`fs sjirf ejs bsu`tjs of`ckj`bgjs f` ejs pârrbhjs b`tfrkjrfs. • F` fe peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` fs `fcfsbrkj gffl`kr ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs j pbrâoftrjs tëc`kcjs gf ebs koâaf`fs quf vbojs b af`frbr> hjrobtjs gf kobaf`, sk sf vb` b cjopkebr j cjoprkokr ebs koâaf`fs, sk gfif` eefvbr u` pfrfle gf cjejr k`crustbgj, sus fspbckjs gf cjejr, su prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr, ftc. • Fs `fcfsbrkj tboikë` gf gfscrkikr scrkikr ejs prjcfsjs gf fgkckó` gf kobaf` pjscbpturb quf quf mbyb quf rfbekzbr (k`ceuskó` gf obrcb gf baub, ekopkfzb, jptkokzbckó jptkokzbckó`, `, prjcfgkokf`tjs gf ofnjrb gf kobaf`, ftc.). • F` cub`tj b ejs prjcfgkokf`tjs gf ofnjrb gf kobaf`, sfrâ `fcfsbrkb u`b tjob gf gfckskj`fs sjirf sk bpekcbrejs, mbstb quë pu`tj y f` quë cbsjs. F` fe cj`tfxtj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gfe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj eb rfcjof`gbckó` y prâctkcb af`frbe fs cj`sfaukr u`b rfprjgucckó` ej oâs fxbctb pjskief gf eb jirb jrkak`be, pfrj gftfrok`bgjs cbsjs f` ejs qufpebcbs eb f`tkgbg gkaktbekzbgjrb ikf` pufgf bpekcbr fxcfpckj`fs b fstbmby `jrob (hjtjarbhïbs gfcjejrbgbs, gf vkgrkj rbnbgbs, jirbs hbctkckbs, ftc.). Ejs bpbrtbgjs 22 («Cbpturb¼), 29 («Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb¼), 27 («Afstkó` gf cjejr¼), 28 («Trjcfsbgj gf koâaf`fs¼), 2= («Af`frbckó` gf cjpkbs¼) y 2; («Obrcbs gf baub¼) k`ceuyf` rfcjof`gbckj`fs y cjof`tbrkjs sjirf pbrâoftrjs tëc`kcjs y prjcfsbokf`tj gf koâaf`fs. • Fs cj`vf`kf`tf fspfckflcbr tboikë` tjgj ej tjcb`tf b ejs sjpjrtfs f` ejs quf sf vb` b arbibr ebs koâaf`fs> tkpjs gf sjpjrtf (ck`tbs EWJ3, gkscjs VSI…), `þofrj gf feejs, `þofrj gf cjpkbs, ftc. F` ejs bpbrtbgjs 2= («Af`frbckó` gf cjpkbs¼) y 97 («Beobcf`bokf`tj y prfsfrvbckó`¼) sf pufgf` cj`suetbr rfcjof`gbckj`fs be rfspfctj. • Fe peb` tkf`f tboikë` tboikë` quf k`hjrobr sjirf ejs rfquksktjs gf ejs oftbgbtjs oftbgbtjs quf sf vb` b bsjckbr b ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs. Fs kopjrtb`tf rfauebr bspfctjs cjoj eb tkpjejaïb gf oftbgbtjs quf mby quf utkekzbr (oftbgbtjs gfscrkptkvjs, tëc`kcjs, bgok`kstrbtkvjs, fstructurbefs, gf gfrfcmjs, gf prfsfrvbckó` prfsfrvbckó`,, ftc.), ejs hjrobtjs b utkekzbr, ebs `jrobs quf mby quf rfspftbr (gf cbtbejabckó`, prfsfrvbckó`, ftc.), ejs prjtjcjejs gf trbsokskó` quf mby quf kopefof`tbr (^.3;-64, SYV, JBK-TOM…) j eb cjgkflcbckó` gf cbrbctfrfs gf ejs brcmkvjs gf tfxtj (VWH-=, KSJ-==6;-2, ftc.). Wboikë` pufgf sfr k`tfrfsb`tf k`ceukr rfquksktjs sjirf bspfctjs cjoj eb arb`uebrkgbg gf ejs oftbgbtjs, oï`kojs bcfptbiefs, fgkckó` gf oftbgbtjs k`cjrrfctjs, iâskcjs j k`cjopeftjs, vksubekzbckó` y gfscbrab f` Qfi gf eb k`hjrobckó` j huf`tfs y prjcfgkokf`tjs gf jitf`ckó` gf ejs oftbgbtjs. Tjgrïb` tboikë` gffl`krsf pfrflefs gf oftbgbtjs cj` k`hjrobckó` sjirf ejs cbopjs y vbejrfs b utkekzbr gf`trj gf u` hjrobtj gbgj. • Tbrb rfgbctbr ejs rfquksktjs gf ejs oftbgbtjs tf`grâ quf tf`frsf f` cuf`tb eb cjopbtkikekgbg cj` `ufstrjs skstfobs, prjtjcjejs y prjarbobs, y quf ejs oftbgbtjs pjskikektf` ebs hu`ckj`bekgbgfs prfvkstbs (afstkó` gf gfrfcmjs, iþsqufgb y rfcupfrbckó` f` Qfi, gfscbrab, trbsokskó`, JCY, prfsfrvbckó`, ftc.). Sf pufgf` f`cj`trbr gkvfrsbs rfcjof`gbckj`fs sjirf oftbgbtjs f` fe bpbrtbgj 94 («Oftbgbtjs¼). • Sk sf prftf`gf rfbekzbr prjcfsbokf`tj prjcfsbokf`tj óptkcj g gff cbrbctfrfs (JCY) sjirf ebs koâa koâaf`fs f`fs gkaktbefs, ffee peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` gfifrâ k`gkcbr quë tkpj j hjrobtj hjr obtj gf JCY mby quf af`frbr y sjirf quë obtfrkbefs mby quf rfbekzbr gkcmj prjcfsbokf`tj, y pjgrâ rfauebr bspfctjs cjoj fe ojtjr gf iþsqufgb b utkek-
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
93
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Teb`kflcbckó`
zbr, `kvfefs gf cbekgbg, sk sf vb` b rfbekzbr cjrrfcckj`fs butjoâtkcbs j ob`ubefs j sk sf vb` b obrcbr, rfvksbr j cjrrfakr gftfrok`bgjs fefof`tjs gf ebs pâak`bs (tïtuejs, suitïtuejs, fsqufebs, b`u`ckjs, ftc.). • Eb sfefcckó` gf tkpj gf JCY gfpf`gfrâ gfe sjh sjhtwbrf twbrf gf gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe quf tf`abojs, pufs, sk ikf` mby hjrobtjs gf JCY quf sf s f pufgf` usbr f` cbsk cubequkfr cj`tfxtj wfi (cjoj ejs TGH cj` JCY), mby jtrjs hjrobtjs gf JCY quf prfcksb` iuscbgjrfs y vksubekzbgjrfs fspfcïflcjs pbrb pjgfr sfr usbgjs. F` fe bpbrtbgj 21 («JCY¼) sf jhrfcf` rfcjof`gbckj`fs sjirf JCY. • @j gfifojs jevkgbr`js gf k`ceukr f` fe peb` rfquksktjs gf `joirbgj gf brcmkvjs y fstructurbckó` gf cj`tf`kgjs. Wf`fojs quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf `ufstrjs prjarbobs y fqukpjs (ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe, sfrvkgjrfs, ibsf gf gbtjs, ftc.) b eb mjrb gf rfgbctbrejs< fs hâcke quf ejs f`tjr`js tfc`jeóakcjs `js kopj`ab` fspfckflcbckj`fs fspfckflcbckj`fs j rfstrkcckj`fs f` fstf sf`tkgj. Oâs beeâ gf fstbs cj`gkckj`fs j rfstrkcckj`fs, fs cj`vf`kf`tf, pjr cufstkó` gf fflckf`ckb, peb`tfbr u` skstfob gf `joirbgj gf brcmkvjs y fstructurbckó` gf cj`tf`kgjs cebrj, ikf` jrab`kzbgj y `jrobekzbgj. Fe bpbrtbgj 99 («Fstructurb gf cj`tf`kgjs y `joirfs gf brcmkvj¼) jhrfcf rfcjof`gbckj`fs be rfspfctj. • Fs tboikë` rfcjof`gbief k`ceukr f` fe peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` u` cubgrj j bpbrtbgj gf trbtbokf`tj gf k`ckgf`ckbs f` gj`gf sf mbab rfhfrf`ckb b ebs pjskiefs k`ckgf`ckbs quf pufgb` prjguckrsf f` cubequkfrb gf ebs hbsfs gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` y sus sjeuckj`fs.
3.8 Supfrvkskó`, fvbeubckó` y cj`trje gf ccbekgbg bekgbg • Tbrb u`b cjrrfctb peb`kflcbckó`, fe peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` gfif cj`tfopebr o ofgkgbs fgkgbs gf fvbeubckó` gf ebs gkhfrf`tfs hbsfs y prjcfsjs gfe prjyfctj y gfe prjyfctj f` su cj`nu`tj. Fstb fvbeubckó` gfif rfbekzbrsf gf hjrob cj`tk`ub, cjoprjib`gj quf fe prjyfctj sf vb b gfsbrrjeebr sfaþ` ej prfvkstj, fstj fs, quf sf fstâ` skaukf`gj ejs fstâ`gbrfs prjpufstjs y cuopekf`gj ejs rfquksktjs fxkakgjs. Bgfoâs, mb gf rfbekzbrsf u`b fvbeubckó` fvbeubck ó` fl`be pbrb vfr sk sf mb` cuopekgj ejs jinftkvjs prfvkstjs y f` quë arbgj, f k`ceusj pbrb gftfrok`br fe kopbctj quf mb tf`kgj fe prjyfctj pbrb eb k`stktuckó` y sus usubrkjs. • Gfsgf fe pu`tj gf vkstb gf eb peb`kflcbckó` fstrbtëakcb y gkrfcckó` pjr jinftkvjs, pbrb rfbekzbr fstb fvbeubckó` fs cj`vf`kf`tf sfefcckj`br k`gkcbgjrfs quf `js pfroktb` fstbiefcfr sk sf mb` cuopekgj ejs jinftkvjs prjpufstjs y ofgkr su arbgj gf cuopekokf`tj. cuopekokf`t j. F` fe peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` sf mb gf cj`tfopebr eb fvbeubckó` gffl`kf`gj jinftkvjs jpfrbtkvjs, crktfrkjs gf fvbeubckó`, k`gkcbgjrfs, huf`tfs j oëtjgjs gf ofgkckó` y rfcjakgb gf k`hjrobckó` (fstbgïstkcbs, k`hjrofs, suafrf`ckbs, hjrouebrkjs, rfvkskj`fs, wfi gf sfaukokf`tj…), ftc. • Fe peb` pufgf utkekzbr tboikë` eb oftjgjejaïb, rfebckj`bgb cj` eb peb`kflcbckó` fstrbtëakcb y rfauebgb f` `jrobs k`tfr`bckj`befs, gfe cj`trje gf eb cbekgbg. Fe cj`trje gf cbekgbg `j gfnb gf sfr u`b hjrob gf fvbeubckó` gfe prjyfctj f` ibsf b crktfrkjs y `kvfefs gf cbekgbg prfvkbof`tf gffl`kgjs. Fstbs fspfckflcbckj`fs gf cj`trje gf cbekgbg pufgf` k`ceukrsf f` fe peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` j puiekcbrsf f` u` peb` j prjarbob gf cj`trje gf cbekgbg k`gfpf`gkf`tf. • F` cbsj gf quf sf vbyb` b fxtfr`bekzbr ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, `j sf gfif jevkgbr k`ceukr f` ejs pekfajs j f` fe cj`trbtj u` pebzj gf abrb`tïb gf ejs trbibnjs rfbekzbgjs, quf jiekauf b eb foprfsb b rfbekzbr arbtuktbof`tf ebs cjrrfcckj`fs y ojgkflcbckj`fs `fcfsbrkbs pbrb suisb`br ejs frrjrfs quf fvf`tubeof`tf pugkfrb` gfscuirkrsf gurb`tf fstf pebzj. F` fe bpbrtbgj 98 («Fvbeubckó`, cj`trje gf cbekgbg y supfrvkskó` gf trbibnjs¼) sf jhrfcf` rfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb eb fvbeubckó` y supfrvkskó` gfe prjyfctj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
97
7. Mbrgwbrf Fe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb fs eb pkfzb cebvf gfe fqukpj gf gkaktbekzbckó`, gf ëe gfpf`gf f` iuf`b pbrtf eb cbekgbg gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs quf sf af`frb` ofgkb`tf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf ejs gjcuof`tjs. Fxkstf u`b bopekb vbrkfgbg gf fscâ`frfs y câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs f` fe ofrcbgj, pfrj `j tjgjs feejs sj` bgfcubgjs pbrb gkaktbekzbr pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj. Sfaþ` fe tkpj, fe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` y fe tbobòj gf ejs gjcuof`tjs, f`trf jtrjs jtr js hbctjrfs, fs rfcjof`gbief rfc jof`gbief fe usj gf u` gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb u jtrj. Sf gfscrkikrâ` b cj`tk`ubckó` ejs fscâ`frfs j câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs quf sj` bprjpkbgjs pbrb gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs pbtrkoj`kbefs, fspfckflcâ`gjsf pbrb quë tkpj gf hj`gjs y/j f` quë cbsjs pufgf` j gfif` sfr usbgjs. Sf mbrâ rfhfrf`ckb gfspuës be rfstj gf bpbrbtjs j bccfsjrkjs quf cjopeftb` j pufgf` cjopeftbr fe fqukpj gf gkaktbekzbckó`> oj`ktjrfs, ofsbs, eâopbrbs, cjopefof`tjs pbrb fe fscâ`fr, fsc â`fr, tjrrfs gf sunfckó` gf câobrbs, gf`sktóoftrjs, cjejrïoftrjs, ftc. Sf jhrfcfrâ`, pjr þetkoj, rfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb eb cjoprb y sfefcckó` gf gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb, f` ebs quf sf k`ceukrâ u` cubgrj quf rfsuof eb k`hjrobckó` sjirf ejs gkspjsktkvjs bcfptbiefs j rfcjof`gbiefs f` hu`ckó` gf eb tkpjejaïb gjcuof`tbe.
7. 7.22 Gkspjsktkvjs Gkspjskt kvjs gf cbpturb Gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb bgfcubgjs pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb pjgrïb` sfr ejs skaukf`tfs> ‗ Fscâ`fr gf sjir sjirfofsb. fofsb. ‗ Fscâ`fr bërfj j cf`ktbe. ‗ Câobrb hjtjarâflc hjtjarâflcb. b. ‗ Fscâ`fr gf `fabt `fabtkvjs kvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs gkbpjsktkvbs.. ‗ Fscâ`fr gf okcr okcrjfleo. jfleo. B cj`tk`ubckó` cj`t k`ubckó` gfscrkik gfscrkikrfojs rfojs cbgb u`j gf fstjs tkpjs k`gkcb`gj f` quë cbsjs sfrïb cj`vf`kf`tf usbrejs. Fscâ`fr gf sjirfofsb
Fe fscâ`fr gf sjirfofsb j fscâ`fr peb`j fs u` gkspjsktkvj quf gkspj`f gf u` vkgrkj sjirf fe quf sf cjejcb` ejs gjcuof`tjs b fscb`fbr. Ibnj fstf vkgrkj fstâ eb tfc`jejaïb quf pfroktf fe fscb`fj, `jrobeof`tf u`b eï`fb oóvke cj` u`b huf`tf gf euz y u` sf`sjr CCG bcjpebgjs boijs f` eb eï`fb oóvke quf rfcjrrf fe ârfb gf cbpturb. Mby oucmb vbrkfgbg gf obrcbs y ojgfejs gf fstf tkpj gf fscâ`frfs, eb obyjrïb sj` bpbrbtjs gf abob ibnb gksfòbgjs pbrb fe ofrcbgj gjoëstkcj quf sf vf`gf` cjoj bpbrbtjs k`gfpf`gkf`tfs
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
96
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Mbrgwbrf
j k`tfarbgjs f` fqukpjs ouetkhu`ckó`. Fstf tkpj gf bpbrbtjs `j jhrfcf ebs prfstbckj`fs oï`kobs `fcfsbrkbs pbrb ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb. Tfrj mby fscâ`frfs gf sjirfofsb sfokprjhfskj`befs j prjhfskj`befs prjhfs kj`befs quf sï `js pufgf` sfrvkr f` beau`js cbsjs, cjoj, pjr fnfopej, pbrb fscb`fbr mjnbs sufetbs, hjeeftjs, hjtjarbhïbs, eâok`bs y gfoâs cj`tf`kgjs koprfsjs j arâflcjs fl`js. @j sf gfif` usbr f` af`frbe pbrb gkaktbekzbr ekirjs, pjrquf, be `j tf`fr cbobs bgfcubgbs quf sf bgbptf` b ejs gurb`tf ejojs, mby quf prfskj`br ejs vjeþof`fs fe fscb`fbgj y fstjs rfsuetbr gbòbgjs eb jpfrbckó`. Mby beau`js ojgfejsgurb`tf bgbptbgjs pbrb ekirjs, f` ejspufgf` quf fe ijrgf gfe fscâ`fr fs ouy fl`j, pfroktkf`gj bpjybr u`b pâak`b f` fe ârfb gf fscb`fbgj okf`trbs eb jtrb cufeab y/j bpjyb f` fe sufej< fstjs ojgfejs, cuyb vf`tbnb fs quf fekok`b` fe prjiefob gf eb curvbturb gfe ejoj, tbopjcj sj` bgfcubgjs pbrb hj`gj b`tkauj, pjr cub`tj eb pbrtf gfe gjcuof`tj quf cufeab pufgf suhrkr gbòjs j f`suckbrsf. F` cub`tj be tbobòj gf ejs gjcuof`tjs, fstjs fscâ`frfs, `jrobeof`tf, cuirf` tbobòjs mbstb B7 j B3, pjr ej quf tbopjcj sj` bgfcubgjs pbrb gkaktbekzbr jirbs arb`gfs. Beau`js ojgfej ojgfejss gf fscâ` fscâ`fr fr peb`j fstâ fstâ` ` bgbptb bgbptbgjs gjs pbrb ‗j gkrfc gkrfctbof` tbof`tf tf fspfc fspfckbekz kbekzbgjs bgjs f`‗ eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf trb`spbrf`ckbs (`fabtkvjs, pebcbs gf vkgrkj, gkbpjsktkvbs, pfeïcueb, ftc.). Fstjs ojgfejs sufef` eefvbr huf`tfs gf euz, bgbptbgjrfs gf gkbpjsktkvbs y hu`ckj`fs fspfckbefs gf sjhtwbrf (fekok`bckó` (fekok`bckó` gf pjevj y rbybgj gf ejs `fabtkvjs, pjr fnfopej) pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` cj` euz trb`soktkgb. Beau`js gf fstjs fscâ`frfs pfroktf` gkaktbekzbr t rb`spbrf`ckbs trb`spbrf`ckbs tbobòjs mbstb B3. F` jtrjs cbsjs pfroktf`, usb`gj bgbptbgjrfs j sk` feejs, eb gkaktbekzbckó` oâs gf j of`js butjoâtkcb j pjr ejtfs gf ebs trb`spbrf`ckbs. Gf`jok`brfojs b fstjs ojgfejs f` fstf gjcuof`tj «fscâ`frfs peb`js gf trb`spbrf`ckbs¼.
Hka. 2. Fscâ`fr peb`j.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
98
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Mbrgwbrf
Fscâ`fr bërfj j cf`ktbe
Fs fe gkspjsktkvj oâs rfcjof`gbief pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` gfe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj< pfroktf gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs (ekirjs, prf`sb…), obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs jpbcjs, obtfrkbefs arâflcjs y cbrtjarâflcjs. Sf trbtb gf bpbrbtjs gf abob prjhfskj`be quf fscb`fb` gfsgf brrkib, utkekzb`gj `jrobeof`tf sf`sjrfs CCG j COJS. Mby vbrkfgbg gf skstfobs, f` beau`js gf feejs, fe sf`sjr y eb huf`tf gf euz sf oj`tb` f` u` irbzj oóvke quf sf gfspebzb sjirf fe gjcuof`tj b gkaktbekzbr, gkakt bekzbr, f` jtrjs, eb câobrb fstâ flnb j sf usb` gjs câobrbs f` vfz gf u`b. Beau`js gf fstjs fscâ`frfs fstâ` prfpbrbgjs pbrb ‗j fstâ` fspfckbekzbgjs f`‗ eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf ekirjs, jhrfckf`gj cbobs quf sf bgbptb` b ejs ejojs gf ejs vjeþof`fs y crkstbefs prf`sbekirjs quf ok`kokzb` eb curvbturb gfe ejoj gurb`tf eb cbpturb. F` beau`js cbsjs pfroktf` eb gkaktbekzbckó` f` uvf, fvktb`gj quf mbyb quf birkr gfobskbgj ejs vjeþof`fs gfekcbgjs. Bgfoâs gf fstjs ojg ojgfejs fejs gksfòb gksfòbgjs gjs pbrb ekirjs, mb mbyy jtrjs jtrjs,, cj` cbobs ouc oucmj mj oâs arb`gfs, quf pjskikektb` gkaktbekzbr gjcuof`tjs gf arb` tbobòj, cjoj eâok`bs, obpbs, póstfrfs, prf`sb tbobòj tbiejkgf, ftc. Ejs fscâ`frfs bërfjs pufgf` usbrsf tboikë` pbrb gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs jpbcjs y pufgf` sfr bgbptbgjs, pjr fnfopej, ofgkb`tf bgbptbgjrfs gf gkbpjsktkvbs y `fabtjscjpkjs (ofsbs gf euz) pbrb gkaktbekzbr trb`spbrf`ckbs. Fstjs bpbrbtjs, gf betbs prfstbckj`fs, sufef` vf`gfrsf cjoj fqukpjs k`tfarbgjs quf k`ceuyf` eb cbob, ejs bccfsjrkjs, fe oj`ktjr f k`ceusj fe sjhtwbrf gf gf gkaktbekzbckó`.
Hka. 9. Wrbibnj cj` fscâ`fr bërfj (CjpkIjjl).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
91
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Mbrgwbrf
Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
Sk ikf` mbcf pjcj oâs gf u`b gëcbgb eb câobrb hjtjarâflcb `j sf cj`skgfrbib u` gkspjsktkvj bgfcubgj pbrb eb gkaktbekzbck gkaktbekzbckó` ó` gfe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj, be `j becb`zbr ejs fstâ`gbrfs gf cbekgbg rfcjof`gbiefs, eb tfc`jejaïb mb fvjeuckj`bgj tb`tj f` ejs þetkojs bòjs quf eb câobrb hjtjarâflcb sf mb cj`vfrtkgj f` u`b sfrkb betfr`btkvb be fscâ`fr fsc â`fr prjhfskj`be, gf mfcmj, bmjrb oksoj ebs obyjrfs rfsjeuckj`fs óptkcbs, y pjr tb`tj eb ofnjr cbekgbg gf kobaf`, ebs jhrfcf` beau`bs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs. Cbgb vfz mby obyjr cb`tkgbg gf prjyfctjs quf utkekzb` fstf tkpj gf tfc`jejaïb. Tjr supufstj, pbrb u`b gkaktbekzbckó` gf cbekgbg `j vbef cubequkfr câobrb, mby quf cj`tbr cj` u` fqukpj prjhfskj`be gf betbs prfstbckj`fs. prfstbc kj`fs. Bgfoâs, eb câobrb mb gf sfr k`stbebgb f` u`b ccjeuo`b jeuo`b j f` u` trïpjgf, y gfif cj`tbrsf cj` jtrjs cjopefof`tjs cjoj cbobs, prf`sbekirjs, btrkefs, eâopbrbs, cjejrïoftrjs, bgbptbgjrfs pbrb `fabtkvjs, ftc. Bu`quf mby jtrbs tfc`jejaïbs gf sf`sjr quf ssff fstâ` fopfzb fopfzb`gj `gj j gfnb`gj gf usbr, mjy f` gïb, eb obyjrïb gf ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs utkekzb` sf`sjrfs COJS. Ebs câobrbs sj` bgfcubgbs pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs koprfsjs, koprfsjs , arâflcjs, hjtjarâflcjs (k`ceusj `fabtkvjs y trb`spbrf`ckbs), cbrtjarâflcjs, ftc. Bgfoâs , sj` eb þ`kcb jpckó` f` gftfr Bgfoâs, gftfrok`bgj ok`bgjss cbsj cbsjss cjoj ejs obpbs j gjcuof gjcuof`tjs `tjs ouy arb`gfs j eb hjtjarbhïb gf jinftjs trkgkof`skj`befs. Cj` ejs cjopefof`tjs bgfcubgjs (ofsbs gf euz, bgbptbgjrfs pbrb gkbpjsktkvbs…) pufgf` sfrvkr pbrb gkaktbekzbr trb`spbrf`ckbs. Eb gkaktbekzbckó` cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb prfsf`tb beau`bs vf`tbnbs sjirf eb gkaktbekzbckó` cj` fscâ`fr bërfj, cjoj su vfrsbtkekgbg, pfrj tboikë` tkf`f sus gfsvf`tbnbs, pjr fnfopej, sf prfcksb pfrsj`be betbof`tf fspfckbekzbgj pbrb su ob`fnj.
Hka. 3. Gkaktbekzbckó` cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
9=
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Mbrgwbrf
Okcrjfleobgjrbs rfckcebgbs
Beau`bs k`stktuckj`fs quf sf gfgkcbib` b eb okcrjfleobckó` gf ekirjs j gjcuof`tjs, cjoj eb Ikiekjtfcb @bckj`be j eb Suigkrfcckó` Af`frbe gf Brcmkvjs Fstbtbefs, mb` jptbgj pjr rfcj`vfrtkr sus fqukpjs okcrjfleobgjrfs f` fscâ`frfs bërfjs. Eb rfcj`vfrskó` cj`skstf iâskcbof`tf f` sustktukr eb câobrb okcrjfleobgjrb pjr u`b câobrb hjtjarâflcb cj`fctbgb b u` jrgf`bgjr< fe rfstj gf ejs fefof`tjs gfe pufstj gf okcrjfleobckó` (tjrrfs, crkstbefs, ofsbs, eâopbrbs, ftc.) skrvf` tbe cube j `fcfsktb` u`b efvf bgbptbckó`. Gf fstb ob`frb sf cj`skauf` fscâ`frfs gf iuf`bs prfstbckj`fs b u` prfckj oucmj of`jr quf sk tuvkërbojs quf cjoprbr fe fqukpj f`tfrj. Ej obej gf fstf skstfob fs quf `j pjgrfojs cj`trbtbr sfrvkckjs gf ob`tf`kokf`tj (qukzâ pbrb eb câobrb hjtjarâflcb) y quf pufgf sfr ouy prjiefoâtkcj brrfaebr cubequkfr bvfrïb, pufs fs hâcke quf `j f`cj`trfojs pkfzbs gf rfpufstj `k pfrsj`be fspfckbekzbgj f` fstf tkpj gf fqukpjs.
Hka. 7. Okcrjfleobgjrb rfcj`vfrtkgb f` fscâ`fr ofgkb`tf eb k`stbebckó` gf u`b câobrb @klj` G=24.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
9;
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Mbrgwbrf
Fscâ`fr gf okcrjfleo
Bu`quf , pjr eb ibnb cbekg Bu`quf, cbekgbg bg quf sf sufef jitf` jitf`fr, fr, `j sf rfcjokf`gb f` af`frbe gkaktbekzbr okcrjfleos j okcrjflcmbs quf cj`tf`ab` pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj okcrjfleobgj, pufgf gbrsf fe cbsj gf quf sf mbyb` pfrgkgj j `j fstë` gkspj`kiefs ejs obtfrkbefs koprfsjs cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs y `j tf`abojs oâs cjpkb gf feejs quf eb okcrjfleobgb. F` fstjs cbsjs pufgf sfr cj`vf`kf`tf j `fcfsbrkj gkaktbekzbr b pbrtkr gf okcrjfleo j okcrjflcmb. Tbrb feej `fcfsktbrfojs u` fscâ`fr gf okcrjfleos, u` bpbrbtj fspfckbekzbgj f` pfeïcuebs f` rjeej y okcrjflcmbs. Fscâ`fr gf `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs
Fxkstf` f` fe ofrcbgj, bgfoâs gf ejs fscâ`frfs peb`js gf trb`sHka. 6. Fscâ`fr gf okcrjfleo. pbrf`ckbs, beau`js gkspjsktkvjs fspfckbekzbgjs f` eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs. Gf fstjs, beau`js sjej pfroktf` eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf hjrobtjs gf 36 oo, okf`trbs quf jtrjs sj` oâs vfrsâtkefs y pfroktf` gkaktbekzbr jtrjs tbobòjs. Cjoj f` ejs cbsjs b`tfrkjrfs, mby fscâ`frfs gf abob ibnb gf fstf tkpj pbrb fe ofrcbgj gjoëstkcj quf `j `js sfrâ` gf utkekgbg. Eb abob prjhfskj`be, sk` foibraj, jhrfcf betbs prfstbckj`fs gf cbpturb (rfsjeuckó`, rb`aj gk`âokcj, ftc.) y hu`ckj`fs bvb`zbgbs gf sjhtwbrf k`tfarbgj, k`tfarbgj, cjoj fe cjrrfctjr butjoâtkcj gf pje vj y brbòbzjs, prjcfsjs gf rfs rfstburbckó` tburbckó` gf ccjejr, jejr, fe rfguctjr gf arb`j gf pfeïc pfeïcueb, ueb, ftc. Beau`js ojgfejs pfroktf` pfrokt f` eb gkaktbekzbckó` gkaktbekzbckó ` butjoâtkcb j pjr ejtfs gf ejs obtfr obtfrkbefs. kbefs.
Hka. 8. Fscâ`fr gf `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs (Teustfl JptkcHkeo =944k SF).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Mbrgwbrf
Hka. 1. Yjijts fscb`fbgjrfs gf ekirjs.
Yjijt fscb`fbgjr gf ekirjs
Fe rjijt fscb`fbgjr fs u` tkpj gf fscâ`fr gksfòbgj pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf ekirjs, k`ceusj gf ekirjs b`tkaujs, quf pfroktf gkaktbekzbr vjeþof`fs koprfsjs butjoâtkcbof`tf, cj` u`b oï`kob k`tfrvf`ckó` gfe jpfrbgjr. Tbrb pbsbr ebs pâak`bs butjoâtkcbof`tf sf usb` gkvfrsbs tfc`jejaïbs, cjoj cmjrrjs gf bkrf j irbzjs rjijtkzbgjs. Fstf tkpj gf gkspjsktkvjs, usbgjs cj` ebs gfikgbs prfcbuckj`fs, `js jhrfcfrâ` u` betj rf`gkokf`tj. @j sf rfcjokf`gb su usj, sk` foibraj, pbrb obtfrkbefs f` obe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` j ouy vbekjsjs. Jtrjs tkpjs gf fscâ`fr
Fxkstf` jtrjs tkpjs gf fscâ`fr quf `j sj` ouy rfcjof`gbiefs j `j ej sj` f` bisjeutj pbrb trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y prf`sb mkstórkcb, pjr fnfopej> fscâ`frfs gf tboijr, fscâ`frfs gf jflck`b cj` bekof`tbgjr gf mjnbs j fscâ`frfs gf rjgkeej pbrb obpbs. [ fxkstf`, pjr supufstj, jtrjs oucmjs tkpjs gf fscâ`fr quf qufgb` hufrb gfe becb`cf gf fstf gjcuof`tj> fscâ`fr 3G, fscâ`fr gf cógkajs gf ibrrbs, fscâ`fr gf pfeïcueb ck`fobtjarâflcb, ftc.
7.9 Jtrjs gkspjsktkvjs Eb pkfzb gfe fqukpj gf gkaktbekzbckó` oâs kopjrtb`tf gfspuës gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb fs fe oj`ktjr. @fcfsktbrfojs cj`tbr cj` u` iuf` oj`ktjr pbrb rfbekzbr u` bgfcubgj cj`trje gf cbekgbg y afstkó` gf cjejr gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs quf af`frfojs. Oucmjs fqukpjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` bërfjs vkf`f` cj` fe oj`ktjr k`cjrpjrbgj, pfrj f` oucmjs jtrjs cbsjs tf`grfojs quf usbr u` oj`ktjr k`gfpf`gkf`tf, prfhfrkiefof`tf gf betb cbekgbg. • Fxkstf` oj`ktjrfs gksfòbgjs pbrb trbibnjs arâflcjs quf sj` ejs oâs rfcjof`gbiefs pbrb bcjpebr b u` gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb f` u` f`tjr`j gf gkaktbekzbckó` prjhfskj`be. Beau`js gf fstjs ojgfejs k`ceuyf` tfc`jejaïbs bvb`zbgbs gf butjcbekirbckó` (sj`gbs pbrb cbekirbckó` pjr mbrgwbrf , hu`ckj`fs gf sjhtwbrf ) quf pufgf` sfr ouy þtkefs pbrb eb afstkó` gf cjejr. • V`j gf ejs pbrâoftrjs f` quf oâs gfifojs flnbr`js b eb mjrb gf sfefcckj`br ejs oj`ktjrfs pbrb bcjpebr be fqukpj gf gkaktbekzbckó` fs fe fspbckj gf cjejr quf sjpjrtb`. Ejs oj`ktjrfs `jrob-
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Mbrgwbrf
efs trbibnb` cj` fspbckjs gf cjejr sYAI. Fs prfhfrkief utkekzbr pbrb fstjs of`fstfrfs oj`ktjrfs quf trbibnf` cj` fspbckjs gf cjejr oâs arb`gfs, cjoj Bgjif YAI. • Wboikë Wboikë` ` tf`grfojs quf flnbr`js f` pbrâoftrjs cjoj eb rfsjeuckó` rfsjeuckó` (gf`skgbg gf pkxfefs), pkxfefs), fe tbobòj gf eb pb`tbeeb, fe tkpj gf pb`fe, eb prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr j ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf irkeej y cj`trbstf. • B eb mjrb gf fscjafr u` oj`ktjr, mby quf fefakr u`j quf pjsfb ejs pufrtjs j cj`fxkj`fs `fcfsbrkjs pbrb bcjpebrej be gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb. • Fs ouy pjskief quf `j pjgbojs bprjvfcmbr ebs prfstbckj`fs gf u` oj`ktjr gf betb abob sk cj`tbojs cj` u`b tbrnftb arâflcb gf ibnb cbekgbg. • V` cjopefof`tj k`tfrfsb`tf be oj`ktjr fs eb vksfrb j cbnb gf vksubekzbckó`. Beau`js oj`ktjrfs fspfckbekzbgjs f` trbibnjs arâflcjs vkf`f` cj` u`b vksfrb k`cjrpjrbgb, quf pfroktf bksebr eb pb`tbeeb gf eb euz boikf`tbe k`gfsfbief. Fstf tkpj gf vksfrbs j cbnbs tboikë` sf pufgf` cjoprbr sufetbs y bcjpebrebs b `ufstrj oj`ktjr. Bgfoâs gfe oj`ktjr, mby jtrjs gkspjsktkvjs gks pjsktkvjs j bcc bccfsjrkjs fsjrkjs quf pjgfojs ` `fcfsktbr> fcfsktbr> ‗ Sjpjrtfs pbrb cjejcbr ejs hj`gjs> ofsbs, ccbobs, bobs, bccfsjr bccfsjrkjs kjs pbrb gkaktbe gkaktbekzbckó` kzbckó` f` uvf, bgb bgbpptbgjrfs pbrb `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs, btrkefs, ftc. ‗ Wjrrfs j trïpjgfs pbrb sunftbr ebs câobrbs. ‗ Sk gkaktbekz gkaktbekzbojs bojs cj` ccâobrb âobrb hjtj hjtjarâflcb, arâflcb, `fcfs `fcfsktbrfojs ktbrfojs eeâopbrbs âopbrbs pbrb keuok`br ejs obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr. ‗ Gkspjsktkvjs j bccfsjrkjs pbrb fscb`fbgj> cbobs f` uvf, `fabtjscjpkjs (ofsbs gf euz), bgbptbgjrfs pbrb trb`spbrf`ckbs, crkstbefs prf`sbekirjs, ftc. ‗ Gkspjsktkvjs j bccfsjr bccfsjrkjs kjs pbrb vkskj`bgj> vksfrbs gf oj`ktjrfs, cbnbs gf euz, cbik`bs gf vkskj`bgj. ‗ Bpbrbtjs pbrb ofgkckó` gf kobaf`> gf`skt gf`sktóoftrjs óoftrjs2, cjejrïoftrjs j fspfctrjhjtóoftrjs. • Sk sf `fcfsktb bgqukrkr u` `fabtjscjpkj pbrb gkaktbekzbr trb`spbrf`ckbs, fs u`b iuf`b jpckó` fefakr u` ojgfej quf pfroktb gkaktbekzbr gkhfrf`tfs tbobòjs, gfsgf ejs oâs pfqufòjs `fabtkvjs mbstb ejs tbobòjs oâs mbiktubefs gf ebs pebcbs gf vkgrkj. Fs prfhfrkief fefakr ojgfejs quf tf`ab` keuok`bckó` EFG, pufs cbekf`tb` of`js ejs gjcuof`tjs. Fs `fcfsbrkj bsfaurbrsf gf quf fe gkspjsktkvj rfpbrtf u`khjrofof`tf eb euz f` fe ârfb gf trbibnj ofgkb`tf ebs prufibs jpjrtu`bs prfvkbs.
7.3 Sfefcckó` gf gkspjsktkvj gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb cbpturb Eb fefcckó` gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb gfpf`gfrâ gf ejs rfquksktjs j cbrbctfrïstkcbs gfe prjyfctj y gfe tkpj gf gjcuof`tj quf vbybojs b gkaktbekzbr. Be fl`be gf fstf bpbrtbgj sf jhrfcf u` cubgrj gf cebsfs gf gkspjsktkvjs bcfptbiefs j rfcjof`gbgjs f` hu`ckó` gfe tkpj gf gjcuof`tj. • Eóakcbof`tf, gfifojs sfefcckj`br gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb quf sfb` cbpbcfs gf af`frbr jinftjs gkaktbefs quf cuopeb` ejs rfquksktjs, pbrâoftrjs tëc`kcjs y crktfrkjs gf cbekgbg quf mbybojs fspfckflcbgj f` `ufstrj peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó`, peb` gf cbekgbg j pekfaj gf prfscrkpckj`fs tëc`kcbs.
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Ejs gf`sktóoftrjs pufgf` sfr gf rffxkó` j gf trb`sokskó`. Tbrb b`bekzbr u` `fabtkvj, fe gf`sktóoftrj quf sf utkekzb fs fe gf trb`sokskó`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Mbrgwbrf
• V`b fvbeubckó` jinftkvb y ckf`tïflcb gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs gfoufstrb quf `j sj` gfobskbgj flbiefs ebs fspfckflcbckj`fs gf ejs hbirkcb`tfs gf fscâ`frfs, câobrbs y oj`ktjrfs. Ebs gkhfrf`ckbs f`trf ejs vbejrfs gf ebs fspfckflcbckj`fs (vbejrfs `jok`befs) y ejs ofgkgjs jinftkvbof`tf pufgf` sfr ouy arb`gfs, sjirf tjgj f` ejs bpbrbtjs gf abob ofgkb y ibnb. F` ejs gkspjsktkvjs prjhfskj`befs fs oâs rbrj f`cj`trbr fstbs arb`gfs gkhfrf`ckbs. F` prk`ckpkj, câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs gf abob betb y/j fscâ`frfs prjhfskj`befs gfifrïb` cuirkr tjgbs j eb arb` obyjrïb gf `ufstrbs `fcfskgbgfs gf gkaktbekzbckó`. Mby cbsjs fspfckbefs, sk` foibraj, cjoj eb hjtjarbhïb pkrbokgbe, eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf gkbpjsktkvbs, gf obtfrkbefs arâflcjs vbekjsjs, ftc., quf pufgf` gfob`gbr gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb cj` cbrbctfrïstkcbs fspfckbefs (u` gftfrok`bgj `kvfe gf rfsjeuckó`, pjr fnfopej). • F`trf ejs pbrâoftrjs b tf`fr f` cuf`tb b eb mjrb gf sfefcckj`br u` gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb fs gf gfstbcbr eb rfsjeuckó` j gf`skgbg gf pkxfefs quf fe gkspjsktkvj jhrfcf. V` gkspjsktkvj quf jhrfzcb u`b rfsjeuckó` «rfbe¼ (`j k`tfrpjebgb `k ibsbgb f` vbejrfs `jok`befs) gf 8444 pkxfefs pjr pueabgb `js sfrvkrïb pbrb bcjoftfr cubequkfr trbibnj, bu`quf `jrobeof`tf `j `fcfsktbrfojs tb`tb rfsjeuckó` (pbrb gkaktbekzbckó` gf gjcuof`tjs tfxtubefs `js ibstbrâ, f` af`frbe, cj` 744 ppp). F` fe bpbrtbgj 29.2 («Yfsjeuckó`¼) sf jhrfcf oâs k`hjrobckó` sjirf ebs rfsjeuckj`fs bgfcubgbs sfaþ` fe tkpj gf gjcuof`tj. • Jtrj pbrâoftrj kopjrtb`tf, sjirf tjgj pbrb gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs arâflcjs, cbrtjarâflcjs y hjtjarâflcjs, fs fe rb`aj gk`âokcj. Sk vbojs b gkaktbekzbr fstf tkpj gf obtfrkbefs, cj`sfaukrfojs oucmb obyjr cbekgbg gf kobaf` sfefcckj`b`gj bpbrbtjs quf tf`ab` u` betj rb`aj gk`âokcj. V` betj rb`aj gk`âokcj sf trbgucf f` koâaf`fs f` ebs quf tb`tj ebs zj`bs jscurbs cjoj ebs cebrbs prfsf`tb` vbrkfgbg gf arbgbckj`fs gf tj`js y obtkcfs. V` fscâ`fr cj` rb`aj gk`âokcj gf 3,; j 7 (23 j 27 h-stjps ) f` prk`ckpkj fs suflckf`tf pbrb gkaktbekzbr eb arb` obyjrïb gf ebs tkpjejaïbs gf gjcuof`tjs mkstórkcjs y/j pbtrkoj`kbefs. Tufgf sfr `fcfsbrkj u` gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb cj` u` rb`aj gk`âokcj ouy betj pbrb gkaktbekzbr beau`bs cjefcckj`fs hjtjarâflcbs (`fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs sjirf tjgj). • F` cub`tj b eb prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr, cj`vkf`f quf fe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb jhrfzcb u` oï`koj gf 97 ikts, skf`gj cj`vf`kf`tf, sjirf tjgj, pbrb gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs arâflcjs, hjtjarâflcjs j ouy vbekjsjs, quf pfroktb prjhu`gkgbgfs gf cjejr obyjrfs (7= ikts j oâs). • Jtrjs pbrâoftrjs quf gfifrfojs tf`fr f` cuf`tb sfrïb` eb rfebckó` gf sfòbe/rukgj, eb cbekgbg óptkcb (gkstjrskó` afjoëtrkcb…), u`khjrokgbg gf eb keuok`bckó`, sjhtwbrf bcjopbòb`tf, bcjopbòb`tf, ftc. Mb` bpbrfckgj f` ejs þetkojs bòjs `jrobs quf skrvf` pbrb fvbeubr fe rf`gkokf`tj gf ejs gkspjsktkvjss gf cbpturb gf ob`frb jinftkvb f` fe ârfb gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs cueturbefs gkspjsktkvj pbtrkoj`kbefs. Fstbs `jrobs sf ibsb` f` eb ofgkckó` gf cbpturbs gf cbrtbs gf fvbeubckó` fstb`gbrkzbgbs, cjoj, pjr fnfopej, eb V`kvfrsbe Wfst Wbraft (VWW)9. F`trf fstbs `jrobs, pjr su rfebckó` cj` ejs trbibnjs quf `js jcupb`, sf gfif` of`ckj`br> HBGAK, OFWBOJYHJ^F j eb KSJ/WS 2;987-2 3. Tfroktf` rfbekzbr, cj` eb byugb gf cbrtbs y prjarbobs fspfckbefs, u`b fvbeubckó` k`tfarbe gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb quf cjoprf`gf bspfctjs cjoj eb rfsjeuckó`, fe rb`aj gk`âokcj, eb prfckskó` tj`be y gf cjejr, eb gkstjrskó` afjoëtrkcb, ftc.
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Eb `jrob KSJ 2;987-2 bijrgb eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf jrkak`befs jpbcjs< sf fstâ prfpbrb`gj u`b sfau`gb pbrtf gf eb `jrob quf bijrgf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf `fabtkvjs y trb`spbrf`ckbs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Mbrgwbrf
• Tbrb bsfaurbr`js gf quf ejs fqukpjs quf vbojs b usbr pbrb gkaktbekzbr jhrfcf` cbekgbg y rf`gkokf`tj suflckf`tfs, pjgfojs k`ceukr f` `ufstrj peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` j pekfaj gf prfscrkpckj`fs tëc`kcbs fe rfquksktj gf quf ejs fqukpjs mbyb` skgj cfrtkflcbgjs pbrb gftfrok`bgjs `kvfefs gf cbekgbg gf fstbs `jrobs. Tbrb trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj, `kvfefs bgfcubgjs gf cbekgbg sfrïb` HBGAK 3 j 7 fstrfeebs, OFWBOJYHJ^F j OFWBOJYHJ^F ekamt f KSJ 2;987-2 B j I 7. Ejs `k vfefs HBGAK HBGAK 7 fstrfeebs, OFWBOJYHJ^F f KSJ 2;987-2 B supj`f` fe `kvfe gf oâxkob cbekgbg quf pufgf` jhrfcf` mjy f` gïb ejs fqukpjs prjhfskj`befs. • Wf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb quf ebs ffspfckflcbckj`fs spfckflcbckj`fs gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs b vfcfs gkflfrf` gf eb rfbekgbg y quf mby oþetkpefs oþetk pefs hbctjrfs hbctjr fs gf eb k`s k`stbebckó` tbebckó` gfe fqukpj quf pufgf` mbc mbcfrebs frebs vbrkb vbrkbrr (cjoj eb keuok`bckó` gf eb sbeb, vkirbckj`fs, cbopjs oba`ëtkcjs, ej`aktug y tkpj gf cbiefbgj, ftc.), beau`bs k`stktuckj`fs mb` jptbgj pjr k`ceukr f` sus pekfajs fe rfquksktj gf cfrtkflcbr eb k`stbebckó` f`tfrb gfe fqukpj, fs gfckr, gfe fscâ`fr k`stbebgj f` fe euabr f` fe quf vb b sfr utkekzbgj. Bpbrtf gf ejs ejs of`ckj of`ckj`bgjs, `bgjs, mb mbyy jtrjs prjyf prjyfctjs ctjs y prjarbo prjarbobs bs quf skrvf` p pbrb brb fvbeub fvbeubrr fe rf`gkokf`tj gf ejs fqukpjs gf cbpturb, pjr fnfopej> Kobtfst, Ajegf` Wmrfbg, KF B`beyzfr… Sf ibsb`, ibs b`, cjoj ebs `jrobs b`tfrkjrfs, f` eb fvbeubckó` gf fscb`fbgjs gf cbrtbs fstb`gbrkzbgbs. Cbif of`ckj`br quf Ajegf` Wmrfbg fstâ gksfòbgj pf`sb`gj f` fe cbopj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj gjcuof`tbe. Bgfoâs gf eb eb KSJ 2;987, fxkstf` jtrbs oucmbs ` `jrobs jrobs gf fvbeubckó` g gff rf`gkokf`tj gf fscâ`frfs y câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs, k`ceusj mby `jrobs quf gfscrkif` gftfrok`bgbs cbrtbs gf fvbeubckó`. F` fe bpbrtbgj 91 («@jrobtkvb rfebckj`bgb¼) sf pufgf cj`suetbr u`b rfebckó` gf tjgbs fstbs `jrobs. Bu`quf ebs `jrob `jrobss y prjarb prjarbobs obs hbckek hbckektb` tb` oucmj eb tbrfb tbrfb,, eb fvbeub fvbeubckó` ckó` gf rrf`gkokf f`gkokf`tj `tj gf gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb rfqukfrf pfrsj`be fspfcïflcbof`tf hjrobgj j fspfckbekzbgj. • F` cub`tj be hjrobtj y hjrob gf ejs gjcuof`tjs> ‗ Sf gf gfif` if` ssfefcckj` fefcckj`br br g gkspjskt kspjsktkvjs kvjs gf ccbpturb bpturb bgfcubgj bgfcubgjss be arjsjr gf ejs gjcuof`t gjcuof`tjs. js. T Tbrb brb gkaktbekzbr gjcuof`tjs fl`js pufgf` vbefr u` fscâ`fr peb`j, u` fscâ`fr bërfj j u`b câobrb hjtjarâflcb, okf`trbs quf pbrb gkaktbekzbr gjcuof`tjs arufsjs, cjoj u` ekirj, `j sfrvkrâ u` fscâ`fr peb`j. ‗ Mby quf sfefcc sfefcckj`br kj`br gkspjsktk gkspjsktkvjs vjs gf cbptur cbpturbb quf pufgb` bgf bgfcubrsf cubrsf b eb ebss gkof`skj`fs hhïskcbs ïskcbs gf ejs gjcuof`tjs. F` fstf sf`tkgj sf gfif tf`fr f` cuf`tb sk ejs ekirjs cj`tkf`f` mjnbs gfspefabiefs. • Wf`grfojs quf fefakr u`j u jtrj gkspjsktkvj f` hu`ckó` gf sk ejs obtfrkbefs sj` jpbcjs j trb`spbrf`tfs. Tbrb `fabtkvjs y trb`spbrf`ckbs eb ofnjr jpckó` fs utkekzbr u` fscâ`fr gf gkbpjsktkvbs y trb`spbrf`ckbs j u`b câobrb hjtjarâflcb, bu`quf pjgrïb sfrvkr`js u` fscâ`fr peb`j cj` bgbptbgjrfs. • Wboikë` tf`fojs quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb, b eb mjrb gf sfefcckj`b sfefcckj`brr gkspjsktkvj, fe fstbgj hïskcj gf ejs gjcuof`tjs y fe tkpj gf f`cubgfr`bckó`. Gjcuof`tjs gfekcbgjs mb` gf sfr ob`kpuebgjs cj` suoj cukgbgj y f` gkspjsktkvjs quf `j ejs hufrcf` j gbòf`. Ekirjs quf `j pufgf` birkrsf cjopeftbof`tf gfifrâ` sfr gkaktbekzbgjs f` uvf, pâak`b b pâak`b y sk` birkr fe ekirj gfe tjgj, utkekzb`gj cbobs y gkspjsktkvjs quf ej pfroktb`. Mby oucmjs jtrjs cbsjs cbs js pjskiefs, eb k`stktuckó` mbirâ gf vbejrbr, b eb vkstb gf ejs cbsjs cj`crftjs, fe gkspjsktkvj oâs bgfcubgj pbrb gkaktbekzbr gjcuof`tjs f` obe fstbgj j cj` cbrbctfrïstkcbs fspfckbefs gf f`cubgfr`bckó`.
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Ejs `kvfefs gf cbekgbg gf eb `jrob KSJ/WS 2;987-2 fstâ` gffl`kgjs b `kvfe gf ijrrbgjr y tjgbvïb f` hbsf gf gkscuskó`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
37
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Mbrgwbrf
• Bskoksoj, mby quf cj`skgfrbr ‗b eb mjrb gf sfefcckj`br gkspjsktkvj gkspjsktkvjs‗ s‗ eb cbekgbg gf gkaktbekzbckó` quf sf gfsfb jitf`fr. Sk sf vb` b gkaktbekzbr, pjr fnfopej, cógkcfs ob`uscrktjs ok`kbgjs, pfrabok`js, ekirjs gf brtkstb, jirb arâflcb vbekjsb, obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs cj` oucmj gftbeef j obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs mkstórkcjs, sf `fcfsktbrâ` fqukpjs gf betbs prfstbckj`fs< sk `js vbojs b ekoktbr b gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs koprfsjs rfebtkvbof`tf ojgfr`js (skaejs ]XKK- ]]K ]]K), `js pufgf` sfrvkr eb obyjrïb gf ejs fqukpjs prjhfskj`befs gfe ofrcbgj. Wkpj gf gjcuof`tj
Gkspjsktkvj bcfptbief
Gkspjsktkvj rfcjof`gbgj
Tfrabok`js, p pb bpkrjs
Fscâ`fr cf cf`ktbe. C Câ âobrb hhj jt ja r â flcb
Fscâ`fr cf cf`ktbe. C Câ âobrb hhj jt ja r â flcb
Wbiekeebs gf cfrb
Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
C ógk cf s b `t k a ujs
Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
Ekirjs j vjeþof`fs f` iuf` fstbgj
Yjijt fscb`fbgjr. Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe
Ekirjs j vjeþof`fs quf `j pfroktf` u`b bpfrturb cjopeftb
Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe cj` cbob f` uvf. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb cj` cbob f` uvf
Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe cj` cbob f` uvf.
Ekirjs j vjeþof`fs f` obe fstbgj
Fs Fscâ câ`f `frr cf` cf`kt ktbe be.. C Câo âobr brb b hhjt jtja jarâ râflc flcb b
Fscâ Fscâ`f `frr cf` cf`kt ktbe be.. C Câo âobr brb b hhjt jtja jarâ râflc flcb b
Mjnbs sufetbs sk` f`cubgfr`br
Fscâ`fr peb`j. Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
Fscâ`fr peb`j. Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
Fscâ`fr peb`j. Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe. Câobrb
Fscâ`fr peb`j gf betbs prfstbckj`fs.
hjtjarâflcb Fscâ`fr peb`j. Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe cj` u` rb`aj gk`âokcj bgfcubgj. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
Eâok`bs, gkiunjs y arbibgjs
Hjtjarbhïbs
Fscâ`fr peb`j. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
Hjtjarbhïbs f`obrcbgbs (gbaufrrjtkpjs, hfrrjtkpjs, ftc.)
Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe cj` u` rb`aj gk`âokcj bgfcubgj. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
Tebcbs gf vkgrkj
Fscâ`fr peb`j gf trb`spbrf`ckbs. Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe cj` u` rb`aj gk`âokcj bgfcubgj. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb.
Fscâ`fr peb`j gf trb`spbrf`ckbs. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
Wrb`spbrf`ckbs f` pbpfe
Fscâ`fr peb`j gf trb`spbrf`ckbs. Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb. Fscâ`fr gf `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs (f` beau`js cbsjs).
Fscâ`fr peb`j gf trb`spbrf`ckbs. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb. Fscâ`fr gf `fabtkvjs y trb`spbrf`ckbs (f` beau`js cbsjs).
Gkbpjsktkvbs
Fscâ`fr peb`j gf trb`spbrf`ckbs. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb. Fscâ`fr gf `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs
Fscâ`fr peb`j gf trb`spbrf`ckbs. Fscâ`fr gf `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs
Câobrb hjtjarâflcb Fscâ`fr peb`j gf trb`spbrf`ckbs. Câobrb hjtjarâflcb. Fscâ`fr gf `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs.
Fscâ`fr gf `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs
Arb`gfs hjrobtjs (obpbs, cbrtfefs…, cj` u` b`cmj gf mbstb 2 o bprjx.)
Câobrb hjtjarâflcb. Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe.
Câobrb hjtjarâflcb. Fscâ`fr cf`ktbe.
Arb`gfs hjrobtjs (tbobòjs quf `j cbif` f` `k`aþ` fscâ`fr bërfj)*
Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
Obtfrkbefs tâctkefs (mjnbs j ekirjs f` Ojj` j Irbkeef)
Fs Fscâ câ`f `frr cf` cf`kt ktbe be.. C Câo âobr brb b hhjt jtja jarâ râflc flcb b
Fscâ Fscâ`f `frr cf` cf`kt ktbe be.. C Câo âobr brb b hhjt jtja jarâ râflc flcb b
@fabtkvjs
Câobrb hjtjarâflcb
* Mby fscâ`frfs bërfjs fspfckbekzbgjs f` arb`gfs hjrobtjs quf pufgf` eefabr b gkaktbekzbr f` beau`js cbsjs gjcuof`tjs cj` u` b`cmj gf 2 o bprjx. Tbrb gjcuof`tjs obyjrfs tb` sjej `js vbegrâ u`b câobrb hjtjarâflcb.
Cubgrj 2. Gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb sfaþ` tkpj gf gjcuof`tj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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6. Sjhtwbrf F`trf ejs prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs fspfckbekzbgjs quf pjgfojs `fcfsktbr pbrb eefvbr b cbij ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` cbif of`ckj`br ejs skaukf`tfs> ‗ Trjarbobs gf fvbeubckó` gf gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb. Xkf`f` b vfcfs f` fe oksoj pbquftf quf ebs cbrtbs gf fvbeubckó` fstb`gbrkzbgbs. ‗ Trjarb Trjarbobs obs pbrb cbekir cbekirbr br y p pfrflebr frflebr ejs gkspjs gkspjsktkvjs ktkvjs.. B Beau`js eau`js gkspjs gkspjsktkvjs ktkvjs tkf`f` sus prjpkb prjpkbss utkekgbgfs gf cbekirbckó` y/j pfrflebgj. Wboikë` sf vf`gf` pjr sfpbrbgj, mby oucmjs f` fe ofrcbgj. ‗ Trjarb Trjarbobs obs gf gkaktb gkaktbekzbc ekzbckó`. kó`. Skrvf` pbrb afstkj afstkj`br `br y ccj`flaurb j`flaurbrr ffee prjcfs p rjcfsj jg gff ffscb` scb`fbgj fbgj y af`frbckó` gf cjpkbs gkaktbefs. Ejs fscâ`frfs prjhfskj`befs sufef` k`ceukr prjarbobs gf fstf tkpj, pfrj tboikë` sf pufgf` cjoprbr pjr sfpbrbgj. F`trf feejs cbif of`ckj`br Biiy Hk`f Yfbgfr Trjhfsskj`be j EKOI Suktf. K`ceuyf` hu`ckj`fs bvb`zbgbs quf pufgf` sfr gf oucmb utkekgbg, pjr fnfopej> • Sfpbrbckó` butjoâtkcb gf pâak`bs gjiefs. • Yfcjrtf gf ijrgfs `farjs. • Beksbgj gf curvbturb gfe ejoj. • Bek`fbgj y f`gfrfzbgj. • Ijrrbgj gf gfgjs. • Ekopkfzb gf hj`gj. • Fekok`bckó` gf oubrë. • Yfcj`jckokf`tj óptkcj gf cbrbctfrf cbrbctfrfs. s. • Af`frbckó` gf cjpkbs f` gkvfrsjs hjrobtjs. • K`ceuskó` gf obrcbs gf baub. • Ftc. • Fs ouy rfcjof`gbief quf eb k`stktuckó` gkaktbekzbgjrb, bu`quf `j sf f`cbrauf gkrfctbof`tf gfe fscb`fbgj, cuf`tf cj` u`j gf fstjs prjarbobs, quf ef pjskikektbrâ` oþetkpefs hu`ckj`fs gf trbtbokf`tj gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs. • B eb mjrb gf cjoprbr u` fscâ`fr j u` prjarbob gf gkaktbekzbckó` mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb ebs hu`ckj`fs bvb`zbgbs quf jhrfcf, y sfefcckj`br u`b jpckó` quf cuirb `ufstrbs `fcfskgbgfs. ‗ Trjarbobs gf rfc rfcj`jckokf`tj j`jckokf`tj óptkcj gf cbrbctfrf cbrbctfrfss (Biiy Hk`f Yfbgfr Sfrv Sfrvfr, fr, Jo`kpbaf…). ‗ Trjarbobs gf fgkckó fgkckó` ` gf koâaf`fs (Tmjtjsmj (Tmjtjsmjp, p, Akop, Ekamtrjjo…). ‗ Trjarbobs cjopkebgjrfs, cjoj Bgjif Bcrjibt Trjhfsskj`be. Bcrjibt tkf`f hu`ckj`fs gf cjopkebckó`, jptkokzbckó` gf gjcuof`tjs, rfcj`jckokf`tj óptkcj gf cbrbctfrfs j k`ceuskó` gf obrcbs gf baub quf pufgf` rfsuetbr ouy þtkefs. ‗ Fgktjrfs gf tfxtj y fgktjrfs/vbekgbgjrfs gf brcmkvjs ]OE (VetrbFgkt, SuiekofWfxt, ]OESpy…). ‗ Fgktjrfs gf oftbgb oftbgbtjs tjs (ObrcFgkt (ObrcFgkt,, ObrcYfpjrt, Jpf`Yffl Jpf`Yffl`f, `f, SjifclCO Ofts Fgktjr…). F gktjr…).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Sjhtwbrf
‗ Jtrj Jtrjss prjar prjarbobs, bobs, cjoj rf`jo rf`joirbgj irbgjrfs rfs gf brcmk brcmkvjs vjs (Hefxk (Hefxkief ief Yf`bofr, Eupbs Yf`bof Yf`bof…), …), ekstbgjrfs gf brcmkvjs ( Gkrfctjry Gkrfctjry ekstfr ek stfr …), …), fgktjrfs gf FTVI (Cbekirf…), ftc. • Fs ouy rfcjof`gbief, y `fcfsbrkj f` beau`js cbsjs, quf eb k`stktuckó` rfspj`sbief gfe prj yfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó`, gkaktbekz bckó`, bu`quf fxtfr fxtfr`bekcf `bekcf ejs trb trbibnjs ibnjs gf gkaktbekz gkaktbekzbckó`, bckó`, cuf`tf cj` pr prjarbobs jarbobs gf rfcj`jckokf`tj óptkcj gf cbrbctfrfs, gf fgkckó` gf koâaf`fs, gf fgkckó` gf oftbgbtjs, ftc., quf ef pfroktb` prjcfsbr (bgbptbr, cjrrfakr j ofnjrbr) ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs quf rfckib gf ebs foprfsbs gkaktbekzbgjrbs quf cj`trbtf j pjr jtrbs vïbs, pjr fnfopej, ofgkb`tf gj`bckj`fs gf jinftjs gkaktbefs gf pbrtkcuebrfs j k`stktuckj`fs. • B obyjr fxpfrtkckb f` fe usj gf ejs prjarbobs k`hjroâtkc k`hjroâtkcjs, js, ofnjrfs sfrâ` eb cbpbckgbg y eb fflckf`ckb gfe pfrsj`be quf afstkj`b ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs y prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`. Mby quf tf`fr fstj f` cuf`tb b eb mjrb gf prjarbobr j butjrkzbr bctkvkgbgfs gf hjrobckó` sjirf fe usj gf fstf tkpj gf prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs. • Fs ouy þtke rfgbctbr ob`ubefs gf prjcfgkokf`tjs gj`gf sf gfscrkib gftbeebgbof`tf eb ob`frb gf usbr ejs prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs pbrb rfbekzbr ejs trbibnjs gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe y gkaktbekzbckó`> fscb`fbgj, af`frbckó` gf gfrkvbgjs, fgkckó` gf kobaf`, fgkckó` gf oftbgbtjs, af`frbckó` gf JCY, cbrab gf cj`tf`kgjs, rfvkskó` gf cj`tf`kgjs, ftc. Cj`tbr cj` fstf tkpj gf ob`ubefs y ob`tf`frejs bctubekzbgjs hbckektb fe trbibnj y eb hjrobckó`, y, sjirf tjgj, ok`kokzb fe kopbctj quf tkf`f` ebs ibnbs j trbsebgjs gfe pfrsj`be tëc`kcj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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8. Obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr 8.2 8.2 Wkpjs gf gjcuof`tjs gjcuof`t js Gfsgf fe pu`tj gf vkstb gf eb gkaktbekzbckó`, y tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb fe becb`cf gf fstbs rfcjof`gbckj`fs, ejs gjcuof`tjs b gkaktbekzbr pjgrïb` cebskflcbrsf gf eb skaukf`tf ob`frb> ‗ Obtfrkbefs tfxt tfxtubefs> ubefs> • Yjeejs (af`frbeof`tf gf pbpkrj j pfrabok`j). • Wbiekeebs gf cfrb. • Cógkcfs (gf pfrabok`j, pbpkrj j pbpfe). • Tfrabok`js. • Mjnbs sk` f`cubgfr`br. • Ekirjs. • Tuiekcbckj`fs sfrkbgbs. • Cubgfr`js. • Hjeeftjs. • Jtrjs> tbiekeebs gf obgfrb, cbrtj`fs, gkpejobs, ftc. ‗ Obtfrkbefs arâfl arâflcjs> cjs> • Ekirjs gf keustrbckj`fs. • Cóokcs. • Gkiunjs. • Arbibgjs. • Âeiuofs. • Eâok`bs. • Tjstbefs. • Fstbopbs. • Cbrtfefs. • Cjeebafs . • Crjojs. ‗ Tbrtkturbs koprfsbs j ob`usc ob`uscrktbs. rktbs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
3=
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr
‗ Obtfrkbefs cb cbrtjarâflcjs> rtjarâflcjs> • Btebs. • Obpbs (afjarâflcjs, pjeïtkcjs, cbrtbs `âutkcbs, ftc.). • Teb`js. ‗ Okcrjhjrobs Okcrjhjrobs>> • Wbrnftbs gf bpfrturb. • Okcrjfleos (cbrtucmjs, cbsftfs, ijik`bs, tkrbs, rjeejs). • Okcrjflcmbs (cbsftfs…). • Okcrjjpbcjs. ‗ Obtfrkbefs tâ tâctkefs ctkefs (mjnbs j ekirjs f` Ojj` j Irb Irbkeef). keef). ‗ Obtfrkbefs hjt hjtjarâflcjs> jarâflcjs> • Tbpfe hjtjarâflcj. • Tebcbs gf vkgrkj (f` pjsktkvj j `fabtkvj). • Tebcbs gf oftbe. • @fabtkvjs sjirf peâstkcj f` rjeej, tkrb j pebcb. • Gkbpjsktkvbs. • Wrb`spbrf`ckbs. • Jpbejtkpjs. • Gbaufrrjtkpjs, boirjtkpjs y hfrrjtkpjs f`obrcbgjs j f` fstucmf. • Ftc. ‗ Fpmfofrb> • Cbef`gbrkjs ourbefs. • Hfekcktbckj`fs. • @bkpfs. • Obrcbpâak`bs. • Eâok`bs j cubgfr`js gf rfcjrtbiefs rfcjrtbiefs.. • Cbr`fts. • Cbnbs gf cfrkeebs. • Ftkquftbs gf cbnbs. • F`vjeturbs gf prjguctjs. • Tbkpâks. • Obrqukeebs Obrqukeebs ckabrrfrbs. • Ftc. F` cub`tj b ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs, mby u`b bopekb tkpjejaïb quf pjgrïb cebskflcbrsf f` btf`ckó` b cbrbctfrïstkcbs cjoj fe sjpjrtf, fe prjcfsj hjtjarâflcj j sk sj` pjsktkvjs j `fabtkvjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr
Gfsgf fe pu`tj gf vkstb gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` pjgfojs skopekflcbr fstb cebskflcbckó` gf obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs prfsf`tb`gj arupjs gf obtfrkbefs quf rfqukfrf` r fqukfrf` u` gkspjsktkvj j tëc`kcb fspfcïflcjs pbrb su cbpturb. Fstjs arupjs sfrïb`> ‗ Tjsktkvjs `jrobefs `jrobefs>> cjpkb cjpkbss hjt hjtjarâflcbs jarâflcbs,, mjnb mjnbss j pebcbs gf pbpfe u jtr jtrjs js ssjpjrtfs jpjrtfs (oftbe, vkgrkj, ftc.). Sf pufgf` gkaktbekzbr cj` fscâ`fr peb`j, fscâ`fr cf`ktbe j câobrb hjtjarâflcb. ‗ Tjsktkvjs cj` ccbrbctfrïst brbctfrïstkcbs kcbs trkgkof`s trkgkof`skj`befs. kj`befs. Ikf` pjgfojs f`cj`trbr f` hj`gjs gf hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb gbaufrrjtkpjs, hfrrjtkpjs, boirjtkpjs…, ifeebof`tf f`obrcbgjs j f` fstucmfs. Fstjs obrcjs, f`vjeturbs j fstucmfs tf`ïb` cjoj fl`bekgbg, bpbrtf gf bgjr`br, eb prjtfcckó` gfe obtfrkbe, y, cjoj hjrob` pbrtf gfe jinftj, gfif` gkaktbekzbrsf. Wboikë` pjgfojs f`cj`trbr jpbejtkpjs (hjtjarbhïb f` crkstbe gf ópbej) y jtrbs curkjskgbgfs hjtjarâflcbs cj` cbrbctfrïstkcbs trkgkof`skj`befs. Wjgjs fstjs cbsjs gfif` sfr fstugkbgjs gftf`kgbof`tf pbrb gftfrok`br fe ofnjr gkspjsktkvj y eb ofnjr tëc`kcb gf gkaktbekzbckó`. F` prk`ckpkj, y sk` f`trbr f` fe cbopj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` f` 3G, quf bquï sfrïb u`b iuf`b jpckó`, mb` gf usbrsf fscâ`frfs cf`ktbefs j câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs. h jtjarâflcbs. Tbrb fstf tkpj gf jinftjs mb gf tf`frsf f` cuf`tb eb keuok`bckó` pbrb fvktbr sjoirbs j, sk bsï sf gfsfb, prjguckrebs, gfstbcb`gj ejs rfekfvfs. ‗ Tebcbs gf vkg vkgrkj rkj y trb`spb trb`spbrf`ckbs rf`ckbs f` pb pbpfe> pfe> be beiþok`bs iþok`bs (hjtjarb (hjtjarbhïbs hïbs fstfrfj fstfrfjscópkcbs scópkcbs…), …), cj cjejejgkó`, mfekjarbhïbs… Mb` gf sfrhjtjarâflcb. gkaktbekzbgbs fscâ`frfs bgbptbgjs, fscâ`frfs fspfckbekzbgjs j câobrb Ebscj` pebcbs rfqukfrf` u`b ob`kpuebckó` cukgbgjsb. f` trb`spbrf`ckbs ‗ Gkbpjsktkvbs. Ebs gkbpjsktkvbs sj` u` cbsj fspfcïflcj gf trb`spbrf`ckbs quf rfqukfrf` u`b gkaktbekzbckó` fspfckbe. Eb gkflcuetbg b eb mjrb gf gkaktbekzbr ebs gkbpjsktkvbs (y f` of`jr ofgkgb ejs jtrjs tkpjs gf trb`spbrf`ckbs prjyfctbiefs) prjvkf`f gf gftfrok`br su tbobòj. Sk `j qufrfojs pfrgfr eb k`hjrobckó` gf jrkaf`, eb kobaf` gkaktbe af`frbgb gfifrïb pjgfr sfr bopekbgb cj` `ktkgfz tb`tj cjoj eb gkbpjsktkvb jrkak`be< pbrb cj`sfaukr fstf jinftkvj, mby quf gkaktbekzbr ebs gkbpjsktkvbs cj` rfsjeuckj`fs ouy betbs. Wboikë` tf`fojs eb gkflcuetbg gf ejs betjs vbejrfs f` rb`aj gk`âokcj rfqufrkgjs f` ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb pbrb pjgfr fxtrbfr y rfakstrbr cjrrfctbof`tf eb k`hjrobckó` tj`be gf fstjs obtfrkbefs. ‗ @fabtkvjs. Tufgf` gkaktbekzbrsf cj` fe oksoj gkspjsktkvj quf ebs trb`spbrf`ckbs, pfrj mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb ejs prjcfgkokf`tjs gf k`vfrskó` gf cjejr ofgkb`tf sjhtwb sjhtwbrf rf quf quf mby quf rfbekzbr b pjstfrkjrk . F` fstf sf`tkgj, eb ofnjr jpckó` fs fe fscâ`fr gf `fabtkvjs gf betb abob, quf sufef jhrfcfr hu`ckj`fs bvb`zbgbs gf k`vfrskó` gf cjejr. Jtrb iuf`b jpckó`, usb`gj eb oftjgjejaïb bgfcubgb, fs eb câobrb hjtjarâflcb. • F` rfebckó` cj` eb k`vfrskó` gf cjejr gf ejs `fabtkvjs, be of`j of`jss f` `fabtkvjs mkstórkcjs, eb vfrskó` oâstfr `j gfifrïb fstbr k`vfrtkgb f` cjejr, sk`j quf gfifrïb rfspftbr eb pjebrkgbg y cbrbctfrïstkcbs tj`befs t j`befs gf eb kobaf` `fabtkvb jrkak`be. Jtrb jpckó` f` fstjs cbsjs fs af`frbr u` gjief oâstfr quf k`ceuyb eb kobaf` f` `fabtkvj tbe cjoj mb skgj cbpturbgb y eb kobaf` k`vfrtkgb. Fstb þetkob jpckó` pufgf hbckektbr ejs prjcfsjs gf rfcupfrbckó` gf ebs cjpkbs gf prfsfr vbckó`. vbc kó`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr
Eb tbieb suiskaukf`tf rfsuof eb k`hjrobckó` quf bcbibojs gf fxpj`fr. Wkpj
Tjsktkvjs
Tjsktkvjs cj` cbrbctfrïstkcbs trkgkof`skj`befs
Wrb`spbrf`ckbs
Sjpjrtf
Trjcfsj hjtjarâflcj
Tbpfe
Beiþok`b, irjoóefj, cbejtkpj, cbrió`, mfekjarbhïb, pjebrjkg mfekjarbhïb, pjebrjkg , cjeejtkpj cjeejtkpj,, ckb`jtkpj, pebtk`jtkpkbs…
Tebcb oftâekcb
Gbaufrrjtkpj, hfrrjtkpj, mfekjarbhïb
Tebcb gf vkgrkj
Boirjtkpj*, mfekjarbhïb
Tebcb oftâekcb f`obrcbgb, f`hu`gbgb j f` fstucmf
Gbaufrrjtkpj, hfrrjtkpj…
Tebcb gf vkgrkj f`obrcbgb, f`hu`gbgb j f` fstucmf
Boirjtkpj…
Crkstbe gf ópbej
Jpbejtkpj
Tbpfe
Beiþok`b (fstfrfjscjpkbs)
Tebcb gf vkgrkj
Cjejgkó` mþofgj, mfekjarbhïb, afebtk`j-irjourj gf pebtb
Obtfrkbefs p peeâstkcjs
Afebtk`j-irjourj gf gf pe pebtb
Obtfrkbefs peâstkcjs
Afebtk`j-irjourj gf pebtb, prjcfgkokf`tjs hjtjarâflcjs k`gustrkbefs f` cjejr y ieb`cj y `farj
Xkgrkj
Afebtk`j-irjourj gf pebtb, prjcfgkokf`tjs hjtjarâflcjs k`gustrkbefs f` cjejr y ieb`cj y `farj
Obtfrkbefs peâstkcjs Tebcb gf vkgrkj
@ktrjcfeuejsb… Cjejgkó` mþofgj, pebcb sfcb be afebtk`j-irjourj gf pebtb
Tbpfe
Cbejtkpj, pbpfe `fabtkvj Fbstob`, pfeïcueb `fabtkvb Fbstob` Bofrkcb`
Gkbpjsktkvbs
@fabtkvjs
* F` rfbekgbg, ejs boirjtkpjs sj` p pebcbs ebcbs `fabtkvbs be cjejgkó` suifxpufstbs quf cub`gj sj` vkstbs sjirf u`b supfrflckf `farb prfsf`tb` eb bpbrkf`ckb gf u` pjsktkvj.
Cubgrj 9. Cebskflcbckó` gf obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs gf cbrb b su gkaktbekzbckó`.
8.9 Wrb`spjrtf rb`spjrt f gf obtfrkbefs obtfrk befs • Eb ckrcuebckó` y/j trb`spjrtf gf obtfrkbefs gfif gfif` ` fstbr ikf` gjcuof`tbgjs y cj`trjebgjs ofofgkb`tf u` skstfob quf pfroktb sbifr f` tjgj ojof`tj gó`gf fstâ cbgb gjcuof`tj, gfsgf cuâ`gj y b cbraj gf qukë`. • F` prkofr euabr euabr,, gfifojs cj`tbr cj` u` k`vf`tbrkj gf ejs hj`gjs b gkaktbekzbr f` fe quf ejs gjcuof`tjs sf kgf`tkflquf` gf ob`frb k`fquïvjcb, pjr fnfopej, cj` kgf`tkflcbgjrfs þ`kcjs j cógkajs gf ibrrbs. Fs cj`vf`kf`tf quf fe k`vf`tbrkj k`ceuyb tboikë` ejs gbtjs gfscrkptkvjs iâskcjs gf ebs jirbs b gkaktbekzbr (tïtuej, butjr, euabr gf puiekcbckó`, fgktjr, hfcmb gf puiekcbckó`, ftc.). • Sk sf vb b gka gkaktbekzbr ktbekzbr f` fe oksoj fgkflckj f` fe quf fstâ fe gfpósktj, cj`vkf`f gksfòbr u` prjtjcjej gf ckrcuebckó` gf hj`gjs quf pfroktb mbcfr u` sfaukokf`tj gf ejs gjcuof`tjs. • Sk ejs hj`gjs vb` b sfr trb`spjrtbgjs hufrb gfe fgkflckj, gfif gjcuof`tbrsf fe ojvkokf`tj gf ejs hj`gjs ofgkb`tf beibrb`fs gf f`trbgb y sbekgb, `jtbs gf f`trfab, k`arfsj y rfcfpckó`, j skokebrfs. Bgfoâs, ebs cbnbs j cj`tf`fgjrfs cj` ejs hj`gjs gfif` fstbr cjrrfctbof`tf kgf`tkflcbgjs ofgkb`tf ska`bturbs j cógkajs gf ibrrbs, y su cj`tf`kgj, gfikgbof`tf k`vf`tbrkbgj y cj`trjebgj. • Sk ejs hj`gjs b trb`spjrtb trb`spjrtbrr sj` fspfckbeof`tf gfekcbgjs j vbekjsjs, pjgfojs peb`tfbr`js cj`trbtbr ejs sfrvkckjs gf u`b foprfsb fspfckbekzbgb f` trb`spjrtf gf jirbs gf brtf.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr
• Mb gf tf`frsf f` cuf`tb eb tkpjejaïb gfe hj`gj b trb`spjrtbr pbrb gftfrok`br ebs cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs bgfcubgbs gurb`tf fe trb`spjrtf. F` af`frbe, ejs gjcuof`tjs sf cj`sfrvb` ikf` f` boikf`tfs hrfscjs y sk` fxcfsjs gf muofgbg y ejs cboikjs iruscjs gf tfopfrbturb y muofgbg pufgf` gbòbrejs. Tjr feej cj`vkf`f trb`spjrtbr ejs gjcuof`tjs f` vfmïcuejs cekobtkzbgjs cj` cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs skokebrfs b ebs gfe gfpósktj. Mb gf abrb`tkzbrsf u`b cekobtkzbckó` fstbief, sk` jsckebckj`fs obyjrfs gf 3 ¾C gf tfopfrbturb j gfe 6 % gf eb muofgbg rfebtkvb. Eb `jrobtkvb bcj`sfnb vbejrfs af`frbefs gf tfopfrbturb f`trf ejs 26 y ejs 94 ¾C y u` arbgj gf muofgbg rfebtkvb f` tjr`j be 76 %. Bmjrb ikf`, gftfr gftfrok`bgjs ok`bgjs tkpjs gf gjcuof`tjs (beau`js obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs, pfeïcuebs…) rfqukfrf` tfopfrbturbs y arbgjs gf muofgbg of`jrfs. F` eb sfcckó` 1 («Sbebs y fspbckjs gf trbibnj¼), pufgf cj`suetbrsf fe cubgrj 3, quf cj`tkf`f k`hjrobckó` sjirf cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs rfcjof`gbgbs f` hu`ckó` gfe sjpjrtf. • Sf mb` gf sfefcckj`br ejs o obtfrkbefs, btfrkbefs, cj`tf`fgjrfs y f`vjetjrkjs oâs bgfcubgjs pbrb fe trb`spjrtf gf ejs hj`gjs f` hu`ckó` gf ejs tkpjs gf gjcuof`tj, su tbobòj y su fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó`. • Cbrbctfrïstkcbs cj`v cj`vf`kf`tfs f`kf`tfs gf ebs cbnbs pbrb trb`spj trb`spjrtf rtf gf obtfrkbefs ikiekjarâflcjs ikiekjarâflcjs pjgrï pjgrïb` b` sfr ebs skaukf`tfs> ‗ Ruf fs fstë` të` bbcjecmbgb cjecmbgbss cj` obtfrkbef obtfrkbefss bks bkseb`tfs eb`tfs quf ok` ok`kokcf` kokcf` ebs vvkirbckj`fs kirbckj`fs y cboi cboikjs kjs gf cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs. ‗ Ruf ejs obtfrkbefs quf vby vbyb` b` b fstbr f` cj`tb cj`tbctj ctj cj` ejs hj`gjs sfb sfb` ` subvfs y quïokcbof`tf `futrjs (pbpfe gf sfgb, aebssk`f , pbpfe tkssuf , cfeebkrf …). …). ‗ Ruf sfb` jpbcbs. ‗ Ruf fstë` cj`st cj`strukgbs rukgbs y/j ibr ibr`kzbgbs `kzbgbs cj` obt obtfrkbefs frkbefs ka`ïhuajs. ‗ Ruf tf`ab` bsbs y/ y/j j rufgbs pbrb hbckektbr h bckektbr su pjr pjrtf. tf. ‗ Ruf pfro pfroktb` ktb` u` ftkq ftkquftb uftbgj gj sfa sfaurj urj (quf `j mby mbybb pjsk pjskikek ikekgbg gbg gf quf sf gfsp gfsprf`g rf`gb` b` ebs ftkq ftkquftb uftbs). s). ‗ Ruf tf`ab` ofcb`ksojs sfaurjs gf ckfr ckfrrf. rf. ‗ Ruf pufgb` sjpjrtbr fe pfsj gf ejs gjcuof`t gjcuof`tjs js trb`spjrt trb`spjrtbgjs. bgjs. • Sk sf mb cj`trbtbgj b u`b foprfsb fxtfr`b pbrb rfbekzbr fe trb`spjrtf fs cj`vf`kf`tf quf fe pfrsj`be gf eb k`stktuckó` gkaktbekzbgjrb j cj`sfrvbgjrb gf ejs hj`gjs supfrvksf fe prjcfsj gf foibebnf y gfsfoibebnf. • F` cub`tj b ejs vfmïcuejs quf sf utkekcf` pbrb fe trb`spjrtf gf ejs hj`gjs, mb` gf cuopekr eb `jrobtkvb k`tfr`bckj`be k`tfr`bckj`be gf trbsebgj gf jirbs gf brtf. F`trf ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs quf gfif` tf`fr fstjs vfmïcuejs pjgfojs of`ckj`br of`ckj` br ejs skaukf`tfs skaukf`tfs>> ‗ ‗ ‗ ‗ ‗ ‗ ‗
Suspf`skó` `fuoâtk `fuoâtkcb. cb. Bksebokf`tj ksjt ksjtërokcj. ërokcj. Cbpbckgbg bgfcub bgfcubgb gb (pbrb fe pfsj y fe vjeuof` gf eb cbrab). Wrbopkeebs mkgrâuekcbs ffefvbgjrbs. efvbgjrbs. Skstfobs gf b` b`cebnf cebnf gf eb cbrab. Cj`trje gf tfopfrb tfopfrbturb turb y muofgbg. Skstfob b`tkr b`tkrrjij. rjij.
‗ ATS. • Ejs vfmïcuejs gf trb`spjrtf mb` mb` gf ob`tf`fr u`b fscrupue fscrupuejsb jsb ekopkfzb y bgfcub bgfcubgb gb vf`tkebckó`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr
• Fe pfrsj`be quf vvbyb byb b eefvbr b cbij ebs tbrfbs gf trb`spjrtf gfifrïb tf`fr fxpfrkf`ckb fxpfrkf`ckb y/j cj`jckokf`tjs f` ob`kpuebckó`, cj`sfrvbckó` y trbsebgj gf obtfrkbefs ikiekjarâflcjs. F` eb sfcckó` ; («Ob`kpuebckó` gf gjcuof`tjs¼) sf jhrfcf` rfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb eb ob`kpuebckó` gf gjcuof`tjs, bquï tb` sjej bòbgkrfojs quf ejs obtfrkbefs `j gfif` qufgbr bprftbgjs f` ebs cbnbs. • Cj`vkf`f utkekzbr rutbs sfaurbs y prffstbiefckgb prffstbiefckgbs. s. • Fs cj`vf`kf`tf tboikë` quf ejs vfmïcuejs fstë` fqukpbgjs cj` gkspjsktkvjs ATS quf pfroktb` cj`jcfr su ejcbekzbckó` f` tjgj ojof`tj. • Tbrb prjyfctjs arb`gfs, u`b iuf`b ofgkgb gf prfcbuckó` fs fscbej`br eb sbekgb y gfvjeuckó` gf ejs obtfrkbefs skaukf`gj u` crj`jarbob, gf ob`frb quf sjej fstë hufrb gfe gfpósktj u`b pbrtf gfe hj`gj b gkaktbekzbr y gurb`tf u` tkfopj of`jr. • Sk mfojs gf trbsebgbr ejs obtfrkbefs ikiekjarâflcjs fs pjskief quf `js k`tfrfsf j quf sfb jiekabgj cj`trbtbr u` sfaurj «pufrtb b pufrtb¼ (tboikë` gf`jok`bgj f` fstf cj`tfxtj «cebvj b cebvj¼) quf cuirb ejs rkfsajs gf rjturb, rjij j përgkgb gf ejs gjcuof`tjs gurb`tf tjgj fe tkfopj f` quf pfrob`fzcb` hufrb gf ebs k`stbebckj`fs gf eb k`stktuckó` cj`sfrvbgjrb. • Sk mfojs gf cj`trbtbr u` sfaurj pbrb pbrb prjtfafr ejs hj`gjs, `fcfsktbrfojs `fcfsktbrfojs vbejrbrej vbejrbrejss prfvkbof`tf. Tbrb vbejrbrejs pjgfojs utkekzbr gkvfrsbs huf`tfs, cjoj ekirfrïbs gf vkfnj j cbtâejajs gf suibstbs. Tfrj ej ofnjr fs cj`suetbr b fxpfrtjs j gfpbrtbof`tjs fspfckbekzbgjs. Eb Ikiekjtfcb @bckj`be gkspj`f gf u`EbSfrvkckj Xbejrbckó` fIkiekjtfcbrkb K`crfof`tjtboikë` gfe Tbtrkoj`kj ofgkb`tf fe qufpbrb vbejrb sus prjpkjs hj`gjs. S. A. gfgf Cjjrgk`bckó` tkf`f pfrsj`be hjrobgj vbejrbr ejs hj`gjs gf ebs ikiekjtfcbs fstbtbefs y oucmbs cjou`kgbgfs butó`jobs tkf`f` sfrvkckjs fqukvbef`tfs.
8.3 Fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` • Fe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` gf ejs obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr fs u` pbrâoftrj quf pufgf k`ukr `jtbiefof`tf f` eb gkaktbekzbckó`, pjr ej quf f` tjgj prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs pbtrkoj`kbefs fs cj`vf`kf`tf rfbekzbr u` b`âeksks prfvkj gf ejs hj`gjs f` fe quf, f`trf jtrjs hbctjrfs, sf gftfctf` obtfrkbefs f` obe fstbgj, cj` prjiefobs gf cj`sfrvbckó` j quf pufgb` suhrkr gbòj f` fe prjcfsj gf gkaktbekzbckó`. • Sf rfcjokf`gb fstbiefcfr crkt crktfrkjs frkjs quf `js pfroktb` gfckgkr, f` u` prkofr euabr, sk eb jirb, pjr su u`b fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` pjr fe rkfsaj ekopkfzb, gf suhrkr gbòjs f` fe prjcfsjj gf gkaktbekzbckó`, qukfrf k`tfrvf`ckó` prfvkb j(rfstburbckó`, f`vjevkokf`tj…), sf`ckeebof`tf `j rffs bptb pbrb sfr gkaktbekzbgb. F` sfau`gj euabr, fstjs crktfrkjs `js pufgf` byugbr b sfefcckj`br ejs gkspjsktkvjs y tëc`kcbs gf gkaktbekzbckó` oâs bgfcubgjs pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf ejs gjcuof`tjs f` cufstkó`. • Sk sf gftfctb quf u` gjcuof`tj `fcfsktb rfstburbckó`, mbirâ quf vbejrbr sk rfbekzbreb b`tfs j gfspuës gfe fscb`fbgj. Mby prjcfsjs gf rfstburbckó` quf pufgf` fopfjrbr fe rfsuetbgj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó`< pjr fnfopej, eb ebok`bckó` pufgf rfguckr fe cj`trbstf. Jtrj cbsj sfrïb eb f`cubgfr`bckó`< fe rfsuetbgj gf gkaktbekzbr u` ekirj gfsf`cubgfr`bgj sufef sfr ofnjr quf fe gf gkaktbekzbr u` ekirj f`cubgfr`bgj, pufs sf fvktb eb curvbturb gf ebs pâak`bs f` eb zj`b gfe ejoj. • Cjoj `jrob af`frbe, sk cj`tbojs cj` vbrkbs cjpkbs gfe oksoj gjcuof`tj, sf mb gf utkekzbr pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` eb quf fstë ofnjr cj`sfrvbgb. Sk gkspj`fojs gf u` fnfopebr hbctkckj y u`j jrkak`be, sk `j mby rbzj`fs f` cj`trbrkj y pjr cufstkj`fs gf flgfekgbg be jrkak`be y butf`tkckgbg, ej oâs bgfcubgj sfrïb gkaktbekzbr fe jrkak`be.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr
• Sk gftfctbojs jirbs quf p pufgf` ufgf` sfr gbòbgbs gurb`tf eb eb ob`kpuebckó` j ffee fscb`fbgj (mjnbs qufirbgkzbs, pâak`bs quf sf gfsprf`gf`, jirbs cj` mjnbs sufetbs, pbpfe hrkbief…) gfifrfojs vbejrbr sk cj`vkf`f gkaktbekzbrebs j `j. Tufgf mbifr hbctjrfs, oâs beeâ gfe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó`, quf `js k`cek`f` b gfckgkr`js pjr gkaktbekzbrebs, cjoj fe quf sfb` fnfopebrfs þ`kcjs, f` pfekarj gf gfsbpbrkckó`, ftc. • B`tf obtfrkbefs f` obe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` cj`vkf`f gkaktbekzbr cj` suoj cukgbgj, pbrb fvktbr gbòbr ejs gjcuof`tjs. F` beau`js cbsjs pufgf sfr cj`vf`kf`tf quf pfrsj`be fxpfrtj f` cj`sfrvbckó` y/j rfstburbckó` supfrvksf fe prjcfsj. • B`tf obtfrkbefs f` obe fstbgj g gff cj`sfrvbckó` (j vvbekjsjs) bekjsjs) cj`vkf`f gkaktbekzbr cj` u` betj crktfrkj gf cbekgbg, gf ob`frb quf eb cjpkb oâstfr af`frbgb `js pufgb sfrvkr pbrb cubequkfr usj prfsf`tf j huturj y `j mbyb `fcfskgbg gf vjevfr b sjoftfr b ejs obtfrkbefs be fstrës gfe prjcfsj gf gkaktbekzbckó`. • Mby cbsjs f` ejs quf ejs gjcuof`tjs fstâ` f` tbe fstbgj quf `j pufgf` sfr cj`suetbgjs j bikfrtjs y oucmj of`js rfskstf` u` prjcfsj gf rfstburbckó` j gf gkaktbekzbckó`. Sk `js f`cj`trbojs cj` u`j gf fstjs cbsjs y gfckgkojs gkaktbekzbr cjoj oëtjgj gf prfsfrvbckó`, gfifojs trbibnbr cj` suoj cukgbgj y af`frbr cjpkbs gf betb cbekgbg, sbikf`gj quf pufgf sfr eb þetkob jpfrbckó` quf rfskstb fe gjcuof`tj. • Cjoj `jrob af`frbe sf rfcjokf`gb rfcjokf`gb prkjrkzbr eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf jirbs quf, pjr cufstkj`fs cufstkj`fs gf cj`sfrvbckó`, fstâ` f` pfekarj gf gfsbpbrkckó`. • F` fe cbsj gfe pbpfe hrkbief y beau`js obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs quf suhrf` prjcfsjs krrfvfrskiefs gf gfaf`frbckó`, eb gkaktbekzbckó` pufgf sfr u`b fstrbtfakb gf prfsfrvbckó`. • Beau`js ekirjs, pjr cufstkj`fs gf f`cubgfr`bckó`, f`cubgfr`bckó`, `j pufgf` birkrsf cjopeftbof`tf (b 2=4¾). Sk ejs hjrzbojs cjrrfojs fe rkfsaj gf rjopfr j gbòbr eb f`cubgfr`bckó`, gfsf`cubgfr`br fe ekirj j quf sf gfsprf`gb` ebs mjnbs. F` af`frbe, f` fstjs cbsjs, sk ejs ekirjs `j pfroktf` u`b bpfrturb sfaurb cj` u` â`auej gf ;4¾, gfifrïb` gfscbrtbrsf y `j sfr gkaktbekzbgjs. Mby fscâ`frfs bërfjs fspfckbekzbgjs quf pfroktf` eb gkaktbekzbckó` gfe ekirj f` uvf (bikfrtj cj` u` â`auej of`jr gf 2=4¾). Fstjs fscâ`frfs pufgf` eefvb` gjs câobrbs quf sf cjejcb` pfrpf`gkcuebrfs b boibs pâak`bs y `js pfroktf` gkaktbekzbrebs b eb vfz. Wboikë` mby bgbptbgjrfs quf pfroktf` bgbptbr ejs fscâ`frfs cf`ktbefs b fstf tkpj gf gkaktbekzbckó`. Fstjs cjopefof`tjs mbcf` rfpjsbr u`b gf ebs pâak`bs gfe ekirj f` mjrkzj`tbe okf`trbs eb jtrb sf ob`tkf`f k`cek`bgb j f` vfrtkcbe< f` fstf þetkoj cbsj, eb cbpturb sf rfbekzb sjej sjirf u`b gf ebs pâak`bs.
Hka. =. Gkaktbekzbckó` f` uvf.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr
Tjgfojs gkaktbekzbr fstjs ekirjs quf `j pfroktf` eb bpfrturb b 2=4¾ cj` fstf tkpj gf skstfobs gf gkaktbekzbckó` f` uvf. Tbrb feej sfrâ `fcfsbrkj quf fe ekirj sf pufgb birkr ej suflckf`tf cjoj pbrb bgbptbrsf b fstjs skstfobs (f`trf 294¾ y ;4¾, gfpf`gkf`gj gfe skstfob). Mby tboikë` rjijts gf gkaktbekzbckó` quf pfroktf` gkaktbekzbr ekirjs f` uvf< beau`js pufgf` trbibnbr cj` â`auejs k`ceusj k`hfrkjrfs b 84¾. Sk cj`tbojs cj` u`j gf fstjs cjstjsjs bpbrbtjs y ebs jirbs `j prfsf`tb` jtrjs prjiefobs gf ob`kpuebckó` j sj` fspfckbeof`tf vbekjsbs, pufgf` sfr u`b iuf`b jpckó`. • Sk `js f`cj`trbojs cj` gjcuof`tjs brruabgjs j gfhjrobgjs (gjcuof`tjs quf sf mb` ojnbgj j cjejcbgj obe, pfrabok`js…), f` oucmjs cbsjs eb ofnjr jpckó` pjgrïb sfr rfstburbr ejs prkofrj, fxkstf` tëc`kcbs gf rfstburbckó` cbpbcfs gf cjrrfakr fstbs gfhjrobckj`fs. Sk b pfsbr gf tjgj tf`fojs quf gkaktbekzbr ekirjs j gjcuof`tjs gfhjrobgjs j brruabgjs, tf`grfojs quf fstugkbr gftf`kgbof`tf cóoj gkaktbekzbrejs, f` cj`crftj, cóoj cjejcbrejs pbrb eb cbpturb fvktb`gj j ok`kokzb`gj eb gfhjrobckó`. @fcfsktbrfojs utkekzbr j k`vf`tbr skstfobs quf sunftf` eb pâak`b ej oâs peb`b, fstkrbgb y eksb quf sfb pjskief, skfoprf tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb quf `j sf gbòf fe gjcuof`tj. V`b iuf`b jpckó` pufgf sfr eb utkekzbckó` utkekzb ckó` gf u` crkstbe prf`sbekirjs. Sk, b pfsbr gf tjgj, fe gjcuof`tj skauf prfsf`tb`gj gfhjrobckj`fs, cj`vkf`f cj`vkf`f tf`fr f` cuf`tb eb keuok`bckó`, ojvkë`gjeb sk fs `fcfsbrkj pbrb fvktbr quf mbyb sjoirbs sjirf ejs gjcuof`tjs b fscb`fbr. • Sk quf tf`fojs ekirjs cubgfr`keejs cfrrbgjs (pekfajs sk` cjrtbr), grfojs cjrtbrquf ejs gkaktbekzbr pekfajs cj` suojcj` cukgbgj pbrb pjgfr birkrk`-tj`sj ebs pâak`bs. Sk cj`tbojs cj`tf`u` gfpbrtbof`tj j cj` pfrsj`be fspfckbekzbgj f` rfstburbckó`/cj`sfrvbckó`, fs prfhfrkief quf sf f`cbrauf` feejs gf fstb tbrfb. • Sk tf`fojs quf gkaktbekzbr gjcuof`tjs hrâakefs prjtfakgjs cj` hu`gbs gf peâstkcj, tf`grfojs quf fvbeubr su fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` y gfckgkr sk sbcbrejs gf ebs hu`gbs pbrb fe fscb`fbgj j gfnbrejs f`vufetjs. Sk jptbojs pjr gkaktbekzbr ejs gjcuof`tjs sk` sbcbrejs gf sus hu`gbs, gfifrfojs tf`fr cukgbgj gf quf `j sf prjguzcb` b`keejs gf @fwtj` gurb`tf fe fscb`fbgj< pbrb fvktbrejs pjgfojs prjibr gkstk`tbs jpckj`fs, cjoj usbr fletrjs j crkstbefs cr kstbefs b`tkb`keejs gf @fwtj`, cj`trjebr eb euz j sfpbrbr efvfof`tf fe gjcuof`tj gfe crkstbe gfe fscâ`fr. • Sk tf`fojs quf gkaktbekzbr pebcbs gf vkgrkj f` ebs quf eb foueskó` sf mb sfpbrbgj j cjrrf rkfsaj gf sfpbrbrsf gfe vkgrkj j quf fstë` rbnbgbs, pjgfojs jptbr pjr cj`sjekgbrebs prfvkbof`tf prfvkbof`tf pfaâ`gjebs b jtrj crkstbe pbrb fvktbr gbòbrebs gurb`tf fe prjcfsj gf gkaktbekzbckó`.
8.7 Wbobòj gf ejs gjcuof`tjs gjcuof`t js Fe tbobòj gf ejs gjcuof`tjs pufgf bhfctbr b gkvfrsjs bspfctjs gf ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, cjoj pufgf` sfr eb fefcckó` gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb, eb rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb j fe pfsj gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs af`frbgjs. Wrbtbrfojs tboikë` bquï gf eb gkflcuetbg gf gftfrok`br fe tbobòj gf ebs jirbs gkaktbekzbgbs b pbrtkr gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs. • B eb mjrb gf peb`kflcbr fe prjyfctj fs `fcfsbrkj rfbekzbr u` fstugkj prfvkj gf ejs obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr quf k`ceuyb k`hjrobckó` gf ejs tbobòjs oï`kojs y oâxkojs gf ejs gjcuof`tjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr
Gjcuof`tjs arb`gfs
• Sk fe prjyfctj k`ceuyf gjcuof`tjs arb`gfs, gfifojs sfefcckj`br gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb quf pfroktb` eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf fsjs tbobòjs. Bu`quf mby fscâ`frfs peb`js y cf`ktbefs quf pfroktf` gkaktbekzbr jirbs gf arb` hjrobtj (tbobòjs B2, B4 f k`ceusj beaj obyjrfs), b`tf gjcuof`tjs ouy arb`gfs `j `js qufgbrâ oâs jpckó` quf eb câobrb hjtjarâflcb, oj`tbgb f` u` trïpjgf j u`b tjrrf. Sk `fcfsktbojs usbr u` trïpjgf, gfifojs fscjafr u` ojgfej prjhfskj`be ej suflckf`tfof`tf pfsbgj y fstbief cjoj pbrb fvktbr`js vkirbckj`fs y ojvkokf`tjs gf eb câobrb. • B eb mjrb gf gkaktbekzbr arb`gfs hjrobtjs tf`fojs quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb eb gkstjrskó` afjoëtrkcb prjguckgb pjr eb óptkcb gf ejs fqukpjs. F` fstf fst f sf`tkgj, ejs fscâ`frfs bërfjs pr prjhfskj`befs jhfskj`befs cj` hu`ckj`fs gf sjhtwbrf prfk`stbebgbs prfk`stbebgbs pbrb cj`trbrrfstbr eb gkstjrskó` afjoëtrkcb sufef` jhrfcfr ofnjrfs rfsuetbgjs quf ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs. • Tbrb gkaktbekzbr prf`sb b` b`tkaub tkaub gf arb` tbobòj (tbi (tbiejkgfs…) ejkgfs…) eb ofnjr jp jpckó` ckó` fs u` fscâ`fr cf`ktbe gf arb`gfs hjrobtjs< fstjs gkspjsktkvjs cj`trjeb` `jrobeof`tf eb gkstjrskó` afjoëtrkcb f keuok`b` u`khjrofof`tf fe gjcuof`tj. • Eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf gjcuof`tjs gf arb` tbobòj pufgf prjguckr prjguckr brcmkvjs ouy pfsbgjs, quf pufgf` sfr gkhïckefs gf ob`fnbr. Ebs cjpkbs oâstfr gf fstjs brcmkvjs pufgf` tbrgbr oucmj f` birkrsf j f` cjpkbrsf, j k`ceusj sfr k`ob`fnbiefs pbrb beau`js skstfobs k`hjroâtkcjs sk` oucmjs rfcursjs. Ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs, of`js pfsbgbs, pufgf` sfr, bsï, Bgfoâs, gf arb` tbobòj y gbr prjiefobs b ejs usubrkjs quf qukfrb` vksubekzbrebs j gfscbrabrebs gf ebbu` Qfi. fstbs koâaf`fs gf arb` tbobòj jcupb` oucmj fspbckj f` ejs sfrvkgjrfs. B`tf fstjs prjie prjiefobs, fobs, quf sf sjeuckj`brâ sjeuckj`brâ` `p pjr jr sï sjejs cj` fe tkfop tkfopj, j, cub`g cub`gj j bbuof` uof`tf` tf` ebs prfstbckj`fs gf ejs fqukpjs k`hjroâtkcjs, prjarbobs y hjrobtjs, cj`vkf`f mbcfr u` fstugkj prfvkj pbrb gftfrok`br eb rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb oï`kob bcfptbief. Tjgfojs peb`tfbr`js tboikë` utkekzbr prjcfsjs gf jptkokzbckó` gf kobaf` j hjrobtjs cj` cjoprfskó` (sk` përgkgb pbrb fe oâstfr). Sf trbtb gf cj`sfaukr quf eb kobaf` jcupf ej of`js pjskief sk` sbcrkflcbr eb cbekgbg. V`b ob`frb gf rfbekzbr fstf fstugkj pufgf fstbr ibsbgb f` eb vksubekzbckó` gf eb kobaf` gkaktbe be tbobòj gfe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be y f` eb fvbeubckó` gf sus cbrbctfrfs j trbzjs oâs pfqufòjs. Sk, b pfsbr gf tjgbs fstbs ofgkgbs, skauf` prjguckë`gjsf prjguckë`gjsf koâaf`fs gfobskbgj pfsbgbs, f` fe pfjr gf ejs fscf`brkjs pjgfojs peb`tfbr`js sbcrkflcbr beaj gf cbekgbg, cjsb quf `j rfcjof`gbrfojs f` fstf gjcuof`tj, j rfbekzbr u`b gkaktbekzbckó` f` cubgrïcueb. Beau`bs k`stktuckj`fs k`stkt uckj`fs mb` jptbgj pjr rfbekzbr cjpkbs gf gkstk`tbs rfsjeuckj`fs, jhrfckf`gj be usubrkj gkhfrf`tfs jpckj`fs gf vksubekzbckó` y gfscbrab, pfrj fstb jpckó` `j sjeuckj`b oâs quf pbrckbeof`tf ejs prjiefobs gf pfsj gf ejs brcmkvjs< fe usubrkj pufgf jptbr pjr vksubekzbr u`b kobaf` pjcj pfsbgb, pfrj tbrgbrâ oucmj j tf`grâ prjiefobs pbrb gfscbrabrsf eb gf betb cbekgbg.
Hka. ;. Fscâ`frfs pbrb arb`gfs hjrobtjs. Kzq.> Xfrsbscb` 7=14. Cf`trj> Oftks GYS 9444 GCS. Gcmb.> Suprbscb` Rubrtz 9B4.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr
• Wboikë` pjgfojs usbr hjrobtjs ouetkrrfsjeuc ouetkrrfsjeuckó` kó` (NTFA 9444, GnX GnXu, u, OrSKG…) quf af`frb` y jhrfcf` jhr fcf` cjpkbs gf gk gkhfrf`tf hfrf`tfss rfsjeuckj r fsjeuckj`fs `fs g gff ejs brcmkvjs gf kob kobaf`. af`. F Fstjs stjs hjrobt hjrobtjs, js, bbee bpe bpekcbr kcbr iuf`js beajrktojs gf cjoprfskó`, rfgucf` fe prjiefob gfe pfsj, pfrj `j ej sjeuckj`b`. Fs oâs, `j sj` ouy rfcjof`gbiefs pjr sfr hjrobtjs prjpkftbrkjs j sunftjs b pbtf`tfs, bgfoâs gf `j sfr gf bopekj usj y gf quf mby pjcjs `bvfabgjrfs y prjarbobs quf jhrfcf` sjpjrtf pbrb feejs, skf`gj `fcfsbrkb eb k`stbebckó` gf beaþ` cjopefof`tj j prjarbob pbrb su vksubekzbckó` f` eb Qfi. Xksubekzbckó` pkrbokgbe y f` cubgrïcueb
• V`b gf ebs jpckj`fs pbrb gkaktbekzbr gjcuof`tjs gf arb` tbobòj fs eb gkaktbekzbckó` f` cubgrïcueb, quf pufgf cjopefof`tbrsf cj` u`b gkaktbekzbckó` pkrbokgbe. Eb gkaktbekzbckó` f` cubgrïcueb cj`skstf f` gkvkgkr fe gjcuof`tj f` pbrtfs usb`gj u`b cubgrïcueb (sk` tjcbr fe gjcuof`tj, sf f`tkf`gf) y hjtjarbflbr pjr sfpbrbgj cbgb u`j gf ejs cubgrjs quf cj`hjrob` fstb cubgrïcueb. cubgrïc ueb. Ebs gkstk`tbs hjtjarbhïbs sf oj`tb` gfspuës cjoj c joj ebs pkfzbs gf u` puzef pbrb rfprjguckr eb kobaf` jrkak`be. Mby prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs fspfckbekzbgjs f` rfbekzbr fstbs tbrfbs. Eb gkaktbekzbckó` f` cubgrïcueb sf pufgf usbr pbrb gjcuof`tjs gf arb` tbobòj j pbrb cj`sfaukr arb`gfs bopekbckj`fs (cbrtfefrïb) gf gjcuof`tjs gf tbobòjs oâs pfqufòjs. Eb gkaktbekzbckó` pkrbokgbe cj`skstf f` rfbekzbr vbrkbs cjpkbs gfe gjcuof`tj gf arb` tbobòj. Eb prkofrb gf fstbs cjpkbs sfrïb u`b þ`kcb hjtjarbhïb gfe gjcuof`tj, eb sfau`gb cjpkb sfrïb u`b rfprjgucckó` gfe gjcuof`tj usb`gj fe skstfob gf cubgrïcueb cj` pjcjs cubgrjs, f` eb tfrcfrb cjpkb sf usbrïb u`b cubgrïcueb cj` obyjr `þofrj gf cubgrjs, y bsï sucfskvbof`tf. Fstbs cjpkbs cjrrfspj`gf` b ebs cbpbs gfe skstfob pkrbokgbe. Sf sufef` usbr gf gjs b cubtrj cbpbs. cbpbs . Eb prkofrb cbpb fs pjcj pfsbgb, bgfcubgb pbrb u`b prkofrb vksubekzbckó` vks ubekzbckó` gfe gjcuof`tj gkaktbe f`tfrj f`tfr j f` pb`tbeeb, ebs cbpbs oâs prjhu`gbs sj` cbgb vfz oâs pfsbgbs. Fe hu`ckj`bokf`tj fs fe skaukf`tf> be birkr eb kobaf` f` pb`tbeeb sf `js ojstrbrïb eb prkofrb cbpb, quf fs u`b kobaf` ob`fnbief sk` oucmb rfsjeuckó`. Sk mbcfojs zuo f` eb kobaf` bccfgfrfojs b eb skaukf`tf cbpb< fe prjarbob `j `fcfsktbrâ ojstrbr`js tjgjs ejs cubgrjs quf cj`hjrob` eb rfprjgucckó`, sk`j sjej bqufeejs quf cj`tkf`f` eb pbrtf gfe obpb quf qufrfojs bopekbr, y bsï sucfskvbof`tf, sfaþ` mbcfojs zuo, bccfgfojs b cbpbs oâs prjhu`gbs hjrobgbs pjr koâaf`fs gf obyjr rfsjeuckó` y quf oufstrb`, pjr tb`tj, obyjr gftbeef. Mbcf` hbetb hu`ckj`fs, peuak`s j j prjarbobs fspfckbefs pbrb cj`strukr eb cbpbs f` cubgrïcueb y pbrb vksubekzbr fstbs cbpbs f` eb Q Qfi fi gf eb ob`frb quf sf mb fxpekcbgj. Sk `j sf cuf`tb cj` feejs, `j tkf`f sf`tkgj rfbekzbr u`b vksubekzbckó` pkrbokgbe. • Sk fe gjcuof`tj `j fs fx fxcfskvbof`tf cfskvbof`tf arb`gf, sf pufgf` utkekzbr bpekcbckj`fs bpekcbckj`fs y prjarbobs fspfckbekzbgjs, beau`js arbtuktjs, quf sj` cbpbcfs gf af`frbr ebs gkstk`tbs cbpbs b pbrtkr gf u`b kobaf` gf betb rfsjeuckó` y/j jhrfcfr u`b vksubekzbckó` pkrbokgbe f` eb Qfi. • Eb jpckó` oâs ob`ube sfrïb gkaktbekzbr f` cubgrïcueb fe gjcuof`tj gf arb` hjrobtj (cbpturb`gj bsï sus oâs pfqufòjs gftbeefs) y utkekzbr u` prjarbob pbrb nu`tbr ejs cubgrjs y hjrobr bsï u`b rfprjgucckó` gkaktbe gfe gjcuof`tj. Fstjs prjarbobs j peuak` peuak`s s 6 gf huskó` pufgf` rfbekzbr gftfrok`bgjs prjcfsjs gf jptkokzbckó` butjoâtkcbof`tf quf f` jcbskj`fs prjgucf` ckfrtb përgkgb gf cbekgbg f` eb kobaf`< sk fstf fs fe cbsj, cj`vkf`f cj`sfrvbr, cjoj cjpkb oâstfr j cjoj pbrtf gf feeb, ejs cubgrjs k`gfpf`gkf`tfs.
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Tjr fnfopej, Bgjif Ofraf, gf Tmjtjsmjp.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr
Hka. 24. Xksubekzbckó` gf koâaf`fs f` cubgrïcueb.
Gurb`tf eb cbrab gf eb pâak`b wfi sf pufgf` bprfckbr ejs gkstk`tjs cubgrjs. Gjcuof`tjs pfqufòjs
• B eb mjrb gf gkaktbekzbr gjcuof`tjs pfqufòjs tf`fojs quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf fe usubrkj gf `ufstrb ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe k`tfrfsbgj f` beau`j gf `ufstrjs gjcuof`tjs gkaktbefs gf pfqufòj tbobòj ouy prjibiefof`tf vb b bopekbrej f` pb`tbeeb pbrb vfrej f` u` tbobòj obyjr quf fe tbobòj jrkak`be. Tjr fnfopej, sk u` usubrkj fstâ vkf`gj f` pb`tbeeb u`b pfqufòb hjtjarbhïb, u` sfeej, u`b oj`fgb, u` ij`ktj ekirj keustrbgj tbobòj jctbvkeeb j u` ekirj f` ok`kbturb, sfaurbof`tf ej bopeïf pbrb bprfckbr ofnjr sus gftbeefs j pbrb u`b oâs cóojgb efcturb. Wf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb fstjs prfvkskiefs ejs cjopjrtbokf`tjs, rfbekzbr jebarb`gfs. cbpturb gf fstjs obtfrkbefs cj` u`b obyjr rfsjeuckó` quf gjcuof`tjs gf cj`vkf`f tbobòjs ofgkjs Obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs
• Sk tf`fojs quf gkaktbekzbr hjtjarbhïbs, eb arb` obyjrïb gf feebs tkf`f tkf`f` ` tbobòjs ofgkjs quf `j prfcksb` bpbrbtjs fspfckbefs. F` cbsjs fxtrfojs, cjoj póstfrfs j cbrtfefs, `fcfsktbrfojs u` fscâ`fr gf arb`gfs hjrobtjs j u`b câobrb hjtjarâflcb. • F` fe cbsj gf ebs gkbpjsktkvbs, trb`spbrf`ckbs y `fabtkvjs, sk qufrfojs usbr u` fscâ`fr gf gkbpjsktkvbs y `fabtkvjs j u` bgbptbgjr pbrb fstjs obtfrkbefs, `fcfsktbrfojs sbifr ejs tbobòjs gf ejs jrkak`befs, pjrquf `j tjgjs fstjs fqukpjs `js sfrvkrâ` pbrb gkaktbekzbr tjgjs ejs hjrobtjs. Fe hjrobtj fstâ`gbr oâs mbiktube gf `fabtkvj y gkbpjsktkvb fs fe gf 36 oo, pfrj pjgfojs f`cj`trbr`js jtrjs hjrobtjs obyjrfs j of`jrfs, bpbrtf gf tbobòjs `j `jrobekzbgjs. Ejs fscâ`frfs y bgbptbgjrfs pbrb gkbpjsktkvbs y `fabtkvjs fstâ` gksfòbgjs `jrobeof`tf pbrb tbobòjs fstâ`gbr< beau`js tb` sjej pfroktf` fe hjrobtj gf 36 oo, jtrjs sj` ouetkhjrobtj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr
F` fe cbsj gf quf `j gkspj`abojs gf fscâ`frfs j bgbptbgjrfs fspfcïflcjs pbrb ejs tbobòjs gf gkbpjsktkvbs y `fabtkvjs quf tf`fojs quf gkaktbekzbr, skfoprf pjgfojs usbr fscâ`frfs peb`js gf trb`spbrf`ckbs j câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs j fscâ`frfs cf`ktbefs cj` ofsbs gf euz pbrb mbcfr fe trbibnj. Fe fscâ`fr gf trb`spbrf`ckbs j eb câobrb sj` `jrobeof`tf ebs ofnjrfs jpckj`fs pbrb gkaktbekzbr pebcbs gf vkgrkj, quf `js f`cj`trbrfojs cj` hrfcuf`ckb f` tbobòjs `j `jrobekzbgjs.
Gftfrok`bckó` gf tbobòj gfe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be
B vfcfs fs gkhïcke gkhï cke gftfrok`br fe tbobòj gfe gjcuof` gjcuof`tj tj jrkak`be b pbr pbrtkr tkr gf su rrfprjgucckó` fprjgucckó` gkaktbe gkaktbe.. Bu`quf fe fscâ` fscâ`fr fr rfaks rfakstrf trf fe tbobò tbobòj jj jrkak`b rkak`bee gfe g fe gjcuof gjcuof`tj, `tj, cjsb quf `j sucfg sucfgff skfopr skfoprff p pjr jr gkstk`tjs ojtkvjs, mby gkvfrsjs hbctjrfs gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb, prjarbobs vksubekzbgjrfs gf kobaf` y oj`ktjrfs quf `js vb` b gkflcuetbr fstb tbrfb. • Beau`js gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb, sjirf tjgj ejs fscâ`frfs, jhrfcf` eb jpckó` gf sfefcckj`br fe tbobòj gf vksubekzbckó` gfe gjcuof`tj. Fstb jpckó` pufgf gf`jok`brsf «tbobòj gfstk`j¼, «tbobòj gf vksubekzbckó`¼, j gf ob`frbs skokebrfs, skokebr fs, y ej quf mbcf f` rfbekgbg fs rfebckj`br ejs tbobòjs tb obòjs gfe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be y eb rfprjgucckó` gkaktbe. Sk sfefcckj`bojs eb jpckó` gf cbpturbr fe gjcuof`tj f` su tbobòj jrkak`be (fscbeb 2>2), f` ejs oftbgbtjs gf eb kobaf` rfsuetb`tf fstbrâ` cj`ska`bgjs cjrrfctbof`tf fe b`cmj y fe betj gf eb kobaf` f` cf`tïoftrjs j pueabgbs, quf `j tkf`f pjr quë cjk`ckgkr cj` ejs gfe gjcuof`tj gkaktbekzbgj, pjrquf eb kobaf` pufgf cj`tf`fr hj`gj quf `j hjrob pbrtf gfe gjcuof`tj, j f` feeb pufgf mbifrsf rfcjrtbgj pbrtf gfe gjcuof`tj. Tjr jtrj ebgj, eb vksubekzbckó` vksubekzbck ó` gf eb kobaf` f` pb`t pb`tbeeb beeb be 244 % gf su tbobòj ` `j j tkf`f pjr quë ojst ojstrbr rbr fe tbobò tbobòj j rfbe gfe gjcuof`tj, tb` sjej sfrâ bsï cj` u`b gftfrok`bgb rfsjeuckó` gf pb`tbeeb y cj` u` sjhtwbrf vksubekzbgjr vksubekzbgjr quf afstkj`f ikf` ejs tbobòjs. F` tjgj cbsj, sk ej pfroktf fe fscâ`fr, fs rfcjof`gbief, f` af`frbe, eb jpckó` gf cbpturbr fe gjcuof`tj f` su tbobòj jrkak`be (fscbeb 2>2). F` ejs rfakstrjs ikiekjarâflcjs cj`tbojs beau`bs vfcfs cj` k`hjrobckó` gfe tbobòj gfe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be, pfrj `j skfoprf fs bsï. Fstb hbetb gf k`hjrobckó` `j fs ouy kopjrtb`tf f` eb ob yjrïb gf ejs cbsjs, cbs js, f` ejs quf fe usu usubrkj brkj pufgf vbrkbr fe tbobòj gfe jinftj gkakt gkaktbe be f` pb`tbeeb pbr pbrbb bgfcubrej b sus austjs j `fcfskgbgfs, pfrj mby cbsjs f` ejs quf sï kopjrtb, pjr fnfopej, b eb mjrb gf gftfrok`br fe tbobòj gf u` peb`j j obpb. F` fstf cbsj fe tbobòj gf eb fscbeb fscrktb, koprfsb j gkiunbgb f` fe obpb f` oucmjs cbsjs `js pfroktkrâ gftfrok`br fe tbobòj gf ejs fefof`tjs afjarâflcjs cbrtjarbflbgjs f` fe obpb. Sk f` fe gjcuof`tj cbrtjarâflcj fstâ gkiunbgb u`b fscbeb, fsc beb, `j mby prjiefob, pfrj sk eb fscbeb sf of`ckj`b `uoërkcbof`tf (p. fn., 2/844), `fcfsktbojs cj`jcfr fe tbobòj fxbctj gfe gjcuof`tj pbrb quf eb fscbeb `uoërkcb `js skrvb gf rfhfrf`ckb. F` eb prâctkcb, b`tf eb gkflcuetbg gf vksubekzbr fe obpb j peb`j b su tbobòj jrkak`be, fs `fcfsbrkj fscb`fbr ejs obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs cj` fscbebs `uoërkcbs nu`tj b u`b rfaeb. Fstb prâctkcb fs rfcjof`gbief, f` af`frbe, cj` ejs obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs. • Sk `fcfsktbojs cj`jcfr fe tbobòj gf ejs jrkak`befs gkaktbekzbgjs b p pbrtkr brtkr gf ejs cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs jinftjs gkaktbefs, bpbrtf gf eb k`hjrobckó` quf pjgfojs k`ceukr j tf`fr f` ejs oftbgbtjs, fs rfcjof`gbief cbpturbr fe jrkak`be nu`tj b u`b rfaeb. Sk fe jinftj gkaktbe ej cj`hjrob` gkstk`tbs koâaf`fs gfe oksoj tbobòj, pjr fnfopej, ebs pâak`bs gf u` oksoj ekirj, ibstbrâ cj` k`ceukr eb rfaeb f` u`b gf ebs koâaf`fs. Tbrb fstjs usjs pjgfojs usbr u`b rfaeb j beau`b cbrtb gf fvbeubckó` gf cbpturbs (cbrtbs gf cjejr, ftc.) quf eefvf u`b rfaeb k`cjrpjrbgb.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr
Hka. 22. Cbpturb gf u` k`cu`bief cj` rfaebs.
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Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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1. Sbebs y fspbckjs fspbckjs gf trbibn trbibnj j • F` ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb fs `fcfsbrkj cj`tbr cj` sbebs gfikgbof`tf bcj`gkckj`bgbs pbrb fscb`fbr y beobcf`br ejs gjcuof`tjs. • Fs cj`vf`kf`tf q quf uf fstbs sbebs sf gfgkquf` fxceuskvbof` fxceuskvbof`tf tf b ebs tbrfbs gf gf gkaktbekzbckó` ok okf`f`trbs sf fstë` fnfcutb`gj ejs prjyfctjs. Sk f` eb sbeb sf fstâ` gfsbrrjeeb`gj jtrjs trbibnjs, `js vb b sfr ouy gkhïcke fscb`fbr cj` ebs gfikgbs cj`gkckj`fs gf keuok`bckó`, cekobtkzbckó` y sfaurkgbg. • Tjr eb oksob rbzó` sf gfsbcj`sfnb trbibnb trbibnbrr f` zj`bs gf pbsj, cjoj pbskeejs, vfstïiuejs, ftc. • Ebs sbebs mb` gf fstbr bcj`gkckj`bgbs cj` fe ojikekbrkj `fcfsbrkj pbrb trbibnbr cj` cjojgkgbg. Fstj k`ceuyf skeebs pbrb ejs jpfrbgjrfs, ofsbs buxkekbrfs pbrb ejs fqukpjs y fstb`tfrïbs j ofsbs gj`gf cjejcbr ejs gjcuof`tjs quf sf vbyb` b gkaktbekzbr j quf yb sf mbyb` gkaktbekzbgj. Ebs ofsbs y fstb`tfrïbs pbrb cjejcbr ejs hj`gjs gfif` sfr peb`bs, eksbs y fstbr cjrr cjrrfctbof`tf fctbof`tf `kvfebgb `kvfebgbs. s. • Tbrb fvktbr vkirbckj`fs gurb`tf fe fscb`fj, ejs sufejs gf eb sbeb mb` gf sfr flrofs. • Tbrb fvktbr bcckgf`tfs, përgkgbs y rjijs, fs cj`vf`kf`tf tf`fr f` cuf`tb ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf sfaurkgbg y bccfsj b ebs sbebs. Fs rfcjof`gbief quf fe bccfsj b fstbs sbebs fstë cj`trjebgj gf beau`b ob`frb> pufrtbs cfrrbgbs cj` eebvf, vkakeb`tfs, câobrbs gf vïgfj, ftc. Be tërok`j gf eb njr`bgb ebijrbe, ebs sbebs gfifrïb` qufgbr cfrrbgbs cj` eebvf, ejs hj`gjs tboikë` pufgf` prjtfafrsf gfnâ`gjejs f` brobrkjs cfrrbgjs cj` eebvf. • Ebs sbebs gfstk`bgbs b eb gkaktbekzbckó` gfifrïb` cj`tbr cj` skstfobs b`tkk`cf`gkjs. • Cj`vkf`f cjejcbr ejs fqukpjs fqukpjs y ejs hj`gjs f` euabrfs gj`gf `j mbyb mbyb rkfsaj gf quf suhrb` gbòjs pjr baub, ajtfrbs, cjrtjckrcuktjs, ftc. • Bu`quf ejs hj`gjs vb` b fstbr pjcj tkfopj hufrb gf su gfpósktj mbiktube, fs cj`vf`kf`tf quf ejs gfpósktjs gj`gf sf beobcf`f` tfopjrbeof`tf ejs gjcuof`tjs fstë` gfikgbof`tf cekobtkzbgjs. cekobtkzbgjs . F` cub`tj b ebs sbebs gj`gf sf fscb`fb` ejs gjcuof`tjs, mby quf trbtbr gf ob`tf`fr f` feebs cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs cj`stb`tfs y ej oâs hrfscbs quf sfb pjskief, pfrj quf, be oksoj tkfopj, sfb` sbeugbiefs y cóojgbs pbrb ejs jpfrbgjrfs gf fscâ`fr. Fstbs cj`skgfrbckj`fs mb` gf sfr tf`kgbs f` cuf`tb sjirf tjgj sk trbibnbojs cj` obtfrkbefs quf, pjr su fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` j tkpjejaïb, sfb` fspfckbeof`tf fs pfckbeof`tf sf`skiefs b vbejrfs k`bgfcubgjs gf tfopfrbturb y muofgbg rfebtkvb, y, sjirf tjgj, b cboikjs iruscjs gf cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs. • F` af`frbe, sf rfcjokf`gb quf ebs sbebs gf gkaktbekzbckó` j beobcf`fs tfopjrbefs sf ob`tf`ab` hrfscjs, ikf` vf`tkebgjs (cj` skstfobs gf rf`jvbckó` gf bkrf), sk` fxcfsj gf muofgbgfs y cj` tfopfrbturbs y `kvfefs gf muofgbg rfebtkvb cj`stb`tfs. • Fxkstf` gkvfrsbs gkvfrsbs `jrobs k`tfr`bckj`befs q quf uf `js pufgf pufgf` ` sfrvkr pbrb gftf gftfrok`br rok`br ebs cj`gkckj` cj`gkckj`fs fs boikf`tbefs oâs cj`vf`kf`tfs pbrb eb cj`sfrvbckó` gf ejs gjcuof`tjs, pjr fnfopej, KSJ> 221;;>9426 – Yfquksktjs gf beobcf`bokf`tj gf gjcuof`tjs gjcuof`tjs pbrb obtfrkbefs gf brcmkvjs y ikiekjtfcbs. • Fs cj`vf`kf`tf rfbekzbr u` fstugkj prfvkj gf eb tkpjejaïb gf ejs hj`gjs quf sf vb` b gkaktbekzbr pbrb gftfrok`br ebs cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs gf ebs sbebs. B cj`tk`ubckó` sf oufstrb u` cubgrj cj` cj`gkckj`fs gf tfopfrbturb y muofgbg rfebtkvb bgfcubgbs sfaþ` eb tkpjejaïb gjcuof`tbe.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Sjpjrtf
Sbebs y fspbckjs gf trbibnj
Muofgbg rfebtkvb (%)
Wfopfrbturb (¾C)
Tbpfe
76-84
26 - 9 2
Hjtjarbhïb (ieb`cj y `farj)
34-36
26-94
Hjtjarbhïb (cjejr)
96-36
24-2=
Tfeïcueb (ieb`cj y `farj)
34-74
29-94
Tfeïcueb (cjejr)
96-36
24-94
Okcrjhjrobs
34-74
2=- 9 4
Cubgrj 3. Cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs sfaþ` sjpjrtf.
• Wf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb quf ebs cbra cbrabs bs feëctrkcbs y ejs cbopjs oba`ëtkcjs pufgf` pufgf` gkstjrskj`br ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs quf sf prjgucf` ofgkb`tf fscb`fbgj, cj`vkf`f fvktbr f` ej pjskief eb prfsf`ckb gf fstf tkpj gf «rukgjs fefctrjoba`ëtkcjs¼. Fstj sf cj`skauf k`stbeb`gj k`stb eb`gj ejs fqukpjs f` sbebs befnbgbs gf cbopjs oba`ëtkcjs y cbrabs feëctrkcbs hufrtfs, cjoj pufgf` sfr ojtjrfs feëctrkcjs, cbiefs gf betb tf`skó`, b`tf`bs y trb`soksjrfs gf rbgkj, ftc. Gf`trj gf ebs sbebs pjgrïb` bhfctbr, f` fstf sf`tkgj, eucfs ujrfscf`tfs k`tf`sbs j eb fxcfskvb ej`aktug gfe cbiefbgj. • Eb euz fs jtrj hbctjr b tf`fr f` cuf`tb< prkofrj, pjrquf pufgf bhfctbr b eb cj`sfrvbckó` gf ejs gjcuof`tjs, f` sfau`gj euabr, pjrquf pufgf k`ukr f` fe rf`gkokf`tj gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf fscb`fbgj y f` su cbekirbckó`, pjr þetkoj, fs `fcfsbrkj cj`trjebreb gf cbrb b u`b cjrrfctb fvbeubckó` f` pb`tbeeb gf eb cbekgbg gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs af`frbgbs ofgkb`tf fe fscb`fj. • F` af`frbe, cj`vkf`f quf f` ebs sbebs eb keuok`bckó` `j sfb k`tf`sb y quf tf`ab ibnj cjopj`f`tf uetrbvkjeftb. • Bu`quf f` af`frbe fs cj`vf`kf`tf quf eb euz boikf`tf sfb oâs ikf` tf`uf, u`b cjrrfctb cbekirbckó` gf ejs fqukpjs gf cbpturb `js pufgf pfroktkr trbibnbr f` cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs oâs cóojgbs pbrb ejs jpfrbgjrfs. F` cubequkfr cbsj, gurb`tf fe fscb`fbgj, f` af`frbe ‗pjrquf mby gkspjsktkvjs b ejs quf efs bhfctb of`js fstf hbctjr‗, eb keuok`bckó` boikf`tbe quf k`ckgb sjirf fe ârfb gf fscb`fbgj mb gf sfr fscbsb. • Tjr cufstkj`fs gf cj`sfrvbckó` mb gf fvktbrsf f` ej pjskief fxpj`fr ejs gjcuof`tjs b rbgkbckj`fs uetrbvkjeftbs. Wf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb quf eb prk`ckpbe huf`tf gf rbgkbckj`fs gf fstf tkpj fs eb euz sjebr, `j cj`vkf`f quf f`trf oucmb euz sjebr f` eb sbeb. Sk eb sbeb tkf`f vf`tb`bs, cebrbijybs u jtrbs huf`tfs gf euz sjebr, pjgfojs rfcuirkrebs cj` fletrjs pbrb euz uetrbvkjeftb (fletrjs VX) j ikf` utkekzbr cjrtk`bs j cfrrbr ebs vf`tb`bs. Jtrb huf`tf cjoþ` gf rbgkbckj`fs uetrbvkjeftbs sj` ejs tuijs ujrfscf`tfs< tboikë` mby fletrjs VX pbrb fstf tkpj gf eâopbrbs. • Sk pbrb fe prjcfsj gf fscb`fbgj y eb vksubekzbckó` f` oj`ktjr fs cj`vf`kf`tf u`b keuo keuok`bckó` k`bckó` tf`uf, pbrb jtrbs ebijrfs (vksubekzbr y ob`fnbr ejs gjcuof`tjs jrkak`befs, fscrkikr, effr, ftc.) pufgf sfr oâs bgfcubgb u`b keuok`bckó` beaj oâs k`tf`sb. Tjr feej fs `fcfsbrkj cj`tbr cj` jt jtrjs rjs fspbckjs pbrb fstb tbrfbs j quf f` eb sbeb gf fscb`fbgj eb euz pufgb rfauebrsf y mbyb suflckf`tfs zj`bs y pu`tjs gf euz quf `js pfroktb` rfbekzbr cóojgbof`tf tjgbs ebs tbrfbs. • Gf cbrb b eb cbekirbck cbekirbckó`, ó`, fscb`fbgj y fvbeubckó` gf kobaf`, eb keuok`bckó` gf eb sbeb gfif pjgfr cj`trjebrsf gf ob`frb quf pufgb` rfprjguckrsf y ob`tf`frsf cj`stb`tfs ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf keuok`bckó` bgfcubgbs pbrb cbgb tkpj gf trbibnj< pjr fnfopej, sbevj quf muikfrb beau`b rbzó` fspfckbe pbrb `j mbcfrej, tjgbs ebs pâak`bs gf u` ekirj mb` gf fscb`fbrsf cj` ebs oksobs cj`gkckj`fs euoï`kcbs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Sbebs y fspbckjs gf trbibnj
• Jtrj ojtkvj pjr fe quf eb euz sjebr `j fs ouy bgfcubgb pbrb fe fscb`fj fs quf `j pfroktf ob`tf`fr cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs fstbiefs. Mby beau`js fqukpjs quf cjopf`sb` fstbs vbrkbckj`fs ofgkb`tf hu`ckj`fs gf sjhtwbrf , pfrj, bu`quf cj`tfojs cj` feejs, fs prfhfrkief utkekzbr euz brtkflckbe. • Wboikë` cj`vkf`f ok`kokzbr ejs rffnjs quf pufgb` bhfctbr be fscb`fbgj y eb fvbeubckó` gf kobaf`. Fstj sf pufgf mbcfr utkekzb`gj cjejrfs arksfs j `farjs f` pbrfgfs, ojikekbrkj y vfstkof`tb gf ejs jpfrbgjrfs y fvktb`gj cjejrfs y obtfrkbefs irkeeb`tfs. • Mby `jrobs k`tfr`bckj`befs quf `js pufgf pufgf` ` sfrvkr pbrb gftfrok`br cj`gkckj`fs óptkobs óptkobs pbrb eb cbekirbckó` gfe oj`ktjr y eb fvbeubckó` gf kobaf`, pjr fnfopej> V@F-KSJ 29878>942= Wfc`jejaïb Wfc`jej aïb arâflcb. Oj`ktjrfs pbrb eb rfbekzbckó` gf prufibs gf cjejr j V@F-KSJ 3887>9427 - Wfc`jejaïb arâflcb y hjtjarbhïb. Cj`gkckj`fs gf jisfrvbckó`. Eb prkofrb sf rfflfrf b ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf cbekirbckó` y vksubekzbckó` gf ejs oj`ktjrfs, eb sfau`gb fstbiefcf crktfrkjs `jrobekzbgjs pbrb eb fvbeubckó` gf eb cbekgbg gf ebs koâaf`fs. • Ebs sbebs gf fscb`fbgj y beobcf`bokf`tj tfopjrbe mb` gf ekopkbrsf b hj`gj y rfauebrof`tf, gf ob`frb quf ejs gjcuof`tjs y obquk`brkb sf ob`fnf` y cj`sfrvf` f` fspbckjs ekirfs gf pjevj y suckfgbg. • Fs rfcjof`gbief fvktbr fvktbr f` eb sbeb gf gkaktbekzbckó` fefof`tjs fefof`tjs gfcjrbtkvjs j gf ojikekbrkj ojikekbrkj quf pufgb` hbvjrfcfr eb bcuouebckó` gf pjevj, cjoj pufgf` sfr behjoirbs, cjrtk`bs, tbpkcfs j ojquftbs. • Fs rfcjof`gbief rfbekzbr eb ekopkfzb gf eb sbeb f` sfcj, cj` trbpj, peuofrj, bspkrbgjrb, ftc. Fe usj gf baub (hrfaj`b, trbpj ojnbgj) f` eb ekopkfzb `j fs rfcjof`gbief pjrquf pjgfojs ojnbr pjr bcckgf`tf ejs gjcuof`tjs j ejs fqukpjs< bgfoâs, supj`f cboikbr ebs cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs gf eb sbeb, be buof`tbr eb muofgbg rfebtkvb. • Fe usj gf prjguctjs quïokcjs quf `j mb` skgj prfvkbof`tf fstugkbgjs y vbekgbgjs fs tboikë` gfsbcj`sfnbief< fstjs prjguctjs pufgf` prjguckr rfbcckj`fs quïokcbs quf gbòf` ejs gjcuof`tjs. • Fe pfrsj`be gf ekopkfzb mb gf tf`fr cebrj quf `j gfif tjcbr ejs fqukpjs (f` pbrtkcue pbrtkcuebr, br, ejs crkstbefs gf eb ofsb gfe fqukpj gf fscb`fbgj y ebs pb`tbeebs) `k ejs gjcuof`tjs. Eb ekopkfzb gf fqukpjs y gjcuof`tjs ef cjrrfspj`gf be pfrsj`be tëc`kcj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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=. Trfpbrbckó` y fvbeubckó` gf ejs fqukpjs Ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` rfqukfrf` u`b k`stbebckó`, ekopkfzb y prfpbrbckó` prfvkb gf ejs fqukpjs. • Ejs fqukpjs sfrgf k`stbebgjs f` sbebs bcj`gkckj`bgbs pbrb ejs trbibnjs gkaktbekzbckó`, sjirf sufejs flrofsgfif` y ekirfs vkirbckj`fs, befnbgjs gf huf`tfs gf rukgj feëctrkcjgf j cbopjs oba`ëtkcjs. • Wboikë` mby quf cj`trjebr, f` hu`ckó` gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb y gfe oj`ktjr, eb euz quf k`ckgf sjirf ejs fqukpjs. Gbgj quf ebs cj`gkckj`fs euoï`kcbs bprjpkbgbs gkflfrf` pbrb ebs gkstk`tbs tbrfbs (fscb`fbgj, fvbeubckó` gf kobaf` f` fe oj`ktjr, rfvkskó` vksube gfe gjcuof`tj, ftc.), fs `fcfsbrkj quf fe pfrsj`be tëc`kcj pufgb gftfrok`br y utkekzbr, ut kekzbr, ofgkb`tf rfauebgjrfs j k`tfrruptjrfs, fe tkpj gf euz oâs bgfcubgj pbrb cbgb tbrfb. F` af`frbe, fs prfhfrkief eb euz boikf`tf tf`uf pbrb ebs tbrfbs gf fscb`fbgj. Mby quf fvktbr tboikë` rffnjs f` ebs supfrflckfs b fscb`fbr y f` ejs oj`ktjrfs. • Ejs fqukpjs (pb`tbeebs, cbobs, prf`sbekirjs…) gfif` ob`tf`frsf fscrupuejsbof`tf ekopkjs, `j sjej pbrb cj`sfaukr u`b cjrrfctb cbpturb, tboikë` pbrb `j f`suckbr ejs gjcuof`tjs pbtrkoj`kbefs. Fstb ekopkfzb gfif rfbekzbrsf cj` hrfcuf`ckb gurb`tf ejs trbibnjs gf fscb`fbgj< të`absf f` cuf`tb quf ejs hj`gjs b`tkaujs, ebrajejs tkfopj beobcf`bgjs, gfsprf`gf` b of`ugj pjevj y jtrbsb okcrjpbrtïcuebs quf pufgf` f`suckbr fqukpjs. Fstbs ebijrfs gf ekopkfzb gfif` sfr eefvbgbs cbij pjr fe pfrsj`be tëc`kcj b cbraj gfe fqukpj gf gkaktbekzbckó`. V`b vfz k`stbebgj y ekopkbgj fe fqukpj (gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb y oj`ktjr), fs fe ojof`tj gf cbekirbrej y pfrflebrej. Wrbtbrfojs b cj`tk`ubckó` gfe cbekirbgj gf ejs fqukpjs y cjof`tbrfojs fe tfob gfe pfrflebgj cj` obyjr gftf`kokf`tj oâs bgfeb`tf, f` fe bpbrtbgj 27 («Afstkó` gf cjejr¼).
=.2 =.2 Cbekirbckó` Cbekirb ckó` gfe oj`ktjr F` fe cbopj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gfe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb, sf prftf`gf, f` af`frbe, cj`sfaukr rfprjgucckj`fs gf cbekgbg ej oâs flgfgka`bs quf sfb pjskief gf ejs jrkak`befs, pjr feej fs `fcfsbrkj quf ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb sfb` cbpbcfs gf cbpturbr ej oâs fxbctbof`tf pjskief ebs quf cbrbctfrïstkcbs (tj`js, ftc.)ejs gfgkspjsktkvjs ejs gjcuof`tjs jrkak`befs. Tbrb jhrfzcb` cj`sfaukrfe fstj, ej prkofrj tf`fojs quf mbcfrtfxturbs, fs cbekirbr gf cbpturb pbrb quf ofnjr rf`gkokf`tj. Tfrj, bu`quf cbekirfojs y pfrflefojs ejs fscâ`frfs j câobrbs gkaktbefs, y bu`quf mjy f` gïb yb fxkstf` prjcfgkokf`tjs prjc fgkokf`tjs butjoâ butjoâtkcjs tkcjs y `jr `jrobekzbgjs obekzbgjs (pfr (pfrflefs flefs KCC, cbrt cbrtbs bs gf cjejr `jrobekzbgbs `jrobekzbgbs,, ftc.) pbrb rfbekzbr u`b cjrrfctb afstkó` gf cjejr, ejs pbrâoftrjs quf bhfctb` b eb rfprjgucckó` gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs sj` tb` vbrkbgjs y cjopefnjs quf skauf skf`gj `fcfsbrkj, pbrb cj`sfaukr eb obyjr cbekgbg y flgfekgbg be jrkak`be, eb fvbeubckó` vksube gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs f` pb`tbeeb b eb vkstb gf ejs jrkak`befs, fs g gfckr, fckr, fe cjtfnj gf ejs jinftjs gkakt gkaktbefs befs rfspfct rfspfctj j b ejs gjcu gjcuof`tjs of`tjs hïskcjs gkaktbekzbgjs. • Fstf trbibnj gf fvbeubckó` gf ko kobaf` baf` mb gf rfbekzbrej pfrsj`be cj` eb cbpbckgbg tëc`kcb y fxpfrkf`ckb `fcfsbrkbs. • V`b cjrrfctb fvbeubckó` gf kobaf` rfqukfrf gf oj`ktjrfs gfikgbof`tf cbekirbgjs, fs gfckr, gfckr, quf jhrfzcb` u`b rfprjgucckó` flfe gf cjejrfs y u` rf`gkokf`tj óptkoj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trfpbrbckó` y fvbeubckó` gf ejs fqukpjs
• B eb mjrb gf k`stbebr fe oj`ktjr gfifojs tf`fr cukgbgj gf mbcfrej f` u` sktkj f` fe quf `j sf prjguzcb` sjirf su pb`tbeeb rffnjs gf cjejrfs quf `j sfb` `futrjs. Mby quf fvktbr tboikë` f` ej pjskief quf ebs huf`tfs gf euz k`ckgb` gkrfctbof`tf sjirf eb pb`tbeeb. • Eb keuok`bckó` quf eefab b eb p pb`tbeeb b`tbeeb gurb`tf eb cbekirbckó` y gurb`tf ebs tbrfbs gf fvbeubckó` mb gf sfr cj`trjebgb y ob`tf`frsf fstbief. Tbrb u`b cjrrfctb fvbeubckó` vksube gfe cjejr `j gfifojs cbekirbr u` oj`ktjr cj` u`b euz boikf`tf y rfbekzbr ebs tbrfbs gf fvbeubckó` cj` jtrb euz, pjrquf ebs vbrkbckj`fs gf eb euz boikf`tf prjgucf` vbrkbckj`fs f` eb hjrob f` quf pfrckikojs ejs cjejrfs f` eb pb`tbeeb. Mby quf tf`fr fspfckbe cukgbgj cj` ebs vbrkbckj`fs gf eb euz gfe gïb< mby prjarbobs gf cbekirbckó` quf tkf`f` fstf hbctjr f` cuf`tb, pfrj ej ofnjr fs suprkokr eb vbrkbief utkekzb`gj euz feëctrkcb f` ebs sbebs gf gkaktbekzbckó`. Ofgkb`tf eb cbekirbckó` gfe oj`ktjr bnustbojs vbejrfs gf pbrâoftrjs cjoj fe irkeej y fe cj`trbstf, eb aboob j fe pu`tj ieb`cj. • Mby gkstk`tjs oëtjgjs gf cbekirbckó`> cj` prjarbobs `btkvjs gf eb pb`tbeeb j skstfob jpfrbtkvj, ofgkb`tf bpekcbckj`fs fxtfr`bs, ofgkb`tf cbrtbs gkaktbefs `jrobekzbgbs j cj` gkspjsktkvjs gf cbekirbckó`. Gf tjgjs fstjs skstfobs, fe þetkoj (eb cbekirbckó` pjr mbrgwbrf ) fs fe quf jhrfcf ofnjrfs rfsuetbgjs y, pjr ej tb`tj, fe oâs rfcjof`gbief. • Ejs ofnjrfs skstfobs gf cbekirbckó` pjr mbrgwbrf sufef` sufef` k`ceukr u` gkspjsktkvj cbekirbgjr fxtfr`j (cjejrïoftrj, fspfctrjhjtóoftrj…) quf trbibnb f` cjoik`bckó` cj` u` prjarbob k`hjroâtkcj. Beau`js oj`ktjrfs k`cjrpjrb` fstf gkspjsktkvj f` hjrob gf sj`gb gfspefabief. Fstjs skstfobs af`frb`, cjoj pbrtf gfe prjcfsj gf cbekirbgj, u` pfrfle gfe oj`ktjr quf pufgf usbrsf pbrb k`tfrbcckj`br cj` jtrjs gkspjsktkvjs (koprfsjrbs, ftc.). Tbrb trbibnjs prjhfskj`befs eb ofnjr jpckó` fs utkekzbr skstfobs cj` fspfctrjhjtóoftrjs y prjarbobs gf abob betb. • Fe ofrj usj gf u` cbekirbgjr `j abrb`tkzb f` tjgjs ejs cbsjs u`b cjrrfctb cbekirbckó`, pjr ej quf fs kopjrtb`tf fvbeubr vksubeof`tf fe rf`gkokf`tj gfe oj`ktjr gfspuës gf eb cbekirbckó`, pbrb ej quf pjgfojs usbr koâaf`fs gf prufib, cjopbrbr fe rf`gkokf`tj cj` fe gf jtrj oj`ktjr cbekirbgj, koprkokr koâaf`fs, ftc. • Wboikë` pufgf` usbrsf cbrtbs `jrobekzbgbs gf fvbeubckó` gf oj`ktjrfs. V` fnfopej gf fstf tkpj gf fvbeubckó` fs eb cbrtb pbrb bnustf gf oj`ktjrfs gksfòbgb pjr eb @btkj`be Brcmkvfs b`g Yfcjrgs Bgok`kstrbtkj` (@BYB). Fstb cbrtb ( @BYB Oj`ktjr Bgnustof`t Bgnustof` t Wbraft Wbr aft ) skrvf pbrb bnustbr cjrrfctbof`tf ejs gkhfrf`tfs `kvfefs gfhrb`nbs irkeej ygfcj`trbstf gfe oj`ktjr, gf ob`frb quf sf gkhfrf`ckf` cebrbof`tf f` pb`tbeeb sus arks.
Hka. 29. Cbrtb gf bnustf gf oj`ktjrfs @BYB.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trfpbrbckó` y fvbeubckó` gf ejs fqukpjs
Ebs jpckj`fs gf cbrtbs gf fvbeubckó` gf oj`ktjrfs sj` oþetkpefs y vbrkbgbs. F` K`tfr`ft pjgfojs f`cj`trbr oucmjs euabrfs quf jhrfcf` sfrvkckjs (f` oucmbs jcbskj`fs arbtuktjs) fspfckbekzbgjs f` eb cbekirbckó` gf oj`ktjrfs> Tmjtj Hrkgby, Scrff` Cmfcl, Fkzj Oj`ktjr Wfst, Oj`ktjr Cbekirbtkj` Qkzbrg, J`ek`f Oj`ktjr Wfst, Wmf Ebajo ECG Oj`ktjr Wfst Tbafs, ftc. Fs gf gfstbcbr eb wfi Wmf Ebajo ECG Oj`ktjr Wfst Tbafs, quf jhrfcf u` cj`nu`tj gf cbrtbs gf cbekirbckó` quf skrvf` pbrb bnustbr gkvfrsjs pbrâoftrjs. • Ebs `jrobs V@F-KSJ 3887>9427 - W Wfc`jejaïb fc`jejaïb arâflcb y hjtjarbhïb. Cj`gkckj`fs gf jisfrvbckó` y V@F-KSJ 29878>942= - Wfc`jejaïb arâflcb. Oj`ktjrfs pbrb eb rfbekzbckó` gf prufibs gf cjejr, yb of`ckj`bgbs f` fe bpbrtbgj 1 («Sbebs y fspbckjs gf trbibnj¼), `js pufgf` byugbr f` eb tbrfb gf cbekirbckó` gf oj`ktjrfs. Eb prkofrb gf feebs fstbiefcf rfquksktjs pbrb eb fvbeubckó` f` f`tjr`js prjhfskj`befs gf brtfs arâflcbs gf eb cbekgbg vksube gf koâaf`fs f` gjs gkof`skj`fs, eb sfau`gb jhrfcf rfcjof`gbckj`fs sjirf ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf vksubekzbckó` gf prufibs f` pb`tbeeb. Fstb þetkob fstâ oâs f`cbok`bgb b eb afstkó` gf cjejr pbrb koprkokr ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs. Boibs jhrfcf` vbejrfs `jrobekzbgjs `jrobekz bgjs tb`tj gf ejs pbrâoftrjs gfe oj`ktjr cjoj gf ebs cj`gkckj cj`gkckj`fs `fs euoï`kcbs gf eb sbeb quf pufgb` bhfctbr b eb fvbeubckó`. • Xbejrfs af`frbefs pbrb cbekirbckó` gf oj`ktjrfs rfcjof`gbgjs pjr ebs `jrobs KSJ (y jtrbs) sfrïb` ejs skaukf`tfs> ‗ Tu`tj ieb`cj> 8644 ¾L (KSJ 3887)/6444 ¾L ¾ L (KSJ 29878). ‗ Aboob> af`f af`frbeof`tf rbeof`tf sf rf rfcjokf`gb cjokf`gb u` vbejr gf 9,9 (`jrobs KSJ), beau`b j jtrb trb kk`stktuckó` `stktuckó` rfcjokf`gb 2,=-9. ‗ Irkeej> 16-284 cg/o 9. ‗ Ybtkj gf cj`trbs cj`trbstf> tf> 944>2 (pjr fnfopej, pu`tj `farj ? 4,7 cg/o 9). F` cub`tj b ebs cj`gkckj`fs euoï`kcbs gf eb sbeb, sf rfcjokf`gb`> ‗ Keuok`bckó`> 5 87 ex berf berfgfgjr gfgjr gfe oj`ktjr. ‗ Wfopfrbturb gf cjejr> 6444 ¾L ¾L.. ‗ Cjejrfs `futrjs f` pbrfgfs, vfst vfstkof`tbs, kof`tbs, ojikekbrkj… Wë`absf f` cuf`tb quf fstjs sj` vbejrfs af`frbefs, y pufgf` vbrkbr f` hu`ckó` gfe tkpj gf oj`ktjr, gfe tkpj gf trbibnj, fe tkpj gf gjcuof`tj, ftc. • B`tfs gf cbekirbr fe oj`ktjr fs `fcfsbrkj cbef`tbrej pbrb qu quff trbibnf b pef`j rf`gkokf`tj, gfnâ`gjej f`cf`gkgj gf 24 b 34 ok`utjs (sfaþ` ojgfejs). Fstf tkfopj pufgf sfr bprjvfcmbgj pbrb ekopkbr eb pb`tbeeb cj` ejs prjguctjs bgfcubgjs. Fs kopjrtb`tf quf eb pb`tbeeb fstë cjopeftbof`tf ekopkb pbrb quf eb cbekirbckó` pjr mbrgwbrf sfb sfb oâs fflcbz. • Fs rfcjof`gbief, b`tfs gf cbekirbr cbekirbr,, gfsbctkvbr cubequkfr prjcfsj butjoâtkcj gf afstkó` gf cjejr y rfstburbr ejs vbejrfs prfgftfrok`bgjs gfe oj`ktjr. Mby quf rfk`kckbr fe jrgf`bgjr gfspuës gf mbcfrej pbrb quf ejs cboikjs surtb` fhfctj. • B`tfs gf cbekirbr, sf mb gf bnustbr fe oj`ktjr b su rfsjeuckó` `btkvb (`jrobeof`tf fs eb rfsjeuckó` pjr gfhfctj). Af`frbeof`tf ejs oj`ktjrfs jhrfcf` u` rf`gkokf`tj óptkoj f` fstb rfsjeuckó`. • Fs rfcjof`gbief, bskoksoj, bnustbr fe oj`ktjr b su oâxkob prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr (97, 38, 7= ikts). • Cj`vkf`f utkekzbr, f` ejs oj`ktjrfs pbrb fvbeubckó` gf kobaf`, hj`gjs gf fscrktjrkj y gf bpek-
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trfpbrbckó` y fvbeubckó` gf ejs fqukpjs
cbckj`fs gf vksubekzbckó` gf cjejr arks `futrj. • Ejs oj`ktjrfs sf gfsbnustb` cj` fe usj, fs `fcfsbrkj, sk sf usb` pbrb afstkó` gf cjejr, rfcbekirbrejs rfauebrof`tf, be of`js u`b vfz be ofs, j k`ceusj cj` obyjr hrfcuf`ckb sk sf efs gb oucmj usj.
=.9 Trfpbrbckó` gfe gkspjsktkvj gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb cbpturb • Gf eb oksob ob`frb quf mby quf prfpbrbr y cbekirbr fe oj`ktjr, b`tfs gf fopfzbr ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` mby quf prfpbrbr, cbekirbr y jptkokzbr fe hu`ckj`bokf`tj gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb. Eb cbekirbckó` y jptkokzbckó` gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb `js vb b pfroktkr af`frbr rfprjgucckj`fs ej oâs fxbctbs pjskief gf ejs jrkak`befs fscb`fbgjs y sbcbr fe oâxkoj pbrtkgj b `ufstrj gkspjsktkvj. K`stbebckó`
• Fe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb gfif k`stbebrsf f` u` euabr flrof y fstbief, f` fe quf `j sf prjguzcb` vkirbckj`fs. Wboikë` mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj gf k`stbebrej efnjs gf hufrtfs cbrabs feëctrkcbs y cbopjs oba`ëtkcjs y f` euabrfs sfcjs gj`gf ejs fqukpjs y gjcuof`tjs `j cjrrb` rkfsaj gf sfr gbòbgjs pjr ajtfrbs, rjturbs gf tuifrïbs, ftc. • Mby quf bsfaurbrsf, sjirf tjgj f` fe cbsj gf ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcb hjtjarâflcbs, s, gf quf ejs sf`sjrfs y ebs ârfbs gf cbpturb fstâ` cjejcbgjs f` pbrbefej. • Fs `fcfsbrkj cjoprjibr quf ejs gkspjsktkvjs f`hjcb` ejs gjcuof`tjs cjrrfctbof`tf. Ekopkfzb
Ebs ârfbs gf cbpturb (cbobs pbrb gjcuof`tjs, `fabtjscjpkjs, ftc.) sf f`suckb` cj` hbckekgbg, yb sfb pjrquf rfcjaf` eb suckfgbg gfe boikf`tf, gf eb rjpb j gf ebs ob`js gfe jpfrbgjr j gf ejs obtfrkbefs quf sf gkaktbekzb`. Ejs obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs quf vkf`f` gf gfpósktjs fs hâcke quf tf`ab` pjevj, y mby obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs (pjr fnfopej, ejs `fabtkvjs gf `ktrbtj) quf pufgf` gfsprf`gfr pfqufòjs trjzjs gf foueskó` quf sf pjsb` f` fe ârfb gf cbpturb. Kaubeof`tf, ejs crkstbefs prf`sbekirjs y ejs jinftkvjs gf ejs fqukpjs `fcfsktb` ekopkfzb hrfcuf`tf. Wboikë` fs `fcfsbrkj ekopkbr ebs pbrtfs gfe fqukpj cfrcb`bs be ârfb gf cbpturb (irbzjs, eâopbrbs, oâscbrbs…) pbrb fvktbr quf f`suckf` ejs gjcuof`tjs j fe ârfb gf cbpturb. • Tjr feej, be k`kckj gf eb sfskó` sf gfif` rfvksbr fe ârfb gf cbpturb j fe `fabtjscjpkj y ekopkbr f` cbsj gf quf sf bgvkfrtb rbstrj gf pjevj, mufeebs j suckfgbg. Fstb rfvkskó` gfif sfr cj`tk`ub, gfikë`gjsf vjevfr b rfbekzbr eb ekopkfzb sk gurb`tf fe trbibnj sf gftfctb suckfgbg. • Sf gfif vbejrbr eb cj`vf`kf`ckb cj`vf`kf`ckb gf rfbekzbr u`b ekopkfzb gf ejs gjcu gjcuof`tjs of`tjs b`tfs gf fscb`fbrejs j hjtjarbflbrejs. • @j sf gfif` utkekzbr pbòufejs gf pbpfe (ceï`fx…) pbrb ekopkbr ejs gjcuof`tjs (f` pbrtkcuebr
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trfpbrbckó` y fvbeubckó` gf ejs fqukpjs
ejs hjtjarâflcjs) `k pbrb ekopkbr ebs supfrflckfs j eb óptkcb gf ejs fqukpjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` (ef`tfs, crkstbefs…), pufgf` prjguckr okcrjbrbòbzjs. • Ejs crkstbefs gf ejs fscâ`frfs gfif` ekopkbrsf pjr ebs gjs cbrbs cj` hrfcuf`ckb y skfoprf b`tfs gf eb sfskó` gf fscb`fbgj. Tbrb feej mby quf utkekzbr prjguctjs fspfckbefs bpekcbgjs cj` cukgbgj, skaukf`gj ebs rfcjof`gbckj`fs gfe hbirkcb`tf gfe fscâ`fr be rfspfctj. B hbetb gf fstbs, sf pufgf usbr u`b sjeuckó` gf u`b pbrtf gf boj`kbcj y cubtrj gf baub, j u`b sjeuckó` gf ftb`je y baub, becjmje ksjprjpïekcjpfeusbs gkeukgj`kf` baub j sk`rbybgurbs. gkeukr. Tbrb ekopkfzb sf pufgf` trbpjs subvfsjquf `j gfsprf`gb` prjguzcb` Ejsebprjguctjs eïqukgjs sf utkekzbr gfif` bpekcbr sjirf fe trbpj, `u`cb gkrfctbof`tf sjirf fe gkspjsktkvj. Mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj gf quf fe eïqukgj `j pf`ftrf pjr beau`b nu`tb. @j fs rfcjof`gbief fe usj gf ekopkbcrkstbefs, pufs pufgf` gfnbr rfskgujs quf `j sf vf` b skopef vkstb, pfrj pufgf` sfr cbptbgjs pjr ebs câobrbs. • Tbrb ekopkbr ejs `fabtjscjpkjs y oj`ktjrfs pjgfojs usbr ejs oksojs obtfrkbefs y prjguctjs usbgjs pbrb ejs crkstbefs prf`sbekirjs. • Gfifojs tf`fr cukgbgj gf `j prjguckr rbybgurbs be quktbr fe pjevj gf ejs fqukpjs, sjirf tjgj cub`gj ekopkfojs crkstbefs. Tbrb quktbr fe pjevj gf ejs crkstbefs prf`sbekirjs, `fabtjscjpkjs u jinftkvjs hjtjarâflcjs sf pufgf` usbr sjpebgjrfs gf bkrf, irjcmbs gf pfej ouy subvf (irjcmbs nbpj`fsbs) j pfrkeebs gf ajob. • Tbrb quktbr ob`cmbs j mufeebs mufeebs gf ejs jinftkvjs sf gfif` utkekzbr prjguctjs fspfcïfl fspfcïflcjs cjs pbrb ef`tfs u jinftkvjs (eïqukgjs, tjbeektbs, abouzbs gf okcrjflirb). • F` fe trbibnj cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb fe sf`sjr sufef bcuouebr pjevj cj` fe cboikj gf jinftkvjs, pbrb ekopkbrej sf gfif` utkekzbr prjguctjs fspfcïflcjs gf ekopkfzb gf sf`sjrfs. Eb ekopkfzb gfe sf`sjr fs ebijrkjsb y sf gfif rfbekzbr cj` oucmb gfekcbgfzb y pbckf`ckb< fe sf`sjr, pjr cbusb gf eb fefctrkckgbg fstâtkcb, sufef bcuouebr ojtbs gf pjevj quf qufgb` ouy bgmfrkgbs y fs gkflcuetjsj fekok`br. • Ebs cbobs, ofsbs gf euz y crkstbefs gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb gfif` fstbr pfrhfctbof`tf sfcjs y ekopkjs b`tfs gf cjejcbr ejs gjcuof`tjs f` feejs j ibnj feejs. Keuok`bckó`
• Tbrb prjtfafr ejs gjcuof`tjs y abrb`tkzbr u` cjrrfctj fscb`fbgj, bsï cjoj eb mjojaf`fkgbg gf ebs cj`gkckj`fs gfe fscb`fbgj, gfifojs cj`trjebr, f` hu`ckó` gf ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf ejs fqukpjs, eb euz quf k`ckgf sjirf fe ârfb gf cbpturb. F` af`frbe, cj`vkf`f suprkokr j btf`ubr eb euz boikf`tf gurb`tf eb cbpturb. • Ejs fscâ`frfs prjhfskj`befs sufef` trbfr su prjpkb keuok`bckó` (f` beau`js cbsjs cj`flaurbief y ob`fnbief pjr sjhtwbrf ), ), pfrj sk tf`fojs quf k`stbebreb `jsjtrjs (câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs…) gfifojs bsfaurbr`js gf utkekzbr keuok`bckj`fs bprjpkbgbs. Cufstkj`fs b tf`fr f` cuf`tb b eb mjrb gf k`stbebr eb keuok`bckó` pbrb u` fqukpj gf gkaktbekzbckó` sfrïb` ebs skaukf`tfs> ‗ Fvktbr fe usj gf euc eucfs fs ccâekgbs âekgbs (tu`astf` (tu`astf`j, j, mbeó mbeóaf`js…). af`js…). Sf rrfcjokf`gb fcjokf`gb u`b tf tfopfrbturb opfrbturb gf cjejr gf 7444 b 6644 ¾L (eâopbrbs EFG, ujrfscf`tfs cj` euz `j gfobskbgj hrïb…). ‗ Eb keuok`bckó` gfif ttf`fr f`fr `uej j pjcj cjopj`f`tf cjopj`f`t f uetrbvkjeftb. ‗ Wbopjcj fs cj`vf`kf`tf quf eb euz ttf`ab f`ab gfobsk gfobskbgj bgj cjopj`f` cjopj`f`tf tf k`hr k`hrbrrjnj, brrjnj, pufs af`fr af`frbrâ brâ oucmj cbejr y fstj pufgf gbòbr ejs gjcuof`tjs. ‗ Tjr cufstkj`fs gf cj`sfrvbckó` gf ejs gjcuof`tjs y gf u`khjrokgbg f` eb keuok`bckó`, `j sf
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trfpbrbckó` y fvbeubckó` gf ejs fqukpjs
rfcjokf`gb f` af`frbe fe usj gf bsm. Sk sf usb` bsmfs j j keuok`bckj`fs sk`crj`kzbgbs cj` fe gkspbrj gf eb câobrb, mby quf bsfaurbrsf prfvkbof`tf gf quf eb euz quf prjgucf` k`ckgf sjirf fe ârfb gf cbpturb gf ob`frb mjojaë`fb. ‗ Eb keuok`bckó` gfe fqukpj ssjirf jirf fe gjcuof`tj j âârfb rfb gf cbpturb mb gf sfr u`khjr u`khjrof. of. ‗ Eb keuok`bckó` `j gfif ssfr fr gfobskbgj gkhus gkhusb, b, sf pkfrgf gftbeef. ‗ Wbopjcj cj`vkf`f utkekzbr keuok` keuok`bckj`fs bckj`fs gfobskbgj ccjekobgbs. jekobgbs. ‗ F` fe cbsj gf gjcuof`tjs fs fspfckbeof`tf pfckbeof`tf vbekjs vbekjsjs js j sf`ski sf`skiefs, efs, eb keuok`bc keuok`bckó` kó` `j gfifrïb bbuuof`tbr oâs gf gjs arbgjs cf`tïarbgjs eb tfopfrbturb gfe gjcuof`tj. F` fe rfstj gf cbsjs, fe buof`tj pjgrïb sfr mbstb gf trfs arbgjs. ‗ Tbrb gkaktbekzbr p pbtrkoj`kj btrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj j hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb, sf cj`skgfrb bprjpkbgj u` vbejr gf ï`gkcf gf rfprjgucckó` crjoâtkcb (KYC) gf eb huf`tf gf euz gf ;4 j supfrkjr. ‗ Eb euz quf k`ckgf f` fe gjcuof gjcuof`tj `tj `j gfif prjguc prjguckr kr rffn rffnjs. js. Gjcuof Gjcuof`tjs `tjs fspfck fspfckbeof`t beof`tff irkeeb`tfs pufgf` rfqufrkr u`b keuok`bckó` fspfckbe. • Sk eb keuok`bckó` gfe fqukpj gf gkaktbekzbckó` fs gfobskbgj k`tf`sb y/j prjvjcb irkeejs f` ejs jrkak`befs, gfif subvkzbrsf cboikb`gj ebs eâopbrbs j ijoikeebs j befnb`gj eb huf`tf gf euz. • F` beau`js cbsjs f` ejs quf fstj `j fs pjskief (pjr fnfop fnfopej, ej, u` fscâ`fr pbrb cuybs eâopbrbs j ijoikeebs yb `j sf s f hbirkcb`), eb keuok`bckó` pufgf subvkzbrsf bcjpeb`gj bc jpeb`gj eâok`bs gf pjebrkzbckó` ek`fbefs u jtrj tkpj gf fletrjs pjebrkzbgjs f` ebs eâopbrbs. Fstj gfif bpekcbrsf sjebof`tf f` cbsjs fxcfpckj`befs< f` af`frbe, `j fs rfcjof`gbief fe usj gf fstf tkpj gf fletrjs f` ebs eâopbrbs, pufs pufgf` prjvjcbr përgkgbs gf cbekgbg f` ebs koâaf`fs. Fstb përgkgb sf prjgucf, f` prkofr euabr, pjr u`b gksok`uckó` gf eb euok`jskgbg, gbgj quf u`b eâok`b pjebrkzbgb sjej gfnb pbsbr pbrtf gf eb euz quf k`ckgf sjirf feeb. F` u` cbsj ibstb`tf `jrobe, sk eb eâok`b gfnb pbsbr sjej fe 3= % gf eb euz quf rfckif, fst fstj j supj`f 2,6 gkbhrbaobs, bprjxkobgbof`tf, gf përgkgb gf euok`jskgbg. Sk b fstj ef suobojs jtrj fletrj pjebrkzbgjr f` fe jinftkvj gf eb câobrb pbrb jitf`fr u`b pjebrkzbckó` cruzbgb, pfrgfrfojs jtrjs gjs gkbhrbaobs oâs y gfifojs pj`fr fspfckbe cukgbgj f` eb bek`fbckó` gf ebs eâok`bs pbrb quf eb pjebrkzbckó` gfe fletrj gf eb câobrb k`tfrflfrb skouetâ`fbof`tf cj` ebs gjs eucfs pjebrkzbgbs quf sf utkekzb` mbiktubeof`tf. Ej oâs fflcbz fs fstugkbr fe pjskckj`bokf`tj gf ebs eucfs k`tf`tb`gj cj`sfaukr eb euz oâs efnb`b y oâs tuoibgb quf ebs ckrcu`stb`ckbs `js pfroktb`.
Cbekirbckó`
• Fe fscâ`fr gfif cbef`tbrsf gfnâ`gjej u` rbtj f`cf`gkgj b`tfs gf cbekirbrej. • Eb obyjrïb gf ejs fscâ`frfs gf abob ofgkb-betb jhrfcf` gkvfrsbs jpckj`fs gf cj`flaurbckó` y hu`ckj`fs j prjarbobs gf cbekirbckó`. cbekirb ckó`. Fstjs prjarbobs utkekzb` ut kekzb` cbrtbs j pbtr pbtrj`fs j`fs gf cj`trje pbrb cj`trjebr bspfctjs gfe mbrgwbrf cjoj cjoj eb tfopfrbturb, eb vfejckgbg gfe vf`tkebgjr, ftc., bspfctjs ofcâ`kcjs cjoj fe â`auej gf eb cbob, eb gkstb`ckb óptkob be gjcuof`tj, ftc., y bspfctjs rfebtkvjs b eb kobaf` gkaktbe cjoj fe ibeb`cf gf ieb`cjs y `farjs, fe f`hjquf, eb rfsjeuckó`, fe `kvfe gf rukgj, eb prfckskó` gfe cjejr, eb prfckskó` afjoëtrkcb, ftc. Sf gfif` sfaukr ebs fspfckflcbckj`fs gfe hbirkcb`tf pbrb cbekirbr fe fscâ`fr. • Sfaþ` ejs gkspjsktkvjs pufgf sfr `fcfsbrkj u` prjcfsj gf f`sbyj y frrjr pbrb cj`sfaukr jptkokzbr fe hu`ckj`bokf`tj gfe gkspjsktkvj. • Fs cj`vf`kf`tf rfbekzbr cj` hrfcuf`ckb fe cbekirbgj gfe fscâ`fr, be of`js ejs tfst quf cj`trjeb` gkrfctbof`tf ejs pbrâoftrjs gf kobaf` gkaktbe, cjoj fe ibeb`cf gf ieb`cjs, f`hjquf, ftc. Fs
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
6;
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trfpbrbckó` y fvbeubckó` gf ejs fqukpjs
`fcfsbrkj rfcbekirbr sk fe fscâ`fr sf cboikb gf euabr, sk cboikb` ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf eb euz boikf`tf, sk sf gftfctb cubequkfr gfflckf`ckb j prjiefob f` ebs koâaf`fs quf sf fstâ` af`frb`gj j k`ceusj sk sf bctubekzb fe sjhtwbrf gfe gfe gkspjsktkvj.
Hka. 23. Gfet.bf.
• Bgfoâs gf ejs prjarbobs `btkvjs y jpckj`fs gf cj`flaurbckó` gf ejs fscâ`frfs, sf pufgf` k`stbebr y/j usbr prjarbobs fspfckbekzbgjs f` eb cbekirbckó` y pfrflebgj (SkevfrHbst, Brayee COS, XufScb`, KR B` B`beyzfr beyzfr…). …). F Fstjs stjs prjarbob prjarbobss pf pfroktf` roktf` eb ccbekirbc bekirbckó` kó` y/j pfrflebgj gfe ffscâ`fr scâ`fr ofgkb`tf fe usj gf cbrtbs gf cj`trje cj` vbejrfs `jrobekzbgjs. Mby tboikë` sktkjs wfi quf jhrfcf` utkekgbgfs j mfrrbokf`tbs gf fstf tkpj, pjr fnfopej, Gfet.bf (mttps>//gfetbf.pkcturbf.cjo) j Kobaf Rubekty B`beysks (mttp>//kobafqb.npfrfkrb.`ft/FS/k`gfx.pmp). • F` ejs þetkojs bòjs sf mb` puiekcbgj gkvfrsbs `jrobs quf gfscrkif` gf ob`frb `jrobekzbgb cbrtbs gf cj`trje pbrb ebs tbrfbs gf fvbeubckó`, cbekirbckó` y cbrbctfrkzbckó` gfe gkspjsktkvj> KSJ WS 2;987, KSJ 29872-2>9428, KSJ 29872-9… Sf rfcjokf`gb utkekzbr cbrtbs gf cj`trje `jrobekzbgbs gf betb cbekgbg (KW=, CjejrCmfclfr, VWW, SHY…), nu`tj cj` sus cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs brcmkvjs gf rfhfrf`ckb, pbrb eefvbr b cbij ebs tbrfbs of`ckj`bgbs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
84
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trfpbrbckó` y fvbeubckó` gf ejs fqukpjs
• Tbrb fe cj`trje gf eb tfopfrbturb gf cjejr y fe ibeb`cf gf ieb`cjs pufgf usbrsf u`b cbrtb gf arksfs. • Cjoj `jrob af`frbe, b`tfs gf cbekirbr fe gkspjsktkvj mby quf gfsbctkvbr tjgbs ebs hu`ckj`fs butjoâtkcbs gf irkeej y cj`trbstf, ibeb`cf gf ieb`cjs, cjopf`sbckó` gf aboob, afstkó` gf cjejr, ftc. • Cjoj `jrob af`frbe, eb cj`flaurbckó` quf sf mb usbgj pbrb fe cbekirbgj mbirâ quf ob`tf`freb gurb`tf fe fscb`fbgj. • Gf`trj gf ej pjskief, sf gfif` rfbekzbr fe cbekirbgj y fe pfrflebgj cj` eb rfsjeuckó` cj` eb quf sf vbyb` b fscb`fbr ejs gjcuof`tjs. Xbrkbckj`fs f` eb rfsjeuckó` pufgf` supj`fr vbrkbckj`fs f` ejs vbejrfs gf cjejr. • F` fe cbsj gf ejs obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs, arâflcjs y hjtjarâflcjs, fs kopjrtb`tf jptkokzbr, f` hu`ckó` gf ejs hj`gjs b gkaktbekzbr, fe rb`aj gk`âokcj gfe gkspjsktkvj. Câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs
• Ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs sufef` rfbekzbr gftfrok`bgjs bnustfs gf ob`frb butjoâtkcb quf f` beau`js ojgfejs j cbsjs `j sf pufgf` gfsbctkvbr. Tjr jtrj ebgj, ebs câobrbs `j sf sufef` vf`gfr nu`tj cj` ejs `fcfsbrkjs prjarbobs gf cbekirbckó`/jptkokzbckó`. Bgfoâs, sk oj`tbojs u` pufstj gf gkaktbekzbckó` cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb, tf`grfojs quf bcjpebr cjrrfctbof`tf sus gkhfrf`tfs pkfzbs (tjrrf j cjeuo`b, cbob, câobrb, crkstbe prf`sbekirjs, ftc.) y oj`tbr u` skstfob gf keuok`bckó` gf ejs gjcuof`tjs b hjtjarbflbr. F` rfsuof`, f` fe cbsj gf ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs, tjgj fs oâs fxkief, y, pjr tb`tj, of`js fstâ`gbr y fstbief. Wjgj fstj mbcf quf, sk sf qukfrf rfbekzbr u` trbibnj gf cbekgbg, ebs tbrfbs gf cbekirbckó`, jptkokzbckó` y cbpturb sfb` oâs gkhïckefs quf cj` fe fscâ`fr y rfqukfrb` gf pfrsj`be betbof`tf fspfckbekzbgj. • Tbrb cbekirbr, pfrflebr y jptkokzbr ejs bnustfs gf eb câobrb gkaktbe, tf`grfojs quf k`stbebr ejs prjarbobs `fcfsbrkjs y utkekzbr cbrtbs gf cj`trje, prfhfrkiefof`tf bcjopbòbgbs cj` flcmfrjs gf rfhfrf`ckb quf prfsf`tf` f` hjrobtj `jrobekzbgj CABWS ejs vbejrfs cjejrkoëtrkcjs gf rfhfrf`ckb pbrb cbgb pbrcmf gf cjejr j arks f` u` fspbckj gf cjejr bgfcubgj, tbe cjoj CKFEBI j CKF ][^. Wë`absf f` cuf`tb quf eb cbekirbckó` y fe pfrfle gf cjejr jitf`kgjs sfrâ` vâekgjs sjej okf`trbs `j vbrïf` ebs cj`gkckj`fs cj`gkc kj`fs tëc`kcbs y boikf`tbefs. • Sk vbojs b cjtfnbr eb kobaf` gkaktbe cj` fe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be, gfifojs trbibnbr cj` u` oj`ktjr ikf` cbekirbgj prfvkbof`tf. • F` fe cbsj gf eb câobrb, pufgf` sfr `fcfsbrkjs cj`trjefs cjoj> ‗ Cjoprjibr eb u`khjr u`khjrokgbg okgbg gf eb keuok`bckó` ((yy quf sfb gfe tkpj bgfc bgfcubgj). ubgj). ‗ Cjoprjibr quf fe sf`s sf`sjr, jr, eb ef`tf y eb cbob y fe gjcuof`t gjcuof`tj j fstâ` pbrbefejs pbrbefejs.. ‗ Fstbi Fstbiefcfr efcfr ejs vbejrf vbejrfss g gff ffxpjskck xpjskckó` ó` oâs bgfcub bgfcubgjs gjs (vfejc (vfejckgbg kgbg gfe jitur jiturbgjr, bgjr, bbifrtur ifrturbb g gff gkbhrbaob…). ‗ F`hjcbr eb kobaf`. ‗ Cj`trjebr, ofgkb`tf cbrtbs gf cj`trje, fe irkeej y cj`trbstf, fe ibeb`cf gf ieb`cjs y eb rfspufstb tj`be. ‗ Crfbr u` pfrfle gf ccjejr. jejr.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
82
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trfpbrbckó` y fvbeubckó` gf ejs fqukpjs
=.3 Fvbeubckó` gfe skstfob Ejs fqukpjs gf betb abob sufef` k`ceukr hu`ckj`fs gf gftfcckó` gf prjiefobs gf hu`ckj`bokf`tj, pfrj fstbs hu`ckj`fs `j sj` cbpbcfs gf gftfctbr y sjeuckj`br tjgb eb cbsuïstkcb gf prjiefobs quf pufgf` prjguckrsf. Jtrjs gkspjsktkvjs `k skqukfrb k`ceuyf` fstf tkpj gf cj`trjefs. Tjr jtrj ebgj, ebs fspfckflcbckj`fs gf ejs fqukpjs `j skfoprf sf bnustb` b eb rfbekgbg. Bgfoâs, eb k`stbebckó` k`stbebc kó` gfe fqukpj pufgf k`ukr f` su rf`gkokf`tj. Tjr þetkoj, ejs fqukpjs vb` pfrgkf`gj rf`gkokf`tj pjcj b pjcj cj` fe pbsj gfe tkfopj. Tjr tjgj feej fs `fcfsbrkj rfbekzbr pfrkógkcbof`tf fvbeubckj`fs gf rf`gkokf`tj gf ejs fqukpjs okgkf`gj pbrâoftrjs cjoj eb rfsjeuckó` rfsjeuc kó` rfbe, fe `kvfe gf rukgj, fe rb`aj gk`âokcj, eb prfckskó` gfe cjejr, fe `kvfe gf irkeej y cj`trbstf, ftc. Eb fvbeubckó` gfe skstfob gf gkaktbekzbckó` `js pufgf sfrvkr `j sjej pbrb cbekirbr, bnustbr y jptkokzbr ejs fqukpjs, tboikë` pbrb cjopbrbr y sfefcckj`br fqukpjs, pbrb vfrkflcbr eb flbikekgbg gf ebs fspfckflcbckj`fs gf ejs hbirkcb`tfs, j pbrb cj`trjebr fe rf`gkokf`tj gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs b ej ebraj gfe tkfopj. • Fs cj`vf`kf`tf fvbeubr ejs fqukpjs pfrkógkcbof`tf pbrb cjoprjibr su rf`gkokf`tj y gftfrok`br sk sf bnustb` b ejs pbrâoftrjs gf ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` f` ejs quf vb` b sfr utkekzbgjs. Eb fvbeubckó` `js skrvf pbrb gftfrok`br sk fe fqukpj mb pfrgkgj rf`gkokf`tj y pjgfr gfckgkr, cub`gj yb `j becb`cf ejs fstâ`gbrfs oï`kojs gf cbekgbg, sk mby quf cboikbrej j ekoktbr su usj. [b sf mb k`gkcbgj, f` fe bpbrtbgj 7.3 («Sfefcckó` gf gkspjsktkvj gkspjskt kvj gf cbpturb¼) quf fxkstf` `jr `jr-obs gf fvbeubckó` gf skstfobs gf gkaktbekzbckó` pbrb obtfrkbefs pbtrkoj`kbefs. Cjof`tâibojs quf ebs oâs kopjrtb`tfs gf fstbs `jrobs sj` eb Hbgak, OFWBOJYHJ^F y eb KSJ 2;987-2. Bgfoâs gf fstbs `jrobs quf rfbekzb` u`b fvbeubckó` ibstb`tf fxmbustkvb gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs, mby jtrbs quf rfaueb` eb ofgkckó` gf u`j j u`js pjcjs pbrâoftrjs gfe skstfob. Beau`bs gf fstbs `jrobs fstâ` pf`sbgbs pbrb fscâ`frfs y jtrbs pbrb câobrbs gkaktbefs. F` af`frbe, tjgj fstffspfckbekzbgjs. cj`nu`tj gf `jrobs sf ibsb f` fe usjbeau`js gf cbrtbs pbtrj`fs gf cj`trje `jrobekzbgjs y prjarbobs [b sf mb` of`ckj`bgj gf j fstjs prjarbobs f` fe bpbrtbgj 7.3 («Sfefcckó` gf gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb¼). Eb fvbeubckó` sf rfbekzb ofgkb`tf fe fscb`fj gf ebs cbrtbs y su ofgkckó`, ofgkb`tf fe prjarbob k`hjroâtkcj. F` eb obyjrïb gf ejs ccbsjs bsjs fe prjarbob rfbekzb u`b fvbeubckó` butjoâtkcb y pfroktf u` cóojgj bnustf gf pbrâoftrjs. Sf usb` gkhfrf`tfs ojgfejs gf cbrtb pbrb fe fscb`fbgj rffctb`tf (obtfrkbefs jpbcjs) y trb`soktkgj (trb`spbrf`ckbs). Fstbs cbrtbs pfroktf` ofgkr pbrâoftrjs cjoj> ‗ Bek`fbckó`. ‗ Yukgj. ‗ Trfckskó` afjoëtr afjoëtrkcb. kcb. ‗ Cj`vfrskó` jptjfefct jptjfefctró`kcb. ró`kcb. ‗ Yfsjeuckó` y hrfc hrfcuf`ckb uf`ckb fspbckbe. ‗ V`khjrokgbg gf eb keuok` keuok`bckó`. bckó`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
89
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trfpbrbckó` y fvbeubckó` gf ejs fqukpjs
‗ Trfckskó` tj`be (cb`befs gf cjejr cjejr). ). ‗ F`hjquf. ‗ Yb`aj gk`âokcj. ‗ Ftc. Beau`bs `jrobs gksfòbgbs pbrb eb fvbeubckó` gf skstfobs skstfob s j gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb sfrïb` ebs skaukf`tfs> ‗ KSJ/WS 2;987-2>9492. B`âeksks gf cbek cbekgbg gbg gf kobaf` – Trkofrb pbrtf> jrkak`befs rffctb` rffctb`tfs. tfs. \Sf bpekcb b fscâ`frfs y câobrbs gkaktbefs f` trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj cueturbe_. ‗ KSJ/WY 2;983-2>9421. Iuf`bs prâctkcbs pbrb eb cbpturb gf kobaf` gkaktbe. \Sf bpekcb b fscâ`frfs y câobrbs gkaktbefs f` trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj cueturbe_. ‗ HBGAK Wfcm`kcbe Aukgfek`fs Aukg fek`fs hjr Gkaktkzk`a Gkaktkz k`a Cueturbe Mfrktbaf Mfrktb af Obtfrkbes . ‗ OFWBOJYHJ^F Trfsfrvbtkj` Trfsf rvbtkj` Kobak`a Kobak` a Aukgfek`fs . ‗ KSJ 29933>9 29933>9421. 421. Fscb` Fscb`fj fj gf koâaf`fs flnbs. Yfspufs Yfspufstb tb gf rrfsjeuck fsjeuckó` ó` y hrfcuf hrfcuf`ckb `ckb fspbckb fspbckbe.e. \Tbrb câobrbs gkaktbefs_. ‗ KSJ 29872-2>9428. Cbrt Cbrtbs bs gf cjejr pbrb k`puts gf gf cbekirbckó` gf fscâ`frfs. ‗ KSJ 29872-9>942;. Cbrt Cbrtbs bs gf cjejr bvb` bvb`zbgbs zbgbs pbrb k`puts gf gf cbekirbckó` gf fscâ`frfs. ‗ KSJ 29863-2>9444. Cbrtbs gf fvbeubckó` pbrb fscb`fbgj f` ieb`cj y `farj gf gjcuof`tjs gf jflck`b ‗ Tbrtf 2> Cbrbctfrïstkcbs. ‗ KSJ 2986329863-9>9444 9>9444/Cjr /Cjr 2>944 2>9449. 9. Cbrt Cbrtbs bs gf fvbeu fvbeubckó` bckó` pbrb fscb fscb`fbgj `fbgj f` ieb`c ieb`cj j y `farj gf gjcuof`tjs gf jflck`b ‗Tbrt 9> Oëtjgj gf usj. Cjrrfcckó` tëc`kcb 2. ‗ KSJ 27697>944;. Câobrbs gf kobaf` gkaktbe flnb. Oëtjgjs pbrb ofgkr hu`ckj`fs gf cj`vfrskó` jptj-fefctró`kcb (JFCHs). \Tbrb câobrbs gkaktbefs_. ‗ KSJ 2613;>9421. Fscb` Fscb`fj fj gf koâaf`fs flnbs. Of Ofgkckó` gkckó` gfe rukgj. \Tbr \Tbrbb câobrbs gkakt gkaktbefs_. befs_. ‗ KSJ 28481-2 28481-2>9443. >9443. Ofgkck Ofgkckó` ó` gf rfsje rfsjeuckó` uckó` fspbck fspbckbe be pbrb fscâ` fscâ`frfs frfs fefct fefctró`kc ró`kcjs js gf kobaf` hjtjarâflcb. Tbrtf 2> Fscâ`frfs pbrb ofgkjs rffctb`tfs. ‗ KSJ 28481-9 28481-9>9447. >9447. Ofgkck Ofgkckó` ó` gf rfsje rfsjeuckó` uckó` fspbck fspbckbe be pbrb fscâ` fscâ`frfs frfs fefct fefctró`kc ró`kcjs js gf kobaf` hjtjarâflcb. Tbrtf 9> Fscâ`frfs pbrb pfeïcueb. ‗ KSJ 92664>9447. Fsc Fscâ`fr â`fr fefctr fefctró`kcj ó`kcj pbrb koâaf`fs hjtjarâflcbs. Ofgkckó` gfe rb`aj gk`âokcj. \Tbrb fscâ`frfs_.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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;. Ob`kpue Ob`kpuebckó` bckó` gf gjcuof`t gjcuof`tjs js • Ejs gjcuof`tjs quf hjrob` pbrtf gfe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj j eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb sj` pjr ej af`frbe vbekjsjs, skf`gj f` `j pjcjs cbsjs gjcuof`tjs fscbsjs, rbrjs j þ`kcjs. Tjr feej rfqukfrf` u`b cukgbgjsb ob`kpuebckó` quf fvktf quf pufgb` suhrkr gbòjs j gfspfrhfctjs. • Fs rfcjof`gbief gksfòbr prjcfgkokf`tjs gf cj`trje gf gjcuof`tjs f` ebs sbebs gf gkaktbekzbckó` quf `js pfroktb` cj`jcfr f` cbgb ojof`tj quë hj`gjs sf vb` b gkaktbekzbr (rfakstrjs, k`vf`tbrkjs…), b cbraj gf qukë` fstâ` (`jtbs gf f`trfab y rfckiï…), hfcmbs (gf f`trbgb, gf sbekgb, gf fscb`fbgj…), fe euabr gj`gf fstâ` y fe ojof`tj gfe prjcfsj gf gkaktbekzbckó` f` quf sf f`cuf`trb cbgb gjcuof`tj (f` fspfrb, gkaktbekzbgj…). Cub`tj oâs arb`gf sfb fe prjyfctj, obyjr sfrâ eb `fcfskgbg gf fstf cj`trje. • Okf`trbs ejs hj`gjs fstâ` f` ebs sbebs gf gkaktbekzbckó` j beobcf`bgjs f` gfpósktjs prjvkskj`befs b eb fspfrb gf su gkaktbekzbckó` j trb`spjrtf, të`absf f` cuf`tb pbrb su beobcf`bnf ej k`gkcbgj f` eb `jrob KSJ 221;;>9426 (Yfquksktjs gf beobcf`bokf`tj gf gjcuof`tjs pbrb obtfrkbefs gf brcmkvj y ikiekjtfcb). • Mby quf bsfaurbrsf, u u`b `b vfz rfvksbgjs ejs hj`g hj`gjs, js, gf quf fe ojik ojikekbrkj ekbrkj f` fe quf sf vvb` b` b beobcf`br ejs hj`gjs b gkaktbekzbr j trb`spjrtbr sfb bgfcubgj b eb `bturbefzb, fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` y tbobòj gf gkcmjs hj`gjs. • Sk fe vjeuof` b gk gkaktbekzbr aktbekzbr fstâ cjejcbgj f` vfrtkcbe f` eb fstb`tfrïb, `j sf gfif tkrbr gf eb cbifzbgb gf eb f`cubgfr`bckó` be fxtrbfrej, sk`j cjafrej pjr fe cf`trj gfe ejoj. • Fs cj`vf`kf`tf quf fe pfrsj`be b cbraj gf ebs tbrfbs gf gkaktbekzbckó` fstë gfikgbof`tf hjrobgj f` ofgkgbs gf ob`kpuebckó` gf gjcuof`tjs gurb`tf ebs tbrfbs gf gkaktbekzbckó`. F` pbrtkcuebr, ejs jpfrbgjrfs gf fscâ`fr gfif` sfr cbpbcfs gf gftfctbr cbsjs f` ejs quf fe fscb`fbgj pufgf gbòbr fe gjcuof`tj y tjobr ebs ofgkgbs bgfcubgbs. Fstb hjrobckó` pufgf rfbekzbrsf rfgbctb`gj u` ob`ube gf prjcfgkokf`tjs quf tf`ab f` cuf`tb eb ob`kpuebckó` gf gjcuof`tjs hrâakefs j f` obe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó`. • B`tfs gf cjof`zbr b gkaktbekzbr cj`vkf`f rfvksbr fe fstbgj gfe gjcuof`tj pbrb gftfrok`br sk prfcksb u`b ekopkfzb j rfstburbckó` prfvkbs, u`b ob`kpuebckó` j tëc`kcb gf fscb`fbgj f` pbrtkcuebr, sk tkf`f cbrbctfrïstkcbs b tf`fr f` cuf`tb gurb`tf fe fscb`fbgj (cubgfr`keejs, mjnbs sufetbs, gfspefabiefs, ftc.) j sf`ckeebof`tf `j fs bptj pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó`. Be tërok`j gf eb gkaktbekzbckó`, mby quf rfvksbr gf `ufvj fe hj`gj, pbrb cjoprjibr quf `j mb suhrkgj `k`aþ` gftfrkjrj. • F` af`frbe, fs cj`vf`kf`tf rfbekzbr u`b ekopkfzb prfvkb gf ejs gjcuof`tjs b`tfs gf su fscb`fbgj. Fstb ekopkfzb fvktbrâ f`suckbr ejs fqukpjs gf cbpturb y, f` beau`js cbsjs, pfroktkrâ u`b gkaktbekzbckó` gf obyjr cbekgbg (gkbpjsktkvbs, `fabtkvjs…). • Eb ekopkfzb mb gf rfbekzbrsf sk` gbòbr ejs obtfrkbefs. F` af`frbe, pbrb obtfrkbefs f` pbpfe, sf gfif` fvktbr sustb`ckbs quïokcbs y eïqukgbs. Tbrb quktbr fe pjevj pufgf` usbrsf irjcmbs nbpj`fsbs, peuofrjs, pfrbs gf ajob j trbpjs quf `j rbyf` ejs gjcuof`tjs `k gfsprf`gb` mkejsejsj gjcupbrtïcuebs. @j fs rfcjof`gbief fe usj fl`js gf pbòufejs gf pbpfe (ceï`fx…), pufs pufgf` rbybr of`tjs, sjirf tjgj ebs foueskj`fs hjtjarâflcbs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Ob`kpuebckó` gf gjcuof`tjs
Tbrb ekopkbr foueskj`fs hjtjarâflcbs y sjpjrtfs peâstkcjs sf pufgf` utkekzbr prjguctjs fspfckbefs rfcjof`gbgjs pjr ejs prjhfskj`befs gf eb hjtjarbhïb. Tbrb eb ekopkfzb gf pebcbs gf vkgrkj beau`bs k`stktuckj`fs mb` usbgj cj` ëxktj sjeuckj`fs gf baub gfstkebgb cj` becjmje f` ouy ibnb prjpjrckó`. • Sk sf gfckgf gkaktbekzbr u` gjcuof`tj quf prfcksb gf u`b rfstburbckó` prfvkb, eb rfstburbc rfstburbckó` kó` gfif rfbekzbreb pfrsj`be fspfckbekzbgj j gfikgbof`tf hjrobgj. • Tbrb u` o obyjr byjr cj`trje gf ejs obtfrkbefs, cj`vkf`f jrgf`brejs skaukf`gj fe jrgf` fstbiefckgj f` u`b ekstb j k`vf`tbrkj y gkaktbekzbrejs rfspftb`gj fstf jrgf`. • Ejs gjcuof`tjs gfif` gfvjevfrsf b su gfpósktj gf jrkaf` b eb obyjr irfvfgbg pjskief. • F` af`frbe, ejs obtfrkbefs sf gfvjevfrâ` fopbquftbgjs tbe cjoj sf mb` rfckikgj. Sk eb rfvkskó` gf obtfrkbefs gftfctbrb quf fstâ` obe f`vufetjs (cj` obtfrkbefs j f`vjetjrkjs k`bgfcubgjs j abstbgjs, f`cj`trâ`gjsf gkhfrf`tfs tkpjs gf gjcuof`tjs fopbquftbgjs nu`tjs, ftc.), pjgrïb sfr u` iuf` ojof`tj pbrb f`vjevfrejs cjrrfctbof`tf. • Ejs gjcuof`tjs `j gfif` gfnbrsf bikfrtjs (vjeþof`fs) j gfsf`vufetjs be tërok`j gf eb njr`bgb, bu`quf fstë` b ofgkj gkaktbekzbr. • Mb gf fvktbrsf eb ob`kpuebckó` k``fcfsbrkb gf ejs gjcuof`tjs. • Ejs jpfrbgjrfs gf fscâ`fr mb` gf ebvbrsf y sfcbrsf ikf` ebs ob`js hrfcuf`tfof`tf y skfoprf b`tfs gf fopfzbr b trbibnbr, y fvktbr fe usj gf ejckj`fs j crfobs gf ob`js. Sf gfif fvktbr trbibnbr cj` fe pfej j eb cbrb ojnbgjs, fe baub pufgf ajtfbr sjirf ejs gjcuof`tjs. @j sf gfif` muofgfcfr ejs gfgjs pbrb pbsbr ebs pâak`bs. • Sf rfcjokf`gb quf ejs jpfrbgjrfs gf fscâ`fr eefvf` aub`tfs gf beajgó` beajgó` j gf eâtfx okf` okf`trbs trbs fstë` f` cj`tbctj cj` ejs gjcuof`tjs. Sf pufgf` utkekzbr tboikë` ibtbs ekopkbs y gf cjejrfs `futrjs. • F` ebs sbebs gf fscb`fbgj j beobcf`bgj tfopjrbe gf gjcuof`tjs, gfif prjmkikrsf huobr, cjofr j ififr f k`trjguckr f` feebs cjokgbs y ifikgbs. F` fe cbsj gf quf sfb `fcfsbrkj ififr baub okf`trbs sf trbibnb, eb huf`tf gf baub j ebs ijtfeektbs gfif` fstbr sfpbrbgbs gf ejs fqukpjs y gjcuof`tjs, pbrb `j gbòbrejs bcckgf`tbeof`tf. • Ijeïarbhjs, rjtuebgjrfs, peuobs, pfabof`tjs, eïqukgjs cjrrfctjr cjrrfctjrfs, fs, ijtfs gf tk`tb, sfeejs, prjguctjs gf ekopkfzb y gfoâs utf`skekjs j obtfrkbefs quf pufgb` gbòbr ejs gjcuof`tjs gfif` ob`tf`frsf befnbgjs gf fstjs y gf ebs ârfbs gf cbpturb. Sk fe jpfrbgjr gf fscâ`fr prfcksb tjobr `jtbs, fs prfhfrkief quf usf u` ebpkcfrj. • Be trbibnbr cj` u` fscâ`fr peb`j, `j sf gfif` cjejcbr ejs obtfrkbefs pfsbgjs sjirf fe crkstbe gfe fscâ`fr `k sf gfif fnfrcfr gfobskbgb hufrzb sjirf ëe, sf pjgrïb rjopfr. Ebs hjtjarbhïbs gfif` ob`tf`frsf sjirf fe crkstbe gfe fscâ`fr sjej fe tkfopj `fcfsbrkj pbrb su gkaktbekzbckó`, sk sf gfnb` gfobskbgj tkfopj pjgrïb` pfabrsf. • Tbrb gkaktbekzbr ekirjs sf gfif` usbr cbobs bgfcubgbs gf gjs `kvfefs quf sf bgbptf` be ejoj gf ejs vjeþof`fs. • Tbrbgfe fe fscb`fbgj gf ekirjs sufef sfr `fcfsbrkj usbr u` crkstbe prf`sbekirjs pbrb gksok`ukr eb curvbturb ejoj. F` cbsj gf quf sf usf, sf gfif prjcfgfr bpeb`â`gjej cj` cukgbgj, pbrb `j gbòbr fe gjcuof`tj< `j mby quf hjrzbr gfobskbgj eb f`cubgfr`bckó`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
86
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Ob`kpuebckó` gf gjcuof`tjs
• Sk fe ekirj `j pufgf birkrsf sk` pj`fr f` pfekarj su k`tfarkgbg hïskcb, gfif gkaktbekzbrsf sjirf u`b cbob f` uvf, cj` u` gkspjsktkvj fspfckbekzbgj j bgbptbgj pbrb fstf tkpj gf gkaktbekzbckó`. • Mby quf tf`fr fspfckbe cukgbgj b eb mjrb gf ob`kpuebr y pbsbr ebs pâak`bs gf ejs vjeþof`fs quf tkf`f` pbpfe hrkbief 8, pbrb quf `j sf gbòf`. • Sk fe gjcuof`tj fstâ cjoibgj (u`b eâok`b j u` obpb, pjr fnfopej), y skfoprf quf sfb fvkgf`tf quf fstjs prjcfgkokf`tjs `j pufgf` prjguckr gbòj be gjcuof`tj, sf pufgf` usbr fe crkstbe prf`sbekirjs u jtrbs tëc`kcbs pbrb beksbrej ojof`tâ`fbof`tf sjirf eb cbob. • Ejs gjcuof`tjs gfif` cjejcbrsf ikf` fx fxtf`gkgjs tf`gkgjs f` fe ârfb gf cbpturb. Fe gjcuof`tj gjcuof`tj `j gfif sjirfsbekr gf ejs eïoktfs gf fstb. • F` af`frbe, sf cjejcbrâ u` sjej gjcuof`tj f` fe ârfb gf cbpturb pbrb su gkaktbekzbckó`. V`b fxcfpckó` b fstb rfaeb sfrïb eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf gkbpjsktkvbs y `fabtkvjs cj` skstfobs y bgbptbgjrfs quf pfroktb` eb cbpturb pjr ejtfs. • @j sf gfif` usbr obtfrkbefs pfabnjsjs (tbcly fl`afrs ) gksfòbgjs pbrb hbckektbr eb tbrfb gf pbsbr ebs pâak`bs. • Cjoj `jrob af`frbe, `j fs bcj`sfnbief gfsf`cubgfr`br ejs gjcuof`tjs pbrb su fscb`fbgj, pfrj sk ejs obtfrkbefs `j sj` gfobskbgj vbekjsjs y sf cuf`tb cj` oþetkpefs cjpkbs, pufgf cj`tfopebrsf fstby jpckó`. pufgf peb`tfbr eb gfsf`cubgfr`bckó` sf mb sf f`cubgfr`bgj obe fe vjeuof` sf pkfrgfWboikë` pbrtf gfesfcj`tf`kgj f` eb pbrtf k`tfrkjr gfe ejoj,skgj`gf nu`tb` ebs pâak`bs. Eb gkaktbekzbckó` gfe ekirj gfsf`cubgfr`bgj pufgf pfroktkr rfcupfrbr fstf cj`tf`kgj, y f` cubequkfr cbsj, ofnjrb fe rfsuetbgj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` be fvktbr eb curvbturb gfe ejoj. • Ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs rfqukfrf` u`b fspfckbe btf`ckó` y ob`kpuebckó`. Tufgf sfr `fcfsbrkj quktbrefs fe pjevj b`tfs gf gkaktbekzbr< f` tbe cbsj, sf pufgf` utkekzbr irjcmbs nbpj`fsfs j skokebrfs, pfrbs gf ajob j trbpjs fl`js. Mby quf bsfaurbrsf gf quf ebs mfrrbokf`tbs utkekzbgbs `j rbyb` `k gfnb` rbstrjs f` ejs gjcuof`tjs.
Hka. 27. Cj`tf`kgj quf sf pkfrgf f` fe ejoj.
8
Fe pbpfe hrkbief fs bqufe bqufe quf tkf`gf b rjopfrsf cub`gj fs gjiebgj j pefabgj. F` ebs ikiekjtfcbs fs hâcke f`cj`trbr vjeþof`fs, sjirf tjgj gf prf`sb gfe skaej , hbirkcbgjs cj` pbpfe âckgj, quf sf mb vufetj hrkbief gfikgj be cj`tbctj cj` eb euz j b eb cj`sfrvbckó` f` gftfrok`bgbs cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
88
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Ob`kpuebckó` gf gjcuof`tjs
Mby obtfrkbefs ouy hrâakefs j f` obe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` cj` ejs quf mby quf tf`fr oucmj cukgbgj j k`ceusj cj` ejs quf `j cj`vkf`f utkekzbr oëtjgjs gf ekopkfzb quf kopekquf` hrkcckó`. • @j sf gfif` pj`fr `u`cb ejs gfgjs f` ejs obtfrkbefs trb`spbrf`t trb`spbrf`tfs fs (`fabtkvjs, gkbpjsktkvbs, pebcbs…), pjrquf pufgf` f`suckbr ejs obtfrkbefs y gfnbr mufeebs gbctkebrfs. Ebs trb`spbrf`ckbs gfif` sfr sunftbgbs pjr sus ijrgfs. Cj`vkf`f usbr aub`tfs pbrb ob`kpuebrebs. Wboikë` mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj f` fstf sf`tkgj cj` ebs hjtjarbhïbs. • Ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs f`vufetjs gfif` sfr gfsf`vufetjs cj` cukgbgj y vufetjs b f`vje vfr f` cub`tj sf tfrok`f` gf fscb`fbr. F` fe cbsj gf ejs `fabtkvjs, `j sf gfif pj`fr fe ebgj gf eb foueskó` f` cj`tbctj cj` pekfaufs j ckfrrfs gfe f`vjetjrkj. • Mby gftfrok`bgjs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs quf pjr sus cbrbctfr cbrbctfrïstkcbs ïstkcbs hïskcbs j fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` rfqukfrf` gf u` trbtbokf`tj y u`b ob`kpuebckó` fspfckbefs. Tjr fnfopej, ejs `fabtkvjs gf `ktrbtj pufgf` brgfr fspj`tâ`fbof`tf, pjr ej quf cj`vkf`f cj`sfrvbrejs f` `fvfrb, f`vufetjs j oftkgjs f` obtfrkbefs ka`ïhuajs, sfpbrâ`gjejs pjr arupjs befnbgjs f`trf sï y tboikë` gf jtrjs gjcuof`tjs. B eb mjrb gf gkaktbekzbrejs, mby quf mbcfrej pjcj b pjcj, gfvjevkf`gj ejs obtfrkbefs be gfpósktj f` cub`tj sf tfrok`b` gf gkaktbekzbr. Eb k`stktuckó` rfspj`sbief gfe prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó gkaktbekzbckó` ` gfif rfbekzbr u` fstugkj prfvkj gf ejs obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr y sfr cj`sckf`tf gf su tkpjejaïb, bpekcb`gj ebs ofgkgbs `fcfsbrkbs pbrb su cjrrfctb gkaktbekzbckó` y cj`sfrvbckó`. • F` fe cbsj gf pebcbs hjtjarâflcbs gf vkgrkj quf sf vb` b fscb`fbr cj` fscâ`fr peb`j, gbgj quf fstbs pufgf` rjopfrsf hâckeof`tf pjr eb prfskó` fnfrckgb pjr eb tbpb gfe fscâ`fr, fs cj`vf`kf`tf supefof`tbr eb gkstb`ckb gf sfpbrbckó` f`trf eb tbpb gfe fscâ`fr f` fe vkgrkj gf jrkak`befs gfe fscâ`fr gf ob`frb quf sf fvktf eb prfskó` gkrfctb gf eb tbpb cj`trb fe jrkak`be hjtjarâflcj. Bskoksoj, mfojs gf cj`skgfrbr quf fe cj`tbctj f`trf fe sjpjrtf y fe vkgrkj gf jrkak`befs pufgf prjvjcbr b`keejs gf @fwtj` f` eb kobaf` gkaktbe rfsuetb`tf, pjr ej quf, sk sf cjoprufib quf fstjs sf fstâ` prjguckf`gj f` eb kobaf`, pbrb fvktbrejs pjgfojs supefof`tbr eb gkstb`ckb f`trf fe jrkak`be y fe vkgrkj gf g f jrkak`b jrkak`befs efs ofgk ofgkb`tf b`tf u` u`bs bs cb cb`tj`frbs `tj`frbs cjejcbgbs f` ebs fsquk`bs gf eb pebcb, fvktb`gj gf fstb ob`frb fe usj gf eïqukgjs b`tkb`keejs gf @fwtj`, quf pufgf` eefabr b gfarbgbr foueskj`fs b`tkaubs j f` obe fstbgj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
81
24.. Eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb> 24 fstrbtfakbs gf gkaktbekzbckó` 24.22 Bcfrcb gf eb hjtjarbhïb 24. hjtjarb hïb mkstórkcb Eb cj`sfrvbckó` y trb`sokskó` gf eb ofojrkb gf u`b af`frbckó` b jtrb fs u` ska`j gkstk`tkvj gfe sfr muob`j gfsgf ejs beijrfs gf eb muob`kgbg. Gfsgf fe jrkaf` oksoj gf `ufstrb fspfckf mfojs arbibgj y pk`tbgj f` cufvbs, mfojs fscuepkgj fstbtubs, mfojs pk`tbgj… Mbcf u`js 8444 bòjs bprf`gkojs b fscrkikr tfxtjs tfxt js f` Jrkf`tf Ofgkj, y mbcf 2=4 bòjs bprf`gkojs b fscrkikr fscrk ikr cj` eb euz f` Furjpb. Fe skaej ]K] `js `js efaó u` rfvjeuckj`brkj skstfob gf cj`sfrvbckó` y trb`sokskó` gf eb cueturb muob`b> eb hjtjarbhïb, fstb `ufvb tëc`kcb gf fscrkikr gjcuof`tjs gjcuof`t js cj` eb euz huf prfsf`tbgb f` bajstj gf 2=3; f` Tbrïs. Eb hjtjarbhïb fscrkif cj` euz arbckbs b eb sf`skikekgbg gf ebs sbefs gf pebtb quf, fxpufstbs b j`gbs euoï`kcbs, `js gfvufevf` u`b kobaf` rffnbgb gf eb rfbekgbg. Fstjs gjcuof`tjs fscrktjs cj` eb euz trb`shjrobrj` pjr cjopeftj eb pfrcfpckó` quf ebs pfrsj`bs y sjckfgbgfs tf`fojs gf `jsjtrbs oksobs y mb` cj`trkiukgj b eb cj`strucckó` cj`st rucckó` gf «kgf`tkgbgfs cueturbefs¼ cjoj vfmïcuejs gf eb cjmfskó` sjckbe cj` eb prjgucckó` y cj`suoj obskvj gf trkeej`fs gf koâaf`fs gfsgf su prfsf`tbckó` f` Tbrïs f` 2=3; mbstb `ufstrjs gïbs.
Hka. 26. Fscrkikf`gj cj` eb euz.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
8=
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb> fstrbtfakbs gf gkaktbekzbckó`
Sk` eb hjtjarbhïb, eb kobaf` f` ojvkokf`tj y ejs rfakstrjs sj`jrjs, quf prj`tj eb bcjopbòbrj`, `j fs pjskief cjoprf`gfr f` prjhu`gkgbg fe gfvf`kr mkstórkcj gf ejs skaejs ]K] y y ]] , tbe y cjoj k`gkcb @bckj`fs V`kgbs b trbvës gf eb V@FSCJ f` su k`hjrof rfebtkvj be pbt pbtrkoj`kj rkoj`kj hjtjarâhkcj y bugkjvksube gf eb muob`kgbg, f` gj`gf, f`trf ebs prk`ckpbefs eï`fbs gf bctubckó` sfòbeb eb `fcfskgbg gf bctubr cj` prfourb pbrb cj`sfrvbr cj`sfr vbr fstf `ufvj tkpj gf gjcuof`tj gfikgj b su `bturbefzb hrâake y be rkfsaj quf pbrb eb muob`kgbg rfprfsf`tb eb përgkgb gf su pbtrkoj`kj hjtjarâhkcj y bugkjvksube. Eb V@FSCJ k`stb b ejs fstbgjs okfoirjs gf eb J@V b eb crfbckó` gf brcmkvjs hjtjarâhkcjs y bugkjvksubefs f` sus tfrrktjrkjs pbrb eb ceâskcjs cj`sfrvbckó` gf`uffstf efabgj, sfòbeb`gj bgfoâs quf ëstjs `j sj` u`b vbrkb`tf gf ejs brcmkvjs sk`j u` vj tkpj tkp j gf brc brcmkv mkvj j quf rfq rfqukf ukfrf rf eb feb febijr ijrbck bckó` ó` gf su cjr cjrpus pus nurïgk nur ïgkcj cj y tëc tëc`kc `kcj j prj prjcfg cfgkof` kof`tbe tbe (Fgoj`sj`, 9447). Fe prjcfsj hjtjarâhkcj sf cj`hkaurb cjoj u` cj`nu`tj gf prjcfgkokf`tjs quïokcjs y hjtjquïokcjs quf cj`gucf` b eb jitf`ckó` gf ebs hjtjarbhïbs< hjtjarbhïbs < skf`gj pjskief kgf`tkhkcbr cbgb u`j gf gkcmjs prjcfsjs quf gftfrok`b` eb fstructurb y ejs obtfrkbefs fopefbgjs f` eb jitf`ckó` gf cbgb hjtjarbhïb cj`skgfrbgb k`gkvkgubeof`tf. F` ejs k`kckjs gf eb hjtjarbhïb tjgj fe prjcfsj frb rfbekzbgj pjr fe hjtóarbhj, quf f` su cbsb c bsb j f` su fstugkj sf vbeïb gf obtfrkbefs cjoj fe cjirf, fe pbpfe, fe vkgrkj, sbefs gf pebtb, ofrcurkj…, y pjcj oâs, pbrb jitf`fr ebs koâaf`fs hjtjarâhkcbs. Gf hjrob af`frbe pjgfojs cj`skgfrbr ejs skaukf`tfs pfrïjgjs> ‗ Tfrïjgj gf ejs pjsktkvjs gkrfctjs gf câobrb> gbaufrrjtkpjs, boirjtkpjs y hfrrjtkpjs, eebobgjs bsï f` hu`ckó` gfe sjpjrtf quf pjrtbsf eb kobaf` (cmbpb gf pebtb, vkgrkj, mjnbebtb) f`trf 2=3; y 2=66. Huf eb k`hb`ckb gf eb hjtjarbhïb ((Huf`tfs Huf`tfs y Yjiefgb`j, 2;;;).
kgf`tkflcbr.. Hka. 28. Fuejakb Abrcïb. Hjtóarbhj sk` kgf`tkflcbr Gbaufrrjtkpj, ckrcb 2=66. Arb` Cb`brkb 1.
1
Brcmkvj gf hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb gf Cb`brkbs. Cbikegj gf Arb` Cb`brkb. HFG HFGBC. BC.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb> fstrbtfakbs gf gkaktbekzbckó`
kgf`tkflcbr.. Hka. 21. 21. Kskgrj Jnfgb. Hjtóarbhj sk` kgf`tkflcbr Gbaufrrjtkpj, ckrcb 2=66. Arb` Cb`brkb=.
Hka. 2=. Yftrbtjs sk` kgf`tkflcbr.
Boirjtkpj (kzq.) y hfrrjtkpj (gcmb.) cjoik`bgjs. 2=66-2=86. Arb` Cb`brkb;.
=
Brcmkvj gf hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb gf Cb`brkbs. Cbikegj gf Arb` Cb`brkb. HFGB HFGBC. C.
;
Brcmkvj gf hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb gf Cb`brkbs. Cbikegj gf Arb` Cb`brkb. HFGB HFGBC. C.
8;
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
14
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb> fstrbtfakbs gf gkaktbekzbckó`
Hka. 2;. Yftrbtj sk` kgf`tkflcbr kgf`tkflcbr.. Hjtóarbhj> Â`afe Xkgbe Ij`keeb.
Hfrrjtkpj. 2=14-2=16. Arb` Cb`brkb24.
‗ Eb ftbpb gf ejs `fabtkvjs be cjejgkó` mþofgj y sfcj sjirf vkgrk vkgrkj j y ebs cjpkbs b eb beiþok`b, gf 2=66 b 2;44.
Hka. 94. Tufrtj gf eb Euz. Hjtóarbhj> Hrkfgrkcm Lurt Mfrob``.
Tjsktkvj gkaktbe, b pbrtkr gf u` `fabtkvj gf vkgrkj be afebtk`j-irjourj. Ckrcb 2;29. Ebs Tbeobs gf Arb` Cb`brkb 22.
24 22
Brcmkvj gf hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb gf Cb`brkbs. Cbikegj gf Arb` Cb`brkb. HFG HFGBC. BC.
Brcmkvj gf hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb gf Cb`brkbs. Cbikegj gf Arb` Cb`brkb. HFGB HFGBC. C.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
12
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb> fstrbtfakbs gf gkaktbekzbckó`
Hka. 92. Xbeef gf Babftf. Hjtóarbhj> Cbre @jrob`.
2=;3. Beiþok`b29.
‗ Fe pfrïjgj gf `fabtkvjs f` afebtk`b sjirf vkgrkj y gf cjpkbs pjr f``farfckokf`tj gkrfc gkrfctj tj f` pbpfe gf hbirkcbckó` k`gustrkbe f`trf 2==4 y 2;24< fe gf ejs `fabtkvjs sjirf `ktrjcfeuejsb y jtrbs vbrkb`tfs gf gf peâstkcj y gf eebs bs cjpkbs gf rfvfeb rfvfebgj gj quïok quïokcj cj f` p pbpfefs bpfefs b eb afebtk afebtk`b, `b, f`trf 2;24 y 2;14, ej quf pjpuebrof`tf cj`jcfojs cjoj eb hjtjarbhïb f` ieb`cj y `farj «gf tjgb eb vkgb¼.
Hka. 99. Njsffl`b gf eb Wjrrf Okeebrfs y bokajs, tfrrbzb gfe Yfbe Ceui @âutkcj gf Arb` Cb`brkb. Hjtóarbhj> Ifr`brgj gf eb Wjrrf Okeebrfs. Afebtk`b-irjourj, ckrcb 2;96. Ebs Tbeobs gf Arb` Cb`brkb 23.
29 23
Brcmkvj gf hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb gf Cb`brkbs. Cbikegj gf Arb` Cb`brkb. HFG HFGBC. BC.
Brcmkvj gf hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb gf Cb`brkbs. Cbikegj gf Arb` Cb`brkb. HFG HFGBC. BC.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
19
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb> fstrbtfakbs gf gkaktbekzbckó`
‗ [ fl`beof`tf, eb hjtjarb hjtjarbhïb hïb b cjejr cr crjoóaf`j joóaf`j gfsgf 2;14, bsï cjoj eb hjtjarbhïb gkaktbe quf gfsgf 2;=2 huf gfspebzb`gj b eb hjtjarbhïb quïokcj-b`beóakcb.
24.9 Afstkó` gf cjefcckj`fs hjtjarâflcbs V`b iuf`b afstkó` gfe pbtrkoj`kj hjtjarâflcj mkstórkcj y bugkjvksube rfqukfrf eb cj`hjrobckó` gf fqukpjs ouetkgksckpek`brfs f` ejs quf bctþf` cjjrgk`bgbof`tf cj`sfrvbgjrfs, hjtóarbhjs, mkstjrkbgjrfs, brcmkvfrjs, gjcuof`tbekstbs f k`hjroâtkcjs (Yjcb fe bekk , 9427). Fstb afstkó` mb gf sfr bgfoâs k`tfarbe, tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb eb prfsfrvbckó` gf ebs cjefcckj`fs, cjefcc kj`fs, su gfscrkpckó` y gkhuskó`. Ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gkaktbekzbc kó` gf fstbs cjefcckj`fs gfif` tf`fr f` cuf`tb fstjs bspfctjs, bsï cjoj ejs purbof`tf tëc`kcjs.
24.3 Fstrbtfakbs gf gkaktbekzbckó` Brcmkv js, ousfjs y ikiekjt Brcmkvjs, ikiekjtfcbs fcbs fxkstf fxkstf` `g gfsgf fsgf eb b`tkaõ b`tkaõfgbg fgbg ceâs ceâskcb, kcb, gf bmï quf gkspj`a gkspj`abojs bojs gf sóekgjs cjrpus efabefs, tfórkcjs y prâctkcjs pbrb sbifr quë y cóoj mbcfr pbrb eb cj`sfrvbckó`, gkhuskó` j gkaktbekzbckó` gf ejs gjcuof`tjs tfxtubefs, jirbs gf brtfs y ekirjs< ejs mfojs gfsbrrjeebgj gurb`tf okef`kjs. Ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs sj` oucmj oâs ojgfr`js, y tboikë` oâs cjopefnjs f` su febijrbckó` y oâs vbrkbgjs f` su tkpjejaïb, skf`gj fe rfsuetbgj gf gkhfrf`tfs prjcfsjs hïskcj-quïo hïskcj-quïokcjs, kcjs, prfsf`tb`gj gkvfrsbs hjrobs, tbobòjs, obtfrkbefs y sjpjrtfs. Tjr feej `j pjgfojs bpekcbr sk` oâs ebs tëc`kcbs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf ekirjs u jirbs gf brtf b fstjs obtfrkbefs, rfqukfrf` tëc`kcbs gf gkaktbekzbckó` quf tf`ab` f` cuf`tb sus pfcuekbrkgbgfs. F` prkofr euabr, cub`gj trbibnbojs cj` obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs, f` beau`js cbsjs fs gkhïcke gftfrok`br cuâe fs fe jrkak`be quf supufstbof`tf tf`fojs quf rfprjguckr flgfgka`bof`tf. Rukzâ cj`tbojs cj` fe `fabtkvj y cj` u`b cjpkb hjtjarâflcb gf prkofrb af`frbckó`, ºcuâe gf feejs fs fe jrkak`be:, ºcuâe gf fstjs obtfrkbefs gfifojs gkaktbekzbr: Tjr jtrj ebgj, ebs hjtjarbhïbs sf gfsabstb` cj` fe tkfopj, pfrgkf`gj gftbeef, j sf gfcjejrb`, j be cj`trbrkj, su pbpfe bgqukfrf gftfrok`bgbs tj`bekgbgfs. Bgfoâs, beau`bs hjtjarbhïbs prfsf`tb` gfhfctjs gf fxpjskckó`, fstâ` sjirfj suifxpufstbs. Beau`bs tëc`kcbs gf fgkckó` gf kobaf` pfroktf` rfcupfrbr gftbeefs quf `j sf bprfckb` b skopef vkstb, rfbezbr ejs cjejrfs j cboikbr fe tj`j gfe pbpfe, jhrfckf`gj u`b rfprjgucckó` oâs bnustbgb b ej quf frb eb hjtjarbhïb b`tfs gf quf sf gfsabstbrb. Fstbs tëc`kcbs tboikë` pfroktf` cjrrfakr ejs gfhfctjs gf fxpjskckó` quf of`ckj`âibojs, pfroktkf`gj bprfckbr f` beau`js cbsjs gftbeefs quf `j sf vf` f` fe jrkak`be b`beóakcj. F` fstjs cbsjs, ºgfifojs af`frbr u`b rfprjgucckó` gkaktbe gf eb hjtjarbhïb f` su fstbgj bctube j ikf` u`b rfprjgucckó` ofnjrbgb quf `js oufstrf cóoj frb supufstbof`tf eb hjtjarbhïb b`tfs gf gfsabstbrsf j quf cjrrknb sus gfhfctjs gf fxpjskckó`: Bgfoâs, ejs tbobòjs t bobòjs gf fst fstjs js obtfrkbefs sj` b vfcf vfcfss gkhïckefs gf gftfrok`br. Fst Fstâ` â` cebrjs f` beau`js cbsjs, cjoj cub`gj cj`tbojs cj` pjsktkvjs gkrfctjs, pfrj sj` gkscutkiefs f` jtrjs, cjoj cub`gj cj`tbojs cj` `fabtkvjs j gkbpjsktkvbs. Fstbojs b`tf jtrb gkscuskó` cbsk flejsóflcb> ºcuâe fs fe tbobòj gf u`b gkbpjsktkvb: Tjr supufstj, eb gkbpjsktkvb tkf`f u` tbobòj, pfrj fstf `j fs fe tbobòj gf vksubekzbckó`, fstâ gksfòbgb pbrbfstjs sfr vksubekzbgb f`ºcj` u` tbobòj oucmj obyjr. ºCj` quë rfsjeuckó` gfifojs gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs bopekbgb, bopekbiefs:, quë tbobòj gfifrïb` vksubekzbrsf cjrrfctbof`t cjrrfctbof`tff sus rfprjguc rfprjgucckj`fs ckj`fs gkaktbefs:
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
13
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb> fstrbtfakbs gf gkaktbekzbckó`
F` fe cbsj gf ejs `fabtkvjs, b pbrtkr gf ejs cubefs sf pufgf` prjguckr hjtjarbhïbs f` pbpfe gf gkvfrsjs tbobòjs, pbsb oâs j of`js ej oksoj, fe tbobòj gfe `fabtkvj `j sf fspfrb quf sfb fe tbobòj gf vksubekzbckó` gf su cj`tf`kgj. Bgfoâs, ejs tj`js gfe `fabtkvj tkf`f` quf k`vfrtkrsf pbrb pjgfr bprfckbr eb kobaf` cbptbgb pjr eb câobrb f` su ojof`tj. Sk gkaktbekzbojs `fabtkvjs, ºtf`fojs quf af`frbr koâaf`fs f` `fabtkvj j f` pjsktkvj, j gf ebs gjs ob`frbs:, ºy gf quë tbobòj: Tjr jtrjBgfoâs ebgj, ejs tkf`f` jtrjstf`fr cjopj`f`tfs bpbrtf fstucmfs, gf eb kobaf` hjtjarbflbgb. gfeobtfrkbefs rfvfrsj gfhjtjarâflcjs eb hjtjarbhïb, pufgf` ijrgfs, obrcjs, ftc. Tufgf` tf`fr ckfrtj arjsjr j sfr gkrfctbof`tf trkgkof`skj`befs. ºRuë gfifojs mbcfr f` fstjs cbsjs:, ºekoktbr`js b gkaktbekzbr eb kobaf` hjtjarâflcb j cbpturbr tboikë` fstbs jtrbs pbrtfs gfe jinftj hjtjarâflcj: Ejs pârrbhjs y bpbrtbgjs quf skauf` y jtrjs bpbrtbgjs gf fstf gjcuof`tj trbtbrâ` gf jhrfcfr rfspufstbs f k`gkcbckj`fs pbrb cj`tfstbr b fstbs y jtrbs prfau`tbs quf sf `js peb`tfb` f` ejs prj yfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gkaktbe kzbckó` gf obtfrkb obtfrkbefs efs hjtjarâflcjs hjtjarâflcjs.. * * * Cbif gfckr, f` prkofr euabr, quf eb pfrsj`b, foprfsb j k`stktuckó` quf vb b gkaktbekzbr u`b cjefcckó` hjtjarâflcb, tkf`f quf tf`fr cebrjs cuâe fs fe jinftkvj gf fsf prjyfctj f` cj`crftj y cuâe fs eb pjeïtkcb gfyebhu`ckj`fs, k`stktuckó` f` tboikë` fe âoiktjcj` gf su eb prfsupufstj gkaktbekzbckó`,y sus eb cube tf`grâ qufjinftkvjs, vfr cj` sus rfspj`sbikekgbgfs pfrj ofgkjs. Fstjs ofgkjs y pjeïtkcbs gftfrok`brâ` gftfr ok`brâ` ebs fst fstrbtfakbs rbtfakbs b ssfaukr, faukr, y fstbs, ejs crktfr crktfrkjs kjs cj`crftjs b bpekcbr. Fstbs pjeïtkcbs fstrbtëakcbs gftfrok`brâ` ejs prk`ckpkjs y crktfrkjs sjirf ejs quf sf mb` gf hu`gbof`tbr tjgbs ebs gfckskj`fs tëc`kcbs gfe prjcfsj gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs mkstórkcjs y `js sfrvkrâ` pbrb fvbeubr eb kgj`fkgbg gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs quf af`frfojs. Wb`tj ebs pjeïtkcbs cjoj ejs prk`ckpkjs y crktfrkjs gfif` fstbr suflckf`tfof`tf cebrjs b`tfs gfe k`kckj gfe prjyfctj. Hrb`zkslb Hrfy y Nbofs Yfkeey (9448) gfscrkikfrj` cubtrj pjskiefs fstrbtfakbs j bprjxkobckj`fs be jinftkvj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf hjtjarbhïbs> b) Trfsf`tbr eb bpbrkf`ckb gfe jrkak`be tbe y cjoj sf f`cuf`trb. i) Trfsf`tbr fe k`tf`tj gfe hjtóarbhj, cjrrkakf`gj k`ceusj prjiefobs gf fxpjskckó` j gf prjcfsbgj gurb`tf eb gkaktbekzbckó`. c) Trfsf`tbr eb bpbrkf`ckb quf tuvj fe jrkak`be, usb`gj rfstburbckó` gkaktbe. g) Trfsf`tbr eb bpbrkf`ckb gf eb fscf`b jrkak`be, cub`gj sf cbpturb` hjtjarbhïbs quïokcbs quf rfprfsf`tb` jirbs gf brtf j gjcuof`tjs. • Eb prkofrb gf fstbs fstrbtfakbs fs eb quf gfifo gfifojs js sfaukr sk qufrfojs cj`sfaukr cj`sfaukr u`b rfprjgucckó` flfe gfe obtfrkbe quf fstbojs gkaktbekzb`gj, ej cube, f` af`frbe, fs u`j gf ejs jinftkvjs gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs quf hjrob` pbrtf gf u` pbtrkoj`kj cueturbe. • Sbevj cbsjs u jinftkvjs fspfckbefs, f` fe cj`tfxtj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb gfif sfaukrsf eb fstrbtfakb gf flgfekgbg be jrkak`be b eb mjrb gf af`frbr fe oâstfr, eb cjpkb gf prfsfrvbckó`. Tbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` ejs crktfrkjs u jinftkvjs sufef` sfr oâs vbrkbgjs y fxkiefs. F` eb prâctkcb, pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`, f k`ceusj pbrb ejs oâstfrfs, oucmjs hjtóarbhjs utkekzb` f`
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
17
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb> fstrbtfakbs gf gkaktbekzbckó`
obyjr j of`jr arbgj eb sfau`gb, tfrcfrb y cubrtb gf fstbs bprjxkobckj`fs, sjirf tjgj eb sfau`gb, k`ceusj sk` sfr cj`sckf`tfs gf feej, rftjcb`gj gkaktbeof`tf eb bpbrkf`ckb gf ebs hjtjs f` iuscb gf eb ofnjr vfrskó` pjskief (`kvfefs, curvbs, fxpjskckó`…). Gf fstb ob`frb sf cj`skauf` koâaf`fs quf f` beau`js cbsjs ofnjrb` fe jrkak`be b`beóakcj, mbckf`gj bpbrfcfr gftbeefs quf `j sf vf` f` fstf j cjrrkakf`gj frrjrfs gf sui- j sjirffxpjskckó` j fhfctjs gf gfsabstf pjr fe pbsj gfe tkfopj. Cj` fstb oftjgjejaïb, quf cjrrfspj`gfrïb b eb sfau`gb gf ebs bprjxkobckj`fs gf Hrfy y Yfkeey, sf ofnjrb eb rfprfsf`tbckó` gfe cj`tf`kgj gf eb hjtjarbhïb, bu`quf `js bpbrtbojs gf ej quf fs u`b rfprfsf`tbckó` flfe gfe jinftj b`beóakcj. F` cub`tj be tfrcfr bcfrcbokf`tj, sf utkekzb f` prjyfctjs cj`crftjs, pbrb pbekbr ejs fhfctjs gfe pbsj gfe tkfopj sjirf eb hjtjarbhïb, iuscb`gj u`b kobaf` cj` obyjr `ktkgfz j gftbeef j pbrb fekok`br gfspfrhfctjs cjoj rbybgurbs, ob`cmbs j rjturbs< k`ceusj mby prjcfsjs gf sjhtwbrf fspfckb fspfckbekzbgjs f` eb fekok`bckó` gf fstf tkpj gf gfspfrhfctjs quf tboikë` sf usb` pbrb rfcupfrbr fe tj`j jrkak`be gfe sjpjrtf. Sucfgf f` fe pbpfe, y tboikë` f` ejs obtfrkbefs peâstkcjs, quf cj` fe tkfopj bgqukfrf` ckfrtbs tj`bekgbgfs quf `j tf`ïb` k`kckbeof`tf. Kaubeof`tf mby prjcfsjs gf sjhtwb sjhtwbrf rf fspfckbekzbgjs pbrb fekok`br fstjs sfsajs gf cjejr. Fstbs tëc`kcbs gf rfstburbckó` gfe cjejr jrkak`be supj`f` prjcfsjs prjhu`gjs gf rfstburbckó` gkaktbe quf mb` gf sfr gkrkakgjs pjr fxpfrtjs f` hjtjarbhïb y fgkckó` gf kobaf`, utkekzb`gj ejs prjcfsjs of`ckj`bgjs j ikf` jtrbs hu`ckj`fs gf ejs fgktjrfs gf kobaf`. Mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf eb rfstburbckó` gkaktbe gf eb kobaf` mbcf pfrgfr k`hjrobckó` sjirf fe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` gfe jrkak`be b`beóakcj, bsï cjoj gf ejs bspfctjs tëc`kcjs y cj`tfxtubefs gf eb tëc`kcb hjtjarâflcb j gfe fhfctj quf mb` tf`kgj fe tkfopj j ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf beobcf`bokf`tj sjirf obtfrkbe tjgb k`hjrobckó` pufgf eb sfrob`frb þtke pbrb fe k`vfstkabgjr gf eb tëc`kcb j ebfemkstjrkb gfhjtjarâflcj< eb hjtjarbhïb. Tjrfstb feej, cjoj gfcïbojs, oâs rfspftujsb gf bpekcbr prjcfsjs gf rfstburbckó` gkaktbe fs gjcuof`tb`gj j rfakstrb`gj su usj (f` tfxtjs bgnu`tjs, b `kvfe gf oftbgbtjs, f` ejs `joirfs gfe brcmkvj, ftc.) y bpekcâ`gjejs fxceuskvbof`tf b ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó`. F` cub`tj be cubrtj bcfrcbokf`tj, fs fe bgfcubgj sk `ufstrj jinftkvj fs jhrfcfr rfprjgucckj`fs flgfgka`bs gf ebs jirbs gf brtf hjtjarbflbgbs, `j gf ebs hjtjarbhïbs f` sï. Kaubeof`tf, gfsgf fe pu`tj gf vkstb gf eb hjtjarbhïb cjoj jinftj mkstórkcj, gf eb quf trbtbrfojs f` obyjr gftbeef b cj`tk`ubckó`, fstf bcfrcbokf`tj sjej fs vâekgj sk sf bpekcb b ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`, fxkstkf`gj u` oâstfr quf rffnf fe jrkak`be hjtjarâflcj.
24.7 Eb hjtjarbhïb cjoj jinftj mkstórkcj Eb hjtjarbhïb tkf`f u` cj`tf`kgj, eb kobaf` quf rffnb j cj`struyf u`b rfbekgbg vksube. Fstb kobaf` ef cj`flfrf su vbejr mkstórkcj j brtïstkcj, su vbejr kcó`kcj. Tfrj eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb fs bgfoâs u` jinftj mkstórkcj, quf cjoj tbe keustrb eb mkstjrkb gf eb hjtjarbhïb y sus cj`jckokf`tjs, tëc`kcbs, obtfrkbefs y prjcfsjs. Tjr tb`tj, u`b hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb tkf`f u` gjief vbejr vbejr,, fe gf su cj`tf`kgj, j vbejr kcó`kcj, y fe vbejr quf tkf`f cjoj ji jinftj nftj mkstórkc mkstórkcj. j. Gf fstj gfifojs gfrkvbr quf pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf u` jinftj hjtjarâflcj cj` vbejr pbtrkoj`kbe tb`tj eb kobaf` cjoj fe sjpjrtf quf eb pjrtb sj` rfefvb`tfs, pjr ej quf gfifojs k`ceukr boijs f` eb rfprjgucckó`. Fstbojs f` rfbekgbg b`tf fe prk`ckpkj gfj`tjeóakcj gf eb brcmkvïstkcb gkaktbe, quf rfskgf f` abrb`tkzbr eb obyjr flgfekgbg f k`tfarkgbg k`tfar kgbg f`trf fe flcmfrj jitf`kgj f` eb cbpturb gkaktbe gkaktb e y fe jrkak`be hïskcj sjirf fe quf sf trbibnb. • Skaukf`gj fstb flejsjhïb, fstb cj`skgfrbckó` gf eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb cjoj u` jinftj mkstórkcj, pbrb eb kobaf` oâstfr sfrïb prkjrktbrkj bnustbrsf b eb prkofrb bprjxkobckó` gf Hrfy y Yfkeey (prfsf`-
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
16
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb> fstrbtfakbs gf gkaktbekzbckó`
tbr eb bpbrkf`ckb gfe jrkak`be tbe y cjoj sf f`cuf`trb), rfprjguckf`gj, cjoj mfojs gkcmj, `j sjej fe cj`tf`kgj kcó`kcj gf eb hjtjarbhïb, sk`j tboikë` su sjpjrtf. Eb k`hjrobckó` gfe sjpjrtf `js pufgf prjpjrckj`br k`hjrobckó` gfe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` f mkstjrkb gfe jinftj hjtjarâflcj, gfe prjcfsj hjtjarâflcj y tëc`kcb quf sf usó pbrb crfbrej, gfe obtfrkbe gfe quf fstâ mfcmj, gfe butjr gf eb hjtjarbhïb, ftc. @j jistb`tf, fs vâekgb, gf`trj gf u`b pfrspfctkvb pbtrkoj`kbe, eb af`frbckó` gf koâaf`fs gfrkvbgbs bnustbgbsjbegkhuskó` rfstj gfbefstrbtfakbs y Yfkeey,gfpfrj skfoprf ybcfrcb cub`gj ojof`tj gf su puiekcbckó` usubrkj sfgf ebsHrfy bcjopbòf k`hjrobckó` gf f` ejs fecrktfrkjs sfaukgjs pbrb su rfbekzbckó`, quf fvktf eb cj`huskó` f`trf eb rfcrfbckó` gkaktbe quf sf ef jhrfcf y fe prjpkj jinftj pbtrkoj`kbe custjgkbgj, y, bgfoâs, sf pfroktb fe bccfsj b eb kobaf` quf rfprfsf`tb flfeof`tf be jrkak`be gf bcufrgj cj` eb prkofrb pfrspfctkvb. Gbgj quf mbiebojs gf obtfrkbefs quf hjrob` pbrtf gfe pbtrkoj`kj cueturbe y, f` beau`j gf ejs cbsjs, brtïstkcj, ejs crktfrkjs pbtrkoj`kbefs gfifrïb` ibsbrsf f` ejs prk`ckpkjs quf suiybcf` f` ejs cógkajs ëtkcjs gf eb cj`sfrvbckó` y rfstburbckó` rfstburbc kó` gfe pbtrkoj`kj cueturbe y brtïstkcj, bgbptâ`gjejs be cj`tfxtj gf eb hjtjarbhïb. Mby gjs prfoksbs quf sf gfrkvb` gf ejs cógkajs ëtkcjs gf rfstburbgjrfs gf jirbs gf brtf quf gfifrïbojs sfaukr> rfvfrskikekgbg gf ebs k`tfrvf`ckj`fs y pjskikekgbg pbrb gkhfrf`ckbr ej `ufvj k`trjguckgj pjr eb rfstburbckó` gf ej jrkak`be. Gf fstbs prfoksbs pjgfojs gfrk vbr fe prk`ckpkj gf rfspftbr rf spftbr fe ska`kflcb ska`kflcbgj gj y ebs prjpkfgbgfs hïskcbs hïs kcbs gfe ikf` cuetu cueturbe rbe f` cufstkó`, ej quf fxkaf u` oâxkoj rfspftj b eb bpbrkf`ckb gfe jrkak`be f` fe ojof`tj gf eb cbpturb f` ebs koâaf`fs oâstfr y gfrkvbgbs, y quf cubequkfr fgkckó` gkaktbe jtrj quf jinftkvj prftf`gbsfb rfstburbr eb bpbrkf`ckb quf fe jrkak`be hïskcj pugj mbifr tf`kgj beaþ` gïb u cubequkfr rfbekzbgb ckf`tïflcbof`tf y bgvkrtkf`gj gf quf sf trbtb gf u`b rfcrfbckó` gkaktbe y `j gf eb bpbrkf`ckb gfe jinftj pbtrkoj`kbe custjgkbgj. Fe bcfrcbokf`tj b eb gkaktbekzbckó` gfe obtfrkbe hjtjarâflcj cjoj jinftj mkstórkcj tkf`f ebs skaukf`tfs kopekcbckj`fs> ‗ Sf prftf`gf u`b rrfprjgucckó` fprjgucckó` flgfgka`b gfe jrkak`be. ‗ Sf k`tf`tb cj`sfaukr u`b rfprjg rfprjgucckó` ucckó` ï`tfarb gfe jrkak`be, gkaktbekzb`gj gkaktbekz b`gj fe jinftj f`tfrj, sk` rfbekzbr prjcfsjs cjoj rfcjrtbr ebs koâaf`fs gf ebs hjtjarbhïbs. ‗ Sf rfprjgucf` tb tb`tj `tj eb kobaf` gf eb hjt hjtjarbhïb jarbhïb cjoj su ssjpjrtf. jpjrtf. ‗ @j sf rfbekzb` ttëc`kcbs ëc`kcbs gf rfs rfstburbckó` tburbckó` gkakt gkaktbe be sjirf eb hjtj hjtjarbhïb, arbhïb, be of`js sji sjirf rf fe oâstfr. ‗ Sf k`tf`tb rfbe rfbekzbr kzbr u`b gjcuof`tb gjcuof`tbckó` ckó` ej oâs fxmbust fxmbustkvb kvb pjskief gfe jinftj hjtjarâflcj. Oâs cj`crftbof`tf, y tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb ejs gkstk`tjs tkpjs gf obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs mkstórkcjs, fstf f`hjquf kopekcb `jrobeof`tf> ‗ Gkaktbekzbr ejs b`vfr b`vfrsjs sjs y rfvfrsjs gf ebs hjtjarbhïbs, pjstbefs y gfoâs pjsktkvjs hhjtjarâflcjs jtjarâflcjs ikgkof`skj`befs. ‗ Cbpturbr ebs cbr cbrbctfrïstkc bctfrïstkcbs bs trkgkof` trkgkof`skj`befs skj`befs gf ejs obtfrkb obtfrkbefs efs cj` cbrbctfrïs cbrbctfrïstkcbs tkcbs ttrkgkof`skjrkgkof`skj`befs. @js rfhfrkojs f` cj`crftj b ebs hjtjarbhïbs quf sf prjtfaïb` cj` ifeejs fstucmfs (gb( gbaufrrjtkpjs,, hfrrjtkpjs, boirjtkpjs, jpbejtkpjs, ftc.). aufrrjtkpjs ‗ Cbpturbr ejs obr obrcjs cjs gf ebs gkbpjs gkbpjsktkvbs. ktkvbs. ‗ Cbpturbr ejs ijr ijrgfs gfs gf ejs `fabtkvjs `fabtkvjs.. ‗ Gkaktbekzbr ebs trb`s trb`spbrf`ckbs pbrf`ckbs cj` euz ttrb`soktkgb, rb`soktkgb, pbrb cbpt cbpturbr urbr fe cj`tf`kgj gf eb kobaf`, y cj` euz rffnbgb, pbrb cbpturbr ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs gfe sjpjrtf.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
18
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb> fstrbtfakbs gf gkaktbekzbckó`
‗ Cj`sfrvbr cjoj kobaf` oâstfr eb cbpt cbpturb urb gfe `fabtkvj, sk sk` ` pjsktkvbr. ‗ Gkaktbekzbr tr trb`spbrf`ckbs b`spbrf`ckbs cbpturb`gj pjr fe eebgj bgj gf eb foueskó`. Yfspfctj b fstf þetkoj pu`tj, mby u` gfibtf f` fe ou`gj gf eb hjtjarbhïb sjirf sk ebs trb`spbrf`ckbs mby quf cbpturbrebs pjr fe ebgj gfe sjpjrtf j pjr fe gf eb foueskó`. F`tf`gfojs bquï, cjoj gkvfrsbs k`stktuckj`fs y fxpfrtjs, quf eb ob`frb gf cj`sfaukr eb rfprjgucckó` oâs flgfgka`b gf eb trb`spbrf`ckb fs rfbekzbr eb cbpturb pjr fe ebgj gf eb foueskó`, pufs gf fstb ob`frb `j sf k`tfrpj`f `k`au`b cbpb f`trf eb foueskó` y fe sf`sjr. Wëc`kcbof`tf pufgf mbcfrsf pjr boijs ebgjs, cj` rfsuetbgjs ouy skokebrfs. Ebs gkhfrf`ckbs sj` oï`kobs `jrobeof`tf, bu`quf f` beau`js cbsjs sf eefab b bprfckbr beaj oâs gf `ktkgfz cbpturb`gj pjr eb foueskó` (pjr fnfopej, cub`gj ejs sjpjrtfs sj` trbseþckgjs). Mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb fe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó`. Be cbpturbr pjr fe ebgj gf eb foueskó` sf cbptbrâ` ebs ob`cmbs, rbybgurbs y gfhfctjs gf fsf ebgj y pbrtf gf ebs quf fstâ` f` fe ebgj gfe sjpjrtf (pjrquf eb jtrb pbrtf sf f`obscbrb cj` ebs zj`bs jscurbs gf eb foueskó`). Ej cj`trbrkj sucfgf cub`gj cbpturbojs pjr fe ebgj gfe sjpjrtf, cbptbrfojs ejs gfhfctjs gfe ebgj gfe sjpjrtf y pbrtf pbr tf g gff ejs gfe eebgj bgj g gff eb foueskó` foueskó`.. Tjr fsj, f` g gftfrok ftfrok`bgjs `bgjs cbsjs, b`tf u` ob obtfrkbe tfrkbe f` ob obee fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó`, pufgf sfr prfhfrkief cbpturbr pjr u`j u jtrj ebgj. Tjr fsj fs cj`vf`kf`tf, sk ebs trb`spbrf`ckbs `j fstâ` f` iuf` fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó`, rfbekzbr u`b fvbeubckó` prfvkb gfe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` gf boibs cbrbs, pbrb gfckgkr pjr cuâe gf feebs fs ofnjr rfbekzbr eb cbpturb. Trjhu`gkgbg gfe trbtbokf`tj
@j rfsuetb sf`ckeej f` beau`js cbsjs rfbekzbr u`b gkaktbekzbckó` gfe jinftj mkstórkcj. B vfcfs trjpfzbrfojs cj` gftfrok`bgbs gkflcuetbgfs gkflcuet bgfs tëc`kcbs (cjoj eb cbpturb gf ejs ijrgfs gf ejs `fabtkvjs, gf eb quf trbtbrfojs oâs bgfeb`tf), f` jtrjs, tf`grfojs quf tjobr gfckskj`fs rfspfctj b eb prjhu`gkgbg gfe trbtbokf`tj, iuscb`gj u` fqukekirkj f`trf eb rfprjgucckó` flgfgka`b y fe sf`tkgj cjoþ` (j f`trf eb cjopefnkgbg y fe cjstf gf eb gkaktbekzbckó`). Fstbs f`crucknbgbs ebs f`cj`trbrfojs sjirf tjgj f` ejs obtfrkbefs trkgkof`skj`befs y/j ebs trb`spbrf`ckbs. Fstâ cebrj quf eb ofnjr hjrob gf gkaktbekzbr ejs obtfrkbefs cebrbof`tf trkgkof`skj`befs, cjoj ebs hjtjarbhïbs f` fstucmfs, fs utkekzbr tëc`kcbs gf gkaktbekzbckó` f` 3G. Tfrj fstbs tëc`kcbs `j fstâ` be becb`cf gf tjgj fe ou`gj, sj` cjopefnbs y cjstjsbs. Eb betfr`btkvb fs rfbekzbr cbpturbs gfe b`vfrsj y rfvfrsj gfe jinftj gkaktbe y, bgfoâs, gf sus cubtrj ebgjs. Sk bpekcbojs gf u`b ob`frb fstrkctb eb flejsjhïb gf eb hjtjarbhïb cjoj jinftj mkstórkcj, gfifrïbojs mbcfr ej oksoj cj` ebs gkbpjsktkvbs, ebs pebcbs gf vkgrkj y jtrjs obtfrkbefs cj` cbrbctfrïstkcbs trkgkof`skj`befs, gkabojs, efvfs. Wf`grïbojs quf gkaktbekzbr f` 3G j cbpturbr sus ijrgfs. F` fstjs cbsjs, sk` foibraj, eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf ejs ijrgfs bpjrtbrïb ouy pjcb k`hjrobckó` y f`cbrfcfrïb fe prjcfsj, fe cjstf fs oucmj obyjr quf fe if`fflckj, pjr ej quf `jrobeof`tf sf rfbekzb` trbtbokf`tjs of`js prjhu`gjs. F` fe cbsj gf ebs trb`spbrf`ckbs sucfgf beaj skokebr. Tbrb cj`sfaukr rfprjguckr sus cbrbctfrïstkcbs cjoj jinftj y cjoj kobaf` gfifrïbojs rfbekzbr cbpturbs cj` euz rffnbgb gf su b`vfrsj y rfvfrsj, y cj` euz trb`soktkgb kaubeof`tf gf su b`vfrsj y rfvfrsj. F` fe cbsj gf ejs `fabtkvjs, gfifrïbojs tboikë` cbpturbr eb k`hjrobckó` gf sus ijrgfs. Kaubeof`tf gfifojs peb`tfbr`js f` fstf cbsj mbstb quë pu`tj gfifojs bpekcbr fstf f`hjquf. V` `kvfe gf prjhu`gkgbg rbzj`bief gfe trbtbokf`tj cub`gj gkaktbekzbojs obtfrkbefs mkstórkcjs cj`skgfrbrïb ej skaukf`tf>
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
11
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb> fstrbtfakbs gf gkaktbekzbckó`
‗ Gkaktbekzbr b`vfr b`vfrsjs sjs y rfvfrs rfvfrsjs js gf ejs pjsktkvjs hjtjarâflcjs. ‗ Gkaktbekzbr f` 3G ebs hjtjarb hjtjarbhïbs hïbs f` fstucmfs. F` cbsj gf quf `j gkspj`abojs gf ejs ofgkj ofgkjs, s, hjtjarbflbrr sus ijrgfs y su pbrtf trbsfrb. hjtjarbflb ‗ Gkaktbekzbr ebs gkbpjsktkvbs y pebc pebcbs bs gf vkgrkj rfbekz rfbekzb`gj b`gj cbpturbs cj` euz rffnbgb gf sus b` vfrsjs y rfvfrsjs rfvfr sjs y cj` euz ttrb`soktkgb rb`soktkgb gf eb ccbrb brb gf eb foueskó`. ‗ Gkaktbekzbr ejs `fabtkvjs (k`c (k`ceuyf`gj euyf`gj sus ijrgfs) rfbekzb rfbekzb`gj `gj cbpturbs cj` euz rffnbgb gf sus b`vfrsjs y rfvfrsjs y cj` euz trb`soktkgb gf eb cbrb gf eb foueskó`. Fstbs jisfrvbckj`fs sf rfflfrf` b ejs oâstfrfs. Tbrb af`frbr ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` pjgfojs utkekzbr crktfrkjs oâs fxkiefs f` hu`ckó` gf `ufstrjs jinftkvjs, ebs `fcfskgbgfs gf ejs usubrkjs, ftc. Tjr fnfopej, f` ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` sf pufgf` k`ceukr j `j ejs obrcjs gf ebs gkbpjsktkvbs, j sf pufgf` rfcjrtbr ejs `fabtkvjs pbrb quf `j sf vfb` sus ijrgfs.
24.6 Fefcckó` gf fstrbtfakb Eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb, f` eï`fbs af`frbefs, rfqukfrf u` f`hjquf ibsbgj f` fe rfspftj be jrkak`be b`beóakcj, ej quf kopekcb trbtbr gf rfbekzbr u`b rfprjgucckó` flgfgka`b gf fstf quf k`ceuyb tb`tj sus cbrbctfrïstkcbs kcó`kcbs, su cj`tf`kgj, cjoj sus cbrbctfrïstkcbs jinftubefs, su sjpjrtf. • Cub`gj gkaktbekzbojs cjefcckj`fs gf hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb, sfrâ skfoprf u`b iuf`b prâctkcb trbtbr ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs cjoj jinftjs mkstórkcjs, iuscb`gj af`frbr koâaf`fs gkaktbefs quf rfprjguzcb` flfeof`tf su cj`tf`kgj kcó`kcj y su sjpjrtf. • Fstf bcfrcbokf`tj, fstrbtfakb j f`hjquf fs fe oâs bgfcubgj f` ejs skaukf`tfs cbsjs> ‗ Obtfrkbefs hjt hjtjarâflcjs jarâflcjs gf ejs k`k k`kckjs ckjs gf eb hjtjarb hjtjarbhïb. hïb. ‗ Cjefcckj`fs b`tkaub b`tkaubss f mkstórkcbs. mkstórkcb s. ‗ Trjcfsjs hjtj hjtjarâflcjs arâflcjs pjcj mbikt mbiktubefs. ubefs. ‗ Sjpjrtfs gf betj vbejr brtïstkcj brtïst kcj (fstucmfs, ftc.). ‗ K`stktuckj`fs cj`s cj`sfrvbgjrbs frvbgjrbs j prjojtjrbs prjojtjrb s gfe pbtrkoj`kj cueturbe, f` pbrtkcuebr pbrtkcu ebr ebs k`stktuckj`fs cj`sfrvbgjrbs j prjojtjrbs gfe pbtrkoj`kj hjtjarâflcj. ‗ Trjyfctjs quf ttrbtb` rbtb` gf gjcuof`tb gjcuof`tbrr eb mkstjrkb gf eb hjtjarbhïb. Fxkstf`, sk` foibraj, k`stktuckj`fs, pbrtkcuebrfs y foprfsbs quf tkf`f` gkstk`tbs okskj`fs, k`tfrfsfs, jinftkvjs, prfsupufstj j cj`tfxtjs b eb mjrb gf gkaktbekzbr sus cjefcckj`fs hjtjarâflcbs, pbrb ejs cubefs pufgf` sfr vâekgbs fstrbtfakbs gkstk`tbs b ebs quf mfojs of`ckj`bgj j rfcjof`gbgj mbstb bmjrb. Mby bgfoâs beau`js gfibtfs bikfrtjs sjirf ebs tëc`kcbs j fstrbtfakbs b utkekzbr. Tjr fnfopej, u`b rfstburbckó` gkaktbe iâskcb gf ejs `kvfefs gf cjejr pufgf ofnjrbr fe cj`tf`kgj gfe jrkak`be b`beóakcj cjrrkakf`gj frrjrfs gf sjirf- j suifxpjskckó`, mbckf`gj bjrbr gftbeefs quf `j sf bg vkfrtf` f` fstf, qukzâ pjrquf fe tkfopj mb gfsabstbgj eb hjtjarbhïb. Fstbs tëc`kcbs ofnjrb` eb rfprjgucckó` gfe cj`tf`kgj, quf fs, pjr supufstj, u`j gf ejs vbejrfs (mkstórkcj y/j brt brtïstkcj), ïstkcj), sk `j fe prk`ckpbe, gf eb hjtjarbhïb. Mby oucmjs hjtóarbhjs quf rfbekzb` fstf tkpj gf fgkckó` iuscb`gj eb ofnjr vfrskó` gf eb kobaf`, oâs quf cjtfnb`gj cj` fe jrkak`be b`beóakcj pbrb cj`sfaukr u`b rfprjgucckó` flfe. Cjoj cjoj yb mfojs gkcmj,mkstórkcj, fstbs tëc`kcbs sj`quf cjopbtkiefs cj` fesjirf f`hjquf gf trbtbr gf fe obtfrkbe hjtjarâflcj u` jinftj skfoprf ebs bpekqufojs ebs koâaf`fs gkhuskó` y gjcuof`tfojs su usj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
1=
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb> fstrbtfakbs gf gkaktbekzbckó`
• Trjcfsjs gf rfstburbckó` prjhu`gjs j skstfoâtkcjs gfifrïb` gj gjcuof`tbrsf cuof`tbrsf bgfcubgbof`tf rfakstrb`gj ejs prk`ckpkjs y crktfrkjs bpekcbgjs. Wbopjcj pjgfojs bpekcbr sk` oâs ejs crktfrkjs pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs ikiekjarâflcjs j pbrb eb rfstburbckó` gf jirbs gf brtf b ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs. Fstjs prfsf`tb` oþetkpefs pbrtkcuebrkgbgfs quf mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb. Tjr fnfopej, okf`trbs quf be gkaktbekzbr ekirjs quf hjrob` pbrtf gfe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj eb rfcjof`gbckó` y prâctkcb oâs fxtf`gkgb fs gkaktbekzbr ebs mjnbs f` ieb`cj, ej cube f`cbrfcf efvfof`tf fe cjstf gfe prjyfctj, f` fe cbsj gf eb hjtjarbhïb, eb prâctkcb fqukvbef`tf gf gkaktbekzbr ejs rfvfrsjs gf ebs hjtjarbhïbs f` ieb`cj supj`f buof`tbr `jtbiefof`tf fe cjstf gfe prjyfctj, cbsk gupekcbrej. Beaj pbrfckgj sucfgf cj` ebs cuikfrtbs gf ejs ekirjs, quf mbiktubeof`tf sf gkaktbekzb`. Eb prâctkcb fqukvbef`tf gf cbpturbr ejs obrcjs gf ebs gkbpjsktkvbs f`cbrfcf `jtbiefof`tf fe prfsupufstj. Bgfoâs, fe crktfrkj gf rfprjguckr rfprjguc kr flfeof`tf fe jrkak`be hjtjarâflcj hjtjarâflc j fs gkhïcke gf sfaukr f` beau`js cbsjs, cjoj f` fe gf ejs `fabtkvjs. Tjr tjgj feej, eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs rfqukfrf gf u` f`hjquf oâs fxkief quf fe quf sf bpekcb b ejs obtfrkbefs ikiekjarâflcjs. V` f`hjquf quf bibrquf gkvfrsbs fstrbtfakbs pbrb ejs gkstk`tjs cbsjs y cj`tfxtjs. Sk eb fstrbtfakb gf iuscbr u`b rfprjgucckó` flfe be jrkak`be quf k`ceuyb eb k`hjrobckó` gf su sjpjrtf fs skfoprf u`b iuf`b prâctkcb, mby cbsjs f` ejs quf sj` bcfptbiefs jtrbs fstrbtfakbs. Tjr fnfopej, pbrb u` pfqufòj byu`tbokf`tj, cj` ouy ibnj prfsupufstj, quf prftf`gf gkaktbekzbr u`b pfqufòb cjefcckó` gf gkbpjsktkvbs j hjtjarbhïbs rfebtkvbof`tf ojgfr`b cj` koâaf`fs gf eb flfstb gf su pufiej, cuyj jinftkvj fs sf`ckeebof`tf gjcuof`tbr gjcuof`tbr fstbs flfstbs crfb`gj u` ib`cj gf koâaf`fs pbrb su wfi, pufgf sfr u`b fstrbtfakb vâekgb (bu`quf `j eb oâs rfcjof`gbief gfsgf fe pu`tj gf vkstb gf fstbs rfcjof`gbckj`fs) fe cf`trbrsf f` fe vbejr kcó`kcj gf ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs y bprjvfcmbr su fscbsj prfsupufstj fvktb`gj cbpturbr rfvfrsjs f` ieb`cj gf hjtjarbhïbs j obrcjs gf gkbpjsktkvbs. J, pjr pj`fr jtrjs fnfopejs, u` pfrkógkcj pufgf qufrfr gkaktbekzbr su cjefcckó` gf hjtjarbhïbs cj` fe þ`kcj jinftkvj gf cj`sfrvbr su cj`tf`kgj mkstórkcj y arâflcj, j u` hjtóarbhj pufgf bijrgbr u` prjyfctj gf rfstburbckó` gkaktbe gf u`b cjefcckó` gf hjtjarbhïbs gfsabstbgbs, j u` ousfj pufgf trbtbr gf rfcupfrbr cj`tf`kgjs gf jirbs gf brtf ofgkb`tf tëc`kcbs gf fgkckó` hjtjarâflcb j gf hjtjarbhïb ouetkfspfctrbe. Wjgjs fstjs bcfrcbokf`tjs, cjoj yb mfojs fxpekcbgj, sj` cjopbtkiefs cj` fe f`hjquf gf eb hjtjarbhïb cjoj jinftj mkstórkcj, pufs sf pufgf af`frbr u` oâstfr hkfe be jrkak`be y, bgfoâs, vfrskj`fs fgktbgbs j fspfckbefs gf fstf oâstfr, j, oâs mbiktubeof`tf, gf ebs cjpkbs gfrk vbgbs vb gbs.. Tfr Tfrj j fstj fs tjss bcfr bc frcb cbokf okf`t `tjs js tboik tb oikë` ë` puf pufgf gf` ` sf sfrr vâ vâekg ekgjs js y bc bcfpt fptbie biefs fs pjr sï oks oksojs ojs f` gftfrok`bgjs cj`tfxtjs y sktubckj`fs, pbrb gftfrok`bgbs gftfr ok`bgbs k`stktuckj`fs j pbrb cj`sfaukr jinftk vjs cj` cj`crf crftjs tjs.. • B eb mjrb gf gk gkaktbekzbr aktbekzbr u`b cjefcckó` hjtjarâflcb ffss `fcfsbrkj, f` prkofr euabr, euabr, gftfrok`br gftfrok`br quë fstrbtfakb, f`hjquf j bcfrcbokf`tj vbojs b sfaukr. Eb fefcckó` gf eb fstrbtfakb gf gkaktbekzbckó` gfpf`gfrâ gf gftfrok`bgjs hbctjrfs cjoj fe tkpj gf k`stktuckó`, su okskó` y jinftkvjs, su cj`tfxtj y prfsupufstj, j fe fstbgj gf cj`sfr cj`sfrvbckó` vbckó` y eb tkpjejaïb gf eb cjefcckó`. Wjgjs fstjs hbctjrfs gfif` sfr b`bekzbgjs y tf`kgjs f` cuf`tb b`tfs gf tjobr u`b gfckskó`. Skfoprf sfrâ u` bcfrcbokf`tj cjrrfctj fe gfgfeiuscbr u`bgfe rfprjgucckó` rfspftujsb gfe jrkak`be b`beóakcj quf k`ceuyb eb k`hjrobckó` sjpjrtf obtfrkbe hjtjarâflcj, bu`quf, f` gftfrok`bgjs cbsjs, u`b k`ceusj fstrbtfakb of`js rkaurjsb j prjhu`gb sfb bcfptbief, cj`vf`kf`tf j `fcfsbrkb.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
1;
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb> fstrbtfakbs gf gkaktbekzbckó`
Fstbs rfcjof`gbckj`fs prftf`gf` sfr þtkefs pbrb tjgj tkpj gf prjyfctjs, gfsgf ejs prjyfctjs oâs pbtrkoj`kbefs quf trbtb` fe obtfrkbe hjtjarâflcj cjoj jinftj mkstórkcj mbstb jtrjs quf sf ckòb` b fstrbtfakbs oâs sf`ckeebs. Tbrb fstjs þetkojs fstbs rfcjof`gbckj`f rfcjof`gbckj`fss pufgf` sfrvkr pbrb cj`sfaukr cbpturbs cj`trjebgbs y gf cbekgbg, sfefcckj`br hjrobtjs, jrab`kzbr brcmkvjs, oftbgbtbr ebs cjefcckj`fs, ftc.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
=4
22. Cbpturb • Ejs obtfrkbefs quf hjrob` pbrtf gfe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb sufef` sfr obtfrkbefs vbekjsjs quf sf cj`sfrvb` f` k`stktuckj`fs gf eb ofojrkb (ikiekjtfcbs, brcmkvjs y ousfjs). Beau`js gf fstjs obtfrkbefs fstâ` f` obe fstbgj y/j prfcksb` ofgkgbs fspfckbefs gf cj`sfr vbckó`. Su gkaktbekzbckó` `j sjej hbckektb eb gkhus gkhuskó` kó` gf hj`gjs quf f` beau`js cbsjs sj` gf gkhïcke bccfsj j fstâ` fspfckbeof`tf prjtfakgjs, tboikë` hbckektb su prfsfrvbckó`, be crfbr rfprjgucckj`fs flgfgka`bs gf ejs jrkak`befs koprfsjs. Tjr feej, cj`vkf`f peb`kflcbr eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf fstjs obtfrkbefs peb`tfb`gj u`js betjs `kvfefs gf cbekgbg, gf ob`frb quf ebs rfprjgucckj`fs skrvb` pbrb tjgjs ejs usjs prfvkstjs j pjskiefs, bsï cjoj pbrb eb cj`sfrvbckó` b ebraj pebzj, y `j sfb `fcfsbrkj vjevfr b sbcbr gf ejs gfpósktjs ejs obtfrkbefs jrkak`befs pbrb vjevfrejs b gkaktbekzbr. • F` af`frbe, f` fe cbopj gf eb gkaktbek gkaktbekzbckó` zbckó` gfe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj, ikiekjarâflcj, y skfoprf quf sf skab fe f`hjquf gf cj`skgfrbr fe obtfrkbe b gkaktbekzbr cjoj u` jinftj mkstórkcj, sf rfcjokf`gb mbcfr u`b rfprjgucckó` ej oâs fxbctb pjskief gfe jrkak`be, gf ob`frb quf fe jinftj gkaktbe `j sjej trb`soktb fe cj`tf`kgj gf eb jirb, sk`j quf tboikë` t boikë` rffnf ebs tëc`kcbs gf fgkckó` y f`cubgfr`bckó` f`c ubgfr`bckó` gf eb ëpjcb, j ejs obtfrkbefs y prjcfsjs hjtjarâflcjs fopefbgjs, y sf pufgb bprfckbr fe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` gfe jrkak`be. Fstj kopekcb, f` fe cbsj gf ekirjs, gkaktbekzbr `j sjej ebs pâak`bs quf cj`tkf`f` ebs jirbs, sk`j tboikë` cuikfrtbs, prfekok`brfs, mjnbs gf aubrgb, ftc. F` fe cbsj gf ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs, kopekcbrïb `j sjej cbpturbr ejs rfvfrsjs gf ebs hjtjarbhïbs, tboikë` ejs obrcjs gf ebs gkbpjsktkvbs j ejs ijrgfs gf ejs `fabtkvjs. F` fe cbsj gf ejs obtfrkbefs arâflcjs, cjoj gkiunjs, arbibgjs j cbrtfefs, supj`grïb gkaktbekzbr sus rfvfrsjs, bu`quf fstë` f` ieb`cj. Wf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb quf fstbs prâctkcbs, f` obtfrkbefs arâflcjs y hjtjarâflcjs, f`cbrfcf` `jtbiefof`tf fe prj yfctj, pufgf` sfr bcfptbiefs, bc fptbiefs, f` gftfr gftfrok`bgjs ok`bgjs cj`tfxtjs, fstrbtfakbs oâs fxkiefs, cjoj ekoktbr ekoktbrsf sf b cbpturbr fe ârfb gf eb hjtjarbhïb gf ebs gkbpjsktkvbs j `fabtkvjs, j `j rfbekzbr cbpturbs gf ejs rf vfrsjs f` ieb`cj gf hjtjarbhïbs j obtfrkbefs arâflc arâflcjs. js. • Tjr fstbs oksobs cufstkj`fs gf flgfekgbg be jrkak jrkak`be, `be, sf rfcjokf`gb f` af`frbe cbpturbr ejs gjcuof`tjs f`tfrjs, sk` rfcjrtbrejs. Eb k`stktuckó` gkaktbekzbgjrb, f` hu`ckó` gf su fstrbtfakb j f`hjquf gf gkaktbekzbckó`, pjgrïb peb`tfbrsf fxcfpckj`fs b fstb `jrob f` cbsjs fspfckbefs, cjoj pufgf` sfr fe gf gkbpjsktkvbs cj` obrcjs peâstkcjs quf `j bpjrtb` k`hjrobckó` j fe ijrgf gf ejs `fabtkvjs. F` ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb sf sufef` fopefbr gjs tkpjs gf oftjgjejaïb gf fscb`fbgj, fe fscb`fbgj cbpturb b cbpturb y fe fscb`fbgj pjr ejtfs. Eb prkofrb oftjgjejaïb fs oâs bgfcubgb pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs, arâflcjs y cbrtjarâflcjs j pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb, okf`trbs quf eb sfau`gb fs oâs bgfcubgb pbrb obtfrkbefs ekirbrkjs (oj`jarbhïbs, ob`uscrktjs, vjeþof`fs gf prf`sb…) y fs eb `jrobeof`tf utkekzbgb cub`gj sf trbibnb cj` fscâ`frfs. Sf cjof`tbrâ fstb gkhfrf`ckb gkhfrf`c kb f` fe bpbrtbgj 26 («Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj¼).
22.2 Yfcjof`gbckj`fs af`frbefs • Fs rfcjof`gbief rfgbctbr gjcuof`tjs cjoj ob`ubefs gf prjcfgkokf`tjs, peb`fs gf gkaktbekzbckó` j skokebrfs, quf yrfauef` ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`. Gf f` fstb abrb`tkzbrfojs u`js fstâ`gbrfs gf cbekgbg fvktbr fojs fvktbrfojs u`b vbrkbikekgbg `j gfsfbief ejsob`frb rfsuetbgjs gfikgb b cboikjs gf tëc`kcbs, cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs, gkhfrf`tfs jpfrbgjrfs, ftc.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
=2
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
• Cjoj yb sf mb cjof`tbgj f` eb sfcckó` 7.3 («Sfefcckó` gf gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb¼), fs `fcfsbrkj sfefcckj`br fe j ejs gkspjsktkvjs bgfcubgjs pbrb ejs hj`gjs quf sf vb` b gkaktbekzbr. Fstb sfefcckó` tkf`f quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb bspfctjs cjoj> ‗ Eb tkpjejaïb gf ejs gjc gjcuof`tjs. uof`tjs. ‗ Ejs tbobòjs. ‗ Fe fstbgj gf cj`s cj`sfrvbckó`. frvbckó`. ‗ Sk fs `fcfsbrkj u` fscb`fbgj cj` eeuz uz rffctb`tf j trb`spbrf`t trb`spbrf`tf. f. ‗ Ejs pbrâoftrjs tëc`kcjs. ‗ Ejs `kvfefs gf cbek cbekgbg. gbg. • Ejs gjcuof`tjs puf pufgf` gf` suhrkr gbòjs sk sf ejs sjof sjoftf tf b tfopfrbturbs k`bgf k`bgfcubgbs cubgbs j b cboik cboikjs js iruscjs gf tfopfrbturb, pjr ej quf fs rfcjof`gbief cj`trjebr eb tfopfrbturb gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb (cbobs, crkstbefs, eâopbrbs) pbrb quf `j gbòf` ejs gjcuof`tjs gurb`tf fe fscb`fbgj. • Gurb`tf ejs trbibnjs gf fscb`fbgj, gf gfif if ob`tf`frsf u`b fscrupuejsb fscrupuejsb ekopkfzb tb`tj f` ebs sbebs cjoj gf ejs fqukpjs gf cbpturb. Bskoksoj, gfif` ekopkbrsf ejs gjcuof`tjs b`tfs gf sfr fscb`fbgjs sk hufrb `fcfsbrkj. • Sf gfif cjoprjibr quf eb keuok`bckó` gurb`tf fe fscb`fbgj k`ckgf u`khjrofof`tf sjirf ejs gjcuof`tjs. F` cbsj gf quf ebs koâaf`fs af`frbgbs `j fstë` u`khjrofof`tf keuok`bgbs, mby prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs quf pfroktf` cjrrfakr fstb fst b fvf`tubekgbg, bu`quf sjej sj` rfcjof`gbiefs sk ebs vbrkbckj`fs f` eb keuok`bckó` sj` efvfs. F` beau`js fqukpjs pufgf sfr `fcfsbrkj fspfrbr u`js ok`utjs gfspuës gf f`cf`gfrejs pbrb quf eb keuok`bckó` becb`cf u` fstbgj fstbief. • Sbevj cbsjs fspfckbefs, cj`vkf`f cj`vkf`f gkaktbekzbr ejs gjcuof` gjcuof`tjs tjs f`tfrjs, gfnb`gj u` ijrgf oï`koj oï`koj (u`js pjcjs okeïoftrjs) b su berfgfgjr. Be gfnbr pfqufòjs ijrgfs pjgfojs cjoprjibr quf fe gjcuof`tj sf mb gkaktbekzbgj f` su tjtbekgbg y tf`fojs eb pjskikekgbg gf cj`jcfr j ofgkr su tbobòj. Sk sf gfnb` ijrgfs arb`gfs sf buof`tb fe pfsj (`þofrj gf ikts) gf ejs brcmkvjs k``fcfsbrkbof`tf. • @j sf gfif` usbr nboâs pbrb gkaktbekzbr pbtrkoj`kj pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj ikiekjarâflcj bekof`tbgjrfs butj butjoâtkcjs oâtkcjs gf mjnbs, fscâ`frfs gf rjgkeej j fscâ`frfs gf peb`js ojgfr`js (cj` rjgkeejs). • Mby rjijts fscb`fbgjrfs fspfckbeof`tf gksfòbgjs pbrb gkaktbekzbr hj`gj b`tkauj quf jhrfcf` betjs rf`gkokf`tjs. Sj` ibstb`tf sfaurjs, pfrj, pjr prfcbuckó`, `j cj`vkf`f utkekzbrejs pbrb ekirjs f` obe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` j fspfckbeof`tf vbekjsjs. • Tjr cufstkj`fs gf fflckf`ckb, sf gfif` gfif` barupbr y gkaktbekzbr ejs hj`gjs pjr pjr tkpj gf obtfrkbe (obpbs, ekirjs, hjtjarbhïbs, ftc.). • Wboikë` sf pufgf` barupbr ejs gjcuof`tjs (gfspuës gf sfpbrbrejs pjr su tkpjejaïb) f` hu`ckó` gf su tbobòj, sfpbrb`gj bqufeejs obtfrkbefs quf `j qufpb` f` fe ârfb gf cbpturb. F` fe cbsj gf ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs, barupbrejs pjr tbobòj mbrâ oâs fflckf`tf fe prjcfsj gf fscb`fbgj. • Cj`vkf`f bsfaurbrsf gf quf `j sf prjguzcb` vkirbckj`fs gurb`tf fe fscb`fbgj, gfikgbs b eb k`stbebckó` j be gkspjsktkvj, quf pufgb` b eb oâs cbekgbg gf ebs koâaf`fs. Sk sf gftfctb`, mby quf mbcfr ej pjskief pbrb fekok`brebs> iuscbrbhfctbr u` sufej flrof, cboikbr eb vfejckgbg gf fscb`fbgj, bojrtkaubr fe gkspjsktkvj…
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
=9
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
• F` af`frbe, pbrb tf`fr u` obyjr cj`trje gf ej quf fstbojs mbckf`gj y cj`sfaukr u`b obyjr mjojaf`fkgbg f` ejs rfsuetbgjs, cj`vkf`f rfguckr be oï`koj ejs bnustfs butjoâtkcjs gfe gkspjsktk vj. F` tjgj cbsj, gfifojs g fifojs tf`fr cebr cebrj j quë hu`ckj`fs but butjoâtkcbs joâtkcbs fstâ` fstâ ` bctkvbs. • Sf rfcjokf`gb cjoprjibr, cub`gj sf trbibnb cj` fscâ`frfs, quf f` ebs koâaf`fs sf rfakstrb cjrrfctbof`tf fe tbobòj gf ejs gjcuof`tjs jrkak`befs (f` prk`ckpkj, rfebckó` gf tbobòjs 2>2). • Fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb kr b`jtb`gj ebs k`ckgf`ckbs quf sf prjgucf` gurb`tf fe fscb`fbgj (hbetb gf pâak`bs, pâak`bs rjtbs j gupekcbgbs, ftc.) y af`frbr u` k`hjrof gf fstbs k`ckgf`ckbs pbrb fe afstjr gfe prjyfctj. • Gurb`tf fe fscb`fbgj gf obtfrkbefs f`vufetjs j hjrrbgjs cj` obtfrkbefs peâstkcjs (pjekëstfr j obtfrkbefs skokebrfs) sf pufgf` prjguckr b`keejs gf @fwtj` y jtrjs tkpjs gf k`tfrhfrf`ckbs. Ejs b`keejs gf @fwtj` sf sufef` af`frbr cub`gj gjs supfrflckfs eksbs sf pj`f` f` cj`tbctj, cjoj cub`gj sf cjejcb` gjcuof`tjs cj` hu`gbs gf pjekëstfr sjirf fe crkstbe gf u` fscâ`fr peb`j. Skfoprf quf sfb pjskief y `j mbyb rkfsaj pbrb ejs obtfrkbefs, fs cj`vf`kf`tf sbcbrejs gf sus hu`gbs peâstkcbs pbrb fe fscb`fbgj< sk fstj `j fs pjskief, sf pufgf` utkekzbr gkspjsktkvjs cj` crkstbefs b`tkb`keejs gf @fwtj` j prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs b`tkrrffnjs (beau`js vkf`f` k`stbebgjs gf hâirkcb f` fe gkspjsktkvj). Eb hu`gb peâstkcb pufgf betfrbr eb bpbrkf`ckb gfe gjcuof`tj. Sk `j sf pufgf sbcbr fe gjcuof`tj gf eb hu`gb, u`b ob`frb gf cj`sfaukr u`b bpbrkf`ckb oâs cfrcb`b b eb gfe gjcuof`tj sk` hu`gb fs fscb`fbr u`b cbrtb gf cjejr (j gf fscbeb gf arksfs) oftkgb f` u`b hu`gb gfe oksoj tkpj quf eb gfe gjcuof`tj pbrb cbekirbr j pfrflebr fe fscâ`fr y bpekcbr fstb cj`flaurbckó` b eb kobaf` gkaktbe gfe gjcuof`tj f`vufetj. • Sk ejs gjcuof`tjs tkf`f` fefof`tjs oftâekcjs cjoj arbpbs j cekps, mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj gf `j rbybr fe crkstbe prf`sbekirjs j fe ârfb gf cbpturb. F` fstjs cbsjs, sk ebs pjeïtkcbs gf eb k`stktuckó` ej pfroktf`, ej ofnjr fs quktbr fstjs fefof`tjs pbrb eb cbpturb.
22.9 Okcrjhjrobs • F` af`frbe, `j fs rfcjof`gbief gkaktbekzbr b pbrtkr gf okcrjhjrob j hjtjcjpkb pjrquf eb cbekgbg, bu`quf `j oâs skfoprf sucfgf sufef F` sfrtbe ibstb`tf pfrj,quf b vfcfs, b hbetb jtrb `ufstrjs jpckó`, `j tf`grfojs rfofgkj qufbsï, mbcfrej. cbsj, fsibnb, pjskief tf`abojs qufgfibnbr `k vfefs gf cbekgbg cbekgb g y pj`fr`js cjoj jinftkvj ssf`ckeebof`tf f`ckeebof`tf cj`s cj`sfaukr faukr gjcuof`tjs gkaktbefs cj` u`b rbzj`bief efakikekgbg. • Sk sf gkspj`f gf vbrkbs cjpkbs gf ejs cj`tf`kgjs b gkaktbekzbr f` okcrjhjrob, fs prfhfrkief utkekzbr eb gf obyjr cbekgbg. • Tbrb gkaktbekzbr okcrjhjrobs (okcrjflcmbs, nbclfts , tbrnftbs gf bpfrturb, rjeejs gf pfeïcueb, ftc.) eb ofnjr jpckó` fs utkekzbr fscâ`frfs fspfckbekzbgjs f` eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf fstjs obtfrkbefs. Sufef` cj`tbr cj` hu`ckj`fs fspfckbefs, cjoj gftfcckó` butjoâtkcb gf ijrgfs y tbobòjs, cjrrfcckó` gf aboob, butjibeb`cf gf ieb`cjs, ftc. • F` oucmbs jcbskj`fs `j pjgrfojs cjtfnbr ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs jitf`kgbs ofgkb`tf fe fscb`fbgj gf ebs cj` ejs y/j gjcuof`tjs koprfsjs jrkak`befs, pjrgftfrok`br ej quf sfrâ `fcfsbrkbgf eb utkekzbckó` gf okcrjhjrobs jpckj`fs gf sjhtwbrf y/j eb fxpfrtkckb gfe jpfrbgjr pbrb pbrâoftrjs cbpturb y eb cjrrfctb vksubekzbckó` gf ebs koâaf`fs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
=3
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
22.3 Obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs • Gurb`tf su gkaktbekzbckó`, ejs obtfrkbefs koprfsjs quf hjrob` pbrtf gfe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj mb` gf ob`kpuebrsf cj` cukgbgj, ob`tf`frsf f` bgfcubgbs cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs y `j sjoftfrsf b cboikjs iruscjs gf tfopfrbturb j muofgbg rfebtkvb. • Bgfoâs gfe vbejr quf pufgb tf`fr su cj`tf`kgj, fe ekirj j ob`uscrktj b`tkauj fs u` jinftj vbekjsj f` sï, quf pufgf bpjrtbr k`hjrobc k`hjrobckó` kó` mkstórkcb y tëc`kcb sjirf eb fscrkturb, f`cubgfr`bckó`, f`cubgfr `bckó`, puiekcbckó` f koprfskó` gf u`b ëpjcb gftfrok`bgb. Tjr feej, eb rfcjof`gbckó` af`frbe fs gkaktbekzbr ebs oj`jarbhïbs y ob`uscrktjs b`tkaujs f`tfrjs, k`ceuyf`gj cuikfrtbs, mjnbs gf aubrgb, prfekok`brfs, pâak`bs f` ieb`cj, ftc. • Fe cbsj gf eb prf`sb fs gkhfrf`tf. Bu`quf oucmbs vfcfs `js eb f`cj`trbrfojs f`cubgfr`bgb f` tjojs, sf puiekcó jrkak`beof`tf sk` f`cubgfr`br. Sk b fsj suobojs quf f` ebs mfofrjtfcbs gkaktbefs sf sufef` sfpbrbr, pbrb su cjrrfctb iþsqufgb y vksubekzbckó`, ejs `þofrjs quf hjrob` pbrtf gfe vjeuof` f`cubgfr`bgj, fe gkaktbekzbr ebs cuikfrtbs, oucmbs vfcfs bòbgkgbs f` ëpjcbs ojgfr`bs, `j bpjrtb, f` af`frbe, gfobskbgj vbejr. Bgfoâs, sk f` `ufstrb mfofrjtfcb, cjoj cj` vkf`f mbcfr f` fe cbsj gf eb prf`s prf`sb, b, sf jhr jhrfcf` fcf` sfpbrbgj sfpbrbgjss ejs `þofr `þofrjs js cj`tf`kgjs f` fe vjeuof`, `js tf`grfojs quf peb`tfbr quë mbcfr cj` fstbs cuikfrtbs. Wf`fojs jpckj`fs cjoj `j gkaktbekzbrebs, jhrfcfr j cj`sfrvbr sus koâaf`fs gkaktbefs cj` fe prkofr y/j þetkoj `þofrj gkaktbe gfe tjoj j cj`sfrvbrebs sjej f` eb cjpkb gf prfsfrvbckó` (`j jhrfcfrebs f` eb Qfi). • Jtrj cbsj fspfckbe sj` ebs f`cubgfr`bckj`fs hbctkckbs, quf quf f` eb prâctkcb pe peb`tfb` b`tfb` gkvfrsjs prjiefobs f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gf jirbs koprfsbs. Ejs hjrobtjs gkaktbefs `js pfroktf` sfpbrbr hâckeof`tf ebs jirbs cj`tf`kgbs f` vjeþof`fs hbctkckjs sk` tf`fr quf rjopfr f`cubgfr`bckó` beau`b. Sf rfcjokf`gb f` fstjs cbsjs sfpbrbr ebs jirbs y bsjckbrebs b sus cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs rfakstrjs ikiekjarâflcjs, k`ceuyf`gj f` cbopjs gf rfebckó` y `jtbs eb k`hjrobckó` rfebtkvb be vjeuof` hbctkckj. Sk bsï ej mbcfojs, tboikë` tf`grfojs quf gfckgkr quë mbcfr cj` ebs cuikfrtbs gfe vjeuof` hbctkckj> k`ceukrebs nu`tj b ebs koâaf`fs gf eb prkofrb y/j þetkob jirb, `j gkaktbekzbrebs, `j pj`frebs f` Qfi, ftc. • Ejs fscâ`frfs peb`js `j sj` bgfcubgjs, bgfcubgjs, f` af`frbe, pbrb pbrb gkaktbekzbr vjeþo vjeþof`fs f`fs koprfsjs j ob`uscrktjs, bu`quf pufgf` sfrvkr pbrb gkaktbekzbr hjeeftjs f k`ceusj beau`js ekirjs fl`js rfebtkvbof`tf ojgfr`js y cj` f`cubgfr`bckj`fs rfskstf`tfs. Tbrb fscb`fbr ekirjs f` u` fscâ`fr peb`j mby quf bpebstbrejs pbrb ok`kokzbr eb curvbturb gfe ejoj< fs hâcke quf fstb jpfrbckó` cbusf gbòjs b ejs gjcuof`tjs. Fe gkspjsktkvj oâs bgfcubgj pbrb gkaktbekzbr ekirjs fs fe fscâ`fr bërfj. Mby oucmjs ojgfejs gf fstf tkpj gf fscâ`fr gksfòbgjs pbrb gkaktbekzbr ekirjs. Wboikë` pufgf usbrsf, gf hjrob of`js fflckf`tf, u`b câobrb hjtjarâflcb. Wboikë` pufgf` utkekzbrsf rjijts fscb`fbgjrfs gksfòbgjs pbrb gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs b`tkaujs, Wboikë` bu`quf, pjr prfcbuckó`, `j gfifrïb` usbrsf cj` vjeþof`fs fspfckbeof`tf vbekjsjs j f` obe fstbgj. • @j sf rfcjokf`gb, f` af`frbe, gfsf`cubgfr`br gfsf`cubgfr`b r ejs vjeþof`fs pbrb su gkaktbekzbckó`. Wbopjcj aukeejtk`brejs. • Ejs fqukpjs gf cbpturb gfif` cj`tbr cj` cbobs cj` gjs `kvfefs, quf sf oufvb` pbrb bgbptbrsf b ejs ejojs gf ejs ekirjs bikfrtjs. Sk sjej cj`tbojs cj` u` fscâ`fr cf`ktbe gf cbob peb`b sf pufgf` kr vbrkb`gj ebs beturbs gf ebs gjs pbrtfs gfe ekirj bikfrtj, cbezâ`gjebs cj` obtfrkbefs ieb`gjs (ajobfspuobs, cbrtj`fs…).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
=7
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
• Eb obyjrïb gf ebs cbobs gf ejs fscâ`frfs bërfjs sj` `farbs. F` fscâ`frfs cj` cbobs gf crkstbe fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb cuirkr fe ârfb gf cbpturb cj` u`b tfeb `farb (j cbrtuek`b…) pbrb fvktbr rffnjs k`gfsfbgjs. • Ejs fqukpjs gf cbpturb gfif` cj` cj`tbr tbr cj` crkstbefs prf`sbekirjs, quf pfroktb` ok`kokzbr ok`kokzbr eb curvbturb gfe ejoj gurb`tf eb cbpturb. Bu`quf mby rfcjof`gbckj`fs f` cj`trb gf eb utkekzbckó` gfe prf`sbekirjs, fs `fcfsbrkj `jrobeof`tf su usj pbrb cj`sfaukr u`b gkaktbekzbckó` gf cbekgbg. Fe crkstbe prf`sbekirjs gfif usbrsf f` tjgj cbsj cj` suoj cukgbgj, sk` hjrzbr gfobskbgj, pbrb `j gbòbr ejs vjeþof`fs. Beau`js vjeþof`fs, pjr su f`cubgfr`bckó`, pjr fstbr hbirkcbgjs cj` pbpfe ouy rïakgj j pjr su obe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó`, pufgf` suhrkr gbòjs sk sf fscb`fb` cj` prf`sbekirjs. Sf gfif cjoprjibr, b`tfs gf bpekcbr fstb tëc`kcb, quf fe gjcuof`tj fs bptj pbrb feeb. • Mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf, be k`tfrpj k`tfrpj`fr `fr fe crkstbe prf`sbekirjs f`trf fe gjcuof`tj y fe sf`sjr gfe fscâ`fr, sf pufgf` prjvjcbr rffnjs f` eb cbpturb. Sk sf usb prf`sbekirjs sf gfif cjoprjibr quf eb keuok`bckó` fs cjrrfctb y `j sf fstâ` prjguckf`gj rffnjs. • Fe usj gfe crkstbe prf`sbekirjs pufgf pufgf rfstbr euz b eb cbpturb, pj pjrr feej, fe crkstbe prf`sbekirjs gfif ekopkbrsf cj` hrfcuf`ckb y ob`tf`frsf fscrupuejsbof`tf ekopkj. • F` u` cj`tfxtj gf gkaktbekzbckó` pjr ejtfs (vëbsf bpbrtbgj 26, «Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj¼), fstrbtfakb quf sufef usbrsf pbrb fscb`fbr ekirjs, sf mb` gf ob`tf`fr ebs oksobs cj`gkckj`fs gf cbpturb pbrb tjgbs ebs pâak`bs gf eb oksob jirb, fs ej quf sf eebob mjojaf`fkgbg j u`khjrokgbg gf ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf cbpturb. • Tjr cufstkj`fs gf mjojaf`fkgbg, sk sf usb prf`sbekirjs, mb gf usbrsf f` tjgbs ebs pâak`bs. • Sk sf fstâ bpekcb`gj u` crkstbe prf`sbekirjs f` eb cbpturb gf u` vjeu vjeuof` of` fs pjskief quf sf fstë jscurfckf`gj efvfof`tf efvfof`tf eb jirb. Sk qufrfojs quf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs tf`ab` eb bpbrkf`ckb gfe jrkak`be (sk` crkstbe), pjgfojs fgktbr ebs koâaf`fs j trbibnbr f` ibsf ibs f b u`b cbpturb gf cbrtb gf cjejr (j gf fscbeb gf arksfs) quf sf mb fscb`fbgj bpekcâ`gjef fe oksoj prf`sbekirjs.
Hka. 93. Trjiefobs be gkaktbekzbr sk` prf`sbekirjs. F` vjeþof`fs arb`gfs eb curvbturb prjguckgb pjr eb u`kó` gf ebs pâak`bs f` fe ejoj pufgf sfr ouy bcusbgb.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
=6
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
• Sk ebs pâak`bs tkf`f` brruabs, gjiefcfs j pekfaufs, mby quf gfsgjiebr j fstkrbr ebs pâak`bs f` eb ofgkgb gf ej pjskief skfoprf quf fstj `j supj`ab u` rkfsaj pbrb eb k`tfarkgbg gfe gjcuof`tj. • @j sf gfif` utkekzbr ck`tbs bgmfskvbs j skokebrfs pbrb fstkrbr ejs gjcuof`tjs. • Sk `j sf usb prf`sbekirjs, mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj gf qu quff ejs gfgjs gfe jp jpfrbgjr, frbgjr, okf` okf`trbs trbs fstkrb` ebs pâak`bs, `j qufgb` k`ojrtbekzbgjs f` ebs koâaf`fs gf pâak`b. F` af`frbe, `j gfif` utkekzbrsf ejs gfgjs pbrb fstkrbr ebs pâak`bs gurb`tf fe fscb`fbgj. Sk sf rfckif` koâaf`fs cj` gfgjs sf pufgf utkekzbr u` sjhtwbr f fspfcïflcj fspfcïflcj j u` fgktjr gf koâaf`fs pbrb ijrrbrejs gf fstbs. • Fe fscb`fbgj gf p pfrabok`js, frabok`js, quf b vfcfs prfsf`tb` j`guebckj`fs, rjturbs, ftc., oucmbs vfcfs rfqukfrf u`b ob`kpuebckó` cukgbgjsb y u` fscb`fbgj fspfckbe, fstkrb`gj fe gjcuof`tj f` ej pjskief sk` gbòbrej y cj`trjeb`gj eb keuok`bckó`, pbrb quf `j sf prjguzcb` sjoirbs. Fstb ofgkgb, cebrj fstâ, pufgf bpekcbrsf b cubequkfr vjeuof` quf tf`ab t f`ab mjnbs cj` j`guebckj`fs (pjr muofgbgfs, ftc.). • Sk fe vjeuof` b gkaktbekzbr gkaktbekzbr pufgf suhrkr gbòjs be birk birkrej rej pbrb fscb`fbrej (pbpf (pbpfee rïakgj, f`cubgfr`bckó` cfrrbgb…), y, f` af`frbe, sk fstâ f` obe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó`, cj`vkf`f gkaktbekzbrej cjejcâ`gjej f` uvf (sk` birkrej gfe tjgj). Mby fqukpjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` j cbobs quf sf bgbptb` j fstâ` gksfòbgjs pbrb fstf tkpj gf trbibnjs, pfroktkf`gj fe fscb`fbgj gf vjeþof`fs bikfrtjs f` â`auej of`jr b 2=4¾ (mbstb ;4¾ f k`ceusj of`js). Beau`js gf fstjs fqukpjs eefvb` crkstbefs prf`sbekirjs quf sf bgbptb` be â`auej gf bpfrturb gfe vjeuof`. Oucmjs, pfrj `j tjgjs, pfroktf` fe fscb`fbgj gf ebs gjs pâak`bs b eb vfz, sfb utkekzb`gj gjs câobrbs j cj` u`b sjeb y eb byugb gf u` prjarbob k`hjroâtkcj quf cjrrkaf eb gkstjrskó` prjguckgb pjr eb k`cek`bckó` gf ebs pâak`bs.
Hka. 97. Gkaktbekzbckó` sk` (kzq.) y cj` (gcmb.) prf`sbekirjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
=8
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
• Beau`js ojgfejs gf rjijt fscb`fbgjr, cj` sf`sjrfs ek`fbefs gfspebzbiefs, pfroktf` gkaktbekzbr fe vjeuof` bikfrtj cj` u` â`auej gf 84¾ j k`ceusj of`js< fstjs rjijts pufgf` sfr ouy bgfcubgjs pbrb gkaktbekzbr ekirjs cj` f`cubgfr`bckj`fs arufsbs y cfrrbgbs quf fstë` f` iuf` fstbgj. • Fs `fcfsbrkj bsfaurbrsf gf quf gurb`tf eb cbpturb fe gjcuof`tj fstâ u`khjrofof`tf keuok`bgj. F` fstf sf`tkgj, mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj cj` eb euz gf bsm < u` bsm gkspbrbgj gfsgf eb câobrb sjirf u` gjcuof`tj quf fstâ b cjrtb gkstb`ckb sufef s ufef prjguckr u`b keuok`bckó` pjcj u`khjrof, keuok`b`gj oucmj beau`bs zj`bs gfe gjcuof`tj y of`js jtrbs. Bgfoâs, eb euz gf bsm , sk fs ouy k`tf`sb y sk fs gkspbrbgb gf cfrcb, `j fs ej oâs rfcjof`gbief pbrb eb cj`sfrvbckó` gf ejs gjcuof`tjs. Tufgf` usbrsf eucfs gf bsm gfikgbof`tf cj`flaurbgbs pbrb quf keuok`f` u`khjrofof`tf fe ârfb gf cbpturb (u`b b cbgb ebgj gfe ârfb gf cbpturb, pjr fnfopej), cj`trjeb`gj su k`tf`skgbg, bsï cjoj eb gkstb`ckb b ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarbflbgjs. • V`j gf ejs prjief prjiefobs obs gf gkaktbekzbr gkaktbekzbr vjeþof`fs ob`u ob`uscrktjs scrktjs j koprfsjs sk` gfsf`cubgfr`br gfsf`cubgfr`br fs quf eb pbrtf gf ebs pâak`bs quf fstâ pfabgb be ejoj sufef qufgbr curvbgb y sjoirfbgb f` eb kobaf` gkaktbe. Cjoj mfojs gkcmj, pjgfojs ok`kokzbr fstbs sjoirbs y curvbturbs utkekzb`gj cj` fe gfikgj cukgbgj fe crkstbe prf`sbekirjs y/j gkaktbekzb`gj f` uvf. Mby prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs, bgfoâs, quf cjrrkaf` fstbs sjoirbs y curvbturbs, y beau`js fqukpjs gf cbpturb vkf`f` cj` fstf tkpj gf hu`ckj`fs prfk`stbebgbs. Tjgfojs fekok`br ebs sjoirbs cj`trjeb`gj eb keuok`bckó` quf k`ckgf sjirf fe gjcuof`tj gurb`tf eb cbpturb (keuok`b`gj gfsgf brrkib). • F` beau`js cbsjs, cjoj, pjr pjr fnfopej, cub`gj gkaktbekzbojs f` uvf y `j cj`tbojs cj` gkspjsktkvjs y prjarbobs quf `js pfroktb` cbpturbr b gjief pâak`b (cbpturbr ebs gjs pâak`bs gfe ekirj bikfrtj b eb vfz), tf`grfojs quf gkaktbekzbr `fcfsbrkbof`tf b pâak`b skopef, pfrj `jrobeof`tf pjgrfojs fefakr sk gkaktbekzbr b gjief pâak`b j b pâak`b skopef. Fs u`b gfckskó` quf cj`vkf`f fxpekcktbr f` gjcuof`tjs cjoj fe peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó`, fe ob`ube gf prjcfgkokf`tjs, fe pekfaj gf prfscrkpckj`fs tëc`kcbs j skokebrfs. Boijs f`hjqufs tkf`f` tkf`f ` sus vf`tbnbs vf`tbnbs.. Eb vf`tbnb gf cbpturbr b gjief pâak`b fs iâskcbof`tf eb fflckf`ckb> fs oâs j of`js fe gjief gf fflckf`tf gkaktbekzbr b gjief pâak`b quf b pâak`b skopef, tbrgbrfojs of`js tkfopj y bmjrrbrfojs trbibnj. Tjr jtrj ebgj, eb jirb gkaktbe pfsbrâ u` pjcj of`js y sfrâ oâs hâcke gf prfsfrvbr (pjr fe of`jr pfsj y pjr fstbr gkvkgkgb f` of`js pbrtfs). Eb gkaktbekzbckó` b pâak`b skopef tkf`f, pjr su pbrtf, u`b sfrkf gf vf`tbnbs, cjoj eb obyjr hbckekgbg pbrb bsjckbr koâaf`fs gf pâak`b cj` `þofrjs gf pâak`b, u` rfcuf`tj gf pâak`bs oâs gkrfctj, u`b efcturb y vksubekzbckó` oâs cóojgbs gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs (yb sfb f` pb`tbeeb j koprkokf`gj fe gjcuof`tj gkaktbe), u` prjcfsj gf JCY beaj oâs fflcbz, j u`b af`frbckó` gf ekirjs fefctró`kcjs f` hjrobtj FTVI j skokebrfs b pbrtkr gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs cj` of`js frrjrfs. Wf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb quf fxkstf` prjarbobs (f` oucmjs cbsjs prfk`stbebgjs f` ejs fqukpjs) quf pfroktf` sfpbrbr butjoâtkcbof`tf ebs cbpturbs gf pâak`bs gjiefs f` koâaf`fs gf pâak`bs skopefs, eb jpckó` oâs rfcjof`gbief fs cbpturbr b gjief pâak`b y, utkekzb`gj fstbs hu`ckj`fs gf sjhtwbrf , af`frbr koâaf`fs gf pâak`bs skopefs pbrb prfsfrvbckó` y gkhuskó`. Fstbs hu`ckj`fs sufef` hu`ckj`br ouy ikf`, bu`qufmb fstf`kgj `fcfsbrkj mbcfr u`b râpkgb rfvkskó` vksube gf ebshbeebr koâaf`fs af`frbgbs pbrb vfr sk fe prjarbob beaþ` frrjr, pufs fstjs prjcfsjs pufgf` sk ebs pâak`bs tkf`f` gksfòjs fspfckbefs, tbiebs j cj`tf`kgjs arâflcjs cj` eï`fbs vfrtkcbefs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
=1
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
• F` tjgj cbsj, pj pjrr cufstkj`fs gf bsjckbckó` f` f`trf trf ebs cjpkbs gf prfsfrvbckó` y gkhuskó`, fs rfcjof`gbief quf boibs sfb` gfe oksoj tkpj, ikf` koâaf`fs gf pâak`b skopef, ikf` koâaf`fs gf pâak`bs gjiefs, y fstë` `joirbgbs kaube. Eb jpckó` gf af`frbr koâaf`fs gf pâak`bs gjiefs pbrb prfsfrvbckó` y gf pâak`bs skopefs pbrb gkhuskó` `j fs ouy rfcjof`gbief pjr cub`tj sf pkfrgf j gkflcuetb eb rfebckó` f`trf u`j y jtrj tkpj gf cjpkb, ej quf vufevf oâs trbibnjsbs ebs tbrfbs gf fgkckó` y rfcupfrbckó` gf koâaf`fs gf prfsfrvbckó`. Fstbs bprfckbckj`fs sf rfflfrf` b eb af`frbckó` gf koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` gf pâak`bs sufetbs, f` hjrobtjs cjoj NTFA< `j tkf`f` sf`tkgj sk fstbojs af`frb`gj koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` fxceuskvbof`tf f` hjrobtjs cjopkebtjrkjs cjoj TGH. • Sk `js f`cj`trbojs f` ejs vjeþof`fs cj`tf`kgjs quf jcupb` ebs gjs pâak`bs gfe ekirj bikfrtj, pjr fnfopej, keustrbckj`fs j tbiebs, sf rfcjokf`gb cbpturbr y af`frbr koâaf`fs b gjief pâak`b gf fsf cj`tf`kgj, sk` cjrtbrej, k`ceusj sk pbrb fe rfstj gf eb jirb sf fstâ` af`frb`gj pâak`bs skopefs. Gf fstb ob`frb sf ofnjrb eb vksubekzbckó` gfe gjcuof`tj, y sf rfspftb eb k`tfarkgbg gf sus cj`tf`kgjs. Ej oksoj cj`vkf`f mbcfr f` fe cbsj gf f`cj`trbr`js cj` pâak`bs gfspefabiefs. • F` brbs gf jhrfcfr u`b rfprjgucckó` ej oâs flgfgka`b pjskief gf ejs gjcuof`tjs jrkak`befs, mby quf cbpturbr ebs pâak`bs f`tfrbs y af`frbr koâaf`fs gf pâak`bs f`tfrbs, f` ebs quf sf bprfckf` ejs ijrgfs gf ejs gjcuof`tjs, k`ceukgj fe fspbckj f`trf pâak`b y eb zj`b f` eb quf sf nu`tb` ebs pâak`bs. Fs gfckr, `j gfif rfcjrtbrsf eb pâak`b fekok`b`gj `k`au`b gf sus pbrtfs, bu`quf sfb` oâraf`fs f` ieb`cj. Fstj kopekcb rfcjrtbr ebs koâaf`fs gf pâak`b pjr ejs eïoktfs gf eb pâak`b j gfnb`gj u` ijrgf berfgfgjr. Fe prjiefob gf rfcjrtbr nustj f` fe eïoktf gf eb pâak`b fs quf `j pjgfojs cj`trjebr (b eb vkstb gf ebs koâaf`f koâaf`fs) s) sk sf fstâ vksub vksubekzb`g ekzb`gj j eebb pâak`b f`tfr f`tfrbb j ssff mb` rfcj rfcjrtbgj rtbgj sus oâraf`fs ieb`cjs, pjr ej quf sf rfcjokf`gb gfnbr u` ijrgf oï`koj (u`js pjcjs okeïoftrjs) berfgfgjr gf eb kobaf`. Fxkstf` prjarbobs cbpbcfs gf rfbekzbr fstjs prjcfsjs gf rfcjrtf butjoâtkcbof`tf (fe prjarbob EKOI, pjr fnfopej). F` cbsj gf quf `j gkspj`abojs gf feejs tf`grfojs quf trbibnbr cj` ebs hu`ckj`fs gf sfefcckó` gf ârfb gf cbpturb gf ejs prjarbobs gf gkaktbekzbckó` j cj` fgktjrfs gf koâaf`fs. Sk sf trbibnb cj` ebs hu`ckj`fs gf sfefcckó` gfe ârfb gf cbpturb j rfcjrtb`gj cj` fgktjrfs gf koâaf`fs, qufsftf`fr cuf`tb quf be ebpbsbr ebs pâak`bs gfegfekirj fe ârfb b cbpturbr sf vb ojvkf`gj, pjrmby ej quf tkf`ff`quf kr vbrkb`gj sfefcckó` gfe ârfb cbpturb j fgktbr fscbej`bgbof`tf. • Sk sf vb` b u utkekzbr tkekzbr ebs hu`ckj`fs gf sfefcckó` gf ârfb gf cbpturb, cj`vkf`f obrcbr ârfbs cj` ofgkgbs flnbs, gf fstb ob`frb sf hbckektb` prjcfsjs pjstfrkjrfs y sf jhrfcf` koâaf`fs oâs mjojaë`fbs. • Tbrb hbckektbr fe rfcjrtf ob`ube j butjoâtkcj gf ebs koâaf`fs, fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb cjejcbr cbrtuek`bs `farbs u`bs pjcbs pâak`bs pjr gfibnj gf ebs quf fstbojs cbpturb`gj. Fstbs cbrtuek`bs, quf gfif` sjirfsbekr gfe vjeuof`, fvktb` fvk tb` quf sf vfb` f` eb kobaf` ejs ijrgfs gfe rfstj rf stj gf pâak`bs y gf ebs f`cubgfr`bckj`fs, f`cubgfr `bckj`fs, mbckf`gj oâ oâss hâcke y fflckf`t fflckf`tff fe pjstfrkjr rrfcjrtf fcjrtf gf hj`gjs hj`gjs.. • Sk fstbojs gkaktbekzb`gj u` pbpfe gfeabgj j gkrfctbof`tf trbseþc trbseþckgj kgj gf cjejr cebrj j ieb`cj quf bpjyb gkrfctbof`tf sjirf u` ârfb gf cbpturb jscurb (`jrobeof`tf `farb), fe gjcuof`tj sf vfrâ `jtbie `jtbiefof`tf fof`tf jscur jscurfckgj. fckgj. Tbrb fvktbr fstb fvf`tu fvf`tubekgbg bekgbg pufgf` cjejcb cjejcbrsf rsf u`b mjnb j hj hj`gj `gj ieb`cj (j gfe oksoj cjejr quf fe pbpfe quf sf fstâ gkaktbekzb`gj) gftrâs gfe gjcuof`tj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
Hka. 96. Yfcjrtf butjoâtkcj cj` EKOI Trjcfssk`a.
Hka. 98. Vsj gf cbrtuek`bs `farbs pbrb bksebr ebs pâak`bs quf sf fstâ` fscb`fb`gj.
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Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
=;
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
Hka. 91. Tâak`b fscb`fbgb sk` bksebr cj` cbrtuek`bs `farbs (kzq.) y usb`gj cbrtuek`bs `farbs (gcmb.). Fe rfcjrtf butjoâtkcj `j mb hu`ckj`bgj ikf` f` fe prkofr cbsj y gfnb vfr ejs ijrgfs gf ebs pâak`bs gf gfibnj.
Hka. 9=. Fscb`fbgj gf pbpfe trbseþckgj cj` y sk` pbpfe ieb`cj gftrâs.
• Sk qufrfojs mbcfr `jtbr fe cj`tjr`j gf u`b pâak`b pfqufòb k`sfrtb f` u` vjeuof` cj` pâak`bs oâs arb`gfs, j qufrfojs mbcfr `jtbr fe gftfrkjrj gf u`b pâak`b gbòbgb b eb quf ef hbetb beaþ` trjzj tkf`f baunfrjs, pjgfojs cjejcbr u` gf cjejr oâs jscurj gf ebebpâak`b. ofgkgb fsjpjskief quf jscurfzcb fe gjcuof`tj, gjcuof`t j, pbpfe cjsb quf pjgfojs cjrrfakrgftrâs ofgkb`tf fgkckó`Fstb gf kobaf`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
;4
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
• Sk, pjr fe cj`trbrkj, f` ejs cbsjs k`gkcbgjs f` fe pârrbhj b`tfrkjr ej quf qufrfojs fs sf`ckeebof`tf quf `j bpbrfzcb` f` eb cbpturb cj`tf`kgjs gf eb mjnb pjstfrkjr, pjgfojs pj`fr u` pbpfe j cbrtuek`b ieb`cjs (j gfe oksoj cjejr quf ebs pâak`bs gf eb jirb) gftrâs gf eb pâak`b quf sf fstâ gkaktbekzb`gj. Fstb prâctkcb `j bhfctb tb`tj be cjejr. • Sk sf trb`spbrf`tb eb pâak`b gf u` gjcuo gjcuof`tj f`tj gf ob`frb quf sf bprfckb` cj`tf`kgjs cj`tf`kgjs gf eb mjnb skaukf`tf, pjgfojs cjejcbr u` pbpfe j cbrtuek`b ieb`cjs (j gfe cjejr gf ebs pâak`bs) gftrâs gf gkcmb pâak`b. • Sk be gkaktbekzbr u`b pâak pâak`b `b `jtbojs quf sf trb`spbrf`tb eb tk`tb koprfsb koprfsb gfe rfvfrsj gf eb pâak`b, pjgfojs fvktbrej cjejcb`gj gftrâs gf eb pâak`b b gkaktbekzbr u` pbpfe j cbrtuek`b gfe oksoj cjejr quf eb tk`tb gfe rfvfrsj gf eb pâak`b. Fstb ofgkgb jscurfcfrâ fe gjcuof`tj, cjsb quf pjgfojs cjrrfakr ofgkb`tf eb fgkckó` gf kobaf`. • Mby prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs cj` hu`ckj`fs quf pfroktf` fekok`br ejs tfxtjs gf ejs vfrsjs gf ebs pâak`bs j gf ebs pâak`bs skaukf`tfs. Fstbs hu`ckj`fs `j jhrfcf`, f` af`frbe, u` rf`gkokf`tj gfobskbgj iuf`j< sk ebs usbojs gfifojs bsfaurbr`js gf quf fstâ` cuopekf`gj su jinftkvj sk` fekok`br k`hjrobckó` gf eb pâak`b quf sf fstâ gkaktbekzb`gj. • Sk f` fe gjcuof`tj quf fstbojs gkaktbekzb` gkaktbekzb`gj gj hbetb u`b pâak`b, fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb fscb`fbr u`b pâak`b sustktutjrkb cj` u` tfxtj gfe tkpj «Hbetb pâak`b¼ f` su euabr. Wboikë` sf pufgf usbr, f` vfz gfe tfxtj, fe sïoijej cjrrfspj`gkf`tf b fstb fvf`tubekgbg gf eb `jrob KSJ ;=1=/2;;4 (vëbsf flaurb 9;). Fstb prâctkcb `js pfroktf bsjckbr oâs hâckeof`tf ebs koâaf`fs gf pâak`b cj` sus `þofrjs gf pâak`b y pjskikektb pjski kektb quf sk f` fe huturj eb pâak` pâak`bb bpbr bpbrfcf fcf ssff pufgb k`sfrtbr f` su euabr sk` betfrbr eb sfcuf`ckb eóakcb gf `joirfs gf brcmkvj (ibstbrïb cj` cboikbr eb `ufvb pâak`b pjr eb pâak`b sustktutjrkb)< bgfoâs, `js fvktbrâ bvfrkaubckj`fs f` ejs cf`trjs cj`sfrvbgjrfs pbrb gftfrok`br sk hbetb eb pâak`b j huf u` frrjr gf gkaktbekzbckó`. • B eb mjrb gf fscb`fbr gfif tf`frsf iuf` cukgbgj gf cbpturbr ebs pâak`bs rfctbs y ikf` bek`fbgbs.
Hka. 9;. Kcj`j gf «Hbetb pâak`b¼.
F` beau`js cbsjs, gfhfctjs f` eb f`cubgfr`bckó` j fe obe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` gf ejs vjeþof`fs `j pfroktf` u`b bek`fbckó` cjrrfctb gf ebs pâak`bs rfspfctj be sf`sjr gfe fscâ`fr, ej quf gfrkvb f` koâaf`fs gf pâak`bs tjrckgbs. Fstb ckrcu`stb`ckb `j sjej bhfb y fopfjrb eb vksubekzbckó` gf ebs pâak`bs gkaktbefs, tboikë` fopfjrb fe rfsuetbgj gf ejs prjcfsjs gf JCY. F` fstjs cbsjs pjgfojs utkekzbr ebs hu`ckj`fs gf f`gfrfzbgj butjoâtkcj quf sufef` jhrfcfr ejs prjarbobs gf gkaktbekzbckó`. Wboikë` mby prjarbobs gf JCY quf rfbekzb` fstjs prjcfsjs gf hjrob fxpeïcktb (f`gfrfzb`gj ebs koâaf`fs gf pâak`b, akrb`gj fe cj`tf`kgj gf eb kobaf`) j k`tfr`b (sk` cboikbr ebs koâaf`fs). Mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj cj` fstjs prjcfsjs, pjrquf b vfcfs rfstb` `ktkgfz b eb kobaf`. • F` cbsj gf quf beau`b pâak`b gfe ekirj tf`ab tfxtjs j cj`tf`kgjs cj` u`b jrkf`tbckó` gkhfrf`tf b eb `jrobe (pjr fnfopej, u` póstfr gf pâak`bs cf`trbefs j u`b tbieb quf jcupb gjs pâak`bs y quf sf vf` rjtb`gj rjtb `gj eb rfvkstb) rfvkstb),, fs u`b iuf`b prâc prâctkcb tkcb rjtbr eebs bs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs b fsbs pâak`bs pbrb jhrfcfr fstjs cj`tf`kgjs gfikgbof`tf jrkf`tbgjs gf ob`frb quf `j sfb `fcfsbrkj rjtbrebs f` pb`tbeeb pbrb su vksubekzbckó` j efcturb. • Sk tf`fojs quf gkaktbekzbr gkaktbekzbr pâak`bs brruabgbs, puf pufgf gf ofnjrbrsf eb cbpturb fstkrâ`gjebs f` ej pjskief sk` gbòbrebs, usb`gj fe crkstbe prf`sbekirjs y cjejcb`gj u`b cbrtuek`b gfibnj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
Hka. 34. Kzq., pâak`b obe bek`fbgb< gcmb., bek`fbckó` cjrrfakgb pjr sjhtwbrf.
• Gf`trj gfe cj`tfxtj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` pjr ejtfs, f` fe cbsj gf quf beau`b jirb gkaktbe cj`tf`ab koâaf`fs gf pâak`b cj` cbrbctfrïstkcbs tëc`kcbs fspfckbefs (u` tbobòj u jrkf`tbckó` gkstk`tjs, pâak`bs gfspefabiefs j gjiefs, pâak`bs oâs pfqufòbs, pâak`bs cuyj cjejr mfojs betfrbgj pj`kf`gj gftrâs u`b cbrtuek`b `farb, ftc.), tf`fojs quf tf`fr cukgbgj b eb mjrb gf bpekcbr prjcfsjs butjoâtkcjs pjr ejtfs b gkcmb jirb gkaktbe< fs pjskief quf sfb `fcfsbrkj u` trbtbokf`tj fspfckbe y ob`ube pbrb eb fgkckó` gf ebs pâak`bs cj` cbrbctfrïstkcbs fspfckbefs.
22.7 Obtfrkbefs arâflcjs • Ejs obtfrkbefs arâflcjs (pjstbefs, cbrtfefs, gkiunjs, arbibgjs…), ouy bprfckbgjs pjr ejs usubrkjs gf ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs, rfqukfrf` u`b gkaktbekzbckó` cukgbgjsb y gf cbekgbg. • F` af`frbe, cj`v cj`vkf`f kf`f gkaktbekzbrejs ff` ` cjejr (bu`quf sfb` gki gkiunjs unjs j arbibgjs f` ieb`cj y `farj) `farj) y cj` u`b rfsje rfsjeuckó uckó` ` quf pfro pfroktb ktb bprf bprfckbr ckbr mbstb sus oâs oï`k oï`kojs ojs gftb gftbeefs eefs.. Eb gka gkaktbe ktbekzbck kzbckó` ó` f` cjej cjejrr ` `js js pfroktkrâ bprfckbr fe tj`j gfe pbpfe y jtrjs gftbeefs f` cjejr cjoj ob`cmbs, sfeejs, b`jtbckj`fs, ftc. Sk, b eb vkstb gf ejs obtfrkbefs, `j sf cj`skgfrb `fcfsbrkj u` fscb`fbgj f` cjejr, sf mb gf rfbekzbr eb cbpturb f` fscbeb gf arksfs, `u`cb f` ieb`cj y `farj< f` eb cbpturb f` ieb`cj y `farj pufgf (y sufef) pfrgfrsf oucmj gftbeef. • Eb k`stktuckó` gkaktbe gkaktbekzbgjrb kzbgjrb tf`grâ quf gfckgkr sk gkaktbekzb gkaktbekzb ejs vfrsjs gf obtfrkbefs arâflcjs cjoj eâok`bs j arbibgjs. Bsï gfifrfojs mbcfr skfoprf quf `js ckòbojs, b eb mjrb gf gkaktbekzbr, be f`hjquf pbtrkoj`kbe gf cj`skgfrbr fe obtfrkbe b gkaktbekzbr cjoj u` jinftj mkstórkcj. Fs u`b iuf`b f` fs tjgj cbsj gkaktbekzbr fstjs vfrsjs ejs cub`gj fstbojs obtfrkbefs vbekjsjs j mkstórkcjs.prâctkcb Bgfoâs, ouy rfcjof`gbief gkaktbekzbr vfrsjs gf ejsb`tf obtfrkbefs arâflcjs skfoprf quf cj`tf`ab` k`hjrobckó` (vfrsjs gf pjstbefs, sfeejs, b`jtbckj`fs…).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
;9
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
Hka. 32. Cbrtfe gkaktbekzbgj pjr boibs cbrbs.
• Ejs obtfrkbefs arâflcjs sufetjs (eâok`bs, pjstbefs…) sf pufgf` gkaktbekzbr cj` u` fscâ`fr peb`j, cj` u` fscâ`fr bërfj j cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb. • Tbrb ekirjs brtïstkcjs gf eâok`bs, vbef` eb obyjrïb gf ebs rfcjof`gbckj`fs rfbekzbgbs f` fe bpbrtbgj b`tfrkjr (22.3, «Obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs¼). • Tbrb obtfrkbefs arâflcjs prjyfctbiefs, pjr fnfopej, pebcbs gf vkgrkj j sjpjrtfs peâstkcjs cj` tbiebs, gkbarbobs, gkiunjs, ftc., gksfòbgjs pbrb sfr prjyfctbgjs f` ebs buebs, pufgf` bpekcbrsf ebs fspfckflcbckj`fs sjirf `fabtkvjs y trb`spbrf`ckbs gfe bpbrtbgj 22.8 («Obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs¼). • Ejs obtfrkbefs arâflcjs, cbrtjarâflcjs cbrtjarâflcjs j `j f`cubgfr`bgjs, `jrobeof`tf `jrobeof`tf sf pjgrâ` cbpturb cbpturbrr sk` `fcfskgbg gf crkstbe prf`sbekirjs, pfrj f` jcbskj`fs sfrâ `fcfsbrkj usbr fstf cjopefof`tj pbrb beksbr gjcuof`tjs brruabgjs, pefabgjs j gjiebgjs.
22.6 Obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs Ejs obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs sf sufef` f`cj`trbr f` hjrob gf ekirj (btebs) j eâok`b sufetb. Mby tboikë` obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs gf trfs gkof`skj`fs, cjoj ejs aejijs tfrrâqufjs, quf qufgb` hufrb gfe becb`cf gf fstf gjcuof`tj. Ejs obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs prfsf`tb` beau`bs cbrbctfrïstkcbs quf mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb b mjrb gf f` gkaktbekzbr. ebgj, sj` obtfrkbefs arâflcjs, pjr jtrjgft ebgj, b fscbeb yeb ibsbgjs ojgfejsTjr gf u` cjjrgf`bgbs, bgfoâs, sufef` cj`tf`fr gftbeefs beefssj` ouygjcuof`tjs pfqufòjs pfqufòjs,, pjr þetkoj, f` beau`bs jcbskj`fs sj` gjcuof`tjs gf arb` tbobòj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
;3
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
• Tbrb gkaktbekzbr obpbs pjgfojs usbr fscâ`frfs peb`js, bërfjs j câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs. Sk ejs obpbs sj` ouy arb`gfs, `j tf`grfojs oâs jpckó` quf eb câobrb. Mby fscâ`frfs fspfckbefs gf rjgkeej pbrb peb`js ojgfr`js quf `j sj` bgfcubgjs pbrb gkaktbekzbr obpbs b`tkaujs, pufgf` cbusbr gbòjs b ejs gjcuof`tjs. • Cjoj obtfrkbefs arâflcjs quf sj`, ejs peb`js y obpbs rfqukfrf` u`b gkaktbekzbckó` cukgbgjsb y gf cbekgbg. • Sf rfcjokf`gb gkaktbekzbr f` af`frbe ejs obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs cbrtjarâflc js f` cjejr cjejr,, bu`quf fe jrkak`be sfb u` koprfsj cj` tk`tb `farb. Eb gkaktbekzbckó` f` cjejr `js pfroktkrâ cj`sfaukr u`b rfprjgucckó` oâs flgfgka`b gfe jrkak`be, cbpturb`gj gftbeefs f` cjejr cjoj sfeejs, ob`cmbs, b`jtbckj`fs…, y rfprjguckf`gj fe cjejr gfe pbpfe. Sk, b eb vkstb gf ejs obtfrkbefs, `j sf cj`skgfrb `fcfsbrkj u` fscb`fbgj f` cjejr, mb gf rfbekzbrsf eb cbpturb f` fscbeb gf arksfs, `u`cb f` ieb`cj y `farj< f` eb cbpturb f` ieb`cj y `farj pufgf (y sufef) pfrgfrsf oucmj gftbeef. • Ejs obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs, k`ceusj ejs gf arb` tbobòj, pufgf` prfsf`tbr gftbeefs ouy pfqufòjs, pjr ej cube rfqukfrf` u`b cbpturb cj` betb rfsjeuckó`. Fe jinftkvj gfif sfr cj`sfaukr u`b vksubekzbckó` `ïtkgb gfe gjc gjcuof`tj uof`tj gkaktbe be tbobòj gfe gjcuof`tj jr jrkak`be< kak`be< ebs eftrbs y `þofrjs, b vfcfs ouy pfqufòjs, sf mb` gf effr cjoj f` fe jrkak`be. • Tbrb gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs gf arb` tbobòj pufgf` fopefbrsf, cub`gj `j cbif` f` ejs fscâ`frfs, câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs prjhfskj`befs oj`tbgbs sjirf trïpjgfs j cjeuo`bs. • F` fe cbsj gf obpbs gf arb` tbobòj cj` gftbeefs ouy pfqufòjs, sf pufgf` af`frbr cj` eb gkaktbekzbckó` koâaf`fs ouy pfsbgbs quf pufgf sfr ouy prjiefoâtkcj ob`fnbr. Fs cj`vf`kf`tf f` fstjs cbsjs rfbekzbr u` fstugkj prfvkj pbrb gftfrok`br eb rfsjeuckó` oï`kob cj` eb quf pjgfojs cj`sfaukr rfprjguckr ejs of`jrfs gftbeefs gfe gjcuof`tj. Beau `bs k`s Beau`bs k`stkt tktuck uckj`f j`fss mb mb` ` jp jptbg tbgj j pj pjrr g gkakt kaktbek bekzbr zbr f` ffstj stjss ccbsj bsjss ccj` j` rrfsj fsjeuc euckj`f kj`fss oâ oâss ib ib-nbs, prâctkcb `bgb rfcjof`gbief pjr cub`tj sf s f af`frb` koâaf`fs f` ebs quf `j sf bprfckb` ejs gftbeefs pfqufòjs, k`ceukgjs, cebrj fstâ, ejs `joirfs afjarâhkcjs y ejs `þofrjs (cjtbs, cjjrgf`bgbs…). Beau`bs sjeuckj`fs b fstf prjiefob yb sf mb` cjof`tbgj f` fe bpbrtbgj 8.7 («Wbobòj gf ejs gjcuof`tjs¼)> gkaktbekzbckó` f` cubgrïcueb (j ojsbkcj), af`frbckó` gf cjpkbs gf gkhfrf`tfs rfsjeuckj`fs, hjrobtjs ouetkrrfsjeuckó`, vksubekzbckó` pkrbokgbe, cjoprfskó`… • Sf rfcjokf`gb, pbrb pjgfr pjgfr gftfrok`br fe tbobòj gfe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be, rfbe rfbekzbr kzbr cbpturbs gfe gjcuof`tj nu`tj cj` u`b rfaeb j cbrtbs gf cjejr quf k`ceuyb` u`b rfaeb. • F` cbsj gf quf ejs obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs k`gkquf` su fscbeb ofgkb`tf hrbcckj`fs `uoërkcbs (pjr fnfopej, fscbeb 2/9444), fs `fcfsbrkj gkaktbekzbrejs nu`tj cj` u`b rfaeb quf `js pfroktb gfguckr fe tbobòj gfe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be. Sk `j ej mbcfojs `js sfrâ ouy gkhïcke, j qukzâ kopjskief, gftfrok`br fe tbobòj gfe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be. F` fstjs cbsjs, sk qufrfojs quf ejs usubrkjs gf ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs pufgb` mbcfrsf kgfb gf ejs tbobòjs gf ejs euabrfs cbrtjarbflbgjs, fs `fcfsbrkj quf ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` tboikë` cj`tf`ab` eb rfaeb. Fstb prâctkcb pufgf fxtrbpjebrsf b eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf cubequkfr obtfrkbe cbrtjarâflcj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
;7
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
22.8 Obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs Wkpjs gf obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs
Ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs sj` gf ouy vbrkbgb tkpjejaïb y pufgf` cebskflcbrsf btf`gkf`gj b gkvfrsjs crktfrkjs, cjoj su sjpjrtf, prjcfsj hjtjarâflcj, sk sj` pjsktkvjs j `fabtkvjs, ftc. F` cub`tj b su sjpjrtf, ebs hjtjarbhïbs mkstórkcbs pufgf` fstbr pebsobgbs f` pbpfe, pebcbs oftâekcbs j gf vkgrkj, crkstbefs gf ópbej, peb`cmbs gf afebtk`b sfcb j peâstkcj. Tjgfojs f`cj`trbr tboikë` obtfrkbefs cj` cbrbctfrïstkcbs trkgkof`skj`befs, cjoj obrcjs j hu`gbs. Fe prjcfsj hjtjarâflcj qukzâ `j sfb fe pbrâoftrj oâs bgfcubgj pbrb cebskflcbr fstjs obtfrkbefs gf cbrb b su gkaktbekzbckó`, pjr cub`tj fs b vfcfs gkhïcke gf gftfrok`br, y gkhfrf`tfs prjcfsjs, f` jcbskj`fs, gb` euabr b jinftjs ouy skokebrfs. F`trf ejs prjcfsjs fopefbgjs b ej ebraj gf eb mkstjrkb gf eb hjtjarbhïb pjgfojs of`ckj`br eb beiþok`b, fe cbejtkpj, eb mfekjarbhïb, fe ckb`jtkpj, fe cjeejtkpj, fe boirjtkpj, fe gbaufrrjtkpj, fe cjejgkó` mþofgj, fe pjebrjkg , ftc. F` fe skaukf`tf cubgrj, quf yb fxpuskojs f` fe bpbrtbgj 8.2 («Wkpjs gf gjcuof`tjs¼) y quf rfprjguckojs bquïtf`kf`gj pjr rbzó` cjojgkgbg, sf mb` gffl`kgj gf tkpjs af`frbefs gf obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs f`gfcuf`tb sus pbrtkcuebrkgbgfs gf u`b cbrbsfrkf b eb gkaktbekzbckó`. Wkpj
Tjsktkvjs
Tjsktkvjs cj` cbrbctfrïstkcbs trkgkof`skj`befs
Wrb`spbrf`ckbs
Sjpjrtf
Trjcfsj hjtjarâflcj
Tbpfe
Beiþok`b, irjoóefj, cbejtkpj, cbrió`, mfekjarbhïb, pjebrjkg mfekjarbhïb, pjebrjkg , cjeejtkpj cjeejtkpj,, ckb`jtkpj, pebtk`jtkpkbs…
Tebcb oftâekcb
Gbaufrrjtkpj, hfrrjtkpj, mfekjarbhïb
Tebcb gf vkgrkj
Boirjtkpj*, mfekjarbhïb
Tebcb oftâekcb f`obrcbgb, f`hu`gbgb j f` fstucmf
Gbaufrrjtkpj, hfrrjtkpj…
Tebcb gf vkgrkj f`obrcbgb, f`hu`gbgb j f` fstucmf
Boirjtkpj…
Crkstbe gf ópbej
Jpbejtkpj
Tbpfe
Beiþok`b (fstfrfjscjpkbs)
Tebcb gf vkgrkj
Cjejgkó` mþofgj, mfekjarbhïb, afebtk`j-irjourj gf pebtb
Obtfrkbefs peâstkcjs
A f e b t k `j- ir jour j gf p e b t b
Obtfrkbefs peâstkcjs
Afebtk`j-irjourj gf pebtb, prjcfgkokf`tjs hjtjarâflcjs k`gustrkbefs f` cjejr y ieb`cj y `farj
Xkgrkj
Afebtk`j-irjourj gf pebtb, prjcfgkokf`tjs hjtjarâflcjs k`gustrkbefs f` cjejr y ieb`cj y `farj
Obtfrkbefs peâstkcjs
@ktrjcfeuejsb…
Tebcb gf vkgrkj
Cjejgkó` mþofgj, pebcb sfcb be afebtk`j-irjourj gf pebtb
Tbpfe
Cbejtkpj, pbpfe `fabtkvj Fbstob`, pfeïcueb `fabtkvb Fbstob` Bofrkcb`
Gkbpjsktkvbs
@fabtkvjs
* F` rfbekgbg, boirjtkpjs sj` pebcbs `fabtkvbs be cjejgkó` suifxpufstbs quf cub`gj sj` vkstbs sjirf u`b supfrflckf `farb prfsf`tb` eb ejs bpbrkf`ckb gf u` pjsktkvj.
Cubgrj 9. Cebskflcbckó` gf obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs gf cbrb b su gkaktbekzbckó`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
;6
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
Gkspjsktkvj bgfcubgj
• Eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkc mkstórkcb, b, be kaube quf ejs obtfrkbefs arâflcjs, y cj` obyjr rbzó`, rfqukfrf, f` prkofr euabr, y gf ob`frb af`frbe, u`b gkaktbekzbckó` gf betb cbekgbg. Cj`crftb`gj beaj oâs, f`trf ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf fstf tkpj gf obtfrkbefs tf`fojs quf pufgf` cj`tf`fr gftbeefs ouy pfqufòjs, u` rb`aj gf cjejrfs bopekj y arb`gfs gkhfrf`ckbs f` cub`tj b eb gf`skgbg gf cjejr (gf`trj gf eb oksob hjtjarbhïb, `fabtkvj…). Tjr feej `fcfsktbrfojs fqukpjs prjhfskj`befs gf betb abob cj` iuf`bs óptkcbs y sf`sjrfs quf `js jhrfzcb` betjs vbejrfs gf rb`aj gk`âokcj, prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr y rfsjeuckó`. V`b gkaktbekzbckó` cj` pjcj rb`aj gk`âokcj pufgf gfrkvbr f` eb përgkgb gf gftbeefs f` ebs zj`bs gf obyjr euz y f` ebs zj`bs zj`b s gf sjoirb gf ebs hjtjarbhïbs hjtjarb hïbs y u`b pjirf rfprjgucc rfprjgucckó` kó` gf cjejr. • F` cub`tj b ebs ef`tfs gf ebs câobrbs, mby quf cj`skgfrbr fe tfob gf eb gkstjrskó` afjoëtrkcb. Ejs fscâ`frfs prjhfskj`befs bhrj`tb` eb gkflcuetbg k`stbeb`gj skstfobs óptkcjs bgfcubgjs y, sjirf tjgj, ofgkb`tf prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs (ejs prjarbobs gf gkaktbekzbckó` quf bcjopbòb` b ejs fscâ`frfs). Sk trbibnbojs cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb y cj` u` pufstj gf fscb`fbgj oj`tbgj pjr `jsjtrjs oksojs, gfifojs tf`fr f` cuf`tb fstf hbctjr, sjirf tjgj sk fstbojs utkekzb`gj tëc`kcbs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs cj` bgbptbgjrfs pbrb cbpturb b pjcb gkstb`ckb (b u`js cf`tïoftrjs)< f` tbe cbsj, eb gkstjrskó` afjoëtrkcb pufgf sfr u` prjiefob. Eb sjeuckó` pbsb pjr fefakr ef`tfs fspfckbefs gf cbopj hjcbe peb`j (quf hjcbekzb` tjgjs ejs rbyjs quf cruzb` fe jinftkvj hjtjarâflcj sjirf fe peb`j gfe sf`sjr) j ikf` k`stbebr u` prjarbob k`hjroâtkcj quf cjrrknb eb gkstjrskó`. Ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs sf pufgf` gkaktbekzbr cj` fscâ`frfs cf`ktbefs, câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs, hjtjarâflc bs, fscâ`frfs peb`js y fscâ`frfs gf `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs. Gfif` sfr fqukpjs, f` tjgj cbsj, cj` bopekbs prfstbckj`fs gf rfsjeuckó` y rb`aj gk`âokcj. Gfpf`gkf`gj gf eb tkpjejaïb gfe obtfrkbe b gkaktbekzbr, sfrâ `fcfsbrkj j cj`vf`kf`tf fe usj gf u` tkpj u jtrj gf fqukpj. V` fscâ`fr peb`j pufgf vbefr pbrb gkaktbekzbr hjtjarbhïbs f` pbpfe j pebcbs oftâekcbs j gf vkgrkj, y gfikgbof`tf bgbp bgbptbgj tbgj sfrvkrâ p pbrb brb gkaktbekzbr trb`spbrf`ckbs f` pbpfe j vkgrkj, gkbpjsktkvbs y `fabtkvjs. Sk` foibraj, `j fs bgfcubgj pbrb gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs cj` cbrbctfrïst cbrbctfrïstkcbs kcbs trkgkof`skj`befs, cjoj gbaufrrjtkpjs, jpbejtkpjs, ftc. Sj` u`b iuf`b jpckó`, sk fe fqukpj fstâ fspfckbekzbgj f` fstbs hu`ckj`fs, pbrb fe fscb`fbgj gf trb`spbrf`ckbs f` pbpfe j vkgrkj, k`ceusj gf gkbpjsktkvbs, pfrj `j sj` eb ofnjr jpckó` pbrb gkaktbekzbr `fabtkvjs. Mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj sk gkaktbekzbojs `fabtkvjs cj` fstjs fqukpjs gf quf fe cbejr quf gfsprf`gf fe fscâ`fr `j cjoif ejs sjpjrtfs peâstkcjs< f` fstjs cbsjs fs `fcfsbrkj usbr obrcjs pbrb ejs `fabtkvjs. Sk `js peb`tfbojs eb jpckó` gfe fscâ`fr peb`j gfifojs bsfaurbr`js gf quf fe fscâ`fr `js jhrfzcb betbs prfstbckj`fs, sjirf tjgj f` cub`tj b rb`aj gk`âokcj y rfsjeuckó`. r fsjeuckó`. Ejs fscâ`frfs peb`js gf abob ofgkb j ibnb `j sj` f` bisjeutj bgfcubgjs pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` prjhfskj`be gf hjtjarbhïb. Ejs fscâ`frfs bërfjs trbgkckj`beof`tf `j mb` vf`kgj skf`gj gksfòbgjs pbrb ebs `fcfskgbgfs f` rb`aj gk`âokcj y rfebckó` sfòbe/rukgj quf rfqukfrf` ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs, bu`quf mby beau`js ojgfejs cf`ktbefs gf betbs prfstbckj`fs f k`ceusj fspfckbekzbgjs f` obtfrkbefs arâflcjs. Sk vbojs b utkekzbr ffscâ`frfs scâ`frfs cf`ktbefs pbrb gkaktbek gkaktbekzbr zbr obtfr obtfrkbefs kbefs hjtjar hjtjarâflcjs, âflcjs, fs prfcksj bbsfaurbr`js sfaurbr`js gf quf fe ojgfej quf sf usf rfþ`f ejs rfquksktjs fxkakiefs f` cub`tj b rfsjeuckó`, rb`aj gk`âokcj y rfebckó` r febckó` sfòbe/ sfòbe/rukgj. rukgj. Fe ffscâ`fr scâ`fr cf`ktb cf`ktbe,e, sskfoprf kfoprf quf sfb u` o ojgfej jgfej gf bbetbs etbs prfst prfstbckj`fs bckj`fs,, `j `jss pufgf sfrvkr pbrb gkaktbekzbr gkstk`tjs tkpjs gf obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs, bu`quf rfqufrkrâ u`b bgbptbckó` pbrb gkaktbekzbr trb`spbrf`ckbs (ofsbs gf euz, bgbptbgjrfs pbrb trb`spbrf`ckbs). @j sj` u`b iuf`b jpckó`, f` af`frbe, pbrb gkaktbekzbr gkbpjsktkvbs y `fabtkvjs, pufs pbrb fstjs obtfrkbefs sufef` sfr `fcfsbrkjs betjs vbejrfs gf rfsjeuckó`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
Hka. 39. Fscâ`fr Suprbscb` Rubrtz, fspfckbekzbgj f` obtfrkbefs arâflcjs.
Fxkstf` tboikë` fscâ`frfs gf betb abob fspfckbekzbgjs f` eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf `fabtkvjs y/j trb`spbrf`ckbs, quf cuf`tb` cj` skstfobs óptkcjs fspfckbefs y hu`ckj`fs gf sjhtwbrf ouy ouy þtkefs. Mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb, tb`tj f` fe cbsj gf ejs fscâ`frfs peb`js cjoj f` fe gf ejs cf`ktbefs j f` fe gf ejs gf `fabtkvjs y trb`spbrf`ckbs, quf, gfikgj be tbobòj y hjrob gf ejs bgbptbgjrfs (obrcjs pbrb sunftbr ejs obtfrkbefs), pufgf sfr cjopekcbgj j kopjskief rfbekzbr cbpturbs gf trb`spbrf`ckbs nu`tj cj` cbrtbs gf cjejr, ej cube pufgf ekoktbr `ufstrbs jpckj`fs gf afstkó` gf cjejr. Eb câobrb hjtjarâflcb ‗yb mbiebrfojs gf feeb cj` obyjr gftf`kokf`tj u` pjcj oâs bgfeb`tf‗ `js skrvf pbrb gkaktbekzbr tjgb eb abob gf ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs. Su fxkikekgbg eb cj`vkfrtf pjskiefof`tf f` eb ofnjr jpckó` pbrb gkaktbekzbr hj`gj hjtjarâflcj, sjirf tjgj sk fstf fs u` hj`gj mftfrjaë`fj, hjrobgj pjr gjcuof`tjs gf gkvfrsjs tbobòjs y sjpjrtfs. Yfcjof`gbckj`fs af`frbefs
• Eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb fs obtfrkbe arâflcj gf arb` k`tfrës, pjr ej quf mby quf gkaktbekzbreb cj` betjs `kvfefs gf cbekgbg. • V` cukgbgjsj b`âeksks prfvkj gf ejs hj`gjs hjtjarâflcjs b gkaktbekzbr pufgf sfrvkr`js pbrb sfefcckj`br fe gkspjsktkvj, eb oftjgjejaïb y ejs pbrâoftrjs bgfcubgjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`. • Sk sf vb b gkaktbekzbr u` cj`nu`tj mftfrjaë`fj gf obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs, cj`vkf`f sfpbrbrejs prkofrj pjr su tkpj, y gfspuës barupbrejs pjr tbobòj. Fe cj`tbr cj` arupjs gf hjtjarbhïbs gfe oks-
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
oj tkpj y tbobòj `js pfroktkrâ bnustbr ejs pbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb y fe ârfb gf cbpturb pbrb cbgb arupj, bmjrrb`gj tkfopj y trbibnj. • Ejs ofnjrfs rfsuetbgjs f` eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf hjtjarbhïb sf jitkf`f` cj` u`b oftjgjejaïb gf «cbpturb b cbpturb¼, sjirf tjgj sk ejs obtfrkbefs sj` mftfrjaë`fjs. • Cj`vkf`f ekopkbr cukgbgjsbof`tf ejs obtfrkbefs b`tfs gf gkaktbekzbrejs. Tbrb fstj mby quf fopefbr prjcfgkokf`tjs quf `j gbòf` ejs gjcuof`tjs. Tfrkeebs gf bkrf j irjcmbs nbpj`fsbs gf pfej fl`j pbrb rfstburbgjrfs pufgf` sfrvkr pbrb quktbr fe pjevj. Tbòjs fl`js cjoj ejs gf ekopkbr abhbs pufgf` fopefbrsf cj` subvkgbg pbrb quktbr arbsbs y mufeebs gbctkebrfs. Bu`quf, f` af`frbe, eb utkekzbckó` gf prjguctjs eïqukgjs (becjmje, baub…) j quïokcjs (prjguctjs gf ekopkfzb, fsprâks…) fs gfsbcj`sfnbief pbrb ejs obtfrkbefs f` pbpfe, fxkstf` prjguctjs fspfckbefs (foueskj`fs, tjbeektbs pbrb óptkcbs, baub gfstkebgb…) pbrb ekopkbr tk`tbs, tk`tbs , ob`cmbs, eâpkz, ftc., gf pebcbs y pfeïcueb. Sk sf s f utkekzb` eïqukgjs pbrb ekopkbr pfeïcueb hjtjarâflcb (`fabtkvjs…), `j sf gfif sfcbr eb pfeïcueb cj` trbpj, fs ofnjr cjeabreb pbrb quf sf sfquf. Sf rfcjokf`gb utkekzbr aub`tfs gf beajgó` pbrb ob`kpuebr ejs obtfrkbefs. • Mfojs gf cj`skg cj`skgfrbr frbr fe rkfsaj quf p pbrb brb eb cj`sfrvbckó` gf eebs bs hjtjarbhïbs rfprfsf` rfprfsf`tb tb fe cbejr quf af`frb fe fscâ`fr j quf pufgf af`frbrsf f` fe stb`g gf gf rfprjgucckó` gurb`tf eb cbpturb, quf pufgf eefabr b bcf`tubr eb curvbturb gfe gjcuof`tj (foueskj`fs y sjpjrtfs) j k`ceusj b prjguckr eb rfgucckó` gf eb kobaf` fl`be gf pebtb quf pufgb fstbr jxkgbgb, gfikgj be cboikj iruscj gf muofgbg rfebtkvb quf sf prjvjcb sjirf eb supfrflckf gf ebs hjtjarbhïbs. F` hjtjarbhïbs yb prfvkbof`tf gftfrkjrbgbs fstjs hbctjrfs pufgf` sfr crïtkcjs y bhfctbr sfrkbof`tf be fstbgj gf ejs jrkak`befs. F` beau`bs jcbskj`fs, gfikgj be fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` gf ejs gjcuof`tjs, sfrâ `fcfsbrkj cboikbr gf gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb j bpbrtbr gfe prjyfctj fe obtfrkbe f` obe fstbgj. Fe fscâ`fr peb`j j ejs fscâ`frfs gf trb`spbrf`ckbs sj` pjskiefof`tf ejs gkspjsktkvjs cj` ejs quf tf`fojs quf tf`fr oâs cukgbgj, pufs af`frb` oâs cbejr sjirf fe obtfrkbe, be fstbr eb huf`tf gf euz oâs cfrcb gf fstf. • Cj` cbgb af`frbckó` gf cjpkb hjtjarâflcb sf prjgucf u`b përgkgb gf cbekgbg. Fs cj`vf`kf`tf gkaktbekzbr, skfoprf quf sf pufgb fefakr, eb af`frbckó` oâs b`tkaub quf sf pjsfb. • Cub`gj tf`fojs b `ufstrb gkspjskckó` obtfrkbefs `fabtkvjs y cjpkbs pjsktkvbs rfbekzbgbs b pbrtkr gf feejs, mfojs gf vbejrbr cj` cukgbgj boijs obtfrkbefs. Mfojs gf cj`skgfrbr quf fe `fabtkvj hjtjarâflcj fs u` jinftj hjtjarâflcj gkhfrf`tf gfe pjsktkvj, pjr ej quf, sk sf cj`sfrvb` fe `fabtkvj y u`b j vbr vbrkbs kbs ccjpkbs jpkbs pjsktkvbs rfbekzbgb rfbekzbgbss b pbrtkr gf fst fstf, f, fs fspfckbeof`tf pfckbeof`tf f` obt obtfrkbefs frkbefs mkstórkc mkstórkcjs, js, sfrïb rfcjof`gbief gkaktbekzbr boijs tkpjs gf obtfrkbe. Fe pjsktkvj hjtjarâflcj tkf`f mbiktubeof`tf fefof`tjs, rff`cubgrfs f k`tfrprftbckj`fs tj`befs, gf gftbeefs j gf cjejr quf ef jtjrab` fe fstbtus gf jinftj gkhfrf`ckbgj. Bskoksoj, fe `fabtkvj hjtjarâflcj pufgf eefabr b prfsf`tbr rftjqufs jrkak`befs gfe hjtóarbhj j gf su fqukpj gf trbibnj quf sj` pjr sï oksojs k`hjrobckó` rfefvb`tf sjirf eb pkfzb y sjirf fe prjcfsj crfbtkvj pbrb eb cj`sfcuckó` gf ebs cjpkbs pjsktkvbs rfbekzbgbs b pbrtkr gf ëe. Fstjs rftjqufs rfbekzbgjs sjirf fe oksoj `fabtkvj sufef` sfr hrfcuf`tfs f` hjtjarbhïb brtïstkcb j f` hjtjarbhïb gf fstugkjs j abefrïbs hjtjarâflcbs mkstórkcbs. • Eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs pjsktkvjs `j prjyfctbiefs rfqukfrf, f` af`frbe, gf rfsjeuckj`fs kaubefs j supfrkjrfs b ebs quf sf fopefb` f` fe fscb`fbgj gf obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs. • Eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf `fabtkvjs, gkbpjsktkvbs y gfoâs trb`spbrf`ckbs prjyfctbiefs, quf sf vksubekzb` b u` tbobòj obyjr quf fe jinftj jrkak`be, rfqufrkrâ u`b rfsjeuckó` betb j ouy betb. Fstbs rfsjeuckj`fs pufgf` prjguckr koâaf`fs gkaktbefs ouy pfsbgbs. Ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs pufgf` sfr bskoksoj ouy pfsbgbs sk ob`tf`fojs ejs crktfrkjs gf cbekgbg (vksubekzbckó` gf gftbeef y tbobòj gf vksubekzbckó`) fstbiefckgjs pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf prfsfrvbckó`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
V`b jpckó`, quf pufgf sfr `fcfsbrkb f` beau`js cbsjs, pfrj quf `u`cb fs rfcjof`gbief, pbrb ok`kokzbr j suprkokr fstf prjiefob fs rfguckr ejs `kvfefs gf cbekgbg gf ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`. Bmj`gbrfojs f` fe tfob gf eb rfsjeuckó` f` fe bpbrtbgj 29.2 («Yfs («Yfsjeuckó`¼). jeuckó`¼). • Ebs hjtjarbhïbs b`tkaubs «f` ieb`cj y `farj¼ sufef` tf`fr sfsajs gf cjejr gfikgjs b ebs tëc`kcbs hjtjarâflcbs fopefbgbs j prjguckgjs pjr fe pbsj gfe tkfopj. F` af`frbe, fs rfcjof`gbief f` fstjs cbsjs gkaktbekzbr f` cjejr pbrb jhrfcfr u`b rfprjgucckó` flgfgka`b gfe gjcuof`tj hjtjarâflcj. Sk ej quf sf prftf`gf fs, pjr fe cj`trbrkj, fekok`br fe sfsaj gf cjejr prjguckgj pjr fe pbsj gfe tkfopj, pjgfojs mbcfrej cj` tëc`kcbs gf fscb`fbgj (gkaktbekzbr f` fscbeb gf arksfs) y/j gf prjcfsbokf`tj gf kobaf` gkaktbe. F` fstjs cbsjs sf rfcjokf`gb rfbekzbr u`b cjpkb oâstfr quf rffnf fe jinftj tbe y cjoj fstâ y rfbekzbr eb fgkckó` gf kobaf` pbrb fekok`br fe sfsaj gf cjejr sjirf ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`. Wboikë` sf pjgrïb af`frbr u` gjief oâstfr, cj` u`b kobaf` flfe be jrkak`be y jtrb fgktbgb, fgkt bgb, j gjs koâaf`fs gf gkhusk gkhuskó` ó` cj` fstbs oksobs cbr cbrbctfrïstkc bctfrïstkcbs. bs. F` tjgj cbsj, sk ssff skauf fe f`hjquf gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs cjoj jinftjs mkstórkcjs, sf gfif` af`frbr koâaf`fs oâstfr quf rffnf` flfeof`tf fe jinftj hjtjarâflcj y su fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó`. • F` fe cbsj gf obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs cj` ijrgfs, sf gfif` trbtbr cjoj pbrtf gfe jinftj b gkaktbekzbr ejs ijrgfs gksfòbgjs pbrb sfr vksubekzbgjs nu`tj cj` eb hjtjarbhïb (boirjtkpjs, gbaufrrjtkpjs, obrcjs oj`tbgjs pjr fe butjr…). Sk fstjs ijrgfs sj` ouy arb`gfs (pjr fnfopej, u`b pfqufòb hjtjarbhïb cj` u` arb` pbspbrtþ) pjgfojs peb`tfbr`js gkaktbekzbr tb` sjej fe ârfb gf eb hjtjarbhïb j rfbekzbr u` gjief oâstfr> u`b kobaf` gf eb hjtjarbhïb cj` su ijrgf j obrcj y jtrb, quf pufgf sfr cbpturbgb cj` u`b rfsjeuckó` obyjr, fxceuskvbof`tf gfe ârfb gf eb hjtjarbhïb. • F` fe cbsj gf quf ejs ijrgfs `j mbyb` skgj gksfòbgjs pbrb sfr vksubekzbgjs nu`tj cj` eb hjtjarbhïb, cjoj sucfgf cj` ejs obrcjs gf ebs gkbpjsktkvbs j ejs ijrgfs gf ejs `fabtkvjs, gfifo gfifojs js cbpturbrejs y cj`sfrvbr fstb k`hjrobckó` f` ejs oâstfrfs sk trbibnbojs rfspftb`gj eb flejsjhïb gf quf fe obtfrkbe hjtjarâflcj fs u` jinftj mkstórkcj. Tbrb ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` ejs crktfrkjs sj` oâs fxkiefs, gfpf`gfrâ` gf ebs pjeïtkcbs y `fcfskgbgfs gf eb k`stktuckó` y sus usubrkjs. • Fs gkhïcke f`cj`trbr cjef cjefcckj`fs cckj`fs gf hjtjarbhïb mkstórk mkstórkcb cb ikf` gfscrktbs, ej `jrobe, oâs oâs ikf`, fs f`cj`trbr`js cj` hjtjarbhïbs b`tkaubs gf ebs quf sf gkspj`f gf ouy pjcb j `k`au`b k`hjrobckó`, pjr feej fs skfoprf u`b iuf`b prâctkcb gkaktbekzbr ejs vfrsjs gf ebs hjtjarbhïbs y pjstbefs, ejs pbspbrtþs, ejs ijrgfs j ejs obrcjs gf ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs sk tkf`f` k`hjrobckó` f` hjrob gf b`jtbckj`fs, sfeejs, ftkquftbs, obrcbs cjofrckbefs gf hjtóarbhjs, ftc. F` tjgj cbsj fstb k`hjrobckó`, bu`quf f` jcbskj`fs `j sfpbojs bfxbctbof`tf quf fs, gfifpfrj cj`sfrvbrsf, prfhfrkiefof`tf fscb`fâ`gjeb pufgf trb`scrkikrsf ejs rfakstrjsejikiekjarâflcjs, sf cjrrf fe rkfsaj gf pfrgfreb j vbrkbreb (tboikë` f` fe prjcfsj). • Cjoj yb sf mb fxpekcbgj, sk gkaktbekzbojs pf`sb`gj f` eb hjtjarbhïb cjoj u` jinftj mkstórkcj, gfifojs cbpturbr, pbrb gjcuof`tbr fe sjpjrtf, ejs rfvfrsjs gf ebs hjtjarbhïbs bu`quf fstë` f` ieb`cj, be of`js pbrb eb cjpkb oâstfr. Fstb prâctkcb f`cbrfcf `jtbiefof`tf fe cjstf gfe trbibnj y f` beau`js cbsjs bpjrtb pjcj vbejr, pjr feej, bu`quf fs rfcjof`gbief cfòkrsf b feeb cub`gj gkaktbekzbojs cjefcckj`fs ouy b`tkaubs j vbekjsbs, fs cjoprf`skief quf beau`bs k`stktuckj`fs j foprfsbs, quf tkf`f` k`tfrës sjirf tjgj f` fe cj`tf`kgj kcó`kcj gf eb hjtjarbhïb, `j eb skab`. • F` fe cbsj gf ebs pjstbefs, fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb fscb`fbr sus rfvfrsjs koprfsjs, bu`quf `j cj`tf`ab` tfxtjs ob`uscrktjs, gkrfcckj`fs, sfeejs j b`jtbckj`fs. • Mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj cukgbgj be gkaktbekzbr o obtfrkbefs btfrkbefs pebstkflcbgjs j p prjtfakgjs rjtfakgjs cj` hu`g hu`gbs bs peâstkcbs, yb quf gurb`tf eb cbpturb pufgf` prjguckrsf b`keejs gf @fwtj` f` ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs. Tbrb fvktbrej sf gfif` fxtrbfr ejs obtfrkbefs gf sus hu`gbs peâstkcbs skfoprf quf sf pufgb. Sk fstj `j fs pjskief, sf pufgf` utkekzbr skstfobs b`tkb`keejs gf @fwtj`, cjoj crkstbefs b`tkb`keejs j hu`ckj`fs fspfckbefs gf sjhtwbrf .
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
Hka. 33. Yfstburbckó` gkaktbe gf hjtjarbhïbs. Brrkib> B``b y Afrobk`f Skfrf`s, cb. 2;97. Yfstburbckó` rfbekzbgb pjr Okcmfe Xuknestflf. Xuknestf lf. Bibnj> gftbeef gf u` rftrbtj gf Fevkrb Obrkb Ijurtscmfkgt, b`tfs y gfspuës gf eb rfstburbckó`. Okcmfe Xukne Xuknestflf. stflf. Tbrb boibs koâaf`fs> Crfbtkvf Cjooj`s Bttrkiutkj`-Smbrf Beklf 3.4.
• @j sf gfif` gfnbr ebs hjtjarbhïbs f` fe crkstbe gfe fscâ`fr pjr u` pfrïjgj prjej`abgj, yb quf pjgrïb` bgmfrkrsf be crkstbe. • Ebs tëc`kcbs gf fgkckó` gf kobaf` gkaktbe `js pfroktf` f` jcbskj`fs rfcupfrbr, f` ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs gkaktbekzbgjs, gftbeefs quf sf mb` pfrgkgj be gfarbgbrsf eb kobaf` cj` fe tkfopj j quf `j sj` bprfckbiefs pbrb eb vkstb gfikgj b u` gfflckf`tf pjsktkvbgj. F` af`frbe, y gfsgf eufaj sk sf skauf fe crktfrkj gf eb hjtjarbhïb hjtjarb hïb cjoj jinftj mkstórkcj, fs rfcjof`gbief rfc jof`gbief af`frbr u` oâstfr quf sfb u`b rfprjgucckó` flgfgka`b gfe gjcuof`tj hjtjarâflcj f` su bctube fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó`. Tbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`, tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb quf fstjs gftbeefs rfcupfrbgjs hjrob` pbrtf gfe cj`tf`kgj gf eb jirb hjtjarâflcb, sf rfcjokf`gb bpekcbr crktfrkjs fxkiefs quf pfroktb` fstb ofnjrb. V`b jpckó` quf f`aejib fstf f`hjquf y fe cj`trbrkj sfrïb af`frbr gjs koâaf`fs oâstfr, u`b quf rffnf fe jrkak`be tbe cjoj fstâ y jtrb quf ej ofnjrf, rfcupfrb`gj gftbeef, j ikf` gjs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó`, cj` fstbs oksobs cbrbctfrïstkcbs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
• Ebs tëc`kcbs gf fgkckó` gf koba kobaf` f` pfroktf` tboikë` fekok`br fekok`br rbybgurbs, baunf baunfrjs, rjs, cjrtfs, ob`cmbs y gfoâs gfspfrhfctjs gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs. Fs gfckskó` gf eb k`stktuckó` gkaktbekzbgjrb pfroktkr j `j u`b rfstburbckó` j ofnjrb gf ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs gkaktbekzbgjs. F` af`frbe, f` fe cj`tfxtj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb sf k`tf`tb u`b rfprjgucckó` flgfgka`b gf ejs jinftjs y `j sf sufef` fopefbr fstbs tëc`kcbs cj` fstjs prjpósktjs, bu`quf pufgf sfr bcfptbief u`b fgkckó` gf kobaf` gf fstbs cbrbctfrïstkcbs f` ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`. Wboikë` sf pufgf` af`frbr, cjoj f` fe cbsj b`tfrkjr, gjs koâaf`fs oâstfr j gf gkhuskó`, u`b sk` fgktbr y jtrb fgktbgb. @j jistb`tf, tb`tj f` fstf cbsj cjoj f` fe b`tfrkjr, sk sf skauf eb fstrbtfakb gf cj`skgfrbr eb hjtjarbhïb cjoj u` jinftj mkstórkcj, cubequkfr rfstburbckó` gkaktbe gfif sfr bgfcubgbof`tf gjcuof`tbgb gjcuof`tbgb (f` fe `joirf gfe brcmkvj j f` ejs oftbgbtjs). • Eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs arâhkcjs y hjtjarâhkcjs koprfsjs cj` trbob pufgf pufgf prjguckr fhfctjs gf oubrë, sjirf tjgj sk utkekzbojs ibnbs rfsjeuckj`fs. Fe oubrë sf prjgucf pjrquf eb trbob gfe jinftj b`beóakcj jrkak`be sf mb cbpturbgj gf hjrob k`cjopeftb, cj` pjcb rfsjeuckó`. Mfojs gf tf`fr f` cj`skgfrbckó` quf f` ejs obtfrkbefs cj` vbejr mkstórkcj eb hk`bekgbg gf eb cbpturb gkaktbe pbrb fe hkcmfrj oâstfr fs rfakstrbr ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf fsf jinftj y eb trbob gf u`b hjtjarbhïb koprfsb ej fs, pjr feej, pbrb fstf tkpj gf obtfrkbefs, sf gfifrïb` prjcurbr ejs vbejrf vbe jrfss g gff rrfsj fsjeuc euckó` kó` fs fspbc pbckbe kbe gf cbptu cb pturb rb quf pfr pfrokt oktb` b` cbp cbptur turbr br fe gft gftbee beeff g gff eb e b trbob tr bob.. SSkk afa f`frbojs cj` eb rfsjeuckó` bgfcubgb fe oâstfr cbpturb`gj gf hjrob cjopeftb eb trbob `j fs pjskief tf`fr oubrës, pufs fe oubrë sf prjgucf be rjopfrsf eb trbob jrkak`be f` fe rfakstrj gf eb kobaf`. F` cbsj gf quf sf prjguzcb pr jguzcb oubrë f` eb kobaf` kob af` oâstfr, sf mbrïb prfcksj vjevfr vjev fr bjrkak`be. gkaktbekzbr cj` u` vbejr gf rfsjeuckó` obyjr quf fvktf su prfsf`ckb sk` fekok`br eb trbob gfe Mby prjarbobs gf gkaktbekzbckó` cj` hu`ckj`fs b`tkoubrë quf pfroktf` fvktbr j rrfguckr fguckr fe prjiefob gurb`tf fe fscb`fbgj, pfrj mfojs gf sfr cj`sckf`tfs gf quf eb fekok`bckó` gf oubrës y trb trbobs obs pufg pufgff ffekok ekok`br `br eb trb trbob ob gfe jrka jrkak`be k`be b`be b`beóakc óakcj j y gfsv gfsvkrt krtubr ubr bsï eb k`hj k`hjrob robckó` ckó` kcó` kcó`kcb kcb gf eb hjtjarbhïb cj` oucmb hbckekgbg, pjr ej quf `j gfifojs bpekcbr fstjs prjcfsjs pbrb ebs koâaf`fs oâstfr. Wboikë` `js pjgfojs f`cj`trbr cj` fstf prjiefob f` ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó`. F` fstf cbs cbsj j `j pjgrfojs fvktbr fe fhfctj oubrë, b `j sfr quf utkekcfojs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` f` betbs rfsjeuckj`fs (ej quf vb cj`trb eb eóakcb gf eb kobaf` gf gkhuskó`), pjr ej quf tf`grfojs quf utkekzbr hu`ckj`fs gf sjhtwbrf j j prjcfsjs gf fgkckó` gf kobaf` pbrb fekok`brej. Sk `j cj`tbojs cj` hu`ckj`fs gf fstf tkpj, pjgfojs fekok`br fe oubrë cj` u` iuf` fgktjr gf kobaf`. Eb tëc`kcb cj`skstf, iâskcbof`tf, f` utkekzbr fletrjs gf gfsf`trbobgj j gfsf`hjquf y eufaj gf buof`tj gf `ktkgfz. Ibnb`gj eb rfsjeuckó` gfspuës gfe prjcfsj gf gfsf`hjquf sf pufgf cj`sfaukr af`frbr koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` sk` oubrë. • Ebs hjtjarbhïbs sufetbs, j k`ceusj ebs cjefcckj`fs hjtjarâflcbs, oucmbs vfcfs `j fstâ` gfscrktbs j fstâ` gfscrktbs gf ob`frb gfflckf`tf. Tjr feej, f` af`frbe, gfifojs tf`fr cukgbgj gf `j pfrgfr `k`au`b k`hjrobckó` gurb`tf eb gkaktbekzbckó`, pbsb`gj b ejs rfakstrjs ikiekjarâflcjs j, prfhfrkiefof`tf, cbpturb`gj cubequkfr b`jtbckó`, tïtuej, sfeej, obrcb, `þofrj, ftc., quf pugkfrb mbifr f` fe jinftj hjtjarâflcj, sfb f` su b`vfrsj, rfvfrsj, obrcj, ijrgf u jtrb pbrtf. K`ceusj, sk fstbojs b`tf obtfrkbefs mkstórkcjs, fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb fe gkaktbekzbr ejs cj`tf`fgjrfs gf ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâhkcjs (sjirfs, cbnbs, hu`gbs…) sk cj`tkf`f` k`hjrobckó` cjoj b`jtbckj`fs, obrcbs, sfeejs, ftc., quf pufgb sfrvkr pbrb kgf`tkhkcbr j gfscrkikr fe obtfrkbe hjtjarâhkcj. Kaubeof`tf fs rfcjof`gbief gkaktbekzbr ejs k`vf`tbrkjs, sk fxkstf` y tf`fojs bccfsj b feejs, gf ebs cjefcckj`fs quf vbojs b gkaktbekzbr. Oucmjs hjtóarbhjs prjhfskj`befs y cbsbs gf hjtjarbhïb rfbekzbib` k`vf`tbrkjs gf sus cjefcckj`fs cj` k`hjrobckó` quf `js pufgf rfsuetbr ouy vbekjsb.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
Hjtjarbhïb fstfrfjscópkcb
• Eb hjtjarbhïb fstfrfjscópkcb fstfrfjscópkcb,, hjrobgb pjr gjs koâaf`fs oj`tbgbs f` u` obrcj gf cbrtó` u jtrj obtfrkbe, mb gf rfbekzbrsf k`ceuyf`gj f` eb cbpturb fe obrcj f`tfrj f` fe quf fstâ` oj`tbgbs ebs gjs hjtjarbhïbs. Gf fstb ob`frb sf rfprjgucf` ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf vksubekzbckó` `fcfsbrkbs pbrb pjgfr rfpekcbr fe fhfctj fstfrfjscópkcj. F` fstjs cbsjs fs `fcfsbrkj rfakstrbr ejs tbobòjs gf ebs hjtjarbhïbs, bsfaurâ`gj`js gf quf ebs rfprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs rfakstrb` cjrrfctbof`tf eb k`hjrobckó` gf tbobòj (fe betj y b`cmj gf eb kobaf` gkaktbe sf cjrrfspj`gf cj` fe gfe jrkak`be) y/j cbpturb`gj u`b rfaeb nu`tj cj` fe jinftj. Wboikë` fs cj`vf`kf`tf k`ceukr fstbs fst bs ofgkgbs f` ejs oftbgbtjs gfscrkptkvjs. Wf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb quf ebs ârfbs gf kobaf` sj` sjej u`b pbrtf gfe jinftj gkaktbekzbgj, tboikë` pufgf sfr `fcfsbrkj cbpturbrej cj` u`b rfsjeuckó` betb 27. Tebcbs
• Ebs pebcbs hjtjarâflcbs pufgf` sfr gkaktbekzbgbs cj` fscâ`frfs cf`ktbefs y câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs. Wboikë` pufgf` usbrsf fscâ`frfs peb`js, sbevj pbrb obtfrkbefs cj` cbrbctfrïstkcbs trkgkof`skj`befs (obrcjs j ijrgfs quf sjirfsbef`, pjr fnfopej). Mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf eb tbpb gfe fscâ`fr peb`j pufgf gbòbr eb pebcb be cfrrbrsf< cfrrbrs f< sk vbojs b usbr fstf tkpj gf gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb cbptur b gfifojs bsfaurbr`js, fefvb`gj eb tbpb, gf quf `j sf gbòf` ebs pebcbs< sk fe gkspjsktkvj `j pfroktf `k`aþ` tkpj gf fefvbckó` (gf hâirkcb j ob`ube), `j gfifojs usbr fe gkspjsktkvj pbrb gkaktbekzbr pebcbs. Sk sj` obtfrkbefs pbrb vksubekzbr cj` euz trb`soktkgb26 (f` sjpjrtf trb`spbrf`tf j trbseþckgj), tf`grâ quf usbrsf u` fqukpj fspfckbekzbgj (fscâ`fr peb`j gf trb`spbrf`ckbs) j bgbptbgj. • Ebs pebcbs, f` af`frbe, sjirf tjgj ebs gf vkgrkj, mb` gf sfr ob`kpuebgbs cj` suoj cukgbgj. • B`tfs gf gkaktbe gkaktbekzbrebs kzbrebs fs `fcfsbrkj quktb quktbrefs refs fe pjevj y gfoâs rfskg rfskgujs ujs cj` prjcfgkok prjcfgkokf`tjs f`tjs quf `j gbòf` ejs gjcuof`tjs, cjoj sjpebgjrfs, irjcmbs fl`bs gf rfstburbgjr j cfpkeejs fspfckbefs pbrb ef`tfs. Sk fs `fcfsbrkb u`b ekopkfzb oâs prjhu`gb, sf pufgf` utkekzbr f` beau`js cbsjs baub gfstkebgb, becjmje gksufetj f` fstb j prjguctjs quïokcjs fspfckbefs. Sf gfif tf`fr suoj cukgbgj, sk` foibraj, b eb mjrb gf ekopkbr cj` prjguctjs eïqukgjs j quïokcjs ebs pebcbs, pjrquf fstjs prjcfgkokf`tjs pjgrïb` gbòbrebs. Fs `fcfsbrkj k`hjrobrsf k`hjr obrsf prfvkbof`tf sjirf fe tkpj gf baeutk`b`tf quf sf utkekzó f` eb pebcb, pbrb fvktbr quf fe prjcfsj gf ekopkfzb gbòf eb foueskó`. Tjr fnfopej, ebs foueskj`fs sjirf cjejgkó` cj` fe becjmje sfr fe sjeuief b fstf, y ebs foueskj`fs gf afebtk`b pufgf` pufgf` gbòbrsfgbòbrsf j gfsprf`gfrsf cj` fe be baub, be cjejgkó` sfr sjeuiefs f` fstb. Bu`quf ejs hjtóarbhjs prjtfaïb` `jrobeof`tf ebs foueskj`fs cj` cbpbs gf ebcbs j ibr`kcfs, fstbs cbpbs b vfcfs `j prjtfaf` suflckf`tfof`tf j sf mb` gftfrkjrbgj, gftfrkjrbgj , pjr ej quf `j sf gfif` bpekcbr fstjs prjcfsjs oâs quf f` cbsjs fspfckbefs y skfoprf quf fstfojs sfaurjs gf quf `j vb` b gbòbr b ejs obtfrkbefs. • Ejs obrcjs y ijrgfs gf ebs pebcbs sufef` hjrobr pbrtf gfe jinftj jrkak`be, pjr feej fs iuf`b prâctkcb k`ceukrejs f` eb cbpturb.
27
HBGAK rfcjokf`gb f` fstjs cbsjs u`b rfsjeuckó` gf =44 ppp.
26
Ejs `fabtkvjs y trb`spbrf`ckbs gfif` sfr gkaktbekzbgjs keuok`â`gjejs pjr gftrâs cj` u`b huf`tf gf euz quf ejs btrbvkfsf btrbvkfsf (sj` obtfrkbefs sfoktrb`spbrf`tfs) y eefauf be sf`sjr. Eebobrfojs f` fstf gjcuof`tj, skaukf`gj eb tfrok`jejaïb k`aefsb, «obtfrkbefs trb`sokskvjs¼Ejs b ejs obtfrkbefs quf tkf`f` quf fscb`fbrsf gf fstb keuok`â`gjejs ob`frb, y b eb cj` tëc`kcb fscb`fbgj, «gkaktbekzbckó` euz trb`soktkgb¼. obtfrkbefs jpbcjs sf gkaktbekzb`, pjr fe cj`trbrkj, u`b gf huf`tf gf euz quf sf rffnb f`cj` sus supfrflckfs b`tfs gf becb`zbr fe sf`sjr. B ejs obtfrkbefs jpbcjs sf efs eebob, pjr fsj, «obtfrkbefs rffctb`tfs j rffxkvjs¼, y b eb tëc`kcb, «gkaktbekzbckó` cj` euz rffnbgb¼.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
249
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
• F` fe cbsj gf ebs pebcbs gf vkgrkj, gfsgf fe pu`tj gf vkstb gf eb hjtjarbhïb cjoj jinftj mkstórkcj, fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb gjcuof`tbr fe sjpjrtf cbpturb`gj cj` euz rffnbgb su b`vfrsj y rfvfrsj y mbcfr u`b cbpturb cj` euz trb`soktkgb pjr eb cbrb gf eb foueskó`. Bsï, sf af`frbrïb u` oâstfr cj` trfs koâaf`fs. Tbrb ebs cjpkbs c jpkbs gf gkhuskó` fe crktfrkj fs oâs fxkief y gfpf`gfrâ gf ebs pjeïtkc pjeïtkcbs bs gf eb k`stktuckó`. Sf pjgrïb jhrfcfr ofrbof`tf eb cbpturb cj` euz trb`soktkgb. • Sk `js f`cj`trbojs cj` pebcbs gf vkgrkj rjtbs pjgfojs trbtbr gf cj`sjekgbrebs oj`tâ`gjebs sjirf jtrj vkgrkj gfe oksoj tbobòj y u`kf`gj boibs pebcbs. Sk eb foueskó` sf fstâ sfpbrb`gj gfe sjpjrtf, pbrb fvktbr fe rkfsaj gf quf fe jinftj suhrb gbòjs gurb`tf fe fscb`fbgj, sf pufgf cjejcbr f`ckob jtrj vkgrkj gfe oksoj tbobòj y u`kr boibs pebcbs. • Sf gfif cbekirbr cukgbgjsbof`tf fe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb pbrb jptkokzbr eb rfprjgucckó` gf fstjs obtfrkbefs. Fs `fcfsbrkj mbcfr prufibs b`tfs gf k`kckbr ejs trbibnjs. Mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf ebs jpckj`fs pjr gfhfctj quf vkf`f` f` ejs fscâ`frfs gf trb`spbrf`ckbs sufef` fstbr pf`sbgbs oâs ikf` pbrb pfeïcueb y pufgf` prjguckrsf gkstjrskj`fs gf cjejr be gkaktbekzbr pebcbs gf vkgrkj. @fabtkvjs y trb`spbrf`ckbs
• Cjoj yb sf mb cjof`tbgj, u`b gf ebs gkflcuetbgfs b eb mjrb gf gkaktbekzbr `fabtkvjs j trb`spbrf`ckbs prjyfctbiefs fs gftfrok`br fe tbobòj gf vksubekzbckó`, pjrquf, bu`quf fe jinftj b gkaktbekzbr tf`ab u` tbobòj, `j mb skgj gksfòbgj `jrobeof`tf pbrb vksubekzbrsf f` gkcmj tbobòj. Mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb fstb cufstkó` pbrb gftfrok`br fstf tbobòj gf vksubekzbckó` y, pjr tb`tj, eb rfsjeuckó` gfe fscb`fbgj, y cjoj ofgkgb pbrb fe cj`trje gf cbekgbg. Eb k`stktuckó`, f` hu`ckó` gf sus k`tfrfsfs y jinftkvjs, y prfvkj fstugkj gfe hj`gj b gkaktbekzbr, mbirâ gf gftfrok`br, f` fe cbsj gf fstf tkpj gf obtfrkbefs, fstjs crktfrkjs gf vksubekzbckó`. • Eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs trb`sokskvjs (trb`seþckgjs j trb`spbrf`tfs) rfqukfrf gf fqukpjs fspfckbeof`tf bgbptbgjs cj` skstfobs gf keuok`bckó` quf ejs btrbvkfsf` (euz trb`soktkgb) y gf sjpjrtfs fspfckbefs. Bskoksoj, fs `fcfsbrkj utkekzbr cbrtbs gf cjejr y gf cj`trje fspfckbefs. Mby fscâ`frfs fspfckbekzbgjs f` eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf fstf tkpj gf obtfrkbefs y obrcjs gf sunfckó` pbrb ejs tbobòjs oâs mbiktubefs. • Wboikë` pjgfojs bgbptbr u` fscâ`fr j fqukpj gf gkaktbekzbckó` cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb b eb gkaktbekzbckó` cj` euz trb`soktkgb utkekzb`gj u` `fabtjscjpkj cjoj ârfb gf cbpturb. F` fstf þetkoj cbsj, sk fstbojs gkaktbekzb`gj cjefcckj`fs gf tbobòj mjojaë`fj (pjr fnfopej, `fabtkvjs gf 36 oo), pbrb fvktbr quf eb euz gfe `fabtjscjpkj prjguzcb rffnjs k`gfsfbiefs, sf pufgf cuirkr fstf cj` cbrtuek`b `farb j u` obtfrkbe skokebr gfnb`gj be gfscuikfrtj eb zj`b gj`gf sf vb b pj`fr eb trb`spbrf`ckb j `fabtkvj. Sk, okf`trbs utkekzbojs fstf skstfob, `fcfsktbojs buof`tbr eb euz trb`soktkgb, pjgfojs hjrrbr fe cbrtó` j cbrtuek`b `farb pjr eb pbrtf k`tfrkjr (eb quf fstâ f` cj`tbctj cj` fe `fabtjscjpkj) cj` obtfrkbefs pebtfbgjs rffctb`tfs. Fstjs fefof`tjs (eb oâscbrb gf cbrtuek`b `farb y fe `fabtjscjpkj) gfif` flnbrsf bgfcubgbof`tf pbrb quf fe ârfb gf cbpturb cjk`ckgb, okf`trbs bsï ej `fcfsktfojs, cj` fe ârfb gfscuikfrtb gfe `fabtjscjpkj. Tjr fnfopej, pbrb fvktbr quf sf oufvb fe `fabtjscjpkj, sf pufgf sunftbr b eb ofsb cj` vfecrj butjbgmfskvj j obtfrkbe skokebr. Fstb oftjgjejaïb hbckektb fe rfcjrtf gf ebs koâaf`fs cub`gj ejs obtfrkbefs sj` gfe oksoj tbobòj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
243
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
Hka. 37. Obrcjs j bgbptbgjrfs pbrb `fabtkvjs y trb`spbrf`ckbs.
• F` fe cbsj gf ejs `fabtkv `fabtkvjs js y trb`spbrf`ckbs, sk `js cfòkojs cfòkojs be f`hjquf gf eb hjtj hjtjarbhïb arbhïb cjoj jinftj mkstórkcj, fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb gjcuof`tbr fe sjpjrtf cbpturb`gj cj` euz rffnbgb su b`vfrsj y rfvfrsj y mbcfr u`b cbpturb cj` euz trb`soktkgb pjr eb cbrb gf eb foueskó` (f` gftfrok`bgjs cbsjs, f` hu`ckó` gfe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` gfe obtfrkbe, pufgf sfr cj`vf`kf`tf rfbekzbr eb cbpturb pjr fe jtrj ebgj). Bsï, sf af`frbrïb u` oâstfr cj` trfs koâaf`fs, j k`ceusj cj` cubtrj f` fe cbsj gf ejs `fabtkvjs, pufs sf pjgrïb bòbgkr b fstbs trfs eb kobaf` pjsktkvbgb gf eb cbpturb cj` euz trb`soktkgb. tr b`soktkgb. Tbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` fe crktfrkj fs oâs fxkief y gfpf`gfrâ gf ebs pjeïtkcbs gf eb k`stktuckó`. Sf pjgrïb jhrfcfr ofrbof`tf eb cbpturb cj` euz trb`soktkgb (pjsktkvbgb (pjsktkvbgb f` fe cbsj gf ejs `fabtkvjs). V` fscb`fbgj cj` euz rffnbgb gf ejs `fabtkvjs y trb`spbrf`ckbs pufgf bpjrtbr gbtjs gf ejs sjpjrtfs (vkgrkj, pfeïcueb…), gfe prjcfsj hjtjarâflcj y gfe fstbgj gf cj`sfrvbckó` gfe obtfrkbe. Eb euz rffnbgb cbpturbrâ rbybs, arkftbs, ob`cmbs, ftc., quf `j sf bprfckb` sk sjej sf usb euz trb`soktkgb. • F` prk`ckpkj, fs u`b iuf iuf`b `b prâctkcb gkaktbekzbr ejs ijrgfs j obrcjs gf ebs trb`spbrf`ckbs y `fabtkvjs, pufs hjrob` pbrtf gfe jinftj jrkak`be. • F` ebs cjefcckj`fs hjtjarâflcbs `js f`cj`trbrfojs `jrobeof`tf obtfrkbefs quf sf vksubekzb` f` vfrtkcbe y jtrjs f` mjrkzj`tbe. Sk be gkaktbekzbr cjefcckj`fs gf `fabtkvjs j trb`spbrf`ckbs `js vfojs jiekabgjs b gkaktbekzbr akrbgjs ejs f`cubgrfs vfrtkcbefs j ejs mjrkzj`tbefs (ej quf pufgf quf sucfgb sk trbibnbojs cj` ejs obtfrkbefs bcjpebgjs f` obrcjs), cj`vkf`f, pbrb hbckektbr fe prjcfsbokf`tj gf kobaf` pjstfrkjr, cjejcbr skfoprf ejs f`cubgrfs vfrtkcbefs y ejs mjrkzj`tbefs gf eb oksob ob`frb sjirf fe ârfb gf cbpturb.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
247
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
@fabtkvjs
V` `fabtkvj hjtjarâflcj cj`tkf`f u`b kobaf` `fabtkvb f k`vfrtkgb mjrkzj`tbeof`tf< fs gf `bturbefzb cjopefnb, pufstj quf fstâ cjopufstj gf u` sjpjrtf ‗`jrobeof`tf vkgrkj j beau`b vbrkb`tf gf peâstkcj‗ y u`b foueskó` quf cj`tkf`f eb kobaf` (beiþok`b, afebtk`b…). • Ejs `fabtkvjs sj` u`j gf ejs obtfrkbefs oâs gkhïckefs gf gkaktbekzbr. Fstj fs bsï pjrquf, b of`ugj, u`b k`vfrskó` gkrfctb gfe fscb`fbgj gfe `fabtkvj `j prjgucf fe ofnjr rfsuetbgj pjskief, skf`gj `fcfsbrkj u` bnustf ob`ube (irkeej, cj`trbstf, ftc.) gf cbgb kobaf` pbrb ccj`sfaukr j`sfaukr iuf`bs rfprjgucckj`fs. Tjr feej, pjr ouy ikf` cbekirbgj quf fstë fe fscâ`fr, eb gkaktbekzbckó` pjr ejtfs `j fs eb oftjgjejaïb oâs bgfcubgb pbrb fstf tkpj gf obtfrkbefs. Fstf bnustf ob`ube, pjr jtrb pbrtf, fs u` prjcfsj ouy suinftkvj, cuyj c uyj rfsuetbgj gfpf`gfrâ gf eb pfrkckb, austj y fxpfrkf`ckb gfe pfrsj`be tëc`kcj, pjrquf eb jscurkgbg y fe tbobòj gfe `fabtkvj `j pfroktf` mbcfr u`b cjopbrbckó` vksube fhfctkvb gfe rfsuetbgj gfe fscb`fbgj y `j mby u` ojgfej pjsktkvj cj` fe quf rfbekzbr fstb cjopbrbckó`. Bgfoâs, pufgf mbifr oucmb vbrkbckó` f`trf gkhfrf`tfs `fabtkvjs f` gkvfrsjs pbrâoftrjs, cjoj eb gf`skgbg gf cjejr. Fe tëc`kcj tf`grâ quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb fstb vbrkbikekgbg b eb mjrb gf mbcfr ejs bnustfs gf fxpjskckó`< f` pbrtkcuebr, gfifrâ tf`fr fspfckbe cukgbgj f` fvktbr eb sbturbckó` gf zj`bs f` ebs quf sf pufgb pfrgfr gftbeef (cebrjs y sjoirbs). • Tbrb cj`trjebr eb fxpjskckó` cjrrfctb gf ejs `fabtkvjs sf pufgf vksubekzbr eb kobaf` f` p pjjsktkvj utkekzb`gj u` prjarbob k`hjroâtkcj. Fs prfhfrkief f` fstjs cbsjs af`frbr pbrb fe oâstfr u` pjsktkvj beaj jscurj b u`j cebrj, pjr cj`tf`fr fe prkofrj oâs k`hjrobckó` pbrb su pjstfrkjr prjcfsbgj. • V`b iuf`b jpckó` pbrb gkaktbekzbr `fabtkvjs fs utkekzbr fscâ`frfs fspfckbekzbgjs fspfckbekzbgj s f` fstf tkpj gf obtfrkbefs, quf sufef` vf`kr cj` prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs quf tkf`f` prfstbckj`fs bgfcubgbs y hu`ckj`fs fspfckbekzbgbs (fekok`bckó` gf oâscbrbs gf cjejr, fekok`bckó` gf pjevj y brbòbzjs, ftc.). Wboikë` sf pufgf` cj`sfaukr iuf`js rfsuetbgjs cj` fscâ`frfs peb`js cj` bgbptbgjrfs pbrb trb`spbrf`ckbs y skstfobs gfikgbof`tf bgbptbgjs gf câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs prjhfskj`befs. Ejs fscâ`frfs cf`ktbefs, f` af`frbe, `j sj` u`b iuf`b jpckó` pbrb gkaktbekzbr fstf tkpj gf obtfrkbefs. F` tjgj cbsj, gfif` usbrsf fqukpjs quf bpjrtf` ejs vbejrfs f` rfsjeuckó` fspbckbe, rb`aj gk`âokcj y rfebckó` sfòbe-rukgj rfqufrkgjs pbrb fstjs obtfrkbefs. Sfrâ `fcfsbrkj tboikë` cj`tbr cj` prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs quf `js pfroktb` k`vfrtkr y fgktbr ebs koâaf`fs. • Fe `fabtkvj fs fe jinftj hjtjarâflcj jrkak`be b pbrtkr gfe cube sf af`frb` ebs hjtjarbhïbs f` pbpfe, pjr ej quf `jrobeof`tf pjgrfojs cj`sfaukr, skfoprf quf cj`tfojs cj` ejs fqukpjs y eb fxpfrtkckb `fcfsbrkb y quf ejs `fabtkvjs fstë` f` iuf` fstbgj, u`b obyjr cbekgbg gkaktbekzb`gj fe `fabtkvj quf gkaktbekzb`gj eb cjpkb f` pbpfe. Bu`quf, sk cj`tbojs cj` `fabtkvjs y cjpkbs, fs cj` vf`kf`tf (koprfsck`gkief (koprfs ck`gkief f` fe cbsj gf obtfrkbefs mkstórkcjs) gkaktbekzbr boijs tkpjs gf obtfrkb obtfrkbee sk ebs cjpkbs tkf`f` vbejr cjoj tbefs. • Sk cj`skgfrbojs be `fabtkvj cjoj u` jinftj hjtjarâflcj mkstórkcj, gfifojs rfakstrbr eb k`hjrobckó` gfe sjpjrtf rfbekzb`gj cbpturbs gf su b`vfrsj y rfvfrsj cj` euz rffnbgb. Tbrb gjcuof`tbr su cj`tf`kgj sfrâ `fcfsbrkj rfbekzbr u`b cbpturb cj` euz trb`soktkgb prfhfrkiefof`tf pjr fe ebgj gf eb foueskó`. Af`frbrfojs bsï u` oâstfr gf trfs koâaf`fs (j k`ceusj gf cubtrj, sk, prjhu`gkzb`gj f` eb fstrbtfakb gfe jinftj mkstórkcj, cbpturbojs tboikë` cj` euz trb`soktkgb pjr fe ebgj gfe sjpjrtf). Wboikë` pjgfojs pjsktkvbr eb cbpturb cj` euz trb`soktkgb af`frb`gj pbrb fe oâstfr u`b kobaf` bgkckj`be f` pjsktkvj. Tbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` pjgfojs jhrfcfr fstbs trfs, cubtrj j ck`cj koâaf`fs j ekoktbr`js b pj`fr u`b kobaf` f` pjsktkvj gfe cj`tf`kgj gfe `fabtkvj. Cjoj mfojs gkcmj, jtrjs f`hjqufs of`js pbtrkoj`kbefs j prjhu`gjs pufgf` skopekflcbr eb cufstkó` (af`frb`gj u`b j gjs koâaf`fs oâstfr) y sfr vâekgjs f` gftfrok`bgjs cj`tfxtjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
246
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
• Fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb b eb mjrb gf gkaktbekzbr `fabtkvjs fe cj`sfrvbr f` fe oâstfr eb cbpturb cj` euz trb`soktkgb gfe `fabtkvj sk` k`vfrtkr y eufaj, b pbrtkr gf fstb kobaf`, af`frbr koâaf`fs f` pjsktkvj fgktbgbs pbrb cj`sfaukr eb ofnjr rfprjgucckó` pjskief (irkeej, cj`trbstf, c j`trbstf, curvbs gf cjejr…). Fstb fgkckó` pufgf rfbekzbrsf pbrb fe oâstfr, af`frâ`gjsf u` gjief oâstfr hjrobgj pjr eb kobaf` f` `fabtkvj sk` fgktbr y pjr eb kobaf` f` pjsktkvj fgktbgb y jptkokzbgb, j tboikë` pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`. Tbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` pjgfojs ekoktbr`js ekoktb r`js b jhrfcfr tb tb` ` sjej koâaf`fs f` pjsktkvj (vëbsf fe bpbrtbgj 2=, «Af`frbckó` gf cjpkbs¼). • Wf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb quf `jrobeof`tf sf prftf`gf vksubekzbr fstjs obtfrkbefs f` pjsktkvj y b u` tbobòj obyjr quf fe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be, `fcfsktbrfojs fscb`fbr cj` betb rfsjeuckó`. Eb rfsjeuckó` óptkob gfpf`gfrâ gf gkvfrsjs hbctjrfs cjoj fe cj`tf`kgj gf eb hjtjarbhïb, fe arb`j gf eb pfeïcueb y fe tbobòj prfvkstj gf vksubekzbckó`. Eb k`stktuckó`, f` hu`ckó` gf sus jinftkvjs, mbirâ gf gftfrok`br fstf tbobòj. V`js crktfrkjs af`frbefs sfrïb` quf sf pugkfrb vksubekzbr ikf` eb hjtjarbhïb fxtf`gkgb f` u`b pb`tbeeb gf tbobòj y rfsjeuckó` `jrobefs, pufs fs gf fspfrbr quf ejs usubrkjs mbab` zuo pbrb bprfckbr sus gftbeefs. • Cjoj `jrob af af`frbe, `frbe, sf rfcjokf rfcjokf`gb `gb gkaktbekzb gkaktbekzbrr f` cjejr ejs `fabtk `fabtkvjs vjs f` ieb`cj y `fa `farj. rj. Fstjs `fabtkvjs sufef` cj`tf`fr k`hjrobckó` crjoâtkcb cjoj ob`cmbs, sfsajs gf cjejr f` eb pfeïcueb, gfcjejrbckj`fs, gfarbgbckj`fs, gfarbgbckj`fs, ftc., quf sf gfif` b eb `bturbefzb gfe sjpjrtf j sj` prjguckgjs pjr fe pbsj gfe tkfopj j pjr bcckgf`tfs j k`tf`ckj`bgbof`tf, y quf pufgf rfakstrbrsf fscb`fb`gj f` cjejr. Sk ej quf sf gfsfb, pjr fe cj`trbrkj, fs fekok`br j ok`kokzbr fstbs cbrbctfrïstkcbs j gfhfctjs, pjgfojs fscb`fbr f` fscbeb gf arksfs j, tbe cjoj rfcjokf`gb` beau`bs k`stktuckj`fs, fscb`fbr f` cjejr, jptkokzbr eb kobaf` trbibnb`gj k`gkvkgubeof`tf ejs cb`befs gf cjejr y pbsbr pjstfrkjrof`tf ebs koâaf`fs b fscbeb gf arksfs, oëtjgj fstf þetkoj cj` fe quf sf pufgf` cj`sfaukr ofnjrfs rfsuetbgjs. Wboikë` pjgfojs f`cj`trbr`js cj` `fabtkvjs b`tkaujs f` ieb`cj y `farj quf prfsf`tb` be pjsktkvbrejs sfsajs gf cjejr quf `j sf cjrrfspj`gf` cj` ejs tj`js gf ebs cjpkbs gf eb ëpjcb. Sf pufgf` cj`sfaukr, ofgkb`tf prjcfsjs gf fgkckó` gkaktbe, hjtjarbhïbs cj` fstjs tj`js gf ëpjcb. Ejs `fabtkvjs oâs ojgfr`js, bgfoâs, sufef` tf`fr u`b oâscbrb `brb`nb j arks quf pufgf fekok`brsf utkekzb`gj hu`ckj`fs gf sjhtwbrf cj` cj` ebs quf sufef` cj`tbr ejs fscâ`frfs gf `fabtkvjs. F` fstjs trfs cbsjs, pjgfojs rfspftbr ejs prk`ckpkjs gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs cjoj jinftjs mkstórkcjs, sfaþ` ejs cubefs mby quf rfakstrbr ej oâs flfeof`tf pjskief fe jrkak`be, k`ceuyf`gj k`ceuyf`gj sus prjiefobs gf cj`sfrvbckó`, sk rfbekzbojs eb rrfstburbckó` fstburbckó` fxceuskvbof fxceuskvbof`tf `tf sjirf ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` (prfhfrkiefof`tf jhrfckf`gj bgfoâs eb kobaf` sk` rfstburbr j k`gkcb`gj f` ejs oftbgbtjs fe tkpj gf rfstburbckó` bpekcbgb). F` fe sfau`gj gf fstjs cbsjs, fe gf rfcupfrbckó` gf ejs tj`js gf ëpjcb, pbrb mbcfrej ikf` mbcf hbetb cj`tbr cj` pfrsj`be cj` bopekjs cj`jckokf`tjs gf hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb. • @j sf gfif gkaktbekzbr, gkaktbekzbr, b `j sfr quf `j sf tf`ab jtrb jpckó`, b pbrtkr gf ebs tkrbs gf prufib gf ejs `fabtkvjs, yb quf sf pufgf pfrgfr oucmj gftbeef. Ejs fscâ`frfs peb`js j ejs fspfckbekzbgjs f` `fabtkvjs y trb`spbrf`ckbs k`ceuyf` obrcjs f` ejs quf oj`tbr ejs `fabtkvjs. Fstjs obrcjs sj` ouy þtkefs y hbckektb` oucmj fe trbibnj, pfrj tbpb` ejs ijrgfs gf ejs `fabtkvjs. Gfsgf fe pu`tj gf vkstb gf eb hjtjarbhïb cjoj jinftj mkstórkcj cj`vkf`f cbpturbr fstjs ijrgfs, pufs cj`tkf`f` k`hjrobckó` (eftrb, gïaktjs, obrcbs y oufscbs) gfe prjcfsj y obtfrkbe hjtjarâflcj quf pufgf sfr þtke pbrb quf fe k`vfstkabgjr kgf`tkflquf fe obtfrkbe y eb af`frbckó` b eb quf pfrtf`fcf (sk fs fe jrkak`be j u`b cjpkb), pfroktkë`gjef f` beau`js cbsjs gbtbr ebs hjtjarbhïbs j cj`jcfr bspfctjs sjirf ejs prjcfgkokf`tjs quf utkekzbib fe hjtóarbhj, j k`ceusj sjirf su prjcfsj crfbtkvj, sk mby b`jtbckj`fs j obrcbs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Cbpturb
Eb cbpturb gf ejs ijrgfs gf ejs `fabtkvjs `js pufgf mbcfr mbc fr tjpbr`js, sk` foibraj, cj` ckfrt ckfrtbs bs gkflcuetbgfs. Tbrb fopfzbr, beau`js ojgfejs gf fscâ`fr `j pfroktf` eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf ejs `fabtkvjs j trb`spbrf`ckbs rftkrb`gj ejs obrcjs j peb`tkeebs, cj` ej quf, sk `j gkspj`fojs gf jtrb jpckó`, tf`grfojs quf utkekzbrejs f` fstjs cbsjs qufrbojs j `j. Tfrj sk cj`tbojs cj` fqukpjs quf pfroktf` gkaktbekzbr sk` peb`tkeebs, y sk fe `fabtkvj fstâ f` iuf` fstbgj y ikf` peb`j (`j fstâ cjoibgj), pjgfojs gkaktbekzbrej cjejcâ`gjej gkrfctbof`tf sjirf fe ârfb gf cbpturb. B vfcfs, sk` foibraj, fe `fabtkvj fstâ cjoibgj. Tbrb fvktbr fsb curvbturb eb ofnjr jpckó`, sk `j qufrfojs utkekzbr peb`tkeebs, fs pj`fr f`ckob u` crkstbe quf ej bpeb`f. Fe prjiefob fs quf u` obtfrkbe hjtjarâflcj cj` eb ibsf peâstkcb gfarbgbgb pufgf `j bgoktkr fstf bpeb`bokf`tj, eb ibsf gf peâstkcj ektfrbeof`tf pufgf rjopfrsf f` vbrkjs pfgbzjs be quktbr fe vkgrkj bpeb`bgjr j eb foueskó` rjopfrsf gfsprf`gkf`gj hrbaof`tjs, j pufgf gbòbrsf fe obtfrkbe hjtjarâflcj pjr eb hrkcckó` gf pj`fr j quktbr fe crkstbe bpeb`bgjr. • Tjr feej, sk qufrfojs bpeb`br u` `fabtkvj j trb`spbrf`ckb cj` u` crkstbe, b`tfs gf mbcfrej, u` jnj fxpfrtj f` prfsfrvbckó` gf obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs gfifrïb fvbeubr fe rkfsaj gf cj`sfrvbckó` quf fstj supj`f. Sk fe rkfsaj fs betj, `j gfifrïbojs usbr fe crkstbe. Eb betfr`btkvb be crkstbe fs usbr ebs peb`tkeebs j obrcjs. Sk sf tkf`f` quf utkekzbr ejs obrcjs y sf prftf`gf cbpturbr fe `fabtkvj f`tfrj, k`ceukgjs sus ijrgfs, sf pufgf` usbr obrcjs bikfrtjs pjr u` ebgj, quf `j tbpf` ejs ijrgfs gf ejs `fabtkvjs. Fstj `j fs hbctkief f` beau`js ojgfejs gf fscâ`fr, pfrj skfoprf ej sfrâ f` u` pufstj gf gkaktbekzbckó` cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb. Eb jtrb jpckó` fs oâs cbsfrb y `bgb rfcjof`gbief, cj`skstf f` sunftbr b ob`j (j, pjr fnfopej, cj` rfaebs peâstkcbs trb`spbrf`tfs ebs fsquk`bs gfe `fabtkvj). • Gbgb eb cjopefnkgbg gf fstb prjiefoâtkcb, sf rfcjokf`gb mbcfr u` fstugkj prfvkj gf eb cjefcckó` b gkaktbekzbr quf `js pfroktb tjobr eb gfckskó` sjirf sk gkaktbekzbr fstjs ijrgfs j `j. Fstf fstugkj tf`grïb quf gftfrok`br eb rbrfzb y b`tkaõfgbg gf eb cjefcckó`, eb rfefvb`ckb gfe butjr j fstugkj hjtjarâflcj, y, sjirf tjgj, eb pjskief utkekgbg quf pufgf tf`fr pbrb fe k`vfstkabgjr eb k`hjrobckó` cj`tf`kgb f` ejs ijrgfs.
Hka. 36. Vsj gf peb`tkeeb pbrb sunftbr `fabtkvjs, cj` tbpb cfrrbgb (kzq.) y cj` tbpb bikfrtb (gcmb.).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Cbpturb
Eb cjejcbckó` gfe `fabtkvj gkrfctbof`tf sjirf fe vkgrkj gfe fscâ`fr j eb utkekzbckó` gf u` crkstbe bpeb`bgjr pufgf` prjguckr b`keejs gf @fwtj`. Fstjs b`keejs sf pufgf` prjguckr be gkaktbekzbr `fabtkvjs, gkbpjsktkvbs y gfoâs trb`spbrf`ckbs oj`tbgbs f` bgbptbgjrfs gf vkgrkj j f`trf peb`cmbs gf vkgrkj, j sk sf cjejcb` fstjs obtfrkbefs gkrfctbof`tf sjirf fe crkstbe gfe fscâ`fr. Mby gkhfrf`tfs hjrobs gf sjeuckj`br fstf prjiefob (bgfoâs gf fvktbr f` ej pjskief fe usj gf peb`cmbs, bgbptbgjrfs, hu`gbs gf crkstbe j vkgrkj)> ‗ Vtkekzbr fqukpjs ccj` j` hu`ckj`fs gf mbrgwbrf b`tkb`keejs b`tkb`keejs gf @fwtj`. ‗ Sfpbrb`gj ejs `fabt `fabtkvjs kvjs (pebcbs j gfoâs trb`spbrf`c trb`spbrf`ckbs) kbs) gfe crkst crkstbe be gfe fscâ`fr ofgkb ofgkb`tf `tf fsquk`frbs gf Oyebr j skokebrfs. ‗ Vtkekzbr crks crkstbefs tbefs b`tkb`kee b`tkb`keejs js gf @fwtj`. ‗ Ojvfr efvfof`tf fe cr crkstbe kstbe j fe `fabtkvj. Fstb bcckó` b vfcfs sjeuckj`b fe prjiefob. ‗ Vtkekzb Vtkekzb`gj `gj prjarbob prjarbobss gf gkaktbe gkaktbekzbckó kzbckó` ` j gf ffgkckó` gkckó` gf ko kobaf` baf` cj` hu`ckj hu`ckj`fs `fs b`tkb` b`tkb`keejs keejs j b`tkrrffnjs. Mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj be usbr fstjs skstfobs, pufs pufgf` betfrbr gf u`b ob`frb k`gfsfbgb eb k`hjrobckó` gf eb kobaf`. ‗ Vsb`gj eïqukgj eïqukgjss j fsprâk fsprâkss b` b`tkb`ke tkb`keejs ejs gf @f @fwtj`. wtj`. @j ssff rrfcjokf` fcjokf`gb, gb, f` af af`frbe, `frbe, fe u usj sj g gff eïqukgjs j fsprâks b`tkb`keejs pjrquf fs u` rkfsaj pbrb ejs gjcuof`tjs. • Jtrb cjsb quf tf`fojs quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb fs fe cbejr quf gfsprf`gf fe gkspjsktkvj, quf pufgf gbòbr ejs `fabtkvjs, k`ceusj cjoibrejs. F` fstf sf`tkgj `j cj`vkf`f gfnbr fe `fabtkvj sjirf fe ârfb gf cbpturb oâs tkfopj gfe fstrkctbof`tf `fcfsbrkj pbrb mbcfr fe trbibnj. Sk `jtbojs quf fe fscâ`fr j fe `fabtjscjpkj fstâ` ouy cbekf`tfs, pjgfojs bpbabrejs u` rbtj pbrb quf sf f`hrïf`. Fe usj gf obrcjs j peb`tkeebs fvktb f` pbrtf fstf rkfsaj, be of`js f` ej quf sf rfflfrf be bibrqukeebokf`tj gfe `fabtkvj. Gkbpjsktkvbs
• Ebs gkbpjsktkvbs sj` obtfrkbefs gksfòb gksfòbgjs gjs pbrb sfr vksubekzbgjs cj` oucmb bopekbckó`, cj`tkf`f`, cj`tkf`f`, pjr tb`tj, oucmj y ouy pfqufòj gftbeef. Ej eóakcj b eb mjrb gf gkaktbekzbrejs fs fopefbr rfsjeuckj`fs ouy betbs quf pfroktb` u`b vksubekzbckó` bopekbg bopekbgbb ob`tf`kf`gj tjgjs ejs gftbeefs. Eb rfsjeuckó` b fopefbr gfpf`gfrâ gfe tbobòj gf vksubekzbckó` prfvkstj pjr eb k`stktuckó`, fe cj`tf`kgj gf eb gkbpjsktkvb, fe tbobòj gf eb pfeïcueb y su arb`uebrkgbg, f`trf jtrjs hbctjrfs. Sf pjgrâ f`cj`trbr oâs k`hjrobckó` sjirf eb rfsjeuckó` b fopefbr f` fe fscb`fj fscb `fj gf gkbpjsktkvbs f` fe bpbrtbgj 29.2 («Yfsjeuckó`¼). («Yfsjeuckó`¼) . • Tbrb gkaktbek gkaktbekzbr zbr gkbpjsktkvbs `fcf `fcfsktbrfojs sktbrfojs fscâ`frfs fscâ`frfs quf pfroktb` arb`gfs rfsje rfsjeuckj`fs uckj`fs rfbefs (`j `jok`befs j k`tfrpjebgbs) y quf tf`ab` u` betj rb`aj gk`âokcj. Sf pufgf` utkekzbr fscâ`frfs fspfckbekzbgjs f` gkbpjsktkvbs, fscâ`frfs peb`js gf trb`spbrf`ckb j câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs. Fe fscâ`fr cf`ktbe `j sufef sfr u`b iuf`b jpckó`, be `j pjgfr cbpturbr cj` eb rfsjeuckó` y rb`aj gk`âokcj `fcfsbrkjs. • Gfsgf fe pu`tj gf vkstb gf eb hjtjarb hjtjarbhïb hïb cjoj jinftj mkstórkcj, fe obrcj gf ebs gkbpjsktkvbs gkbpjsktkvbs hjrob pbrtf gfe jinftj mkstórkcj. Fstjs obrcjs pufgf` cj`tf`fr k`hjrobckó` cjoj hfcmbs, `þofrjs gf gkbpjsktkvb, obrcbs cjofrckbefs, ftkquftbs, b`jtbckj`fs, ftc., quf pufgf sfr k`tfrfsb`tf j `fcfsbrkj cj`sfrvbr, pjr ej quf ej oâs cjrrfctj fs gkaktbekzbrejs. Tbrb feej gfifrfojs rfbekzbr cbpturbs gf su b`vfrsj y rfvfrsj cj` euz rffnbgb. Tbrb rfprjguckr fe cj`tf`kgj gf eb gkbpjsktkvb sfrâ `fcfsbrkj rfbekzbr u`b cbpturb cj` c j` euz trb`soktkgb, prfhfrkiefof`tf pjr fe ebgj gf eb foueskó`, sk` k`ceukr su obrcj. Af`frbrfojs bsï u` oâstfr gf trfs koâaf`fs (j k`ceusj gf cubtrj, sk, prjhu`gkzb`gj f` eb fstrbtfakb gfe jinftj mkstórkcj, cbpturbojs tboikë` cj` euz trb`soktkgb pjr fe ebgj gfe sjpjrtf). Tbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` pjgfojs jhrfcfr fstbs trfs tr fs j cubtrj koâaf`fs j ekoktbr`js b pj`fr u`b kobaf` gfe cj`tf`kgj gf eb gkbpjsktkvb, quf `j k`ceuyb su obrcj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
Hka. 38. Gkbpjsktkvbs cjejcbgbs f` peb`tkeeb pbrb su gkaktbekzbckó`.
• Sk ejs obrcjs tkf`f` b`jtbckj`fs, ftkquftbs y jtrb k`hjrobckó` þtke, ej oâs rfcjof`gbief fs gkaktbekzbrejs, gkaktbekzbre js, pfrj f` cbsj gf quf `j cj`tf`ab` `k`au`b j cbsk `k`au`b k`hjrobckó` y sfb` fxbctbof`tf kaubefs f`trf sï, cj`vkf`f rfbekzbr u` fstugkj prfvkj gf eb cjefcckó` gf gkbpjsktkvbs y, f` pbr pbr-tkcuebr,, gf eb k`hjrobckó` quf pjrtb` sus sjpjrtfs b`tfs gf tjobr u`b gfckskó` sjirf sk gkaktbekzbrejs tkcuebr j `j. Cjoj mfojs gkcmj, fe f`hjquf gf eb hjtjarbhïb cjoj jinftj mkstórkcj fs fe oâs bgfcubgj pbrb cjefcckj`fs b`tkaubs j rbrbs y pbrb k`stktuckj`fs cj` rfspj`sbikekgbgfs pbtrkoj`kbefs, pbtrkoj`kbefs, pfrj mby jtrjs f`hjqufs of`js pbtrkoj`kbefs pbtrkoj`kbefs j prjhu`gjs quf pufgf` sfr vâekgjs f` gftfrok`bgjs cj`tfxtjs. Sk sf fstâ utkekzb`gj u`b fstrbtfakb gf gkaktbekzbckó` of`js prjhu`gb, cf`trbgb f` fe vbejr kcó`kcj gf eb gkbpjsktkvb,, sfrïb suflckf`tf cj` af`frbr u` oâstfr gf u`b sjeb kobaf`, quf rfprjguzcb su cj`tf`kgj. gkbpjsktkvb Tjr supufstj, sk rfbekzbojs cbpturbs cj` euz rffnbgb gf ejs obrcjs gf ebs gkbpjsktkvbs (j pbrb gjcuof`tbr fe sjpjrtf gf ejs `fabtkvjs), `j `fcfsktbrfojs usbr rfsjeuckj`fs tb` betbs cjoj pbrb cbpturbr ejs cj`tf`kgjs, `js ibstbrâ cj` u`b rfsjeuckó` oucmj of`jr. • B eb mjrb gf peb`kflcbr eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf u`b cjefcckó` gf gkbpjsktkvbs sf gfif tf`fr f` cuf`tb fe tkfopj gf fscb`fbgj. Fe fscb`fj cj` betbs rfsjeuckj`fs fs oâs ef`tj quf cj` rfsjeuckj`fs `jrobefs. • Cj`vkf`f tboikë` tf`fr prfsf`tf quf ebs koâaf`fs gf prfsfrvbckó` quf af`frfojs be cbpturbr fe cj`tf`kgj gf ebs gkbpjsktkvbs sfrâ` prjibiefof`tf ouy pfsbgbs. Fs cj`vf`kf`tf af`frbr cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` cj` hjrobtjs quf pfroktb` cjoprfskó` y jptkokzbrebs, pbrb quf jcupf` fe of`jr fspbckj pjskief sk` quf sf bprfckf përgkgb gf gftbeef. B pfsbr gf tjgj, prjibiefof`tf ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` tboikë` sfrâ` pfsbgbs. • Tbrb rfguckr fe pfsj gf ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`, f` fe cbsj gf quf sf mbyb` cbpturbgj obrcjs j cbrtbs gf cjejr, sf pufgf` rfcjrtbr ebs koâaf`fs pbrb quf tb` sjej k`ceuyb` fe ârfb gf eb hjtjarbhïb< eb arb` obyjrïb gf usubrkjs gf ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs `j `fcfsktb` `k gfsfb` vksubekzbr ejs obrcjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Cbpturb
• V`b jpckó` rbzj`bie rbzj`bieff j `fcfsbrkb pbrb pjgfr cj`sfaukr fe rb`aj rb`aj gk`âokcj quf pufgf` pufgf` rfqufrkr gkbpjsktkvbs j `fabtkvjs hjtjarâflcjs cj` betjs oâraf`fs gf gf`skgbg, f` cbsj cbs j gf `j gkspj`fr gf fqukpbokf`tj quf jhrfzcb fe vbejr rfqufrkgj f` fstf pbrâoftrj, fs bpekcbr tëc`kcbs gf cbpturb y prjcfsbgj MGY (betj rb`aj gk`âokcj). Fe MGY sjej sf pufgf cj`sfaukr cj` câobrbs gkaktbefs j fscâ`frfs prjhfskj`befs quf pfroktb` vbrkbr fe vbejr gf fxpjskckó` óptkcb rfbe gurb`tf eb cbpturb c bpturb (`j pjr sjhtwbrf ), ), y gbgj quf fe prjcfsj eefvb oâs tkfopj quf u` prjcfsj cj`vf`ckj`be, sjej sfrâ fflckf`tf pbrb u` `þofrj `j ouy fefvbgj gf gjcuof`tjs. Eb hjtjarbhïb MGY fs u`b tëc`kcb quf cj`skstf f` ofzcebr vbrkbs hjtjs gfe oksoj jinftj cj` gkhfrf`tfs fxpjskckj`fs. Gf fstb ob`frb sf cj`skauf` rffnbr f` eb kobaf` rfsuetb`tf `ïtkgbof`tf ebs zj`bs jscurbs y ebs zj`bs cebrbs, fstj fs, sf cj`skauf` koâaf`fs koâaf`fs cj` u` betj rb`aj gk`âokcj. Sk utkekzbojs fstb tëc`kcb pjgfojs peb`tfbr`js af`frbr u` oâstfr oþetkpef cj`sfrvb`gj ebs gkhfrf`tfs tjobs, bgfoâs gf eb kobaf` prjcfsbgb fl`be.
22. 22.11 Gkaktbekzbckó` gf cbrbctfrïstkcbs trkgkof`skj`befs trkgkof`skj`befs Beau`js obtfrkbefs ekirbrkjs tkf`f` cbrbctfrïstkcbs trkgkof`skj`befs cjoj sfeejs ff` ` rfekfvf j gf cfrb, flaurbs oóvkefs j gfspefabiefs, ftc. Mby tboikë` jinftjs gf ousfj j brtïstkcjs oâs j of`js peb`js quf sj` trkgkof`skj`befs j tkf`f` cbrbctfrïstkcbs trkgkof`skj`befs cjoj peb`cmbs gf arbibgjs j oj`fgbs. Fstf tkpj gf obtfrkbefs pufgf` sfr gkaktbekzbgjs cj` ejs oksojs fqukpjs cj` ejs quf gkaktbekzbojs ekirjs j hjtjarbhïbs, pfrj sk `j tf`fojs cukgbgj pfrgfrfojs fstbs cbrbctfrïstkcbs trkgkof`skj`befs. • Tjgfojs cbpturbr ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs trkgkof`skj`befs gf gjcuof`tjs peb`js (sfeejs, rfcjrtbiefs…) keuok`b`gj ejs gjcuof`tjs ebtfrbeof`tf, gf hjrob quf sf af`frf` sjoirbs f` ejs rfekfvfs j pbrtfs trkgkof`skj`befs. @j tjgjs ejs fscâ`frfs pfroktf` fstf cj`trje gf eb keuok`bckó`, cj` beau`js ojgfejs `js rfsuetbrâ kopjskief cbpturbr ejs rfekfvfs. Sk trbibnbojs cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb y u` pufstj gf fscb`fbgj oj`tbgj pjr `jsjtrjs, `j tf`grfojs prjiefob f` bgfcubr eb keuok`bckó` b `ufstrbs `fcfskgbgfs. • Tbrb gjcuof`tjs vbekjsjs cj` cbrbctfrïstkc cbrbctfrïstkcbs bs trkgkof`skj`befs j pbrb ejs quf k`tfrfsf fstugkbr eb tfxturb gfe sjpjrtf, cjoj pbpkrjs, tbiekeebs gf brckeeb j cfrb, ftc., sf pufgf utkekzbr eb tëc`kcb gf trb`shjrobckó` gf rffctb`ckb gf koâaf`fs (rffctb`cf trb`shjrobtkj` kobak`a, YWK), quf `js pfroktf ojgkflcbr ofgkb`tf sjhtwbrf eb eb keuok`bckó` gf u` gjcuof`tj hjtjarbflbgj rfvfeb`gj oucmb k`hjrobckó` sjirf ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs trkgkof`skj`befs j eb tfxturb gfe sjpjrtf gf fstf. • Tbrb tjobs sf`ckeebs f` ebs quf qufrbojs jitf`fr rfekfvf ibstbrâ cj` u`b sjeb euz> ‗ Efnb`b, pbrb ibn ibnbr br fe cj`trbs cj`trbstf tf gf keuok`bckó`. ‗ Wf`gkgb, pbrb hbvjrfcfr eb bpbrkckó` gf sjoirb sjoirbs. s. ‗ Yfijtbgb ssjirf jirf u` peb`j ieb`c ieb`cj j próxkoj be jrkak`b jrkak`be,e, pbrb rfeef`br ebs ssjoirbs joirbs eej j suflckf suflckf`tf `tf pbrb `j jitf`fr k`hjrobckó` f` fstbs. Fstj fs fspfckbeof`tf þtke f` jrkak`befs k`hfrkjrfs b u` GK@ B7 jhrfckf`gj u` rfsuetbgj `bturbe, yb quf `ufstrj cfrfirj fstâ bcjstuoirbgj b eb keuok`bckó` sjebr subvkzbgb pjr eb btoóshfrb tfrrfstrf.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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29. Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb 29.2 Yfsjeuckó` F`trf ejs oucmjs hbctjrfs quf pufgf` gftfrok`br eb cbekgbg gf ebs gkaktbekzbckj`fs, eb rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb fs u`j gf ejs oâs kopjrtb`tfs. Eb E b rfsjeuckó` j gf`skgbg gf pkxfefs gftfrok`b cebrbof`tf eb `ktkgfz y fe `kvfe gf gftbeef gf eb kobaf` gkaktbekzbgb. Tfrj fs `fcfsbrkj bcebrbr prkofrj b quë `js rfhfrkojs cub`gj mbiebojs gf rfsjeuckó`, pjrquf fstf tërok`j sf fopefb pbrb mbcfr rfhfrf`ckb b gkvfrsbs vbrkbiefs oâs j of`js rfebckj`bgbs. F` fe skaukf`tf cubgrj sf fspfckflcb` gkvfrsjs usjs gfe tërok`j>
Wkpj gf rfsjeuckó`
Gffl`kckó`
Yfsjeuckó` ttj jtbe (g (gkof`skj`fs g gf f pk pkxfe)
@.¾ pk pkxfefs mj mjrkzj`tbefs Ñ `.¾ g gf f pk pkxfefs vf vfrtkcbefs
Yfsjeuckó` óptkcb y ofcâ`kcb (ofgkgb gf gffl`kckó` j `ktkgfz)
Gf`skgbg gf cfegbs gf eb obtrkz gfe sf`sjr gfe fscâ`fr
Yfsjeuckó` gf kobaf` (gf`skgbg gf pkxfefs pjr pueabgb)
Gf`skgbg gf pkxfefs gf eb kobaf`
Yfsjeuckó` k`tfrpjebgb (j pjr k`tfrpjebckó`)
Sf cj`skauf ofgkb`tf prjarbobs quf buof`tb` fe `þofrj gf pkxfefs brtkflckbeof`tf gfguckf`gj j crfb`gj `ufvjs pkxfefs f k`tfrpjeâ`gjejs f`trf ejs rfbefs
Yfsjeuckó` gf pb`tbeeb
B`cmj pjr betj gf eb pb`tbeeb (f` pkxfefs)
Yfsjeuckó` gf koprfskó` (gffl`kckó` j `ktkgfz)
Ofgkgb gf gffl`kckó` gf koprfskó` f` pu`tjs (gf tk`tb) pjr pueabgb
Yfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb
Xbrkbief gfe fscâ`fr
Yfsjeuckó` `jok`be
Yfsjeuckó` k`gkcbgb f` ebs fspfckflcbckj`fs gf u` gkspjsktkvj
Yfsjeuckó` rfbe
Yfsjeuckó` gf u` gkspjsktkvj gftfrok`bgb pjr u`b ofgkckó` jinftkvb
Cubgrj 7. Gkhfrf`tfs usjs gfe tërok`j rfsjeuckó`.
Eb ofgkgb quf `js k`tfrfsb gfsgf fe pu`tj gf vkstb gf eb kobaf` gkaktbe fs eb rfsjeuckó` gf kobaf`, quf okgf su cb`tkgbg gf pkxfefs pjr u`kgbg ek`fbe, fstj fs, su gf`skgbg gf pkxfefs. Fstb ofgkgb `js k`gkcbrâ eb gffl`kckó` j cbpbckgbg gf rfprfsf`tbr gftbeef gf eb kobaf` sfb cube sfb su tbobòj. Wboikë` `js k`tfrfsbrâ, b eb mjrb gf sfefcckj`br u` gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb, su rfsjeuckó` óptkcb, ofgkgb quf mbcf rfhfrf`ckb b eb cbpbckgbg gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbptbr fe gftbeef gf eb kobaf` y quf sf rfebckj`b gkrfctbof`tf cj` fe `þofrj gf cfegbs gf sus sf`sjrfs. Wf`fojs quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf f` `j pjcbs jcbskj`fs eb rfsjeuckó` k`gkcbgb f` ebs fspfckflcbckj`fs gf ejs hbirkcb`tfs (rfsjeuckó` `jok`be) fs obyjr quf eb rfsjeuckó` rfbe gfe gkspjsktkvj gftfrok`bgb pjr u`b fvbeubckó` jinftkvb ibsbgb f` cbrtbs gf cj`trje. Cub`gj mbiebojs gf rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb `js rfhfrkojs be vbejr gf rfsjeuckó` r fsjeuckó` quf sfefcckj`bojs f` fe fqukpj gf gkaktbekzbckó` be mbcfr eb cbpturb y quf `js pfroktkrâ af`frbr koâaf`fs cj` fsf oksoj vbejr gf rfsjeuckó` gf kobaf`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb
Ebs rfsjeuckó`fs gf kobaf`, gf cbpturb y óptkcb sf okgf` f` pkxfefs pjr pueabgb, okf`trbs quf eb rfsjeuckó` gf koprfskó` (quf qukzâ `fcfsktfojs tboikë` tf`fr f` cuf`tb) sf okgf f` pu`tjs pjr pueabgb. Cj`vkf`f sfòbebr quf fstbs gjs ofgkgbs tkf`f` skaebs cjk`ckgf`tfs f` kgkjob fspbòje. Cjoj pjgfojs vfr f` fe skaukf`tf cubgrj, okf`trbs quf ebs skaebs gf boibs vbrkbiefs gkflfrf` f` k`aeës (gf gj`gf prjvkf`f` ebs fxprfskj`fs), f` fspbòje cjk`ckgf`, ej quf pufgf eefvbr b cj`huskó`.
Yfsjeuckó` gf kobaf`
Yfsjeuckó` gf koprfskó`
F ` k `a e ë s
ppk pkxfes (pkxfes pfr k`cm) k`cm)
gpk (gjts pfr k`cm) k`cm )
F` fspbòje
ppp (pkxfefs pjr pueabgb)
ppp (pu`tjs pjr pueabgb)
Cubgrj 6. Skaebs gf ebs ofgkgbs gf rfsjeuckó` gf kobaf` y gf koprfskó` f` k`aeës y fspbòje.
F` fstf gjcuof`tj, cub`gj utkekzbojs ebs skaebs «ppp¼, `js rfhfrkojs skfoprf b pkxfefs pjr pueabgb (ofgkgb gf rfsjeuckó` gf kobaf`/rfsjeuckó` óptkcb/rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb). F` cbsj gf quf qufrbojs rfhfrkr`js b pu`tjs pjr pueabgb (ofgkgb gf rfsjeuckó` gf koprfskó`), ej k`gkcbrfojs fxprfsbof`tf. • Cjoj mfojs gkcmj, eb rfsjeuckó` gf u`b kobaf` fs u`b gf ebs vbrkbiefs quf gftfrok`b` su cbekgbg. Mfojs gf fvktbr gkaktbekzbr cj` u`b rfsjeuckó` k`suflckf`tf, pufs sk bsï ej mbcfojs pfrgfrfojs gftbeef gfe gjcuof`tj j af`frbrfojs gkrfctbof`tf koâaf`fs cj` pjcb `ktkgfz. Tjr jtrj ebgj, u` buof`tj gf rfsjeuckó` buof`tb fe gftbeef y eb cbekgbg mbstb ckfrtj pu`tj, b pbrtkr gfe cube yb `j sf prjgucf ofnjrb ofn jrb `k`au`b (pjrquf `j mby obyjr gftbeef ff` ` fe jrkak`be), pjr feej, tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb quf fe buof`tj gf rfsjeuckó` kopekcb fe buof`tj gfe pfsj gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs, mfojs gf trbtbr gf jptkokzbr fe vbejr gf rfsjeuckó`, fvktb`gj gkaktbekzbr cj` rfsjeuckj`fs k``fcfsbrkbof`tf betbs. • Eb rfsjeuckó` gf kobaf` fs u`b ofgkgb gf gf`skgbg gf pkxfefs quf `j tkf`f quf vfr cj` su tbobòj hïskcj< sk gkaktbekzbojs u` gjcuof`tj arb`gf y jtrj pfqufòj cj` eb oksob rfsjeuckó`, af`frb`gj koâaf`fs gfe oksoj tbobòj quf fe gjcuof`tj gkaktbekzbgj, cj`sfaukrfojs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs cj` fe oksoj `kvfe gf gftbeef. Bmjrb ikf`, f` fstf cbsj, fe gjcuof`tj arb`gf af`frbrâ koâaf`fs oucmj oâs pfsbgbs (cj` oâs ikts) quf fe pfqufòj. Ejs brcmkvjs ouy pfsbgjs pufgf` gbr prjiefobs j tbrgbr oucmj f` birkr, gfscbrabr j sfr cjpkbgjs< bgfoâs, jcupb` oucmj fspbckj, cjsb quf mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb gf cbrb be beobcf`bokf`tj y eb prfsfrvbckó`. Tjr feej, fxkstf u`b tf`gf`ckb b gkaktbekzbr ejs gjcuof`tjs arb`gfs cj` of`jr rfsjeuckó`, cjsb `bgb rfcjof`gbief tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb quf, be ibnbr eb rfsjeuckó`, fstbojs ibnb`gj eb cbekgbg. F` fstjs cbsjs sj` prfhfrkiefs jtrjs f`hjqufs cjoj eb gkaktbekzbckó` pkrbokgbe y/j f` cubgrïcueb, gf eb quf yb mfojs mbiebgj f` fe bpbrtbgj 8.7 («Wbobòj gf ejs gjcuof`tjs¼) j eb cjoprfskó` sk` përgkgb pbrb ebs koâaf`fs gf prfsfrvbckó`. Eb k`stktuckó` gkaktbekzbgjrb mbirâ gf gftfrok`br f` su ob`ube gf prjcfgkokf`tjs, peb` gf gkaktbekzbckó` j skokebr eb rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb cj` eb quf sf gfif` gkaktbekzbr ejs gjcuof`tjs (quf sfrâ eb rfsjeuckó` gf kobaf` gf ejs oâstfrfs) y ebs rfsjeuckj`fs gf kobaf` pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`. Fstjs vbejrfs gfpf`gfrâ` gf hbctjrfs cjoj ejs jinftkvjs gf eb k`stktuckó`, ejs usjs prfvkstjs gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs (vksubekzbckó` f` wfi, efcturb, k`vfstkabckó`, koprfskó`, bopekbckj`fs, ftc.), ebs `fcfskgbgfs gf ejs usubrkjs, eb tkpjejaïb gjcuof`tbe, fe tbobòj gf ejs gjcuof`tjs, ejs `kvfefs gf cbekgbg gfsfbiefs, ftc. Cj` k`tf`ckó` gf byugbr f` fstb tjob gf gfckskj`fs jhrfcfrfojs b cj`tk`ubckó` k`gkcbckj`fs af`frbefs gf vbejrfs gf rfsjeuckó` quf sf pufgf` usbr f` fe cj`tfxtj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gfe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb
• Ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb, f` af`frbe, af`frbe, rfqukfrf` fefvbgjs `kvfefs gf cbekgbg, pjr ej quf `fcfsktbrfojs bpekcbr rfsjeuckj`fs quf `js pfroktb` becb`zbr gkcmjs `kvfefs. • @j gfif` usbrsf cjoj crktfrkjs gf rfsjeuckó` eb rfsjeuckó` tjtbe j fe `þofrj gf pkxfefs gfe b`cmj j gfe betj gf eb kobaf`< fstf tkpj gf ofgkckj`fs `j `js k`gkcb fe `kvfe gf gftbeef (b `j sfr quf sf bpekquf b gjcuof`tjs cj` u` oksoj tbobòj y hjrob). Eb ofgkgb gf rfsjeuckó` quf gfifojs utkekzbr, pufs okgf fe `kvfe gf gftbeef k`gfpf`gkf`tfof`tf gfe tbobòj y hjrob gf ejs gjcuof`tjs, fs eb gf`skgbg gf pkxfefs, j cb`tkgbg gf pkxfefs pjr u`kgbg gf supfrflckf. • Cjoj crktfrkj af`frbe, gfifojs bpekcbr rfsjeuckj`fs quf `js pf pfroktb` roktb` vksubekzbr fe gjcuof`tj f` pb`tbeeb `ïtkgbof`tf be oksoj tbobòj quf fe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be. Fstf crktfrkj fs gf bpekcbckó` tb`tj b ebs cjpkbs gf prfsfrvbckó` cjoj b ebs gf gkhuskó`. • Ejs usubrkjs gf ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs y gf eb Qfi bopeïb` f` o oucmbs ucmbs jcbskj`fs ebs koâaf`fs pfqufòbs pbrb pjgfr bprfckbr tjgjs sus gftbeefs. Wf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb fstb tf`gf`ckb, cj`vkf`f gkaktbekzbr ejs gjcuof`tjs gf tbobòj pfqufòj (ekirjs gf tbobòj jctbvkeeb, pjstbefs, sfeejs, ftc.) b rfsjeuckj`fs obyjrfs quf ejs gjcuof`tjs gf tbobòj ofgkb`j j arb`gf. Tbrb gjcuof`tjs tbobòj jctbvkeeb, pjgfojs fstbiefcfr fe crktfrkj gf quf ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` sf vfb` `ïtkgbof`tf jcupb`gj tjgb fe ârfb (betj j b`cmj) gfe vksubekzbgjr gf koâaf`fs gf `ufstrb ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe, j tjgb fe ârfb gf pb`tbeeb gfe jrgf`bgjr. Fstf fs u` crktfrkj rfebtkvj, pjrquf fe tbobòj gf vksubekzbckó` f` pb`tbeeb pb`t beeb gfpf`gfrâ gf eb rfsjeuckó` rfsjeuc kó` gf pb`tbeeb gfe fqukpj, pfrj pjgfojs peb`tfbr fe crktfrkj rfspfctj b ebs rfsjeuckj`fs gf pb`tbeeb oâs mbiktubefs. Tbrb gjcuof`tjs oâs pfqufòjs, cjoj sfeejs j oj`fgbs, `j pjgfojs fspfrbr tb`tj, pfrj sï quf sf pufgb` bopekbr ibstb`tf f` pb`tbeeb sk` pfrgfr `ktkgfz. Cufstkó` bpbrtf sj` ejs `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs, b ejs quf `js rfhfrkrfojs oâs bgfeb`tf f` fstf oksoj bpbrtbgj. • Mfojs gf tf`fr f` cuf`tb tboikë` fe tbobòj gf eftrb y/j gf gftbeef arâflcj gfe gjcuof`tj. Gjcuof`tjs cj` gftbeef j eftrb pfqufòjs sfrâ` bopekbgjs pjr ejs usubrkjs f` eb Qfi, pbrb u`b efcturb j vksubekzbckó` oâs cóojgb, pjr ej quf mbirâ quf gkaktbekzbrejs cj` obyjr rfsjeuckó` quf ejs gjcuof`tjs cj` tbobòjs gf eftrb y/j gf gftbeef arâflcj `jrobefs. • Ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb sj` cbpbcfs gf af`frbr rfsjeuckj`fs supfrkjrfs b su rfsjeuckó` óptkcb crfb`gj `ufvjs pkxfefs ofgkb`tf câecuejs obtfoâtkcjs< fs ej quf sf eebob rfsjeuckó` k`tfrpjebgb. Ej oksoj pufgf` mbcfr beau`js prjarbobs gf fgkckó` gf kobaf` cj` ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs. @j sf rfcjokf`gb fe usj gf prjcfsjs gf k`tfrpjebckó` k`tfr pjebckó` pbrb cj`sfaukr buof`tbr eb rfsjeuckó`, rfsjeuc kó`, sufef` prjguckr përgkgb gf gftbeef. • Ebs fspfckflcbckj`fs gf ejs hbirkcb`tfs `j skfoprf cjk`ckgf` cj` eb rfbekgbg, j qukzâ ej mbcf` tb` sjej f` gftfrok`bgbs cj`gkckj`fs. Sk sf `fcfsktb` betbs rfsjeuckj`fs, mby quf bsfaurbrsf gf quf fe gkspjsktkvj fhfctkvbof`tf ebs af`frb. Mby tfst f` fe ofrcbgj quf pfroktf` fvbeubr fe rf`gkokf`tj rfbe gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf u`b ob`frb jinftkvb. 29.2.2. Wfxtj
• B eb mjrb gf gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs tfxtu tfxtubefs, befs, sf gfif` utkekzbr rfsjeuckj`fs quf `js pfroktb` rfprjguckr ejs cbrbctfrfs oâs pfqufòjs gf ejs gjcuof`tjs. V`b kobaf` `ïtkgb gf u`b pâak`b gf tfxtj hbckektb bgfoâs ejs prjcfsjs gf JCY.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb
Cjoj ofgkgb gf eb cbekgbg gf eb rfprjgucckó` gkaktbe gf ejs obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs y pbrb gftfrok`br eb rfsjeuckó` b eb quf gfifojs gkaktbekzbrejs, pjgfojs usbr fe ï`gkcf gf cbekgbg (RK), quf gftfrok`b eb cbekgbg gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` (RK) f` hu`ckó` gf eb beturb gf eb eftrb oâs pfqufòb gfe gjcuof`tj (m) y gf eb rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb (ppp). Eb hóroueb pbrb fe fscb`fbgj iktj`be sfrïb eb skaukf`tf> RK ? (ppp Ñ 4,43; m) / 3 Eb hóroueb pbrb fe fscb`fbgj f` fscbeb gf arksfs j cjejr sfrïb eb skaukf`tf> RK ? (ppp Ñ 4,43; m) / 9 F` boibs hórouebs eb beturb (m) fstâ k`gkcb`gj okeïoftrjs. Sk ejs vbejrfs gf m fstâ` f` pueabgbs, pjgfojs usbr ebs oksobs hórouebs suprkokf`gj fe 4,43; (pufs 2 oo ? 4,43; pueabgbs). Fe ï`gkcf tkf`f fstbiefckgjs ejs skaukf`tfs `kvfefs gf cbekgbg>
@kvfe gf cbekgbg B p f `b s e f a k ie f O ï `k ob
RK 3 3,8
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Cubgrj 8. @kvfefs gfe ï`gkcf gf cbekgbg gf obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs.
Eb hóroueb RK iktj`be pbrb tfxtjs koprfsjs tjob`gj cjoj k`cóa`ktb fe vbejr gf rfsjeuckó` fspbckbe gf cbpturb sfrïb eb skaukf`tf> ppp ? 3 RK / 4,43; m Sk fe vbejr gf m fstâ fxprfsbgj f` pueabgbs, mby quf joktkr 4,43;.
RK ? ï`gkcf gf cbekgbg.
m ? betj gf eb eftrb oâs pfqufòb fxprfsbgj f` okeïoftrjs.
ppp ? rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb f` pkxfefs pjr pueabgb.
Eb hóroueb RK gf fscbeb gf arksfs j cjejr pbrb tfxtjs koprfsjs, tjob`gj cjoj k`cóa`ktb fe vbejr gf rfsjeuckó` rfsjeuc kó` fspbckbe gf cb cbpturb, pturb, sfrïb eb skaukf`tf> ppp ? 9 RK / 4,43; m • Sk utkekzbojs fe RK pbrb fvbeubr eb cbekgbg gf ebs gkaktbekzbckj`fs gf obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs, gfifojs fstbiefcfr u` crktfrkj oï`koj gf 6. Cjoj vfrfojs f` fe skaukf`tf bpbrtbgj, fe RK sf pufgf bpekcbr tboikë` b obtfrkbefs arâflcjs. Eb vf`tbnb gf fstf ï`gkcf fs quf `js pfroktf fstbiefcfr crktfrkjs oâs j of`js jinftkvjs pbrb gftfrok`br eb cbekgbg gf ejs obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs j arâflcjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb
• Eb fvbeubckó` gf eb cbekgbg gf kkobaf` obaf` f` ibsf be RK fs, f` eb prâctkcb, beaj cjopekcbgb cjopekcbgb gf fhfctubr, sjirf tjgj f` fe cbsj gf fscrkturb ob`uscrktb j obtfrkbefs arâflcjs. V` skstfob of`js `jrobekzbgj, pfrj oâs sf`ckeej, cj`skstkrïb f` mbcfr prufibs y cjoprjibr vksubeof`tf eb `ktkgfz gf eb kobaf`, oâs cj`crftbof`tf, cjoprjibr quf ejs cbrbctfrfs oâs pfqufòjs gfe gjcuof`tj sf vksubekcf` cj` `ktkgfz. Boijs skstfobs, pjr supufstj, pufgf` cjopefof`tbrsf. • Yfsjeuckj`fs gf 944 pp ppp p pufgf` sfr suflckf`tfs pbrb cbpturbr tfxtjs cj` eftrb gf tbobòj ofgkj, okf`trbs quf `fcfsktbrfojs 344 ppp j k`ceusj 744 pbrb cbpturbr gjcuof`tjs cj` eftrb gf tbobòj pfqufòj j trbzjs ob`uscrktjs fl`js. 29.2.9. Obtfrkbefs arâflcjs
• Ejs obtfrkbefs arâflcjs sj` obtfrkbe obtfrkbefs fs quf pufgf` tf`fr oucmj gftbeef, pjr ej quf pufgf` rfqufrkr rfsjeuckj`fs betbs. F` tjgj cbsj, eb kobaf` gkaktbe mb gf rfprjguckr tjgj fe gftbeef quf cj`tf`ab fe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be. Fxkstf` hórouebs RK gf fvbeubckó` gf cbekgbg gf koâaf`fs gf obtfrkbefs arâflcjs y cbrtjarâflcjs ibsbgbs f` fe b`cmj gfe trbzj oâs fl`j gfe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be quf `js pufgf` sfrvkr pbrb gftfrok`br eb rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb. F` fstjs cbsjs, eb hóroueb pbrb fe fscb`fbgj iktj`be sfrïb eb skaukf`tf> RK ? (ppp Ñ 4,43; w) / 2,6 Eb hóroueb pbrb fe fscb`fbgj f` fscbeb gf arksfs j cjejr sfrïb eb skaukf`tf> RK ? ppp Ñ 4,43; w F` gj`gf fe b`cmj gfe trbzj (w) sf gftfrok`b f` okeïoftrjs. Sk fe vbejr gf w fstâ fxprfsbgj f` pueabgbs, mby quf joktkr fe 4,43;. Sk ej quf qufrfojs cbecuebr fs eb rfsjeuckó` f` hu`ckó` gf u`b cbekgbg gftfrok`bgb (RK), eb hóroueb pbrb fscbeb gf arksfs y cjejr sfrïb eb skaukf`tf> ppp ? RK / 4,43; w [ pbrb fscb`fbgj fscb`fbg j iktj`be> ppp ? 2,6 RK / 4,43; w Fe RK gf obtfrkbefs arâflcjs tkf`f fstbiefckgjs ejs skaukf`tfs `kvfefs>
@kvfe gf cbekgbg
RK
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Cubgrj 1. @kvfefs gfe ï`gkcf gf cbekgbg gf obtfrkbefs arâflcjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb
Fstbs hórouebs pbrb obtfrkbefs arâflcjs, cj` sus `kvfefs gf cbekgbg bsjckbgjs, tboikë` sf pufgf` usbr pbrb obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs, y, f` pbrtkcuebr, pbrb ob`uscrktjs. • Sk utkekzbojs fe RK pbrb fvbeubr eb cbekgbg gf ebs gkaktbekzbckj`fs gf obtfrkbefs arâflcjs j cbrtjarâflcjs, gfifojs fstbiefcfr u` crktfrkj oï`koj gf 2,6. • Cjoj f` fe cbsj gf ejs tfxtjs, pbrb gftfrok`br eb rfsjeuckó`, pjgfojs utkekzbr utkekzbr,, f` vfz gfe RK, fe prjcfgkokf`tj oâs sf`ckeej gf rfbekzbr prufibs y cjoprjibr vksubeof`tf sk ejs trbzjs oâs fl`js sf vf` `ïtkgbof`tf. • Ejs obtfrkbefs arâflcjs sufef` sfr obtfrkbefs ouy bprfckbgjs pjr ejs usubrkjs, quf ejs gfscbrab` f koprkof` cj` fl`fs eþgkcjs, gf k`vfstkabckó`, ftc. Fs gf fspfrbr quf ejs usubrkjs bopeïf` fstjs obtfrkbefs, yb sfb f` pb`tbeeb, pbrb u`b ofnjr vksubekzbckó`, yb sfb b eb mjrb gf koprkokrejs, pbrb cj`sfaukr rfprjgucckj`fs oâs arb`gfs (eâok`bs, póstfrfs, ftc.), pjr ej quf, f` af`frbe, fs cj`vf`kf`tf rfbekzbr cbpturbs cj` betbs rfsjeuckj`fs quf pfroktb` pjstfrkjrof`tf af`frbr cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` gf cbekgbg. Sfrâ cj`vf`kf`tf tboikë` bpekcbr betbs rfsjeuckj`fs pjr cufstkj`fs gf cj`sfrvbckó` y gf rfspftj b eb jirb jrkak`be. • F` af`frbe, ebs rfsjeuckj`fs bgfcubgbs pbrb gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs arâflcjs pufgf` jsckebr f`trf ejs 344 y ejs 844 ppp. • Sk sf rfbekzb eb rfprjgucckó` cj` fl`fs gf k`vfstkabckó` j rfstburbckó`, pufgf` sfr `fcfsbrkbs rfsjeuckj`fs bþ` oâs betbs, j k`ceusj utkekzbr tëc`kcbs gf hjtjarbhïb uetrbvkjeftb, ujrfscf`ckb uetrb vkjeftb, hjtjarbhïb hjtjar bhïb ouetkfs ouetkfspfctrbe, pfctrbe, ft ftc., c., quf ` `js js pfroktb pfroktb` ` jisfrvbr cj` gftbeef ejs trb trbzjs zjs gfe pk`tjr, ibr`kcfs, rfpk`tfs, flirbs gf eb tfeb, ebs gkvfrsbs cbpbs gf pk`turb, ftc. Beau`bs gf fstbs tëc`kcbs pufgf` sfrvkr tboikë` pbrb buof`tbr buof`t br eb efakikekgbg gf gjcuof`tjs cj` tfxtjs kefakiefs j gfsvbïgjs pjr fe pbsj gfe tkfopj. 29.2.3. Obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs
• Eb rfsjeuckó` bgfcubgb pbrb gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs pufgf sfr gkhïcke gf gftfrok`br. Tjr u` ebgj, fs hâcke quf cj`tf`ab` gftbeefs ouy pfqufòjs, y, pjr jtrj, quf tf`ab` tbobòjs arb`gfs j ouy arb`gfs. Fe prkofrj gf fstjs hbctjrfs `js fopunbrâ b gkaktbekzbr cj` betb rfsjeuckó`, okf`trbs quf fe sfau`gj `js fxkakrâ jptkokzbr fe crktfrkj pbrb `j utkekzbr vbejrfs gf rfsjeuckó` oâs beeâ gf ej fstrkctbof`tf `fcfsbrkj. • Fs `fcfsbrkj rfbekzbr u` fstugkj prfvkj gf ejs obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs b gkaktbekzbr pbrb gftfrok`br eb bgfcubgb rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb. • Tbrb gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs gf arb` tbobòj pufgf sfr `fcfsbrkj utkekzbr tëc`kcbs gf gkaktbekzbckó` pkrbokgbe y/j f` cubgrïcueb. 29.2.7. Obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs
• Ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs pufgf` tf`fr gftbeefs ouy pfqufòjs, y sk sj` b`tkaujs pufgf` fstbr gfscjejrkgjs j mbifr pfrgkgj `ktkgfz cj` fe pbsj gf ejs bòjs. Bgfoâs, sufef` sfr oâs pfqufòjs quf ejs ekirjs (of`jrfs b`cmj y betj). Tjr jtrj ebgj, cjoj f` fe cbsj gf ejs obtfrkbefs arâflcjs, ejs usubrkjs tf`gfrâ` b bopekbr ebs rfprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs pbrb su vksubekzbckó` f` pb`tbeeb j koprfskó`. Wjgjs fstjs sj` ojtkvjs pbrb gkaktbekzbr cj` betjs `kvfefs gf rfsjeuckó`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb
• Eb rfprjgucckó` gkaktbe, cjoj oï`koj, mbirâ gf rffnbr ejs oâs oï`kojs oï`kojs gftbeefs gfe gjcuof`tj hjtjarâflcj gkaktbekzbgj y gfifrâ pjgfr vksubekzbrsf vksubekzbr sf f` pb`tbeeb `ïtkgbof`tf be oksoj tbobòj quf fe jinftj hjtjarâflcj jrkak`be. Sk sf prftf`gf quf sf pufgb vksubekzbr j koprkokr eb kobaf` gkaktbe b u` tbobòj obyjr quf fe jrkak`be, ikf` pjrquf fe gjcuof`tj hjtjarâflcj fs pfqufòj, pjrquf sf qukfrb` koprkokr póstfrfs, cbrtfefs, hjeeftjs, ftc., b pbrtkr gf feeb, j pjr cubequkfr jtrb cbusb, sufef sfr `fcfsbrkb u`b rfsjeuckó` oâs betb. F` fe cbsj gf bopekbckj`fs pbrb cbrtfefrïb, mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb gó`gf vb b cjejcbrsf fe cbrtfe, j ofnjr gkcmj, gfsgf gó`gf vb b vfrsf, sk sf vb b pj`fr f` betj, f` u`b vbeeb puiekcktbrkb, f` eb hbcmbgb gf u` fgkflckj…, pbrb sfr vksubekzbgj b gkstb`ckb, pjgfojs sfr of`js rkaurjsjs cj` `ufstrj crktfrkj gf rffnbr fe oâs oï`koj gftbeef gfe jrkak`be, pjrquf, gf tjgbs ob`frbs, bu`quf fstë` rfcjakgjs f` eb kobaf`, fstjs pfqufòjs gftbeefs, gbgj quf eb jirb vb b sfr cj`tfopebgb b gkstb`ckb, `j ejs vb b gkstk`aukr fe jisfrvbgjr. • Mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf `j tjgbs ebs hjtjarbhïbs tkf`f` fe oksoj `kvfe gf gftbeef. @fabtkvjs cj` arb`j arufsj j obtfrkbefs b`tkaujs sufef` tf`fr of`jr `kvfe gf gftbeef< f` fstjs cbsjs, u`b betb rfsjeuckó` fs k``fcfsbrkb, pufs `j bpjrtb u`b ofnjrb gf cbekgbg. Tjr fe cj`trbrkj, cj`trb rkj, `fabtkvjs oâs arb`gfs j obtfrkbefs oâs ojgfr`js cj`tf`grâ` obyjr `kvfe gf gftbeef y `fcfsktbrâ` u`b ob yjr rfsjeuckó`. Mby jtrjs hbctjrfs, bgfoâs, quf pufgf` bhfctbr be `kvfe gf gftbeef gf u` u`bb hjtjarbhïb> cbpbckgbg rfsjeutkvb gf eb pfeïcueb, cbekgbg gf eb óptkcb gf eb câobrb, f`hjquf, prjcfsj hjtjarâflcj, usj gf trïpjgf, ftc. Wjgj fstj mbcf quf sfb gkhïcke gftfrok`br vbejrfs af`ërkcjs gf rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb pbrb ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs. V` fstugkj cukgbgjsj gf ejs hj`gjs b gkaktbekzbr byugbrâ b gftfrok`br quë rfsjeuckó` utkekzbr. • Eb rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb gf fstjs obtfrkbefs gfpf`gfrâ, sjirf tjgj f` fe cbsj gf ejs `fabtk vjs y gkbpjsktkvbs, gkbpjsktkvb s, gfe tbobòj be q quf uf qufrbojs quf sf pufgb` vksubekzbr cj` `ktkgfz ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs rfsuetb`tfs gf eb gkaktbekzbckó`, f` gffl`ktkvb, gfe arbgj gf bopekbckó` prfvkstj pbrb ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` y prfsfrvbckó`. • Ebs cjefcckj`fs hjtjarâflcbs pufgf` sfr ouy mftfrjaë`fbs f` cub`tj b tkpjejaïb, tbobòj tbobòjs, s, sjpjrtfs y cbekgbgfs, ej quf fs cj`vf`kf`tf rfbekzbr u` fstugkj prfvkj gf eb cjefcckó` pbrb gftfrok`br ejs vbejrfs pjr gf rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb bgfcubgjs pbrb gkaktbekzbreb. Eb oftjgjejaïb quf sf rfcjokf`gb, sk sf gkspj`f gf u`b cjefcckó` mftfrjaë`fb, cj`skstf f` ej skaukf`tf> ‗ Yfbekzbr u` fst fstugkj ugkj prfvkj gf eb cjefc cjefcckó` ckó` hjtjarâflc hjtjarâflcbb b gkaktbekzbr. ‗ Sfpbrbr, f` prkofr eeuabr, uabr, ejs obt obtfrkbefs frkbefs pjr tkpj tkpjejaïbs ejaïbs af`fr af`frbefs befs ((gkbpjsktkvbs, gkbpjsktkvbs, hjtjarbhïbs f` pbpfe, `fabtkvjs…), y, eufaj, sfpbrbr, gf`trj gf fstjs arupjs, ejs obtfrkbefs pjr tbobòjs. Sk sf gftfctb` arb`gfs vbrkbckj`fs gf `kvfe gf gftbeef (tbobòj gf arb`j…) gf`trj gf fstjs arupjs gf tbobòj, sf pjgrïb k`ceusj mbcfr u`b tfrcfrb barupbckó` pjr `kvfefs gf gftbeef. ‗ Gftfr Gftfrok`br, ok`br, mbc mbckf`gj kf`gj prufibs, eb rrfsjeuck fsjeuckó` ó` ópt óptkob kob p pbrb brb cbgb arupj. Fstbs prufibs gfif` k`ceukr eb af`frbckó` gf cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`. F` fe cubgrj ;, be fl`be gf fstf bpbrtbgj gf «Yfsjeuckó`¼, sf jhrfcf` vbejrfs jrkf`tbtkvjs gf rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb gf obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs f` hu`ckó` gf su tkpjejaïb y tbobòj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb
29.2.6. @fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs gkbpjsktkvbs
• Tbrb rfprjguckr `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs (y jtrjs obtfrkbefs prjyfctbiefs) sk` pfrgfr k`hjrobckó`, tf`grïbojs quf pjgfr bopekbr sus rfprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs tb`tj cjoj sf pufgb` bopekbr ejs jrkak`befs. Fstf crktfrkj f` eb prâctkcb fs kopjskief gf sfaukr, pufs rfqufrkrïb fe usj gf ebijrbtjrkjs gf rfvfebgj y sbebs gf vkskj`bgj pbrb gftfrok`br fe tbobòj be quf ejs obtfrkbefs b`beóakcjs fopkfzb` b pfrgfr `ktkgfz. Tjr feej eb k`stktuckó` k`stktuc kó` gkaktbekzbgjrb mb gf gfckgkr cuâe vb b sfr fe tbobòj tb obòj gf vksubekzbckó` gf fstjs obtfrkbefs, obtfrkb efs, fstj fs, mbstb quë pu`tj mb` gf pjgfr bopekbrsf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs gf prfsfrvbckó` y gkhuskó` sk` pfrgfr cbekgbg. V`b vfz fstbiefckgj fstf tbobòj, pjgrfojs gftfrok`br eb rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb, quf sfrâ eb `fcfsbrkb pbrb pjgfr cj`sfaukr cj`s faukr vksubekzbr ebs koâaf`fs cj` fe arbgj gf bopekbckó` prfvkstj. • F` fe cbsj gf ejs `fabtkvjs, fstâ` gksfòbgjs, f` af`frbe, cjoj sjpjrtfs k`tfrofgkjs b pbrtkr gf ejs quf af`frbr cjpkbs f` pbpfe gf tbobòjs pfqufòjs j ofgkjs. @jrobeof`tf pfroktf` bopekbckj`fs gf mbstb 34 Ñ 74 co, bu`quf utkekzb`gj bccfsjrkjs y tëc`kcbs bgfcubgjs (jinftkvjs gf betb cbekgbg, pfeïcueb gf ibnb sf`skikekgbg, trïpjgfs, gkspbrbgjrfs rfojtjs…) pufgf` cj`sfaukrsf bopekbckj`fs gf obyjr tbobòj. Sk` foibraj, cub`gj trbibnbojs cj` `fabtkvjs b`tkaujs, rbrb rbr b vfz f`cj`trbrfojs betj `kvfe gf gftbeef, pjr ej quf sf pjgrïb cj`skgfrbr u` crktfrkj bcfptbief gf cbekgbg fe quf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs ofgkb`tf fscb`fbgj fstjs `fabtkvjs vksubekzbr `ïtkgbof`tf pb`tbeebaf`frbgbs f` tbobòjs gf 24 Ñfe26 b 94 Ñ 96gfco. Okf`trbs quf sf u`pugkfrb` tbobòj gf vksubekzbckó` gf 97 f` Ñ 34, j k`ceusj gf 34 Ñ 74 j supfrkjr, supj`grïb u` `kvfe fxcfef`tf gf cbekgbg. Tbrb cj`sfaukr fstjs arbgjs gf bopekbckó` fs `fcfsbrkj utkekzbr betjs `kvfefs gf rfsjeuckó`. • Ebs gkbpjsktkvbs sj` obtfrkbefs qu quf, f, f` af`frbe, tkf`f` obyjr obyjr gffl`kckó` quf ej ejss `fabtkvjs, y pjr tb`tj, pfroktf` obyjrfs obyjrf s bopekbckj`fs. V`b iuf`b gkaktbekzbckó` gkaktb ekzbckó` gfifrïb pfr pfroktkr`js oktkr`js bopekb bopekbrr tb`tj ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs cjoj sus cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs gkbpjsktkvbs gkaktbekzbgbs, pjr ej quf mfojs gf fstbiefcfr crktfrkjs gf vksubekzbckó vksubekzbckó` ` quf `js pfroktb` bopekbr oucmj fstjs obtfrkbefs, oâs beeâ gfe ârfb gf eb pb`tbeeb, ej quf kopekcb quf mby quf utkekzbr rfsjeuckj`fs ouy betbs b eb mjrb gf fscb`fbrejs. • B eb mjrb gf gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs gksfòbgjs pbrb sfr bopekbgjs, cjoj `fabtkvjs, gkbpjsktkvbs y jtrjs tkpjs gf trb`spbrf`ckbs prjyfctbiefs, mbirâ quf fstbiefcfr crktfrkjs gf tbobòj gf vksubekzbckó`/koprfskó` gf ebs rfprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs. Fstjs crktfrkjs byugbrâ` b gftfrok`br eb rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb y sfrvkrâ` pbrb fvbeubr eb cbekgbg gf ebs koâaf`fs af`frbgbs. Tjr fnfopej, eb k`stktuckó` pufgf fstbiefcfr cjoj crktfrkj quf u` `fabtkvj gkaktbekzbgj y pjsktkvbgj sf pufgb vksubekzbr `ïtkgbof`tf f` pb`tbeeb f` u` tbobòj gf 24 Ñ 26 co, j cj` u` b`cmj gf 94 co, okf`trbs quf pjgrïb cj`skgfrbr quf fe tbobòj bgfcubgj pbrb vksubekzbr u`b gkbpjsktkvb fs fe gf u`b pb`tbeeb gf jrgf`bgj jrgf`bgjrr gf 96 Ñ 74 co j fe gf u`b pb`tbeeb gf prjyfcckó` gf 9 Ñ 2,6 o. Be f`hrf`tbr`js f`hrf`tbr`j s b fstf gkefob, y skfopr skfoprff quf fvbeufojs eb cbekgbg gf eb kobaf` f` eb pb`tbeeb gf u` jrgf`bgjr, mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf eb cbpbckgbg rfsjeutkvb gf u` oj`ktjr gf jrgf`bgjr (quf gfpf`gf gf su rfsjeuckó` y tbobòj gf pb`tbeeb) sufef sfr oucmj oâs ibnb quf eb gf u` sjpjrtf hjtjarâflcj sjirf pbpfe< sf uikcb f` tjr`j b ebs 244 eï`fbs pjr pueabgb, okf`trbs quf eb gfe pbpfe, `jrobeof`tf, pufgf eefabr b sfr ck`cj j oâs vfcfs fstf vbejr. Tjr ej quf be vksubekzbr u`b hjtjarbhïb b su tbobòj jrkak`be f` pb`tbeeb `j pjgrfojs vfr sus oâs pfqufòjs gftbeefs, `fcfsktbrfojs vksubekzbreb f` u` tbobòj obyjr pbrb pjgfr bprfckbrejs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
22=
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb
• @j fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb ibnbr eb rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb sfaþ` suif fe tbobòj gf eb pfeïcueb. Tfeïcuebs gf tbobòj oâs arb`gf pfroktf` u`b obyjr bopekbckó`, pjr tb`tj, sus rfprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs gfifrïb` pfroktkr pfrokt kr kaubeof`tf u`b obyjr bopekbckó`. Fs gfckr, eb pjskikekgbg gf bopekbr ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs gf `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs gfif sfr prjpjrckj`be b eb pjskikekgbg gf bopekbr eb pfeïcueb b pbrtkr gf eb cube sf mb` af`frbgj. Fstj sf cj`skauf utkekzb`gj eb oksob rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb pbrb ebs pfeïcuebs, sfb cube sfb su tbobòj. • Cj` ebs gkbpjsktkvbs pbsb ej oksoj quf cj` ejs `fabtkvjs, fs gkhïcke gftfrok`br eb rfsjeuckó` bgfcubgb pbrb gkaktbekzbrebs pjrquf prfsf`tb` gkstk`tjs `kvfefs gf cbekgbg j gftbeef. Tbrb gftfrok`br eb rfsjeuckó` bgfcubgb fs `fcfsbrkj rfbekzbr u` fstugkj prfvkj gf ejs obtfrkbefs. Cj`vkf`f tboikë` mbcfr prufibs fscb`fb`gj b gkstk`tbs rfsjeuckj`fs. F` fe skaukf`tf cubgrj sf rfebckj`b` eb sf`skikekgbg gf eb pfeïcueb y eb rfsjeuckó` cj` eb quf mbirïb quf gkaktbekzbr `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs. Xbejr KSJ
Yfsjeuckó`
Mbstb 244 KSJ
7444-6444 ppp
F`trf 244 y 744 KSJ
9744-3944 ppp
0=44 KSJ
9444-9744 ppp
Cubgrj =. Xbejrfs gf rfsjeuckó` (ppp) pbrb gkaktbekzbr `fabtkvjs
y gkbpjsktkvbs f` hu`ckó` gf eb sf`skikekgbg gf eb pfeïcueb.
Tfsf b ej prfsf`tbgj f` fe cubgrj =, mfojs gf cj`skgfrbr quf `j fs sf`ckeej gbr cj` fe vbejr gf rrfsjeu fsjeuckó` ckó` kgfbe pbrb fe `fabtk `fabtkvj vj j gk gkbpjsk bpjsktkvb tkvb b gk gkaktbe aktbekzbr, kzbr, pufs mby oucmbs vbrkb vbrkbiefs iefs gf ebs quf gfpf`gf fe gftbeef quf qufgb rfakstrbgj f` eb kobaf` hjtjarâflcb y quf sf mb cj`sfaukgj ob`tf`fr b ej ebraj gfe tkfopj f` ejs obtfrkbefs gf brcmkvj f` hu`ckó` gf ebs cj`gkckj`fs f` quf sf mb` cj`sfrvbgj. Fstbs vbrkbiefs sj` hbctjrfs quf gftfrok`b` hufrtfof`tf fe gftbeef gf of`jr tbobòj quf pjgfojs tf`fr rfakstrbgj f` u`b hjtjarbhïb hjtjar bhïb jrkak`be gf câobrb. @js rfhfrkojs b vbrkbiefs quf tkf`f` quf vfr cj` eb tjob y prjcfsbgj gfe jrkak`be, tbefs cjoj eb cbekgbg gfe prjcfsj gf rfvfebgj y gf ejs prjguctjs quïokcjs bpekcbgjs, eb cbekgbg gf eb tjob hjtjarâflcb, fe ojgfej y hfcmb gf eb pfeïcueb j pebcb usbgb y su sf`skikekgbg, fe tkfopj gf fxpjskckó`, fe vbejr 28 gfe gkbhrbaob, eb cbekgbg gf eb euz, eb gkstb`ckb gfsgf fe cf`trj gf eb kobaf` b sus gf bpfrturb oâraf`fs , j eb cbekgbg gfe jinftkvj y câobrb hjtjarâflcb. @j jistb`tf, pjgfojs usbr eb skaukf`tf hóroueb cjoj rfhfrf`ckb, rfhfrf`ckb , quf be of`js `js gbrâ eb rfsjeuckó` kgfbe b bpekcbr sk eb hhjtjarbhïb jtjarbhïb sf tjoó cj` u` fqukpbokf`tj gf oâxkob cbekgbg y sf bpekcbrj` u`b iuf`b tëc`kcb gf tjob hjtjarâflcb y u` prjcfsbgj hjtjarâflcj cjrrfctj, cj`tb`gj cj` quf `j mby prjiefobs arbvfs gf gftfrkjrj quf gkstjrskj`f` eb kobaf`>
YK ? CY Ñ 64,= Ñ HE Ñ 2,6 Gj`gf YK fs eb rfsjeuckó` kgfbe gf cbpturb gkaktbe f` pkxfefs pjr pueabgb< CY, eb cbpbckgbg rfsjeutkvb f` ep/oo (pbrfs gf eï`fb pjr okeïoftrj) gf eb pfeïcueb j pebcb hjtjarâflcb gf bcufrgj cj` ebs fspfckflcbckj`fs gfe hbirkcb`tf j ejs gbtjs mkstórkcjs prfcksjs quf sf tf`ab`, y HE, fe hbc-
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Eb cbpbckgbg gf rfsjeuckó` óptkcb gf eb kobaf` fs, pjr ej af`frbe, obyjr f` fe cf`trj, pjrquf ejs jinftkvjs gf ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs fstâ` oâs cjrrfakgjs f` fe cf`trj. Tjr feej ebs iuf`bs cbrtbs pbrb ofgkr eb cbpbckgbg rfsjeutkvb, cjoj eb VWW j eb cbrtb KSJ gf rfsjeuckó`, tkf`f` pbtrj`fs gf eï`fbs f` fe cf`trj y f` ejs oâraf`fs, yb quf mby quf prjofgkbr fe vbejr gf tjgjs fsjs pbtrj`fs pbrb cj`sfaukr u` þ`kcj vbejr gf cbekgbg f` cbpbckgbg rfsjeutkvb gf eb kobaf`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
22;
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb
tjr gf rfgucckó` gf cbpbckgbg rfsjeutkvb prjvjcbgj pjr fe skstfob óptkcj bcjpebgj b eb câobrb hjtjarâflcb. HE fs cjopefnj gf bvfrkaubr, pufs sf rfqukfrf cj`jcfr fe pjgfr gf rfsjeuckó` gf eb óptkcb cj`crftb quf utkekzó fe hjtóarbhj21 (beaj ouy cjopekcbgj gf bvfrkaubr f` u` hj`gj hjtjarâflcj), y, bgfoâs, su vbejr gfifrïb sfr pj`gfrbgj, be sfr gfpf`gkf`tf gfe vbejr gf bnustf gf bpfrturb gf gkbhrbaob. Ejs gbtjs gf CY pufgf` jitf`frsf pbrb obtfrkbefs ojgfr`js ojgfr `js k`gustrkbefs, sk sf cj`jcf` ejs gbtjs kgf`tkflcbtkvjs gf eb pfeïcueb j pebcb, cj`suetb`gj ejs ob`ubefs tëc`kcjs gfe hbirkcb`tf j ikiekjarbhïb fspfckbekzbgb. Ejs gf HE sjej pufgf` jitf`frsf sk sf cj`sfrvb` ejs gbtjs gf eb tjob y fqukpj hjtjarâflcj, pjr ej quf mfojs gf mbcfr fstkobckj`fs prjofgkj gf u` vbejrr bgfc vbej bgfcubgj ubgj pbrb fst fstbb vbr vbrkbi kbief ef j cj`s cj`suet uetbr br ikie ikiekjar kjarbhï bhïbb tëc tëc`kc `kcbb fsp fspfckb fckbekz ekzbgb bgb quf ejs pufg pufgbb jhrfcfr. V` vbejr HE prjofgkj rfbekstb, cj` fe usj gf fqukpjs prjhfskj`befs ojgfr`js gf betb cbekgbg y cj`skgfrb`gj quf sf mb rfbekzbgj u` bnustf gf fxpjskckó` quf cj`skauf bprjvfcmbr f` arb` ofgkgb fe pjgfr gf rfsjeuckó` gf eb óptkcb, óptkc b, sf uikcbrïb f`trf 4,3 y 4,8 pbrb hjrobtj gf pebcb arb`gf y f`trf 4,6 y 4,16 pbrb hjrobtj gf pfeïcueb ofgkj y 36 oo. Eb cj`stb`tf 2,6 sf bòbgf b eb fcubckó` gfikgj b quf fe skstfob gf cbpturb gkaktbe fstâ gkscrftkzbgj, cbpturâ`gjsf fe gftbeef gf eb kobaf` jrkak`be ofgkb`tf ejs hjtjfefof`tjs gf quf cj`stb fe sf`sjr gkaktbe, quf tkf`f` u`b supfrflckf cubgrbgb gftfrok`bgb. Fstb cj`stb`tf pfroktf cjopf`sbr fe arbgj gf prjibikekgbg f` eb bek`fbckó` gf ejs hjtjfefof`tjs gfe sf`sjr gkaktbe cj` fe gftbeef gf eb kobaf` quf sf prjyfctb sjirf ëe gurb`tf fe prjcfsj gf gkaktbekzbckó`. Tbrb u`b obyjr cbekgbg f` eb cbpturb fstb cj`stb`tf pufgf suikrsf b 9. Tjr fnfopej, sk tf`fojs u`b pebcb f` hjrobtj arb`gf gf u` prjcfgkokf`tj hjtjarâflcj gf betb cbekgbg, cj` u` vbejr gf cbpbckgbg rfsjeutkvb pbrb fstf prjcfgkokf`tj fstkobgj pjr fe hbirkcb`tf f` 298 ep/oo, eb rfsjeuckó` kgfbe gf cbpturb gkaktbe gf eb kobaf` f` feeb rfprfsf`tbgb (cj`skgfrb`gj u` fqukpbokf`tj y tjob hjtjarâflcb prjhfskj`be, cj` u` vbejr gf bpfrturb gf gkbhrbaob óptkoj pbrb bprjvfcmbr fe obyjr pjgfr gf rfsjeuckó` gf eb óptkcb) pjgrïb fstkobrsf bprjxkobgbof`tf bsï> YK ? 298 Ñ 64,= Ñ 4,6 Ñ 2,6 ? 7=44 pkxfefs pjr pueabgb Cj` u` hbctjr gf 9, YK ? 298 Ñ 64,= Ñ 4,6 Ñ 9 ? 8744 pkxfefs pjr pueabgb 29.2.8. Koâaf`fs gf gf gkhuskó` gkhuskó`
Ebs koâaf`fs gf prfsfrvbckó` gf betb cbekgbg pufgf` sfr ouy pfsbgbs y, pjr feej, gkhïckefs gf ob`fnbr y cjstjsbs gf beobcf`br. Tjr feej fs `fcfsbrkj af`frbr cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` gf of`jr pfsj quf `j gf` prjiefobs b eb mjrb gf sfr vksubekzbgbs, gfscbrabgbs j cjpkbgbs f` eb Qfi. • Sk pbrb prjguckr koâaf`fs oâstfr (koâaf`fs gf prfsfrvbckó`) mfojs utkekzbgj crktfrkjs gf flgfekgbg be jrkak`be y fstbiefckgj betjs `kvfefs gf cbekgbg, b eb mjrb gf prjguckr koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` pjgfojs sfr oâs fxkiefs. • Eb k`stktuckó` gkaktbekzbgjrb mbirâ gf fstbiefcfr, f` hu`ckó` gf sus jinftkvjs, fe tkpj gf gjcuof`tj, ebs `fcfskgbgfs gf sus usubrkjs, ftc., crktfrkjs gf cbekgbg pbrb ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó`. Wf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb quf ebs koâaf`fs quf vksubekzb`, gfscbrab` y rfprjgucf` eb obyjrïb gf ejs
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F` eb ikiekjarbhïb fspfckbekzbgb pjgfojs f`cj`trbr eb skaukf`tf fcubckó`, quf pufgf usbrsf pbrb gfrkvbr fe câecuej gf HE> S ? 2/Y Skf`gj Y ? 2 / p + 2 / j , gj`gf S fs fe pjgfr gf rfsjeuckó` gfe skstfob, p fe pjgfr gf rfsjeuckó` gf eb pfeïcueb hjtjarâflcb, y j, fe pjgfr gf rfsjeuckó` gf eb óptkcb gf eb câobrb, boijs f` ep/oo. Gf bcufrgj cj` fstb fcubckó` HE ? S / p . Gf fstb fcubckó` sf gfsprf`gf quf, okf`trbs obyjr sfb fe pjgfr gf rfsjeuckó` gf eb pfeïcueb hjtjarâflcb, of`jr sfrâ HE, k`ceusj cj`tb`gj cj` ef`tfs gf ouy betj pjgfr rfsjeutkvj, y, pjr tb`tj, obyjr fe fhfctj gf ofrob gfe pjgfr rfsjeutkvj gf eb pfeïcueb gfikgj be skstfob óptkcj bcjpebgj b eb câobrb hjtjarâflcb.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
294
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb
usubrkjs sj` ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`, y quf ebs cjpkbs gf prfsfrvbckó` sf qufgb` beobcf`bgbs j prfsfrvbgbs f` ebs k`stbebckj`fs gf eb k`stktuckó` gkaktbekzbgjrb y bpf`bs sf usb` pbrb keustrbr beau`b puiekcbckó` j fxpjskckó`, sf rfcjokf`gb ob`tf`fr betjs `kvfefs gf cbekgbg pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` gf cj`tf`kgjs pbtrkoj`kbefs, bu`quf sf usf` tëc`kcbs gf jptkokzbckó` gf kobaf` (cjoprfskó`, ekopkfzb…) pbrb rfguckr su pfsj.
Cub`gj sf ibnb rfsjeuckó` gf ko kobaf` gf ebsu`b koâaf`fs gfska`kflcbtkvb gkhuskó` pbrb quf• tf`fr cukgbgj gf ebquf fstb ibnbgb `jbaf` prjguzcb përgkgb gfrfguckr cbekgbg.su pfsj mby • Fsf`ckbeof`tf, ejs crktfrkjs gf efakikekgbg sufef` sfr ejs oksojs pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf prfsfrvbckó` y gkhuskó`. Ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` gf cj`tf`kgjs tfxtubefs gfifrïb`, cjoj oï`koj, pjgfr effrsf `ïtkgbof`tf be tbobòj gfe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be< sk sf gftfctb` cbrbctfrfs kefakiefs j ijrrjsjs vksubekzb`gj ebs koâaf`fs cj` fstf tbobòj, pufgf gfckrsf quf fstbs `j cuopef` u` crktfrkj oï`koj gf cbekgbg. Ej oksoj pufgf gfckrsf gf jirbs arâflcbs y cbrtjarâflcbs, cjoj oï`koj, mb` gf vksubekzbrsf `ïtkgbof`tf f` pb`tbeeb cj` fe oksoj tbobòj quf fe jrkak`be. K`ceusj cj`vkf`f, prfvkf`gj bopekbckj`fs f` pb`tbeeb gf ejs usubrkjs, quf ebs rfprjgucckj`fs gf obtfrkbefs arâflcjs j tfxtubefs pfqufòjs (ekirjs f` jctbvkeeb, f` ok`kbturb, hjtjarbhïbs…) pufgb` bopekbrsf f` pb`tbeeb pbrb u`b cóojgb efcturb j vksubekzbckó`. F` bqufeejs cbsjs f` ejs quf ejs pfsjs gf ejs gjcuof`tjs sfb` prjiefoâtkcjs (gjcuof`tjs gf arb` hjrobtj, gkbpjsktkvbs…), pjgfojs peb`tfbr`js rfguckr beaj ejs crktfrkjs gf cbekgbg pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`. • Tufgf` af`frbrsf gkvfrsbs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` f` hu`ckó` gf ejs usjs prfvkstjs> vksubekzbckó` f` wfi, gfscbrab, ok`kbturbs… • Eb rfsjeuckó` gf ebs ok`kbturbs gfpf`gfrâ gfe tbobòj gf vksubekzbckó` vksubekzbckó` f` pb`tbeeb. X Xbejrfs bejrfs mbiktubefs pbrb fstf tkpj gf cjpkb sfrïb` gf 64 b 264 ppp.
29.2.1. Wbieb gf rfsjeuckj`fs rfsjeuckj`fs
Cjoj yb sf mb vkstj f` ejs bpbrtbgjs b`tfrkjrfs, eb rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb bgfcubgb pbrb fscb`fbr ejs gjcuof`tjs gfpf`gf gf oþetkpefs hbctjrfs. Ej kgfbe sfrïb quf eb k`stktuckó`, prfvkj fstugkj gf eb cjefcckó` b gkaktbekzbr, y rfbekzb`gj ebs prufibs pfrtk`f`tfs, gftfrok`brb gftfr ok`brb ejs vbejrfs gf rfsjeuckó` bgfcubgjs pbrb cuopekr cj` sus crktfrkjs gf cbekgbg. Sf jhrfcf b cj`tk`ubckó` u`b tbieb cj` vbejrfs gf rfsjeuckó` sfaþ` tkpjejaïb gjcuof`tbe, gjcuof`tbe, quf pufgf sfr þtke b ebs k`stktuckj`fs, sjirf tjgj pbrb ebs quf `j cuf`tf` cj` eb fxpfrkf`ckb j ofgkjs tëc`kcjs `fcfsbrkjs, pbrb fstbiefcfr fstjs crktfrkjs gf rfsjeuckó`. Fstjs vbejrfs sj` ofrbof`tf jrkf`tbtkvjs, ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs cj`crftbs gf ejs gjcuof`tjs, ejs jinftkvjs gf ebs k`stktuckj`fs, ebs `fcfskgbgfs gf sus usubrkjs y jtrjs oucmjs hbctjrfs pufgf` sfr ojtkvjs pbrb vbrkbre vbrk brejs. js.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
292
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb
Koâaf`fs gf prfsfrvbckó` Obtfrkbe
Koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó`
Yfsjeuckó` oï`kob
Yfsjeuckó` rfcjof`gbgb
Yfsjeuckó` oï`kob
Yfsjeuckó` rfcjof`gbgb
744
74 4
944
344
pfqufòb obeb gkhusjs…) efakikekgbg (cjpkbs gf cbrió`, ob`cmbs, jtfxtjs
744
74 4
9 64
344
Wfxtj koprfsj (ekir (ekirjs, js, puiekcbckj`fs pfrkógkcbs, pbrtkturbs…)
344
74 4
944
944-964
Ekirjs tbobòj jctbvkeeb
344
74 4
9 64
344
Okcrjfleo
344
74 4
944
964
Ob p b s y p e b ` j s
344
74 4
944
344
Obtfrkbefs arâflcjs gf arb` vbejr
744
844
344
744
Obtfrkbefs arâflcjs cj` betj `kvfe gf gftbeef
344
744-844
944
344-744
Obtfrkbefs arâflcjs sk` betj `kvfe gf gftbeef
344
74 4
944
944-964
Hjtjarbhïbs (5 = Ñ 24)
6 44
844-;44
74 4
744-844
Hjtjarbhïbs (24 Ñ 26)
744
744-144
9 64
964-744
Hjtjarbhïbs (026 Ñ 94) @fabtkvjs 36 oo
344 9444
744-644 9444-6444
944 2444
944-344 2444-9444
@fabtkvjs hjrobtj ofgkj
2444
2444-6444
644
644-9444
@fabtkvjs arb` hjrobtj (≦; Ñ 29)
2444
2444-6444
9 64
964-9444
Gkbpjsktkvbs 36 oo
9444
9444-6444
2444
2444-9444
Gkbpjsktkvbs hjrobtj ofgkj
2444
2444-6444
644
644-9444
Wrb`spbrf`ckbs pjsktkvbs arb` hjrobtj (≦; Ñ 29)
2444
2444-9644
9 64
964-2444
Ekirjs gf arb` vbejr (ob`uscrktjs b`tkaujs, fnfopebrfs þ`kcjs…) Wfxtj koprfsj j ob`uscrktj cj` eftrb ouy
Cubgrj ;. Yfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb sfaþ` tkpjejaïb gjcuof`tbe.
29.9 Trjhu`gkgbg gf ikts/cjejr Eb prjhu`gkgbg gf ikts gftfrok`b fe `þofrj gf tj`js gf arks j cjejr cj` ejs quf sf pufgf tfòkr cbgb pkxfe gf eb kobaf` gkaktbe. Yfsuokf`gj eb cufstkó`, y sk` f`trbr f` gftbeefs tëc`kcjs, ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs pufgf` af`frbrsf f` ieb`cj y `farj, f` fscbeb gf arksfs y f` cjejr. 29.9.2. Ieb`cj y `farj `farj
F` ebs koâaf`fs f` ieb`cj y `farj sf utkekzb tb` sjej u` ikt pbrb gftfrok`br fe cjejr gf cbgb pkxfe, quf pufgf sfr ieb`cj j `farj (sk` tj`js k`tfrofgkjs), pjr ej quf fstbs koâaf`fs sj` eebobgbs tboikë` koâaf`fs gf 2 ikt pjr pkxfe. Eb gkaktbekzbckó` f` ieb`cj y `farj, j iktj`be, prjgucf koâaf`fs ouy ekafrbs, ej cube fs u`b vbekjsb cbrbctfrïstkcb cbrbct frïstkcb pbrb eb prfsfr prfsfrvbckó` vbckó` y eb gkhuskó`. Bmjrb ikf`, tboikë` prjgucf j pufgf prjguckr arb`gfs përgkgbs gf k`hjrobckó`, `j sjej pjrquf sf pkfrgf` tjgjs ejs cjejrfs, tboikë` sf pkfrgf` tjgjs ejs tj`js arksfs, quf sj` trb`shjrobgjs f` ieb`cjs j `farjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
299
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb
Hka. 31. Tërgkgbs gf cbekgbg pjr gkaktbekzbckó` f` ieb`cj y `farj.
• F` fe cj`tfxtj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gfe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj, sjej tkf`f sf`tkgj utkekzbr prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr gf 2 ikt f` fe cbsj gf oj`jarbhïbs tfxtubefs ojgfr`bs, cj` pbpfe ieb`cj y eftrb `farb, f` ebs quf ebs tkpjarbhïbs fstë` ikf` gffl`kgbs. K`ceusj f` fstf cbsj, mfojs gf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf ebs oj`jarbhï oj`jarbhïbs bs ojgfr`bs pufgf` cj`tf`fr fefof`tjs arâflcjs, cj` pjcj cj`trbstf j f` cjejr, cjoj pufgf` sfr sfeejs, tfxtjs gkhusjs, fscugjs gf koprfsjrfs, fxekirks, pjrtbgbs jr`bof`tbefs, cuikfrtbs, keustrbckj`fs, b`jtbckj`fs ob`uscrktbs, ob`cmbs, obrcbs gf baub gf pbpfe, ftc. F` fstjs cbsjs, bu`quf fe rfstj gf pâak`bs fstë` f` ieb`cj y `farj, ebs pâak`bs quf cj`tf`ab` fstjs fefof`tjs rfqukfrf` u`b gkaktbekzbckó` f` fscbeb gf arksfs j cjejr. F` eb flaurb 31 pjgfojs bprfckbr ebs përgkgbs gf gftbeef y cbekgbg quf sf pufgf` prjguckr be af`frbr koâaf`fs iktj`befs. F` eb pâak`b gf eb kzqukfrgb sf mb` pfrgkgj cjopeftbof`tf ebs b`jtbckj`fs ob`uscrktbs, f` eb gf eb gfrfcmb sf mb rfprfsf`tbgj pjirfof`tf fe cj`tf`kgj arâflcj, bgfoâs gf quf mb` gfsbpbrfckgj pbrtfs tb`tj gfe fscugj cjoj gf ebs eftrbs quf `j jhrfcïb` u` iuf` cj`trbstf. • @j gfif utkekzbrsf prjhu prjhu`gkgbg `gkgbg gf cjejr gf 2 ikt f` eb gkaktbekzbckó` gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs arâflcjs, cbrtjarâflcjs j hjtjarâflcjs, bu`quf fstjs gjcuof`tjs fstë` f` ieb`cj y `farj f` jrkaf`. Fstjs gjcuof`tjs sufef` tf`fr tj`js gf arks y sus sjpjrtfs tkf`f` `jrobeof`tf cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf cjejr< tjgb fstb k`hjrobckó` sf pkfrgf y fe rfsuetbgj sufef sfr pjirf. • Ofgkb`tf eb tëc`kcb gf gktmtfrk`a j j pu`tfbgj, beau`js fscâ`frfs y fgktjrfs gf kobaf` pfroktf` af`frbr koâaf`fs f` ieb`cj y `farj quf pbrfcf` gkaktbekzbckj`fs f` fscbeb gf arksfs sk sf okrb` gf efnjs j b gkstb`ckb ofgkb< ofgkb < sk `js bcfrcbojs j mbc mbcfojs fojs zuo cjoprjibojs quf f` euabr gf ob`cmbs gf cjejr, mby zj`bs cj` obyjr j of`jr gf`skgbg gf pu`tjs `farjs. Fstbs koâaf`fs cj` trbobs sj` of`js pfsbgbs quf ebs koâaf`fs f` arksfs, pfrj pufgf` gbr pjirfs rfsuetbgjs f` ejs prjcfsjs gf cjoprfskó` y `j sj` rfcjof`gbiefs pbrb hj`gjs vbekjsjs j b`tkaujs pjr cufstkj`fs gf flgfekgbg b ejs jrkak`befs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
293
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb
Hka. 3=. Oksob hjtjarbhïb f` cjejr y f` ieb`cj y `farj.
29.9.9. Fscbeb gf arksfs
Eb gkaktbekzbckó` f` fscbeb gf arksfs pfroktf bska`br, bgfoâs gfe ieb`cj y `farj, gkvfrsjs tj`js gf arks b cbgb pkxfe. Fe skstfob gf fscbeb gf arksfs oâs cjoþ` fs fe quf gffl`f fe tj`j gf cbgb pkxfe ofgkb`tf = ikts, ej cube `js pfroktf fopefbr 968 tj`js gf arks gkhfrf`tfs. Mby jtrjs skstfobs quf utkekzb` oâs j of`js ikts y, pjr tb`tj, pfroktf` oâs j of`js tj`js gf arks. Eb bpbrkf`ckb gf ebs koâaf`fs f` fscbeb gf arksfs fs fqukvbef`tf b eb gf eb hjtjarbhïb j fe ck`f f` ieb`cj y `farj. • Ebs koâaf`fs f` fscbeb gf arksfs pfsb` of`js quf ebs gf cjejr y fe fscb`fbgj fs beaj oâs râpkgj y ibrbtj, rbzj`fs pjr ebs quf pufgf sfr cj`vf`kf`tf utkekzbr fstb prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr. • Sk sf gkaktbekzb f` fscbeb gf arksfs `j fs rfcjof`gbief utkekzbr prjhu`gkgbgfs gf cjejr of`jrfs gf = ikts. • F` fe cj`tfxtj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs pbtrkoj`kbefs, eb fscbeb gf arksfs pufgf utkekzbrsf f` eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf gjcuof`tjs f` ieb`cj y `farj, cjoj pufgf` sfr ekirjs y puiekcbckj`fs pfrkógkcbs, hjtjarbhïbs, obtfrkbefs arâflcjs, ftc. • Gjcuof`tjs tfxtubefs f` ieb`cj y `farj cj` obeb efakikekgbg (ob`cmbs, tfxtjs gfe rfvfrsj j gf eb skaukf`tf pâak`b quf sf trb`spbrf`tb`, trbspjskckó` gf tk`tbs…), pjcj cj`trbstf (cjpkbs gf cbrió`, pbpfe jscurfckgj, tfxtjs gfsvbïgjs…) j b`jtbckj`fs b eâpkz j ijeïarbhj `farj gfif` gkaktbekzbrsf f` fscbeb gf arksfs j cjejr, `u`cb f` ieb`cj y `farj. • Sf rfcjokf`gb utkekzbr fscbeb gf arksfs pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf okcrjfleo.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
297
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb
29.9.3. Cjejr
Eb gkaktbekzbckó` f` cjejr pfroktf bska`br gkvfrsjs tj`js t j`js gf cjejr b cbgb pkxfe. Tbrb feej sf fopefb` tïpkcbof`tf prjhu`gkgbgfs gf cjejr gf = b 7= ikts. • Sk sf gkaktbekzb f` cjejr fs suflckf`tf utkekzbr u`b prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr gf 97 ikts, quf pfroktf rfprfsf`tbr 28,8 okeej`fs gf cjejrfs (fe jnj muob`j rfcj`jcf u`jsgkaktbekzbckj`fs = okeej`fs gf cjejrfs). trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` sjirf hj`gjs arâflcjs ouy vbekjsjs, j pbrb cj` fl`fs Tbrb oëgkcjs, brtïstkcjs, gf rfstburbckó` j gf k`vfstkabckó`, pufgf sfr cj`vf`kf`tf utkekzbr obyjrfs prjhu`gkgbgfs gf cjejr. Mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb, gf tjgbs hjrobs, quf oucmbs bpekcbckj`fs y gkspjsktkvjs `j rfcj`jcfrâ` prjhu`gkgbgfs gf cjejr obyjrfs gf 97 ikts. • F` fe cj`tfxtj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` pbtrkoj`kbe, fe fscb`fbgj f` cjejr fs fe quf prjgucf rfprjgucckj`fs oâs flfefs gfe jrkak`be, pjr ej quf, f` prk`ckpkj, fs fe tkpj gf gkaktbekzbckó` gkaktbekz bckó` prfhfrkief. Bu`quf, cjoj mfojs vkstj, mby cbsjs f` eejs js quf ssff puf pufgf gf us usbr br eb ffscbeb scbeb gf ar arksfs, ksfs, f k` k`ceusj ceusj fe ieb`cj y `farj. • V`b vfz af`frbgb eb kobaf` gkaktbe, pjgfojs ibnbr su prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr, pfrj `j tkf`f sf`tkgj buof`tbreb, pjrquf `j sf buof`tbrâ fe `þofrj gf cjejrfs. • F` tjgj cbsj, ebs pâak`bs u jirbs jrkak`befs f` cjejr mby quf gkaktbekzbrebs f` cjejr cjejr.. • Cjoj `jrob af`frbe, sf rfcjokf`gb tboikë` tboikë` gkaktbekzbr f` cjejr obtfrkbefs fspfckbeof`tf fspfckbeof`tf vbekjsjs. • Cjoj `jrob af`frbe, sf rfcjokf`gb gkaktbekzbr f` cjejr ejs obtfrkbefs arâflcjs, cbrtjarâflc cbrtjarâflcjs js j hjtjarâflcjs, bu`quf gkcmjs obtfrkbefs f` jrkaf` fstë` f` ieb`cj y `farj j arksfs. Fstb rfcjof`gbckó` k`ceuyf ebs keustrbckj`fs y pjrtbgbs brquktfctó`kcbs gf ejs ekirjs. F` beau`js cbsjs, cjoj peb`js sf`ckeejs gkiunbgjs cj` tk`tb `farb sjirf pbpfe ieb`cj, pufgf sfr suflckf`tf cj` gkaktbekzbckó` f` fscbeb gf arksfs. • Obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs f` ieb`cj ieb`cj y `farj quf tf`ab` cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf cjejr cjejr,, cjoj cjejrfs pk`tbgjs b`jtbckj`fs, pbpfefs j gfgfe jtrj cjejr,jsfsajs gf cjejr prjguckgjs pjr fe prjcfsjb ob`j, hjtjarâflcj, pbpfefssfeejs, cjejrfbgjs pjrsfpkb fe pbsj tkfopj u`b obeb cj`sfrvbckó`, obtfrkbefs peâstkcjs cj` sfsajs gf cjejr, ftc., gfif` sfr gkaktbekzbgjs f` cjejr. • Mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf oucmbs vfcfs ejs o obtfrkbefs btfrkbefs tfxtubefs f` ieb`cj y `farj tkf`f` cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf cjejr cjoj pufgf` sfr sfeejs, b`jtbckj`fs, ob`cmbs, bobrkeebokf`tj gfe pbpfe, ftc. Sf rfcjokf`gb gkaktbekzbr fstjs gjcuof`tjs (j ebs pbrtfs gf fstjs gjcuof`tjs cj` cbrbctfrïstkcbs crjoâtkcbs) f` cjejr. F` eb skaukf`tf kobaf` pufgf bprfckbrsf eb gkhfrf`ckb f`trf u`b pjrtbgb brquktfctó`kcb gkaktbekzbgb f` fscbeb gf arksfs y jtrb f` cjejr< eb sfau`gb jhrfcf eb k`hjrobckó` crjoâtkcb gfe pbpfe y fs u`b rfprfsf`tbckó` oucmj oâs flfe gfe jrkak`be. • Sk u` gjcuof`tj cj`tkf`f pâak`bs f` cjejr y jtrbs f` ieb`cj y `farj, sf mb` gf gkaktbekzbr f` cjejr ebs pâak`bs f` cjejr y f` fscbeb gf arksfs ebs pâak`bs f` ieb`cj y `farj, j ikf` gkaktbekzbr tjgb eb jirb f` cjejr. • Sk eb oj`jarbhïb cj`tkf`f cj`tkf`f keustrbckj`fs j pjrtbgbs jr`bof`tbgbs, sf rfcjokf`gb gkaktbekzbr fstjs fefof`tjs f` cjejr. Fe rfstj, f` cjejr j fscbeb gf arksfs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
296
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb
cjejr. Hka. 3;. Tjrtbgb f` fscbeb gf arksfs y f` cjejr.
29.9.7. Wbieb gf gf prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr
Wkpj gf gjcuof`tj
Trjh. gf cjejr vâekgb
Trjh. gf cjejr rfcjof`gbgb
Obtfrkbefs fspfckbeof`tf vbekjsjs
C je jr
Cjejr
Obtfrkbefs f` cjejr j cj` cbrbctfrïstkcbs crjoâtkcbs
C je jr
Cjejr
Ob`uscrktjs b`tkaujs
C je jr
Cjejr
E k ir j b `t k a uj
Ar k s f s < cje j r
Arksfs< cjejr
Ekirj ojgfr`j (betj cj`trbstf, pbpfe ieb`cj)
Iy`< arksfs
Ar k s f s
Ob t f r k b e f s t f x t u b e f s c j ` i b n b e f a k i k e k g b g
Ar k s f s < cje j r
Arksfs< cjejr
Cuikfrtbs, f`cubgfr`bckj`fs
C je jr
Cjejr
Keustrbckj`fs y pjrtbgbs jr`bof`tbefs
Ar k s f s < cje j r
Cjejr
Trf`sb b`tkaub f` ieb`cj y `farj
Ar k s f s < cje j r
Arksfs< cjejr
Obtfrkbefs arâflcjs f` ieb`cj y `farj
Ar k s f s < cje j r
Cjejr
Obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs f` ieb`cj y `farj
Ar k s f s < cje j r
Cjejr
Ob Obtf tfrk rkbe befs fs a arâ râflc flcjs js j cb cbrt rtja jarâ râflc flcjs js ouy ouy s sko kope pefs fs (tk (tk`t `tb b `far `farb b sjir sjirf f hj hj`g `gj j ieb` ieb`cj cj))
Arks Arksfs fs fxpjskckó`, bpfrturb gf gkbhrbaob, vfejckgbg gf jiturbckó`, sj`kgjs, sf`skikekgbg KSJ, ojgjs gf gkspbrj, jpckj`fs gf keuok`bckó`, cjrrfcckó` gf jnjs rjnjs, cj`trje gf bsm , tbrnftb gf ofojrkb, ftc. Bgfoâs, ebs câobrbs vkf`f` cj`flaurbgbs cj` gkvfrsjs butjobtksojs quf f` oucmjs cbsjs fs cj`vf`kf`tf gfsbctkvbr. • Bgfoâs gfe cbekirbg cbekirbgj j gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb of ofgkb`tf gkb`tf prjcfsjs gf ibeb`cf gf ieb` ieb`cjs, cjs, pu`tjs gf rfhfrf`ckb y cbrtbs gf cj`trje, pufgf sfr`js `fcfsbrkj, sjirf tjgj sk sfaukojs u`b oftjgjejaïb gf cbpturb b cbpturb (vëbsf bpbrtbgj 26, «Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj¼), bnustbr fe irkeej y cj`trbstf gfe gkspjsktkvj gurb`tf eb cbpturb. Wë`absf f` cuf`tb, sjirf tjgj f` fe cbsj gf ejs obtfrkbefs arâflcjs y hjtjarâflcjs, quf fe fxcfsj j gfhfctj gf irkeej y cj`trbstf pufgf` gfrkvbr f` përgkgbs gf gftbeef, b vfcfs krrfcupfrbiefs. • Fs `fcfsbrkj obrcbr fe ârfb gf cbpturb pbrb quf fstb sf bnustf ej oâs pjskief be ârfb quf jcupb fe gjcuof`tj. Af`frbrfojs bsï gkaktbekzbckj`fs sk` arb`gfs ijrgfs berfgfgjr gf eb kobaf` gfe gjcuof`tj quf bhfb` y buof`tb` fe pfsj gf ebs koâaf`fs k``fcfsbrkbof`tf. Mby prjarbobs cj` hu`ckj`fs ouy þtkefs quf rfbekzb` butjoâtkcbof`tf fstbs jpfrbckj`fs (gftfcckó` gf ijrgf y rfcjrtf gf obrcjs y hj`gjs), hj`gjs) , bekafrb`gj fe trbibnj gfe fgktjr gf kobaf` (gf eb pfrsj`b quf fgktb ebs koâaf`fs). F` fstjs cbsjs eb oftjgjejaïb rfcjof`gbgb sfrïb cjopefof`tbr fe rfcjrtf quf rfbekzb fe jpfrbgjr gf fscâ`fr ofgkb`tf fe obrcbnf gfe ârfb gf cbpturb cj` fe usj pjstfrkjr gf fstbs hu`ckj`fs gf sjhtwbrf pbrb pbrb bfl`br fe rfcjrtf. Ejs rfsuetbgjs sufef` sfr ibstb`tf iuf`js, pfrj b vfcfs sf prjgucf` hbeejs, pjr ej quf fs `fcfsbrkj cjopefof`tbr c jopefof`tbr fe prjcfsj cj` u`b rfvkskó` vksube gf ejs rfsuetbgjs, quf gftfctf y pfroktb cjrrfakr pjskiefs frrjrfs. • Bgfoâs gf ejs pbrâoftrjs y jpckj`fs of`ckj`bgbs, ejs p prjarbobs rjarbobs prjhfskj`befs gf gkaktbekzbckó` jhrfcf` oucmbs jtrbs jpckj`fs gf prjcfsbgj gf kobaf`. B eb mjrb gf cjoprbr u` fscâ`fr prjhfskj`be fs kopjrtb`tf tf`fr f` cuf`tb ebs prfstbckj`fs gfe prjarbob gf gkaktbekzbckó` quf ef bcjopbòb. Ej oksoj pufgf gfckrsf sk sf vb b cjoprbr u` prjarbob sufetj. Mbiebrfojs cj` oâs gftf`kokf`tj gf oucmbs gf fstbs hu`ckj`fs f` ejs bpbrtbgjs 28 («Trjcfsbgj gf koâaf`fs¼)
y 21 ( JCY ))..
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb
F`trf fstbs hu`ckj`fs, cbif of`ckj`br> ‗ Gftfcckó` gf jrkf` jrkf`tbckó` tbckó` gf pâak`b. ‗ F`gfrfzbgj gf koâaf`fs koâaf`fs.. ‗ Gkvkskó` gf pâak`bs gjiefs gjiefs.. ‗ Fekok`bckó` gf eb cur curvbturb vbturb gfe ejoj. ‗ Cjrrfcckó` gf gks gkstjrskj`fs. tjrskj`fs. ‗ Yfcjrtf gf ijrgfs gf pâak`b j hjtjarbhïb hjtjarbhïbs. s. ‗ Ekopkfzb, fekok`bckó` gf rrukgj. ukgj. ‗ Ieb`qufj gf hj`gjs. ‗ F`gfrfzbgj gf eï`fbs gf tfxtj. ‗ Fekok`bckó` gf oubrë. ‗ Ijrrbgj gf gfgjs. ‗ Yfcj`jckokf`tj óptkc óptkcj j gf cbrbctfr cbrbctfrfs fs (JCY). ‗ F`trbobgj ( gktmfr ). ). ‗ Fekok`bckó` gf obrcbs gf cjejr (fekok`bc (fekok`bckó` kó` gf obrcbs gf ije ijeïarbhj). ïarbhj). ‗ Fekok`bckó` gf gfsf`hjqu gfsf`hjquf. f. ‗ Fekok`bckó` gf rbybgur rbybgurbs bs y gjiefcfs gf hhjtjarbhïbs. jtjarbhïbs. ‗ Fekok`bckó` gf pjevj. ‗ Fekok`bckó` gf jnjs rrjnjs. jnjs. ‗ K`vfrskó` gf cjejr. ‗ Yfstburbckó` gf ccjejr. jejr. ‗ Yfguctjr gfe arb`j g gff ebs hjtjarbhïb hjtjarbhïbs. s. ‗ Yfsjeuckó` k`tfrpjeb k`tfrpjebgb. gb. ‗ K`ceuskó` gf obrcb obrcbss gf baub. ‗ Ftc.
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23. Tfsj gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs Fe pfsj j tbobòj gf ejs brcmkvjs gkaktbefs gk aktbefs fs eb cb`tkgbg gf ikts ikt s (iytfs , ofabiytfs …) …) quf tkf`f`. F` ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` fs kopjrtb`tf f` cuf`tb`fcfsbrkbs fstb vbrkbief pbrb cbecuebr ejs fspbckjs gf beobcf`bokf`tj y prfsfrvbckó` y ebstf`fr prfstbckj`fs gf ejs fqukpjs y prjarbobs. Ejs brcmkvjs ouy pfsbgjs pufgf` sfr cjopekcbgjs gf ob`fnbr< f` fe ofnjr gf ejs cbsjs tbrgbrfojs oucmj tkfopj f` cjpkbrejs, birkrejs j gfscbrabrejs, f` fe pfjr gf feejs, ejs skstfobs sf pufgf` iejqufbr, kopkgkë`gj`js rfbekzbr fstbs jpfrbckj`fs. Fe pfsj gfe brcmkvj vb b gfpf`gfr, prk`ckpbeof`tf, gfe tbobòj gfe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be, y gf eb prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr y rfsjeuckó` sfefcckj`bgbs f` eb cbpturb. Sk utkekzbojs eb jpckó` (`jrobeof`tf cj` câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs) gf fspfckflcbr u` pfsj oâxkoj gfe brcmkvj, sucfgfrâ be rfvës, fstf pfsj gftfrok`brâ eb rfsjeuckó` gf kobaf`. • V`b prkofrb fstrbtfakb pbrb fvktbr af`frbr koâaf`fs gfobskbgj arb`gfs fs jptkokzbr eb rfsjeuckó` gf cbpturb, rfbekzb`gj prufibs pbrb gftfrok`br eb rfsjeuckó` oï`kob quf `js pfroktb u`b gkaktbekzbckó` quf cuopeb `ufstrjs crktfrkjs gf cbekgbg. Gf fstb ob`frb pjgfojs fvktbr utkekzbr rfsjeuckj`fs k`þtkefs y fxcfskvbs. Mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf, b pbrtkr gf gftfrok`bgj vbejr, buof`tbr eb rfsjeuckó` `j ofnjrb eb cbekgbg. • Beau`bs k`stktuckj`fs mb` sfaukgj eb pjeïtkcb gf ibnbr eb rfsjeuckó` b ofgkgb quf buof`tb` ejs tbobòjs hïskcjs gf ejs gjcuof`tjs< cj` fstb ofgkgb sf fvktb af`frbr brcmkvjs ouy pfsbgjs. [b mfojs cjof`tbgj quf cj` fstb prâctkcb ej quf fstbojs mbckf`gj fs rfguckr eb cbekgbg gf ebs gkaktbekzbckj`fs. Mby beau`js cbsjs, sk` foibraj, f` ejs quf sï fs bcfptbief f k`ceusj cj`vf`kf`tf rfbekzbr eb cbpturb cj` u`b rfsjeuckó` of`jr b eb fstbiefckgb gf ob`frb af`frbe pbrb ejs gkhfrf`tfs tkpjs gf gjcuof`tjs. @js rfhfrkojs b cbsjs cj`crftjs f` ejs quf ejs gjcuof`tjs tkf`f` ouy pjcj `kvfe gf gftbeef, cjoj pufgf` sfr cbrtfefs cj` eftrbs arb`gfs, gkiunjs b ibsf gf ob`cmbs u`khjrofs gf cjejr, ftc. • Ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs gf betb rfsjeuckó` quf sf af`frb` be gkaktbekzbr `fabtkvjs, gkbpjsktkvbs y obtfr o btfrkbefs kbefs hjtja hjtjarâflc râflcjs js gf pfqufòj tbobò tbobòj jp pufgf` ufgf` j ssufef`, ufef`, sk sf utkek utkekzb` zb` betbs rfsj rfsjeuckj` euckj`fs, fs, prfsf`tbr prjiefobs pjr fe pfsj gfe brcmkvj. Fstf fs u`j gf ejs cbsjs f` ejs quf cj`vkf`f cbecuebr cukgbgjsbof`tf fe vbejr gf rfsjeuckó` b utkekzbr b`tfs gf gkaktbekzbr. Mby k`stktuckj`fs quf utkekzb` eb fstrbtfakb gf rfguckr eb rfsjeuckó` sfaþ` buof`tb fe tbobòj gf ebs hjtjarbhïbs j pfeïcuebs< cj` fstb pjeïtkcb sf cj`skauf` koâaf`fs gf of`jr pfsj, pfrj cj` of`jr cbekgbg, j ofnjr gkcmj, quf pfroktf` of`jr arbgj gf bopekbckó`. • B`tf gjcuof`tjs gf arb` tbobòj hïskcj, hïskcj, bpbrtf gf cbecuebr eb rfsjeuckó` oï`k oï`kob ob bcfptbief mbckf`gj prufibs, ej quf pjgfojs mbcfr fs utkekzbr skstfobs pkrbokgbefs y/j gf cubgrïcueb. • F` cub`tj be cjejr, cjejr, pjr cufstkj`fs gf flgfekgbg be jrkak`be y pbrb fvktbr përgkgbs gf k`hjrobckó`, `j sf rfcjokf`gb, f` af`frbe, eb cbpturb f` ieb`cj y `farj, bu`quf af`frf koâaf`fs ouy ekafrbs. Tfrj pjgfojs gkaktbekzbr f` fscbeb gf arksfs gftfrok`bgbs tkpjejaïbs gjcuof`tbefs, cjoj
ekirjs ojgfr`js j prf`sb f` ieb`cj y `farj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tfsj gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs
• Sk sf k`crustb` oftbgbtjs f` ebs koâaf`fs, fstbs buof`tbrâ` efvfof`tf gf pfsj. Bu`quf eb gkhfrf`ckb pufgb sfr ouy pfqufòb, pufgf rfsuetbr cj`vf`kf`tf tf`freb f` cuf`tb gf cbrb b cbecuebr fspbckjs gf beobcf`bnf. • Jtrb fstrbtfakb þtke pbrb rfguckr fe pfsj gf ebs koâaf`fs fs utkekzbr beajrktojs gf cjoprfskó`. Tbrb ebs koâaf`fs gf prfsfrvbckó` pufgf` usbrsf hjrobtjs quf pfroktb` cjoprfskó` sk` përgkgb, cjoj WKHH cj` cjoprfskó` E^Q, pfrj fstb ofgkgb gfifrâ sfr sjpfsbgb, sjpfs bgb, yb quf, gfikgj b eb obyjr cjopefnkgbg gfe cógkaj gf rfprfsf`tbckó` gf eb kobaf` cjoprkokgb, f` cbsj gf cboikj gf u`j j u`js pjcjs ikts pjr prjiefobs gf k`tfarkgbg, eb pjskikekgbg gf rfcupfrbr eb kobaf` jrkak`be gfe flcmfrj fs ouy koprjibief. Sk eb kobaf` `j fstâ cjoprkokgb, ejs prjiefobs `j ouy bcusbgjs gf përgkgb gf k`tfarkgbg pufgf` sfr rfcupfrbiefs cj` oâs hbckekgbg. Tbrb ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` fs prâctkcb fxtf`gkgb y rfcjof`gbief utkekzbr fe hjrobtj hjr obtj NTFA, quf utkekzb prjcfsjs gf cjoprfskó` cj` përgkgb. Eb skaukf`tf kobaf` keustrb gf hjrob cjopbrbtkvb u` prjiefob gf përgkgb gf k`tfarkgbg prjguckgb pjr gjs þ`kcjs iytfs cjrruptjs. cjrruptjs. F` eb kobaf` gf eb kzqukfrgb fe flcmfrj WKHH `j mb skgj cjoprkokgj, f` eb gf eb gfrfcmb, ej mb skgj cj` E^Q>
Hka. 74. Cjrrupckó` gf kobaf` pjr betfrbckó` gf 9 iytfs.
• Cub`gj sf af`frb` koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` f` NTFA, sf sufef` utkekzbr `kvfefs ibnjs j ofgkjs gf cjoprfskó`. Mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj, sk sf vb` b utkekzbr `kvfefs betjs gf cjoprfskó`, gf quf `j sf prjguzcb` përgkgbs gf cbekgbg bprfckbiefs. • F` af`frbe, pbrb obtfrkbefs koprfsjs tfxtubefs, f k`ceusj arâflcjs y cbrtjarâflcj cbrtjarâflcjs, s, `j fs `fcfsbrkj utkekzbr prjhu`gkgbgfs gf cjejr gf 7= ikts, quf af`frb` brcmkvjs ouy pfsbgjs. Sk sf gkaktbekzb f` cjejr, fs suflckf`tf mbcfrej cj` prjhu`gkgbgfs gf 97 ikts.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tfsj gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs
F` fe cbsj gf quf cj`tfojs cj` câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs quf trbibnb` cj` prjhu`gkgbgfs gf cjejr supfrkjrfs, pjr fnfopej, gf 29 j 28 ikts pjr cb`be (38 j 7= ikts), sf pufgf trbibnbr cj` fstbs prjhu`gkgbgfs gf cjejr pbrb ejs YBQ y af`frbr WKHH cj` prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr gf 97 ikts (= pjr cb`be) b pbrtkr gf feejs. • Sk` foibraj, sï fs rfcjof`gbief cbpturbr cj` prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr gf 7= ikts ejs oâstfrfs gf obtfrkbefs pjrquf, gfgftfrkjrj ej cj`trbrkj, jpfrbckj`fs gf bnustf fgkckó` pjstfrkzb` hâckeof`tf ebs hjtjarâflcjs, koâaf`fs, af`frb`gj vksubeebsbpbrf`tf. Bgfoâs, sk ebsjkoâaf`fs mb` skgj fscb`fbgbs cj` u` rb`aj gk`âokcj fefvbgj, fs prfhfrkief cbpturbr b 7= ikts, b 97 ikts `j sf pufgf rfprfsf`tbr fstf. Cj` = ikts pjr cb`be fe oâxkoj rb`aj gf cj`trbstf rfakstrbief fs gf beaj of`js gf 344>2, pfrj f` gkbpjsktkvbs ouy cj`trbstbgbs pjgfojs eefabr b tf`fr rb`ajs gf cj`trbstf gf 2444>2 cj` oucmb hbckekgbg y mbstb cbsk 24 444>2 f` ejs cbsjs oâs fxtrfojs. Fstjs rb`ajs gf cj`trbstf `j sf pufgf` rfprfsf`tbr cj` 97 ikts. Wboikë` mby quf cj`skgfrbr quf, sk sf usb` fspbckjs gf cjejr gf abob ouy bopekb, cjoj TrjTmjtj YAI, pjr fnfopej, cj` 97 ikts ebs koâaf`fs sf pufgf` pjstfrkzbr, rfqukrkë`gjsf, pbrb fvktbrej, 7= ikts. F` obtfrkbefs arâflcjs ouetkcjejr cjoj eâok`bs j póstfrfs `j fstbojs f` fe oksoj cbsj, pufstj quf `j tkf`f` `jrobeof`tf betjs oâraf`fs gf gf`skgbgfs `k arbgbckj`fs tj`befs tb` sutkefs cjoj tkf`f` mbiktubeof`tf ebs koâaf`fs hjtjarâflcbs. • Tbrb rfguckr fe pfsj gf ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` sf sufef` usbr prjarbobs jptkokzbgjrfs j quf tf`ab` hu`ckj`fs gf jptkokzbckó` (Bgjif Bcrjibt Bcrjib t Trjhfsskj`be, pjr fnfopej, tkf`f fstf tkpj t kpj gf hu`ckj`fs). Fstjs prjarbobs rfbekzb` prjcfsjs sjirf s jirf ebs koâaf`fs cjoj eb rfgucckó` gf rfsjeuckó`, rfgucckó` gf prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr, ekopkfzb gf hj`gj, ftc. Mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj be utkekzbrejs, pufs pufgf` rfguckr oucmj eb cbekgbg gf ebs koâaf`fs. F` cj`crftj, sf rfcjokf`gb cj`trjebr ebs jpckj`fs gf rfgucckó` gf rfsjeuckó` y fvktbr j cj`trjebr ebs gf rfgucckó` gf prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr. V`b efvf rfgucckó` gf rfsjeuckó` quf `j rfguzcb `jtbiefof`tf eb cbekgbg pufgf sfr bcfptbief, pfrj, cjoj yb sf mb of`ckj`bgj, u`b ik`brkzbckó` gf koâaf`fs cbpturbgbs f` fscbeb gf arksfs j cjejr, quf fs ej quf mbcf` beau`js gf fstjs prjarbobs, rfgucf `jtbiefof`tf eb cbekgbg. Tjr fe cj`trbrkj, ebs jpckj`fs gf ekopkfzb, cjoprfskó` j fekok`bckó` gf oftbgbtjs k``fcfsbrkjs pufgf` sfr ouy þtkefs. • V`b fstrbtfakb pbrb f`cbrbr fe prjiefob gf ejs brcmkvjs pfsbgjs utkekzbgb cj` ëxktj pjr beau`bs k`stktuckj`fs cj`skstf f` af`frbr cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` gf ebs koâaf`fs b gkstk`tbs rfsjeuckj`fs, cbrabrebs f` fe sfrvkgjr y pfroktkr quf fe usubrkj vksubekcf y/j sf gfscbrauf ebs koâaf`fs cj` eb cbekgbg quf `fcfsktf. Fstb fstrbtfakb sjeuckj`b fe prjiefob pr jiefob gf eb vksubekzbckó` y gfscbrab f` eb Qfi, pfrj `j fe gfe beobcf`bokf`tj. • Fxkstf` tboikë` hjrobtjs ouetkrrfsjeuckó` (NTFA 9444, GnXu…) GnXu…) quf pufgf` jhrfcfr u`b kobaf` b gkstk`tbs rfsjeuckj`fs. Sj` hjrobtjs cj` ouy iuf`bs prfstbckj`fs, prfstbc kj`fs, pfrj pjcj rfcjof`gbiefs, pjr fstbr su usj pjcj fxtf`gkgj y pjrquf oucmjs skstfobs (`bvfabgjrfs…) `j jhrfcf` sjpjrtf pbrb feejs< f` beau`js cbsjs fs `fcfsbrkb eb k`stbebckó` gf peua peuak`s k`s pbrb pbrb quf hu`ckj`f` cjrrfctbof`tf. • Sk sf utkekzb` cbpturbs cj` fscâ`fr gf gjcuof`tjs (gj`gf sfefcckj`bojs fe ârfb gf cbpturb) nu`tj cj` rfaebs j cbrtbs gf cjejr cjejcbgbs pjr hufrb gf ejs eïoktfs gf fstjs, cj`vkf`f cjejcbr fstbs rfaebs j cbrtbs f` fe ebgj cjrtj gfe gjcuof`tj (gjcuof`tjs rfctb`auebrfs…), gf fstb ob`frb
sf pufgf` af`frbr koâaf`fs of`js pfsbgbs quf sk sf cjejcbrb` f` fe ebgj ebraj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tfsj gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs
Hka. 72. Gfscbrab gf koâaf`fs cj` gkhfrf`tfs rfsjeuckj`fs.
• V`b gkaktbekzbckó` pj pjrr ejtfs, f` eb quf sf usb u`b sjeb cbpturb cj` cbrtb gf cjejr pjr ejtf, af`frb of`js pfsj quf u`b gkaktbekzbckó` cbpturb b cbpturb, f` eb quf, kgfbeof`tf, mby quf pj`fr eb cbrtb gf cjejr f` cbgb cbpturb. F` fe bpbrtbgj 26 («Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj¼) trbtbrfojs f` obyjr gftbeef fstbs gjs oftjgjejaïbs gf trbibnj. Sk u`j gf ejs arb`gfs prjiefobs gf pfsj gf brcmkvj ej jcbskj`b` ejs gjcuof`tjs gf tbobòj arb`gf y ejshjrobtjs obtfrkbefs betbs rfsjeuckj`fs, fe jtrj prjiefob skj`b` ejs gf hjtjarâflcjs cjopkebckó`,gkaktbekzbgjs fstj fs, ejsbhjrobtjs quf huskj`b` ebs arb` gkstk`tbs pbrtfsejgfjcbu` gjcuof`tj (pjr fnfopej, ebs pâak`bs gf u` ekirj) f` u` sjej brcmkvj gkaktbe. Fstjs hjrobtjs, cjoj fe TGH, quf sufef` usbrsf pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`, pufgf` af`frbr brcmkvjs ouy pfsbgjs. • Ebs gkstk`tbs fstrbtfakbs pbrb f`cbrbr fstf prjiefob sfrïb` ebs skaukf`tfs> ‗ @j cjopkeb cjopkebrr ebs koâaf`fs, prfsf`tbr f` eb Qfi ebs koâaf`fs sufetbs. Fstb fstrbtf fstrbtfakb akb fs bgfcubgb pbrb eb vksubekzbckó` f` wfi sk ebs koâaf`fs fstâ` cjrrfctbof`tf cjrrfctb of`tf k`gkzbgbs y jrgf`bgbs y sf cuf`tb cj` u` vksubekzbgjr bprjpkbgj, pfrj pufgf sfr ouy k`bgfcubgb pbrb eb gfscbrab. F` fe pfjr gf ejs cbsjs, fe usubrkj quf gfsff gfscbrabrsf u` ekirj tf`grïb quf birkr y gfscbrabr u`b pjr u`b ebs koâaf`fs quf ej cj`hjrob` (koâaf`fs gf pâak`b). ‗ V`b iuf`b sjeuckó` ssfrïb frïb jhr jhrfcfr fcfr f` eb Qfi eb vksubekzbc vksubekzbckó` kó` gf koâ koâaf`fs af`fs sufetb sufetbss y, bgfoâs, eb gfscbrab gf brcmkvjs cj` ebs koâaf`fs cjopkebgbs (u` TGH cj` tjgbs ebs koâaf`fs gf pâak`b gf u` ekirj, pjr fnfopej). Fstb fstrbtfakb okxtb pufgf eefvbrsf eefvbr sf b cbij, bgfoâs, gf gjs ob`frbs, cbrab`gj ejs brcmkvjs cjopufstjs (TGH…) f` fe sfrvkgjr j utkekzb`gj u`b bpekcb-
ckó` quf ejs af`frf b pbrtkr gf ebs koâaf`fs sufetbs b gfob`gb gfe usubrkj j ofgkb`tf prj-
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tfsj gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs
cfsjs butjoâtkcjs. Fstbs gjs þetkobs jpckj`fs fvktb` trbibnj be pfrsj`be tëc`kcj gfe prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó` y gf eb ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe, quf `j tkf`f quf af`frbr y/j cbrabr ejs brcmkvjs cjopufstjs. Beau`bs bpekcbckj bpekcbckj`fs `fs p pfroktf` froktf` be us usubrkj ubrkj k`ceusj sfefcck sfefcckj`br j`br ebs pâak`bs j koâaf koâaf`fs `fs g gff u` gjcuof`tj quf sf qukfrf gfscbrabr, cj` ej cube, be af`frbrsf gjcuof`tjs pbrckbefs y, pjr tb`tj, of`js pfsbgjs, sf bmjrrb tkfopj gf af`frbckó` y gfscbrab.
Hka. 79. Gfscbrab cj`flaurbief gf TGH ibnj gfob`gb.
‗ Vsbr hu`ckj` hu`ckj`fs fs j pr prjarbobs jarbobs gf jp jptkokzb tkokzbckó` ckó` gf p pfsj. fsj. Fs u`b fstrb fstrbtfakb tfakb bgfcub bgfcubgb gb pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` sk sf rfbekzb cj` cukgbgj. Fe k`cj`vf`kf`tf gf fstb fstrbtfakb fs eb `jtbief rfgucckó` gf cbekgbg quf pufgf` suhrkr ebs koâaf`fs, quf f` fe pfjr gf ejs cbsjs (u` cbsj ouy fxtf`gkgj) qufgb` ik`brkzbgbs y cj` u`b rfsjeuckó` beaj ibnb. ‗ Vtkekzbr hu hu`ckj`fs `ckj`fs gf strfbok`a pbrb pbrb ejs brcmkvjs cjopufstjs. Fe hjrobtj TGH, pjr fnfopej, pfroktf kr efyf`gj u`b pâak`b gf u` ekirj okf`trbs vb gfscbrab`gj fe rfstj. Fstb fs u`b iuf`b fstrbtfakb quf pfroktf trbibnbr cj` brcmkvjs gf obyjr tbobòj. ‗ Wrjcfbr ejs brcmkvjs. Jtrb jpckó`, `bgb fef fefab`tf ab`tf pfr pfrj j ouy prâctkcb prâctkcb,, cj`s cj`skstf kstf f` jhr jhrfcfr, fcfr, f` vfz gf u` sjej brcmkvj cjopufstj, vbrkjs brcmkvjs of`js pfs pfsbgjs. bgjs. Tjr fn fnfopej, fopej, f` vfz gf jhrfcfr u` sjej TGH quf k`ceuyb tjgbs ebs pâak`bs gf u` ekirj, jhrfcfr vbrkjs TGH cj` of`js pâak`bs y, pjr tb`tj, of`js pfsj. ‗ Tjr þetkoj, fstâ eb jpckó` gf af`frbr brcmkvjs gf tfxtj f` hjrobtjs cjoj W]W, FTVI, OJIK, MWOE, ftc., quf rfprjgucf` fe cj`tf`kgj pfrj `j fe sjpjrtf y `j prfsf`tb` pr fsf`tb` `k`aþ` prjiefob gf pfsj (`k gf gfrfcmjs gf fgkckj`fs). Fstb fstrbtfakb sf mb usbgj pjcj, pfrj beau`js prj-
yfctjs, cjoj fe Trjyfctj Tr jyfctj Autf`ifra, eb mb` kopefof`tbgj cj` ëxktj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tfsj gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs
Hka. 73. Jirb f` vbrkjs vjeþof`fs. Tbrb cbgb u`j gf feejs sf mb` af`frbgj vbrkjs TGH.
Fstb oftjgjejaïb cmjcb gf peb`j cj` ebs rfcjof`gbckj`fs oâs fxtf`gkgbs f` fe tfrrf`j gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj, quf k`gkcb` quf mby quf rfbekzbr rfprjgucckj`fs ej oâs flfefs pjskief gfe jrkak`be, k`ceuyf`gj su sjpjrtf< sk` foibraj, tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb ebs arb`gfs vf`tbnbs quf prfsf`tb gf cbrb be beobcf`bokf`tj, vksubekzbckó`, gfscbrab, afstkó` gf gfrfcmjs, ftc., fs u`b fstrbtfakb quf pjgrïb tf`frsf f` cuf`tb f` gftfrok`bgjs prjyfctjs. Gfsgf eufaj, `j fs bgfcubgb pbrb hj`gjs b`tkaujs cj` cbrbctfrïstkcbs arâflcbs (ok`kbturbs, k`kckbefs, keustrbckj`fs…) j gf f`cubgfr`bckó` k`tfrfsb`tfs. Tfrj pbrb hj`gjs koprfsjs oâs ojgfr`js, cj` tkpjarbhïbs y obquftbckó` `jrobefs quf pfroktb` u` iuf` rfcj`jckokf`tj óptkcj gf cbrbctfrfs y, pjr tb`tj, u`b cj`vfrskó` gf hjrobtj gf kobaf` b hjrobtj gf tfxtj tjtbeof`tf butjoâtkcb, pjgrïb sfr u`b fstrbtfakb vâekgb.
Hka. 77. Gkhfrf`ckbs gf pfsj f`trf u`b kobaf` f` cjejr (kzq.), jtrb f` ieb`cj y `farj (cf`trj), y u` brcmkvj gf tfxtj (gcmb.).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Tfsj gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs
Beau`bs bpekcbckj bpekcbckj`fs `fs gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe af`frb` brcmkvjs gf tfxt tfxtj j ofgkb ofgkb`tf `tf fe prjcfsbgj óptkcj gf cbrbctfrfs (JCY) gf ebs koâaf`fs gf jirbs tfxtubefs y jhrfcf` be usubrkj eb gfscbrab gf fstjs brcmkvjs gf tfxtj nu`tj cj` eb gf jtrjs hjrobtjs gf kobaf` (TGH, NTA, ftc.).
Hka. 76. Gfscbrab gf gjcuof`tjs f` hjrobtjs gf kobaf` y tfxtj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Afstkó` gf cjejr
27. Afstkó` gf cjejr Gfsgf quf fxkstf` koâaf`fs gkaktbefs, u`b gf ebs obyjrfs prjiefoâtkcbs pr jiefoâtkcbs cj` ebs quf sf mb` tjpbgj ejs prjhfskj`befs trbibnb` f` fstf cbopj (hjtóarbhjs, gksfòbgjrfs arâflcjs, brtkstbs, cj`skstf`tf, puiekckstbs, gkaktbekzbgjrfs…) gkaktbekzbg jrfs…)quf mb skgj fe pjgfr rfprjguckr bgfcubgbof`tf y cj`trjebr gf ob`frb f` ofgkjs gkaktbefs j ofgkb`tf koprfskó`, ejs cjejrfs k`kckbeof`tf hjtjarbflbgjs, fscb`fbgjs j gkiunbgjs. Eb gkflcuetbg prjvkf`f gf oþetkpefs hbctjrfs, quf pufgf` sfr tëc`kcjs, hïskcjs, flskjeóakcjs f k`ceusj pskcjeóakcjs. Eb cufstkó` fs cjopefnb, y, bu`quf sf mb bvb`zbgj oucmj, bþ` `j fstâ tjtbeof`tf rfsufetb. Gf tjgjs fstjs hbctjrfs, u`j gf ejs oâs gftfrok`b`tfs fs fe mfcmj gf quf cbgb gkspjsktkvj k`tfrprftb ejs cjejrfs b su ob`frb, bgfoâs gf quf ekoktb eb abob gf cjejrfs b u`b pbeftb prfgftfrok`bgb. Bsï, eb oksob kobaf` pufgf vbrkbr cj`skgfrbiefof`tf sus tj`js y cjejrfs be sfr vksubekzbgb f` gkhfrf`tfs pb`tbeebs j koprfsb cj` gkstk`tbs koprfsjrbs. Tbrb sjevf`tbr fstf prjiefob, fe Cj`sjrckj K`tfr`bckj`be gfe Cjejr (K`tfr`btkj`be Cjejr Cj`sjrtkuo, KCC) gksfòó u` skstfob u`kvfrsbe gf afstkó` gf cjejr k`gfpf`gkf`tf gf gkspjsktkvjs y prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs. Gkcmj skstfob trbibnb cj` pfrflefs gf cjejr quf rfebckj`b` fe fspbckj gf cjejr j eb ob`frb f` quf u` gkspjsktkvj gbgj afstkj`b ejs cjejrfs cj` u` fspbckj gf cjejr `jrobekzbgj. Fstf fspbckj gf cjejr `jrobekzbgj fs CKF 2;32 ][^ j beau`j gf sus gfrkvbgjs (CKFEBI j EBI). Sj` fspbckjs gf cjejr gksfòbgjs pjr eb Cjokskó` K`tfr`bckj`be gf keuok`bckó` (Cjooksskj` K`tfr`btkj`bef gf e‛Ëcebkrbaf, CKF) tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf eb pfrcfpckó` muob`b. W Wfórkcbfórkcbof`tf ejs fspbckjs gf cjejr CKF gffl`f` tjgjs ejs cjejrfs quf eb vkstb muob`b pufgf pfrckikr. Fe k`tfrës gf fstjs fspbckjs gf cjejr, bpbrtf gf su fxtf`skó`, fs quf fstâ` gfscrktjs gf u`b ob`frb `jrobekzbgb, ibsbgb f` eb tjob gf ofgkgbs hïskcbs jinftkvbs. Eb ojgfr`b afstkó` gf cjejr sf ibsb f` fe usj gf pfrflefs KCC, cbrtbs gf cjejr `jrobekzbgbs y fspbckjs gf cjejr `jrobekzbgjs CKF. Cj` fstbs mfrrbokf`tbs fe prjhfskj`be fs cbpbz gf rfprjguckr cj` ibstb`tf flgfekgbg ejs cjejrfs gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs gfsgf quf sj` cbpturbgjs mbstb quf sj` s j` vksubekzbgjs f` gkvfrsbs g kvfrsbs pb`tbeeb pb`tbeebss j koprfsjs cj` gkstk`tbs koprf koprfsjrbs. sjrbs. Ej quf mbcf` ejs pfrflefs KCC fs rfebckj`br ejs vbejrfs cj` quf ejs gkspjsktkvjs gffl`f` ejs cjejrfs (vbejrfs YAI, `jrobeof`tf) cj` ejs vbejrfs gfe fspbckj gf cjejr CKFEBI (u jtrj fspbckj gf cjejr `jrobekzbgj). Gf fstb ob`frb tjgjs ejs gkspjsktkvjs sbif` fxbctbof`tf quë cjejrfs tkf`f` quf rfprjguckr y rfprjgucf` oâs j of`js ejs oksojs cjejrfs. Fs gfckr, eb afstkó` gf cjejr rfebckj`b fspbckjs gf cjejr gfpf`gkf`tfs gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs cj` fspbckjs gf cjejr k`gfpf`gkf`tfs gf gkspjsktkvjs, ibsbgjs f` vbejrfs `jrobekzbgjs y jinftkvbof`tf ofgkiefs, ej quf pfroktf quf ejs cjejrfs sf ob`tf`ab` rfebtkvbof`tf cj`stb`tfs be pbsbr gf u`j b jtrj gkspjsktkvj j ofgkj. Ejs fefof`tjs oâs mbiktubefs gf eb afstkó` gf cjejr sfrïb` ejs skaukf`tfs> ‗ Cj`trje gf ebs ccj`gkckj`fs j`gkckj`fs boikf`tbef boikf`tbefs. s.
‗ Cbekirbgj gf ejs gks gkspjsktkvjs pjsktkvjs gf cbpt cbpturb urb y vksubekzbckó`. vksubekzbc kó`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Afstkó` gf cjejr
‗ Mjojaf`fkgbg j cj`skst cj`skstf`ckb f`ckb f` ejs bnus bnustfs tfs y cj`gkckj`fs gf cbpturb. ‗ Cbpturbs gf cbr cbrtbs tbs gf cjejr `jrobekzbgbs. ‗ Brcmkvjs gf rfhfr rfhfrf`ckb f`ckb gf ebs ccbrtbs brtbs gf cjejr. ‗ Cbrbctfrkzb Cbrbctfrkzbckó` ckó` j pfrflebgj gfe gkspjsk gkspjsktkvj. tkvj. Crfbckó` gf pfrflef pfrflefss KCC gf f`trbgb gf ejs gks gkspjpjsktkvjs. ‗ Fspbckjs gf cjejr pfrcfptubefs `jr `jrobekzbgjs obekzbgjs CKF. ‗ K`crustbckó` gf ejs pfrflefs gf f`t f`trbgb rbgb f` ebs koâaf`fs hjtjarbflbgbs j fscb`fbgbs. fs cb`fbgbs. ‗ Vtkekzbckó` gf fspb fspbckjs ckjs gf cjejr gf bbopekj opekj usj pbrb vksubekz vksubekzbckó` bckó` f` pb`tbeeb j koprfskó`. ‗ Tfrflefs gf vksubekz vksubekzbckó` bckó` y sbekgb. ‗ Jptkokzbckó` ob`ube g gff ebs koâaf`fs cbpt cbpturbgbs urbgbs nu`tj ccj` j` cbrtbs gf ccjejr. jejr. ‗ Trjarbobs gf fvbeub fvbeubckó` ckó` gf cbekgbg gf koâ koâaf`fs af`fs gf cbrtbs gf cj`trje. • Fs gfsfbief rfbekzbr u`b aafstkó` fstkó` gf cjejr ej oâs butj butjoâtkcb oâtkcb pjskief, pbrb ffeej eej fs `fcfsbrkj utkekzbr ejs skaukf`tfs fefof`tjs> ‗ Cbekirbckó` gf ejs fqukpjs. ‗ Mjojaf`fkgbg j cj`skst cj`skstf`ckb f`ckb f` ejs bnus bnustfs tfs y cj`gkckj`fs gf cbpturb. ‗ Cbrtbs gf cjejr, cj`trje cj`trje,, cbekirbckó`…, `jr `jrobekzbgbs obekzbgbs ‗ Tfrflefs gf f`trbg f`trbgbb `jrobekzbgjs (sf sufef` usbr pfrflefs KCC). ‗ Fspbckjs gf cjejr pfrcfptubefs `jr `jrobekzbgjs obekzbgjs CKF. ‗ Trjarbobs gf fvbeub fvbeubckó` ckó` gf cbekgbg gf koâ koâaf`fs af`fs gf cbrtbs gf cj`trje. • Mjy f` gïb, sk` foibr foibraj, aj, u`b afstkó` gf cjejr tjtbeo tjtbeof`tf f`tf butjobtkzbgb, ibsbgb f` ej ejss fefof`tjs b`tfrkjrof`tf of`ckj`bgjs, of`ckj`bgjs, `j abrb`tkzb ejs ofnjrfs rfsuetbgjs pjskiefs f` eb rfprjgucckó` gf ejs cjejrfs< fstjs sf pufgf` cj`sfaukr cjopefof`tb`gj fstb afstkó` butjobtkzbgb cj` eb rfvkskó` vksube y eb fgkckó` gf kobaf` (bnustfs gf cjejr, irkeej y cj`trbstf…) rfbekzbgbs pjr fe pfrsj`be tëc`kcj. F` tjgj cbsj, ebs koâaf`fs gfif` cbpturbrsf cj` eb obyjr cbekgbg pjskief, rfsfrvb`gj fe prjcfsj gf fgkckó` ob`ube pbrb jptkokzbr ebs koâaf`fs tb` sjej cub`gj sfb `fcfsbrkj.
27.22 Tfrflefs gf cjejr 27. Cj`vkf`f fxpekcbr quf eb cbekirbckó` y fe pfrflebgj sj` prjcfsjs gkhfrf`tfs. Ofgkb`tf fe cbekirbgj jptkokzbojs fe hu`ckj`bokf`tj gfe gkspjsktkvj, okf`trbs quf cj` fe pfrflebgj sf`ckeebof`tf rfakstrbojs su cjopjrtbokf`tj. F` boijs cbsjs, ejs ofnjrfs rfsuetbgjs sf jitkf`f` ofgkb`tf eb cbpturb gf cbrtbs `jrobekzbgbs gf cjejr, cbekirbgj j cj`trje. F` fe cbsj gf eb cbekirbckó`, sf bnustb eb rfspufstb gfe gkspjsktkvj b eb cbpturb gf gkcmbs cbrtbs, f` fe cbsj gfe pfrflebgj j cbrbctfrkzbckó`, sf`ckeebof`tf sf rfakstrb tbe rfspufstb< oucmbs vfcfs boijs prjcfsjs sf cjoik`b`. Cjoj mfojs gkcmj, gurb`tf eb cbekirbckó` sf bnustb` ejs cj`trjefs gfe gkspjsktkvj pbrb quf su rfspufstb cuopeb cj` gftfrok`bgjs crktfrkjs tëc`kcjs y cjk`ckgb cj` gftfrok`bgjs vbejrfs gfsfbiefs j prfvkbof`tf gftfrok`bgjs, y fstj sf mbcf utkekzb`gj prjarbobs gf cbekirbckó` y cbrtbs cbr tbs gf cj`trje. Eb cbekirbckó` j afstkó` gf cjejr ibsbgb f` eb ofrb cjopbrbckó` vksube gf cbrtbs gf cjejr cj` ebs
koâaf`fs gf gkcmbs cbrtbs fscb`fbgbs j hjtjarbflbgbs fs u`b tëc`kcb quf sf mb qufgbgj jisjeftb.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Afstkó` gf cjejr
Cj` fe pfrflebgj gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb af`frbrfojs ejs eebobgjs pfrflefs gf f`trbgb. Fe pfrfle gf f`trbgb cj`tkf`f iâskcbof`tf u`b tbieb gf vbejrfs f` eb quf sf rfebckj`b` ejs vbejrfs `uoërkcjs gf cjejr (vbejrfs YAI `jrobeof`tf) quf fe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb bska`b b ejs pkxfefs gurb`tf eb cbpturb (`jrobeof`tf gf u`b cbrtb gf cjejr), y u`b fqukvbef`ckb gf gkcmjs vbejrfs cj` ejs gf u` fspbckj gf cjejr `jrobekzbgj (CKFEBI…). Fe hjrobtj gf ejs pfrflefs KCC fstâ gfscrktj f` eb `jrob KSJ 26418-2>9424, tëc`kcbof`tf kgë`tkcb b eb fspfckflcbckó` KCC.2>9424. Mby jtrjs tkpjs gf pfrflefs, cjoj ejs gf vksubekzbckó` (pbrb oj`ktjrfs) y gf sbekgb (pbrb koprfskó`). • Sf rfcjokf`gb u utkekzbr tkekzbr pfrflefs KC KCC C pbrb afstkj`br fe cj cjejr ejr gf `ufstrbs rfprjgucckj`fs rfprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs. gkaktbefs. • Fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb fe trbibnbr cj` pfrflefs k`crustbgjs. Mby quf tf`fr ff` ` cuf`tb quf be k`crustbr fe pfrfle gf f`trbgb f` eb kobaf` fe tbobòj gf fstb buof`tbrâ efvfof`tf. • Fs cj`vf`kf`tf cbekirbr cukgbgjsbof`tf ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb b`tfs gf af`frbr sus pfrflefs KCC gf f`trbgb. • Sk sf trbibnb cj` pfrflefs gf f`trbgb, fs `fcfsbrkj cbrbctfrkzbr (pfrflebr) fe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb gf vfz f` cub`gj (u`b vfz be ofs, pjr ej of`js), yb quf fe rf`gkokf`tj gfe fqukpj vb rfguckë`gjsf cj` fe pbsj gfe tkfopj. • Tbrb u`b cjrrfctb afstkó` gf cjejr, bgfoâs gf ejs pfrflefs gf f`trbgb, fs `fcfsbrkj tboikë` crfbr j utkekzbr pfrflefs gf vksubekzbckó` gf oj`ktjrfs quf gfscrkib` fe cjopjrtbokf`tj gf fstjs f` eb bska`bckó` gf cjejr. Mby quf tf`fr prfsf`tf quf fe rf`gkokf`tj gfe oj`ktjr sf rfgucf cj` fe tkfopj, pjr ej quf sfrâ `fcfsbrkj pfrflebrej gf vfz f` cub`gj, berfgfgjr gf u`b vfz be ofs. Bskoksoj, sk sf vb` b koprkokr ebs koâaf`fs koâaf`fs,, tf`grâ quf usbrs usbrsff u` pfrfl pfrflee gf sbe sbekgb kgb gf eb koprfsjrb. • Ejs oj`ktjrfs y gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb sufef` vf`kr cj` pfrflefs gf cjejr prfk`stbebgjs. Fstjs pfrflefs `j skfoprf jhrfcf` eb ofnjr cbekgbg pjskief, pjr ej quf b vfcfs fs cj`vf`kf`tf cj`sfaukr `ufvjs pfrflefs gfe hbirkcb`tf j gfscbrabrejs gf eb Qfi, j ofnjr bþ`, af`frbrejs `jsjtrjs oksojs cj` eb byugb gf u` sjhtwbrf gf gf pfrflebgj. @jrobeof`tf ejs gkspjsktkvjs pfroktf` bòbgkr y utkekzbr pfrflefs pfrsj`bekzbgjs. • Cj`vkf`f utkekzbr skfoprf ejs oksojs oksojs prjarbobs pbrb pfrflebr ejs fqukpjs< sk sf cboikb gf prjarbob j sk fstf sf bctubekzb, mbirâ quf af`frbr u` `ufvj pfrfle. • Beau`js fqukpjs y prjarbobs `j tkf`f` sjpjrtf pbrb pfrflefs KCC. Sk sf gfsfb utkekzbr pfrflefs mbirâ quf utkekzbr fqukpjs y prjarbobs quf sï jhrfzcb` fstb prfstbckó`. • F` fe cbopj gf eb afstkó` gf cjejr fs ouy kopjrtb`tf quf sf ob`tf`ab` f` eb ofgkgb gf ej pjskief mjojaë`fbs ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf trbibnj (keuok`bckó`, ftc.). Sf mb gf tf`fr f` cuf`tb, pjr fnfopej, quf u` pfrfle gf f`trbgb sjej sfrâ vâekgj sk ejs bnustfs y fe rf`gkokf`tj gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb y ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf keuok`bckó` y gf trbibnj sj` ejs oksojs quf cub`gj sf rfbekzó eb cbrbctfrkzbckó`. Sk sf cboikb cubequkfr hbctjr pufgf sfr `fcfsbrkj rfbekzbr u` `ufvj pfrflebgj. • Ejs pfrflefs KCC `j sjej gfif` k`crustbrsf f` ‗j bsjckbrsf b‗ ebs koâaf`fs gf prfsfrvbckó`,
tboikë` cj`vkf`f usbrejs cj` ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó`. F` fstf cbsj mfojs gf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Afstkó` gf cjejr
ejs prjcfsjs gf cjoprfskó` y jptkokzbckó` rfgucf` y betfrb` ejs vbejrfs gf ejs cjejrfs, bu`quf fstbs vbrkbckj`fs, f` af`frbe, `j sj` bprfckbiefs j be of`js `j sj` hâckeof`tf bprfckbiefs pbrb fe jnj muob`j. Ejs pfrflefs KCC k`crustbgjs j bsjckbgjs b ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` pfroktkrâ` trb`soktkr y ob`tf`fr sus cjejrfs (ejs betfrbgjs pjr eb fgkckó`, `j ejs cbpturbgjs k`kckbeof`tf, quf sï sf ob`tf`grâ` f` ebs cjpkbs gf prfsfrvbckó`).
27.9 Cbrtbs gf cjejr F` cub`tj b ebs cbrtbs gf cjejr (j gf abob gf arksfs), bpbrtf gf utkekzbrebs pbrb cj`flaurbr j fvbeubr ejs gkspjsktkvjs, sf pufgf` utkekzbr pbrb cj`trjebr j afstkj`br fe cjejr gf ebs koâaf`fs gurb`tf tjgj fe prjcfsj gf gkaktbekzbckó` j afstkó` gf cjejr, f` prjcfsjs cjoj fe pfrflebgj y cbekirbgj gf gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb y oj`ktjrfs, eb cjoprjibckó` gf cjejrfs gf rfprjgucckj`fs j gkspjsktkvjs (oj`ktjrfs, koprfsjrbs…), ftc. Mby cbrtbs gf cjejr tb`tj pbrb obtfrkbefs jpbcjs cjoj pbrb trb`spbrf`ckbs (`fabtkvjs, gkbpjsktkvbs, ftc.). F` fe cbsj gf ejs `fabtkvjs, ebs cbrtbs gf cjejr sj` rfebtkvbof`tf þtkefs, pjrquf eb kobaf` gfe `fabtkvj mb gf k`vfrtkrsf y eufaj bnustbrsf ob`ubeof`tf sk sf qukfrf cj`sfaukr eb ofnjr rfprjgucckó` pjskief. Tbrb fscb`fbgjs f` fscbeb gf arksfs pufgf` usbrsf cbrtbs gf fscbebs gf arks. Cjoj yb mfojs cjof`tbgj f` fe bpbrtbgj =.9 («Trfpbrbckó` gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb¼), fxkstf` cbrtbs `jrobekzbgbs pbrb cbekirbr ejs gkspjsktkvjs. Fstbs cbrtbs fvbeþb` gkvfrsjs bspfctjs gf eb kobaf` gkaktbe y gfe rf`gkokf`tj gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb< beau`bs, ebs eebobgbs cbrtbs gf cjejr, sf cf`trb` f` eb afstkó` gfe cjejr. Ebs cbrtbs gf cjejr (j gf abob gf arksfs) `js skrvf` bgfoâs pbrb crfbr pfrflefs gf cjejr j pbrb cj`trjebr fe cjejr gurb`tf eb gkaktbekzbckó`. F`trf fstbs cbrtbs, ebs oâs rfcjof`gbiefs sj` ebs quf tkf`f` pbrcmfs bsjckbgjs b vbejrfs `jrobekzbgjs y vkf`f` bcjopbòbgbs gf brcmkvjs gf rfhfrf`ckb. Fnfopejs gf fstf tkpj gf cbrtbs sfrïb` ebs KW=2=, ebs CjejrCmfclfr GC y SA 2;, eb MutcmCjejr MCW, ebs Cmrkstjpmf Oëtbkrkf‛s Gkaktbe WbrafW (=, Stugkj fgktkj`, Yfhcbrg Cjejr Obstfr, ftc.)94, eb EbsfrSjht Kobak`a GCTrj, ebs RTcbrg 942 j 949, ftc. Bgfoâs, pufgf` crfbrsf cbrtbs gf cjejr b ofgkgb pbrb u` gkspjsktkvj. Ebs cbrtbs gf cjejr cj` vbejrfs cj`trjebgjs quf sf usb` pbrb cbekirbr ejs fqukpjs sf bcjopbòb` gf brcmkvjs gf rfhfrf`ckb, quf sj` brcmkvjs gf tfxtj f` ejs quf sf gfscrkif` cj` vbejrfs obtfoâtkcjs ejs cjejrfs gf ejs pbrcmfs gf eb cbrtb gf cjejr. Fstjs brcmkvjs b vfcfs sf jhrfcf` k`gfpf`gkf`tfof`tf, jtrbs vfcfs fstâ` k`sfrtjs f` beau`b cbrpftb gfe prjarbob gf cbekirbckó` cj` fe quf sf vf`gf` y jtrbs vfcfs mby quf sjekcktbrejs be hbirkcb`tf j gfscbrabrejs gf su wfi. Wfórkcbof`tf, sk sf usb` cbrtbs gf cjejr `jrobekzbgbs, `ufvbs y gf cbekgbg y sf cj`trjeb` ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf keuok`bckó`, gfifrïb` vbefr`js ejs brcmkvjs gf rfhfrf`ckb gf hâirkcb, pfrj, f` jcbskj`fs, sf mb gftfctbgj, cj` beau`js ojgfejs gf cbrtb, quf fstjs vbejrfs gf cjejr tfórkcjs `j cjk`ckgf` fxbctbof`tf cj` ejs vbejrfs rfbefs gf ejs pbrcmfs ofgkgjs cj` u` fspfctrjhjtóoftrj,
2=
Ebs cbrtbs KW= fstâ` gfscrktbs pjr eb `j `jrob rob KSJ 29872-2>9428. Mby u`b vfrskó` gf fstbs cbrtbs pbrb obtfrkbefs jpb jpbcjs cjs y jtrb pbrb trb`spbrf`ckbs. Ebs vfrskj`fs gf 9422 f` bgfeb`tf k`ceuyf` u`b rfaeb.
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@j sf rfcjokf`gb fe usj gf eb CjejrCmfclfr gf 97 pbrcmfs< ejs vbejrfs gf ejs pbrcmfs pbrcmfs mb` cboikbgj b ej ebraj gf ejs bòjs y sf mb` gftfctbgj k`cj`skstf`ckbs f` ejs supufstjs vbejrfs be ofgkrejs cj` fspfctrjhjtóoftrj.
94
Tfroktf` tboikë` af`frbr pfrflefs G@A pbrb câobrb.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Afstkó` gf cjejr
cjejrïoftrj j gf`sktóoftrj. Mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb, bgfoâs, quf ejs cjejrfs gf ebs cbrtbs sufef` pfrgfr k`tf`skgbg cj` fe tkfopj. Tjr feej fs cj`vf`kf`tf utkekzbr ejs bpbrbtjs gf ofgkckó` gf cjejr quf bcbibojs gf of`ckj`br pbrb cjoprjibr quf ejs vbejrfs gf ejs pbrcmfs cjk`ckgf` cj` ejs gfe brcmkvj gf rfhfrf`ckb< f` cbsj gf quf `j cjk`ckgb` (ouy prjibiefof`tf `j ej mbrâ` sk ebs cbrtbs eefvb` tkfopj gf usj), mbirâ quf af`frbr `ufvjs brcmkvjs gf rfhfrf`ckb ob`ubeof`tf j utkekzbr cbrtbs gf cjejr `ufvbs. Cj` ejs fspfctrjhjtóoftrjs sf cj`skauf`, f` prk`ckpkj, ofnjrfs rfsuetbgjs quf cj` ejs cjejrïoftrjs. F` fe cbsj gf cbrtbs gf fscbeb gf arksfs, sf pufgf usbr, bgfoâs gfe cjejrïoftrj j fspfctrjhjtóoftrj, u` gf`sktóoftrj pbrb ofgkr eb gf`skgbg gf cjejr gf ejs gkvfrsjs pbrcmfs arksfs gf eb fscbeb. Fstjs bpbrbtjs sf sufef` usbr tboikë` pbrb cbekirbr ejs oj`ktjrfs, okgkf`gj ejs vbejrfs gf cjejr gf ebs cbpturbs gf cbrtbs cbr tbs gf cjejr, y, f` af`frbe, pbrb cjoprjibr ejs cjejrfs f` cubequkfr hbsf hbs f gfe prjcfsj gf gkaktbekzbckó` j afstkó` gf cjejr (obtfrkbefs gf jrkaf`, koâaf`fs gkaktbefs, gkspjsktkvjs, cjpkbs koprfsbs gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs…). • Sk `fcfsktbojs bgqukrk bgqukrkrr fspfctrjhjtóoftrjs j cjejrïof cjejrïoftrjs, trjs, mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj gf fefakr fefakr ejs quf sfb` cjopbtkiefs cj` fe sjhtwbrf gf gf pfrflebgj quf tf`abojs. • Fs rfcjof`gbief utkekzbr cbrtbs gf cjejr gfikgbof`tf `jrobekzbgbs quf vf`ab` bcjopbòbgbs gf brcmkvjs gf rfhfrf`ckb. • Tjr cufstkj`fs gf `jrobekzbckó `jrobekzbckó`, `, fs prfhfrkief utkekzbr brcmkvjs gf rfhfrf`ckb f` hjrobtj CABWS. • Gf`trj gf u` prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó`, fs rfcjof`gbief utkekzbr, f` eb ofgkgb gf ej pjskief, skfoprf fe oksoj tkpj gf cbrtbs pbrb cbekirbr y pfrflebr ejs fqukpjs y fe oksoj tkpj gf pfrfle KCC. • Bu`quf ejs pfrflefs KCC f` ebs koâaf`fs `js pfroktf` afstkj`br bgfcubgbof`tf su cjejr, cjejr, mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf mby fqukpjs y prjarbobs quf `j pufgf` trbibnbr trbibn br cj` fstjs pfrflefs k`crus k`crus-tbgjs, y pjr jtrj ebgj, quf ejs pfrflefs pufgf` pfrgfrsf be trbibnbr cj` gftfrok`bgbs bpekcbckj`fs. Tjr fsj fs rfcjof`gbief rfbekzbr cbpturbs gf cbrtbs gf cjejr gurb`tf fe prjcfsj gf fscb`fbgj cj` eb oksob cj`flaurbckó` gf cbpturb quf sf fstë usb`gj pbrb fscb`fbr ejs gjcuof`tjs. Ebs prâctkcbs oâs mbiktubefs f` fstf sf`tkgj sfrïb` gkaktbekzbr ejs obtfrkbefs cj` eb cbrtb gf cjejr cjejcbgb b u` ebgj, cjejcbr eb cbrtb f`ckob gfe gjcuof`tj y rfbekzbr jtrb cbpturb gfe oksoj gjcuof`tj sk` eb cbrtb, j rfbekzbr u`b cbpturb sjej gf eb cbrtb. • Cjoj `jrob af`frbe, fs prfhfrkief utkekzbr cbrtbs gf cjejr cj` oucmjs pbrcmfs< gf fstb ob`frb sf pufgf cj`sfaukr u`b ofnjr afstkó` gf cjejr. F` beau`js cbsjs, pjr fnfopej, cub`gj sf mbcf` cbpturbs gf gjcuof`tjs cj` cbrtbs cb rtbs gf cjejr cjejcbgbs b u` ebgj, pufgf sfr cj`vf`kf`tf, pjr cufstkj`fs gf fspbckj y pfsj gf ejs brcmkvjs, utkekzbr cbrtbs gf cjejr oâs pfqufòbs. • Sfaþ` fe usj quf sf ef gë b u`b cbrtb, fstb pufgf gfcjejrbrsf oâs j of`js râpkgj, pfrgkf`gj su utkekgbg. Bu`quf ebs cbrtbs efvfof`tf gfcjejrbgbs pufgf` sfaukr skf`gj þtkefs sk sf af`frb` pbrb feebs `ufvjs brcmkvjs gf rfhfrf`ckb cj` fspfctrjhjtóoftrjs j cjejrïoftrjs, b pbrtkr gfe bòj gf usj pufgf sfr `fcfsbrkj rffopebzbrebs. Cj`vkf`f tf`fr f` cuf`tb ejs pebzjs k`gkcbgjs pjr ejs hbirkcb`tfs pbrb su rffopebzj. • F` ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gkaktbekzbckó` sf hbckektb eb afstkó` gf cjejr sk sf utkekzb` skfoprf fe oksoj
tkpj gf cbrtb gf cjejr j u` oksoj tkpj gf cbrtb gf cjejr pjr gkspjsktkvj j tkpj gf gjcuof`tj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Afstkó` gf cjejr
• Fs cj`vf`kf`tf quf fe prjcfsj gf aafstkó` fstkó` gf cjejr gf u` prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó` fstë gfikgbof`tf rfauebgj y gjcuof`tbgj. Sk sf utkekzb` pfrflefs KCC, mb gf k`crustbrsf eb k`hjrobckó` gfe pfrfle f` ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs af`frbgbs j bsjckbrsf b feebs gkcmb k`hjrobckó` gf beau`b jtrb ob`frb.
Hka. 78. Cuikfrtb gf ekirj cbpturbgb cj` fe fscâ`fr obe cbekirbgj.
• Sk sf utkekzb` cbrtbs gf cjejr gurb`tf fe fscb`fbgj, mb gf sfr pjskief f` þetkob k`stb`ckb sbifr quë cbrtb gf cjejr sf mb usbgj pbrb cj`trjebr cj `trjebr fe cjejr gf cbgb kobaf`. Fs cj`vf`kf`tf cj`vf`kf`t f tboikë` quf sf bgnu`tf` b ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs ejs brcmkvjs gf rfhfrf`ckb gf ebs cbrtbs cb rtbs quf sf mbyb` usbgj, cj` eb k`hjrobckó` `fcfsbrkb pbrb rfebckj`br gkcmjs brcmkvjs gf rfhfrf`ckb cj` ebs cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs cbpturbs gf cbrtbs gf cjejr. • Sk sf mb` utkekzbgj cbrtbs gf cjej cjejrr gurb`tf fe prjcfsj gf fscb`fbgj, fscb`fbgj, ebs cbpturbs cj` cbrtbs gf cjejr mb` gf sfr cj`sfrvbgbs nu`tj cj` ebs koâaf`fs oâstfr. Wboikë` fs rfcjof`gbief, f` af`frbe, k`ceukrebs f` ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` pbrb quf ejs usubrkjs gf ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs pufgb` rfprjguckr flfeof`tf ejs cjejrfs gf ejs gjcuof`tjs jrkak`bef jrkak`befs, s, bu`quf mby cbsjs f` ejs quf, pjr cufstkj`fs gf fstëtkcb, gf cjojgkgbg pbrb ejs usubrkjs j gf fspbckj, pufgf sfr prfhfrkief `j mbcfr fstj þetkoj. Eb k`stktuckó` gkaktbekzbgjrb mbirâ gf vbejrbr fstjs bspfctjs f` su pjeïtkcb gf gkaktbekzbckó` y gfckgkr sk jhrfcf koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` cj` j sk` cbrtbs gf cjejr. • Ebs cj`gkckj`fs y pbrâoftrjs gf fscb`fbgj gf ebs cbrtbs (rfsjeuckó`, prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr, gkstb`ckb hjcbe, bifrturb gf gkbhrbaob, vfejckgbg gf gkspbrj, ftc.) mb` gf sfr ejs oksojs quf ejs gf ejs gjcuof`tjs cuyj cjejr prftf`gf` cj`trjebr. Mby quf bsfaurbrsf tboikë` gf quf ebs cbrtbs rfckif` eb oksob keuok`bckó` quf ejs gjcuof`tjs gurb`tf fe fscb`fbgj, y quf fstb keuok`bckó` fs u`khjrof, sk` zj`bs cj` irkeejs j sjoirbs. Sk sf utkekzb prf`sbekirjs pbrb fscb`fbr ejs gjcuof`tjs, ebs cbrtbs gf cjejr gfif` fscb`fbrsf tboikë` cj` prf`sbekirjs< sk ejs gjcuof`tjs sf gkaktbekzb`
f`vufetjs f` hu`gbs peâstkcbs, ebs cbrtbs gfif` fscb`fbrsf gf`trj gf hu`gbs gfe oksoj tkpj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Afstkó` gf cjejr
Hka. 71 71.. Fscb`fbgj gf gjcuof`tj f`vufetj f` hu`gb peâstkcb.
Fe fscâ`fr fstâ cbekirbgj pbrb gjcuof`tjs sk` hu`gb.
27.3 Fspbckjs gf cjejr Gf`trj gfe cbopj gf eb kobaf` gkaktbe, u` fspbckj gf cjejr fs eb rfprfsf`tbckó` gf u`b gftfrok`bgb abob gf cjejrfs ofgkb`tf vbejrfs `uoërkcjs bska`bgjs sfaþ` u` gftfrok`bgj ojgj gf cjejr (YAI, CO[L, [CiCr…). Fe ojgj gf cjejr fs u` ojgfej quf pfroktf rfprfsf`tbr ejs gkhfrf`tfs cjejrfs f` hjrob `uoërkcb utkekzb`gj cjoik`bckj`fs gf u`js pjcjs cjejrfs j pbrâoftrjs iâskcjs (trfs j cubtrj, `jrobeof`tf). Ejs ojgjs gf cjejr oâs usbgjs sj` fe ojgj YAI, pbrb vksubekzbckó` f` pb`tbeeb, y fe ojgj CO[L, pbrb koprfskó`. • Ej `jrobe fs usbr fe ojgj gf cjejr YAI pbrb ejs oâstfrfs y ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó`. Sk fe gfstk`j gf ebs koâaf`fs fs sfr koprfsbs, pjgfojs af`frbr `ufvbs cjpkbs pbrb fstf fl` j trb`shjrobrebs ojof`tâ`fbof`tf bska`â`gjefs pfrflefs gf sbekgb j fspbckjs gf cjejr CO[L. Cbgb gkspjsktkvj tkf`f su prjpkj fspbckj gf cjejr< f` fe cbsj gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb, fstf fspbckj sfrïb fe cj`nu`tj gf cjejrfs quf gkcmj gkspjsktkvj fs cbpbz gf cbpturbr< f` fe cbsj gf ejs oj`ktjrfs, sufef` jhrfcfr, pjr cufstkj`fs gf fflckf`ckb, fflckf`c kb, u`b abob cj`crftb y ekoktbgb gf cjejrfs
(eb obyjrïb gf ejs oj`ktjrfs gf abob ofgkb trbibnb` cj` fe fspbckj gf cjejr sYAI).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Afstkó` gf cjejr
Eufaj fstâ` ejs fspbckjs gf cjejr k`gfpf`gkf`tfs gf gkspjsktkvjs, cjoj CKFEBI y CKF ][^, quf trbtb` gf rfprjguckr tjgjs ejs cjejrfs pfrcfptkiefs pjr fe skstfob vksube muob`j. Bu`quf tfórkcbof`tf fstjs fs tjs ojgfejs CKF pjgrïb` ssfr fr u` fxcfef`tf fstâ` fstâ`gbr gbr pbrb trbibn trbibnbr br cj` koâaf`fs gkaktbefs f` cubequkfr cj`tfxtj, fxkstf` rbzj`fs mkstórkcbs y prâctkcbs pbrb utkekzbr jtrjs fspbckjs gf cjejr, gf abob oâs rfguckgb, cjoj pufgf` sfr sYAI, Bgjif YAI 2;;=, Arby Aboob 9.9, ftc. Fstjs þetkojs sj` ejs eebobgjs «fspbckjs \gf cjejr_ gf trbibnj¼. • Gfsgf fe pu`tj gf vkstb gf eb hkgfekgbg be jrkak`be y gf eb prfsfrvbckó`, fs prfhfrkief trbibnbr cj` fspbckjs gf cjejr ej oâs bopekjs pjskief, fstj fs, quf sfb` cbpbcfs gf rfprjguckr fe obyjr `þofrj gf cjejrfs. Tjr feej sf rfcjokf`gb, skfoprf quf sfb vkbief, utkekzbr ejs fspbckjs gf cjejr gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb pbrb ejs oâstfrfs, y f` cbsj gf quf `j ej sfb, utkekzbr u` fspbckj gf cjejr ej suhkckf`tfof`tf bopekj y gf usj fxtf`gkgj, cjoj Bgjif YAI 2;;=. Tbrb ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó`, pjr cufstkj`fs gf cjopbtkikekgbg f`trf gkspjsktkvjs y gf prfsfrvbckó`, fs tboikë` cj`vf`kf`tf utkekzbr fspbckjs gf cjejr gf trbibnj gf bopekj usj y gf abob suflckf`tfof`tf bopekb cjoj Bgjif YAI 2;;=. Bgjif YAI 2;;= fs u` fspbckj gf cjejr gksfòbgj pbrb eb fgkckó` gf koâaf`fs gf betb cbekgbg y su koprfskó`. Fs ouy bprjpkbgj pbrb trbibnbr trbibn br cj` Tmjtjsmjp y pbrb afstkj`br koâaf`fs quf vb` b sfr koprfsbs. Bu`quf fe fspbckj gf cjejr sYAI sfb fe utkekzbgj pjr gfhfctj p pjr jr eb obyjrïb gf ejs oj`k oj`ktjrfs tjrfs gf abob ofgkb y mbyb prjhfskj`befs quf bcj`sfnf` su usj, `j fs eb ofnjr jpckó` f` fe cj`tfxtj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj, be of`js pbrb ejs oâstfrfs. Fe fspbckj sYAI tkf`f u`b abob gf cjejrfs ibstb`tf ekoktbgb, sjej cuirf bprjxkobgbof`tf fe 36 % gf ejs cjejrfs vkskiefs pjr fe jnj muob`j. @j jistb`tf, gfifojs sjpfsbr fe mfcmj gf quf, sk u`b kobaf` quf fstâ f` u` fspbckj gf cjejr gf abob oâs bopekb quf fe sYAI, tbe cjoj Bgjif YAI, sf birf gfsgf u`b bpekcbckó` (`bvfabgjr,, vksjr gf koâaf`fs…) quf `j mbab afstkó` gf cjejr, eb kobaf` sf k`tfrprftbrâ cjoj sYAI abgjr `jrobeof`tf, ej quf prjvjcbrâ u` cboikj gf cjejr bcusbgj< mbiktubeof`tf ejs cjejrfs bcusb` u`b përgkgb gf sbturbckó` hufrtf. Fs gfckr, bmjrb oksoj, be birkr u`b kobaf` f` u` fspbckj gf cjejr gf abob obyjr quf sYAI, f` eb obyjrïb gf ejs oj`ktjrfs gf abob ofgkb j ibnb, sf vfrâ eb kobaf` cj` ckfrtbs betfrbckj`fs gf cjejr quf sf prjgucf` pjr fe mfcmj gf quf fe oj`ktjr afstkj`b eb kobaf` cjoj sk fstuvkfrb f` sYAI. Gfikgj b fstj, pjgrïb nustkflcbrsf fe usj gf fstf fspbckj gf cjejr pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`. Tjr jtrj ebgj, sk utkekzbojs fspbckjs gf cjejr gf abob oâs bopekb, bu`quf ejs oj`ktjrfs gf abob ibnb j ofgkb `j vbyb` b sfr cbpbcfs gf rfprjguckr fstjs cjejrfs «gf oâs¼, y prjguzcb` ckfrtbs betfrbckj`fs f` fe cjejr gf ebs koâaf`fs quf prfsf`tb` f` pb`tbeeb, tf`grfojs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` quf cj`sfrvb` obyjr k`hjrobckó` gf cjejr quf sk fstuvkfrb` f` sYAI, y fstb k`hjrobckó` gf cjejr pjgrâ sfr afstkj`bgb y vksubekzbgb f` jtrjs gkspjsktkvjs j prjarbobs gf obyjr cbekgbg. Bgfoâs, mby quf tf`fr f` ccuf`tb uf`tb quf pjskief pjskiefof`tf of`tf f` u` hhuturj uturj cfrc cfrcb`j b`j buof`tf buof`tf`, `, ofrcfg be bvb`cf gf ebs tfc`jejaïbs, ebs prfstbckj`fs gf ejs oj`ktjrfs f` cub`tj b afstkó` gf cjejr. Fstbs sfrïb` rbzj`fs pbrb utkekzbr fspbckjs gf cjejr gf abob oâs bopekb tboikë` pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Afstkó` gf cjejr
Hka. 7=. Cjopbrbtkvb> vksubekzbckó` gf kobaf` f` fspbckj Bgjif YAI gfsgf u`b bpekcbckó` gf vksubekzbckó` j `bvfabgjr wfi quf `j mbcf afstkó` gf cjejr (brrkib) y gfsgf u`b quf sï eb mbcf (bibnj). Eb kobaf` gf brrkib mb pfrgkgj oucmb gf eb sbturbckó` gf su cjejr.
Hka. 7;. Cjopbrbtkvb> kobaf` f` fspbckj sYAI trbs tr bs sfr cj`vfrtkgb cjrrfctbof`tf gfsgf u` fspbckj Bgjif YAI vksubekzbgb gfsgf u`b bpekcbckó` quf sï mbcf afstkó` gf cjejr (brrkib)< vksubekzbckó` gf eb oksob kobaf` f` fspbckj Bgjif YAI b`tfs gf
sfr cj`vfrtkgb b fspbckj sYAI (f` ofgkj) mbikë`gjsf usbgj u`b bpekcbckó` quf sï mbcf afstkó` gf cjejr, cjejr, y vksubekzbckó` gf eb kobaf` cj`vfrtkgb b sYAI f` u`b bpekcbckó` quf `j mbcf afstkó` gf cjejr (bibnj). Eb kobaf` cj`vfrtkgb b sYAI cj`sfrvb ikf` eb bpbrkf`ckb gf su jrkak`be f` Bgjif YAI, `j skf`gj ouy bprfckbiefs b skopef vkstb ejs rfcjrtfs f` abob gf cjejrfs, k`ceusj
cub`gj sf vksubekzb gfsgf u`b bpekcbckó` quf `j mbcf afstkó` gf cjejr.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Afstkó` gf cjejr
• Mby oucmjs fspbckjs gf cjejr YAI quf sf pufgf` bska`br b ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs, bu`quf eb obyjrïb sf utkekzb` f` cj`tfxtjs prjhfskj`befs cj`crftjs, `j skf`gj gf bopekj usj. Skaukf`gj fstf crktfrkj gf eb bopektug gfe usj, sf rfcjokf`gb r fcjokf`gb utkekzbr fe fspbckj gf cjejr Arby Aboob 9.9 pbrb koâaf`fs f` fscbeb gf arksfs, y Bgjif YAI 2;;= pbrb koâaf`fs f` cjejr, fspbckjs gf cjejr gf usj ouy fxtf`gkgj. Wboikë` mby iuf`bs rbzj`fs pbrb utkekzbr fspbckjs cjoj TrjTmjtj YAI y fckYAI. Tbrb koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` f` cjejr, cj ejr, tboikë`, cjoj bcbibojs gf fxpekcbr, mby rbzj`fs pbrb utkekz utkekzbr br sYAI. TrjTmjtj (j YJOO YAI) fs u` fspbckj gf cjejr gf abob ouy bopekb ouy utkekzbgj f` fe âoiktj gf eb fgkckó` gf kobaf` prjhfskj`be (hjtjarbhïb, gksfòj, puiekckgbg…). Su usj pufgf sfr rfcjof`gbief sjirf tjgj sk sf fstâ fst â fscb`fb`gj cj` 7= ikts gf prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr (28 pjr ccb`be). b`be). Mb skgj gffl`kgj pjr eb `jrob KSJ 9949=-9>9423. fckYAI fs u` fspbckj gf cjejr pbrb fgkckó` f koprfskó` prjhfskj`be gksfòbgj pjr eb Furjpfb` Cjejr K`kckbtkvf. F`trf sus vf`tbnbs pjgfojs of`ckj`br quf fs u` fspbckj gf cjejr gffl`kgj pjr u`b `jrob KSJ, eb KSJ/WS 9949=-7>9429, y quf sf mb gksfòbgj tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs pfrcfptkvbs gfe jnj muob`j. F`trf sus k`cj`vf`kf`tfs pjgfojs of`ckj`br quf su usj `j fstâ ouy fxtf`gkgj (bu`quf ej fstâ` usb`gj kopjrtb`tfs k`stktuckj`fs gkaktbekzbgjrbs) y quf oucmjs gkspjsktkvjs j prjarbobs `j ej utkekzb` j rfcj`jcf`. Cj`vkf`f sfòbebr quf fe pb`jrbob gf ejs fspbckjs gf cjejr fstâ fvjeuckj`b`gj cj`stb`tfof`tf, pjr ej quf fstbs rfcjof`gbckj`fs pufgf` qufgbrsf jisjeftbs gf`trj gf `j oucmj tkfopj. Mby qukf` jpk`b, pjr fnfopej, quf fckYAI sfrâ fe fstâ`gbr gfe huturj, okf`trbs quf jtrjs gkcf` ej oksoj gf YJOO.
Ojgjs gf cjejr
Fspbckjs gf cjejr/ojgfejs gf cjejr
CBO
CKFCBO49 | kCBO
CKF
][^ (2;32) | YAI (2;32) | CBO (9449) | [VX (2;84) |VXQ (2;87) | CKFEBI (2;18) | CKFEVX (2;18)
YAI
YAI cjejr spbcf | sYAI | ra cmrjobtkcktyv | Bgjif | Qkgf-about | TrjTmjtj | scYAI | GCK-T3 | Yfc. 14; | Yfc. 9494 |Yfc. 9244 | fckYAI
[VX
[VX TBE | [GiGr (SFCBO | TBE-@) | [KR (@WSC) | [CiCr (Yfc. 842 | Yfc. 14; | Yfc. 9494 | Yfc. 9244) | KCtCp (Yfc. 9244) | [TiTr |xv[CC | [CjCa
Jtrjs
CcOo[L | CO[L | Cjejrjkg | EOS | Mfxbcmrjof | MSE, MSX | MCE | Kobak`bry cjejr | JSB-VCS | TCCS | YA | Y[I | MQI
Skstfobs y fstâ`gbrfs gf cjejr BCFS | B@TB | Cjejur K`gfx K`tfr`btkj`be (CK ekst jh gyfs) | GKC Hfgfrbe Stb`gbrg 6;6 | MLS | KCC prjflef | KSCC–@IS | Ou`sfee | @CS | Jstwbeg | Tb`tj`f | YBE (ekst)
Cubgrj 22. Fspbckjs, skstfobs y fstâ`gbrfs gf cjejr92.
• F` cub`tj b eb cj`vfrskó` f`trf fspbckjs gf cjejr, gfifojs tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf fstb cj`vfrskó` `j fs rfvfrskief, pjr ej quf, sk pbsbojs gf u` fspbckj gf cjejr gf abob bopekb b jtrj gf abob oâs rfguckgb, fstbrfojs pfrgkf`gj k`hjrobckó` gf cjejr quf `j pjgrfojs vjevfr b rfcupfrbr. Tjr jtrb pbrtf, pbsbr gf u` fspbckj gf cjejr b jtrj cj` abob oâs bopekb `j tkf`f oucmj sf`tkgj, bu`quf f` gftfrok`bgbs sktubckj`fs gfibojs mbcfrej, pjrquf `j cj`sfaukrfojs rffnbr obyjr `þofrj gf cjejrfs.
92
K`hjrobckó` fxtrbïgb gf mttps>//f`.wklkpfgkb.jra/wklk/TrjTmjtjZYAIZcjejrZspbcf mttps>//f`.wklkpfgkb.jra/wklk/TrjTmjtjZYAIZcjejr Zspbcf (7-3-9492).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Afstkó` gf cjejr
• Tbrb ebs cj`vfrskj`fs ff`trf `trf fspbckjs gf cjejr cj`vkf`f mbcfr pruf prufibs ibs pbrb gftfrok`br cj` quë prjpósktj gf cj`vfrskó` sf jitkf`f` ofnjrfs rfsuetbgjs. F` af`frbe, fe prjpósktj cjejrkoëtrkcj rfebtkvj be ofgkj hu`ckj`b ofnjr pbrb obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs, y fe pfrcfptube, pbrb obtfrkbefs cj` bopekb abob gf cjejrfs, cjoj sufef` sfr ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs. V` prjpósktj gf cj`vfrskó` cjejrkoëtrkcj bisjeutj pufgf gbr iuf`js rfsuetbgjs sk tf`fojs quf cj`vfrtkr b u` fspbckj gf cjejr cj` obyjr `þofrj gf cjejrfs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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26. Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj F` fe cj`tfxtj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb pjgfojs mbiebr gf gjsgkaktbekzbckó` oftjgjejaïbspjr af`frbefs trbibnj qufcbpturb sj` ebs boâs utkekzbgbs k`stktuckj`fstkf`f` gkaktbekzbgjrbs> ejtfs y gf gkaktbekzbckó` cbpturb. Fstbspjr gjsebs oftjgjejaïbs quf vfr, be of`js f` cckfrtb kfrtb ofgkgb, cj` eb gk gkhfrf`t hfrf`tff ob` ob`frb frb gf ttrbibn rbibnbr br g gff u` fscâ`fr y u`b câobrb hjtjarâflcb. Wb`tj fe fscâ`fr cjoj eb câobrb hjtjarâflcb pufgf` trbibnbr utkekzb`gj boibs oftjgjejaïbs, pfrj, usubeof`tf, cub`gj sf trbibnb cj` fscâ`fr, sf mbcf pjr ejtfs (k`ceusj f` cbsjs f` ejs quf sf jitf`grïb` ofnjrfs rfsuetbgjs trbibnb`gj cbpturb b cbpturb), okf`trbs quf cj` câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs sf utkekzb oucmj eb oftjgjejaïb gf cbpturb b cbpturb y sf pufgf` tf`fr ckfrtjs prjiefobs pbrb trbibnbr cjrrfctbof`tf pjr ejtfs. Gfgkcbrfojs sf`gjs bpbrtbgjs b cj`tk`ubckó` b fstbs gjs oftjgjejaïbs y u` tfrcfrj b eb gkaktbekzbckó` cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb, quf sf gkhfrf`ckb f` gkvfrsjs bspfctjs gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` cj` fscâ`fr. Tjr þetkoj, f` u` cubrtj bpbrtbgj, trbtbrfojs gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs gf arb` hjrobtj. • F` eb gkaktbekzbckó` pjr ejtfs sf bnustb` ejs pbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb y sf rfbekzb` eb afstkó` gf cjejr y fe prjcfsbgj gf kobaf` sjirf ejtfs j arupjs gf koâaf`fs, okf`trbs okf`tr bs quf f` eb gkaktbekzbckó` cbpturb b cbpturb sf cbpturb` y prjcfsb` ebs koâaf`fs u`b b u`b. Eb gkaktbekzbckó` pjr ejtfs fs rfcjof`gbief pbrb gkaktbekzbr prf`sb, rfvkstbs, ekirjs y gfoâs obtfrkbefs tfxtubefs, y pufgf sfr utkekzbgb cj` rfsuetbgjs bcfptbiefs pbrb gkaktbekzbr jtrbs tkpjejaïbs gjcuof`tbefs, skfoprf quf sfb` cjefcckj`fs ibstb`tf mjojaë`fbs f` tërok`js gf tbobòjs y abobs tj`befs. Eb oftjgjejaïb cbpturb b cbpturb fs bgfcubgb pbrb gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs, hjtjarâflc js, arâflcjs j cbrtjarâflcjs, j hj`gjs gf `bturbefzb mftfrjaë`fb, pfrj fs k``fcfsbrkb y pjskiefof`tf cj`trbprjgucf`tf cub`gj fstbojs gkaktbekzb`gj hj`gj tfxtube ouy mjojaë`fj y cj` pjcb abob tj`be, cjoj pufgf` sfr ebs pâak`bs gf u` ekirj< f` fstjs cbsjs fs oâs fflckf`tf, hâcke y ibrbtj rfbekzbr u`b gkaktbekzbckó` pjr ejtfs. Fe f`hjquf cbpturb b cbpturb, bpekcbgj b ejs tkpjs gf hj`gjs of`ckj`bgjs, jhrfcf ofnjrfs rfsuetbgjs, bu`quf fs oucmj oâs ebijrkjsj y, pjr tb`tj, oâs cjstjsj, bgfoâs gf quf rfqukfrf obyjr fxpfrtkckb.
26.22 Gkaktbekzbckó` 26. Gkaktbe kzbckó` pjr ejtfs Eb gkaktbekzbckó` pjr ejtfs, cjoj yb sf mb gkcmj, fs u`b oftjgjejaïb ouy bgfcubgb pbrb gkaktbekzbr ekirjs, pfrkógkcjs y rfvkstbs y arupjs gf gjcuof`tjs ouy mjojaë`fjs. Fs gfsbcj`sfnbief, sk` foibraj, pbrb gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs cjoj `fabtkvjs, gkbpjsktkvbs y gfoâs trb`spbrf`ckbs. Wbopjcj fs fe f`hjquf oâs bcj`sfnbief, f` af`frbe, pbrb gkaktbekzbr hj`gj hjtjarâflcj, obtfrkbefs cbrtjarâflcjs sufetjs j hj`gjs arâflcjs cj` bopekbs abobs tj`befs, bu`quf sk sf trbtb gf cjefcckj`fs cbrtjarâflcbs
j arâflcbs ouy mjojaë`fbs f` cub`tj b tbobòj y abob tj`be (pjr fnfopej, u` cj`nu`tj gf obpbs
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
gf eb oksob sfrkf y cbsb quf sf mb` puiekcbgj sufetjs, j u`b sfrkf gf eâok`bs skokebrfs f` ieb`cj y `farj) pufgf` jitf`frsf jit f`frsf fxcfef`tfs rfsuetbgjs trbibnb`gj pjr ejtfs. Tbrb ej ejss obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs f` af`frbe sf pufgf` cj`sfaukr ofnjrfs rfsuetbgjs cj` eb oftjgjejaïb gf cbpturb b cbpturb, sjirf tjgj sk ej quf gkaktbekzbojs sj` `fabtkvjs. Ejs fscâ`frfs prjhfskj`befs gf ekirjs, bgbptbgjs pbrb trbibnbr cj` fstf tkpj gf obtfrkbefs, pfroktf` trbibnbr pjr ejtfs cj` cjojgkgbg, bu`quf, pjr supufstj, sf pufgf trbibnbr cj` feejs cbpturb b cbpturb. Eb oftjgjejaïb gf gkaktbekzbckó` pjr ejtfs skauf fe skaukf`tf prjcfsj> ‗ Cukgbgjsb cbekirbckó` gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb y gfe oj`ktjr ibsbgb f` eb cbpturb gf cbrtbs gf cjejr y cj`trje. ‗ Cbrbctfrkzb Cbrbctfrkzbckó` ckó` gfe gkspjsktkv gkspjsktkvj j gf cbpturb y af`fr af`frbckó` bckó` gf pfrfle KCC gf f`t f`trbgb. rbgb. ‗ Cj`flaurbckó` gf cbpturb pbrb pbr b fe ejt ejtf> f> f`hjquf, ssfefcckó` fefcckó` gf rfsjeuckó` y tbobòj, ssfefcckó` fefcckó` gf ârfb gf cbpturb, bnustf gf cjejr f keuok`bckó`… Fe bnustf gf cjejr sf sufef mbcfr sjirf eb prfvksubekzbckó` gf eb cbrtb gf cjejr, fe bnustf gf keuok`bckó` sf pufgf mbcfr sjirf u` mkstjarbob j ofgkb`tf cbrtb gf cj`trje. ‗ Cbpturb gf u`b cb cbrtb rtb gf cjejr sufetb s ufetb j nu`tj b u`b pâak`b gfe gjcuof`tj. ‗ Cbpturb gf eebs bs pâ pâak`bs ak`bs gfe eekirj, kirj, rfvkst rfvkstbb j pfrkógkc pfrkógkcj j j ejtf gf gj gjcuof`tjs cuof`tjs ob`tf`kf ob`tf`kf`gj `gj eebb oksob cj`flaurbckó` gf cbpturb pbrb tjgbs ebs pâak`bs, sbevj pjr eb sfefcckó` gfe ârfb gf cbpturb, quf pufgf quf mbyb quf kr vbrkb`gj sfaþ` sf vbyb` pbsb`gj ebs pâak`bs gf u` vjeuof`. ‗ Af`frbckó` gf koâaf`fs oâstfr cj` fe pfr pfrfle fle KCC gf f`trbgb k`c k`crustbgj. rustbgj. ‗ Af`frbckó` gf koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` b pbrtk pbrtkrr gf ejs oâstfrfs. oâstfr fs. • F` eb gkaktbekzbckó` pjr ejtfs, ob`tf`fr eb mjojaf`fkgbg gf ebs cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs, keuok`bckó`, pbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb y bnustfs gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs pbrb ebs gkhfrf`tfs cbpturbs fs k`gkspf`sbief. Gfif ob`tf`frsf eb mjojaf`fkgbg f` tjgbs ebs cbpturbs gf u` oksoj ejtf, k`ceukgb, pjr supufstj, eb cbpturb cj` eb cbrtb gf cjejr. Cubequkfr betfrbckó` gf ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf cbpturb (cboikj gf keuok`bckó`, gf rfsjeuckó`, gf gkstb`ckb hjcbe, ftc.) mbrâ `fcfsbrkjs u`b `ufvb cbekirbckó` y u` `ufvj pfrflebgj. • V`b gf ebs gkhfrf`ckbs f`trf eb gkaktbekzbckó` pjr ejtfs y eb gkaktbekzbckó` cbpturb b cbpturb fs quf f` eb gkaktbekzbckó` pjr ejtfs `j sf k`ceuyf u`b cbrtb gf cjejr f` cbgb cbpturb, sk`j quf sf utkekzb u`b sjeb cbpturb gf cbrtb gf cjejr pbrb cbgb ejtf. Bgfoâs, f` eb gkaktbekzbckó` pjr ejtfs ebs koâaf`fs `j sf fgktb` u`b b u`b, sk mby quf mbcfr beaþ` bnustf, fstjs bnustfs vbef` pbrb tjgbs j cbsk tjgbs ebs koâaf`fs gfe ejtf. • F` eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf vjeþof`fs tfxtubefs eb cbrtb gf cjejr pufgf cbpturbrsf k`gfpf`gkf`tfof`tf j ikf` pj`frsf sjirf eb cuikfrtb j prkofrbs pâak`bs gfe vjeuof` bikfrtj. Tufgf utkekzbrsf u`b cbrtb gf cjejr gf pjcjs pbrcmfs, cjejcbgb ebtfrbeof`tf, bu`quf fs oâs rfcjof`gbief, pufs pfroktf u`b ofnjr afstkó` gf cjejr, utkekzbr u`b cbrtb cj` obyjr `þofrj gf pbrcmfs cjejcbgb f`ckob gfe gjcuof`tj, sjirf su prkofrb pâak`b. Eóakcbof`tf, f` fstf þetkoj cbsj mbirâ quf rfpftkr eb cbpturb gf fstbs prkofrbs pâak`bs sk` cbrtb gf cjejr. Eb kobaf` cj` eb cbrtb gf cjejr mbirâ gf bgnu`tbrsf b eb cjpkb oâstfr, pj`kë`gjeb be prk`ckpkj j fl`be gfe ejtf j f`
cbrpftb k`gfpf`gkf`tf.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
• F` eb gkaktbekzbckó` p pjr jr ejtfs, f` prk`ckpkj, ibstb cj` rfbekzbr rfbekzbr u`b cbpturb gf cbrtb gf cjejr pjr cbgb ekirj j vjeuof` gf prf`sb. F` fe cbsj gf prf`sb gfsf`cubgfr`bgb, gfsf`cubgfr `bgb, pjgfojs utkekzbr u`b cbrtb gf cjejr pjr cbgb gïb, ofs j bòj gf eb puiekcbckó` gkaktbekzbgb, f` hu`ckó` gfe `þofrj gf pâak`bs b gkaktbekzbr. Sk sf trbtb gf cjefcckj`fs gf gjcuof`tjs sufetjs u jtrbs (hjeeftjs, cubgfr`js, ftc.) tf`grfojs quf gftfrok`br, prfvkj fstugkj gf eb tkpjejaïbs cjefcckó`, gjcuof`tbefs eb hrfcuf`ckb gf usj gf ebs cbrtbs gf cjejr. F` tjgj cbsj cj`vkf`f quf fe usj gf ebs cbrtbs gf cjejr fstë gfikgbof`tf peb`kflcbgj y gjcuof`tbgj. Mb gf sfr pjskief cj`jcfr quë cbrtb gf cjejr sf mb usbgj pbrb afstkj`br fe cjejr gf cbgb ejtf. • Mb gf fstbr cebrj tboikë` quë brcmkvj gf rfhfrf`ckb cjrrfspj`gf b cbgb cbrtb. Bu`quf ebs cbrtbs gf cjejr `jrobekzbgbs vkf`f` cj` brcmkvjs gf rfhfrf`ckb, pbrb fstbs oksobs cbrtbs fs pjskief af`frbr `ufvjs brcmkvjs gf rfhfrf`ckb ofgkb`tf cjejrïoftrjs j fspfctrjhjtóoftrjs quf pufgf` cj`tf`fr vbejrfs gkhfrf`tfs b ejs «gf hâirkcb¼. Fstbs vbrkbckj`fs pufgf` gfifrsf b eb gfcjejrbckó` prjguckgb pjr fe tkfopj f` ebs cbrtbs, u`b obeb hbirkcbckó`, ftc. Fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb bgnu`tbr ejs brcmkvjs gf rfhfrf`ckb cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs b ebs cbrtbs quf sf mbyb` usbgj f` fe prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó` nu`tj b ebs koâaf`fs af`frbgbs, gf u`b ob`frb, j nu`tj b gjcuof`tbckó` cebrb, quf pfroktb rfebckj`br cbpturbs gf cbrtbs y brcmkvjs gf rfhfrf`ckb r fhfrf`ckb.. • Ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs pufgf` tf`fr prjiefobs pbrb bpekcbr fstb oftjgjejaïb cjrrfctbof`cjrrfctbof` tf gfikgj b ejs prjcfsjs quf rfbekzb` butjoâtkcbof`tf. Sk sf gkaktbekzb pjr ejtfs cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb cj`vkf`f gfsbctkvbr tjgbs ebs hu`ckj`fs butjoâtkcbs gf eb câobrb (f` pbrtkcuebr, ebs quf pufgb` mbcfr vbrkbr ejs vbejrfs tj`befs gf ejs pkxfefs) y trbibnbr gf ojgj ob`ube.
26.9 Gkaktbekzbckó` cbpturb b cbpturb cbpturb Fstb oftjgjejaïb fs ouy bgfcubgb, cjoj sf mb gkcmj, pbrb gkaktbekzbr hj`gj arâflcj, hjtjarâflcj j cbrtjarâflcj y cjefcckj`fs mftfrjaë`fbs. Fs k`bgfcubgb, sk` foibraj, pbrb gkaktbekzbr vjeþof`fs tfxtubefs j cjefcckj`fs ouy mjojaë`fbs f` cub`tj b tbobòjs y tj`bekgbgfs. F` eb gkaktbekzbckó` cbpturb b cbpturb sf bnustb` ebs jpckj`fs gf cbpturb pbrb cbgb cbpturb y sf rfbekzb u`b fgkckó` gf kobaf` ob`ube (bnustfs gf cjejr, irkeej y cj`trbstf, rfcjrtf…) ibsbgb f` eb fvbeubckó` vksube pbrb cbgb kobaf`. F` eb prâctkcb sf sufef` cjoik`br prjcfsjs pjr ejtfs (pjr fnfopej, rfcjrtfs gf gjcuof`tjs gfe oksoj tbobòj, pbsbr `fabtkvjs b pjsktkvj, akrbr koâaf`fs cj` eb oksob jrkf`tbckó`, cj`flaurbckó` gf unjs gf trbibnj f` fgktjrfs gf kobaf`, cboikjs gf hjrobtj, af`frbckó` gf gfrkvbgjs, ftc.) cj` prjcfsjs ob`ubefs (sjirf tjgj, gf fgkckó` gf kobaf`). Ejs fqukpjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb sj` oâs bgfcubgjs pbrb trbibnbr cj` fstb oftjgjejaïb pjrquf sj` oâs fxkiefs y pfroktf` u`b obyjr bgbptbckó` b ejs gkstk`tjs gjcuof`tjs< pjr fnfopej, pufgf vbrkbrsf eb gkstb`ckb f`trf eb ef`tf y fe gjcuof`tj ojvkf`gj eb câobrb, ej quf pfroktf bprjvfcmbr ofnjr eb cbpbckgbg óptkcb gfe fqukpj. Bgfoâs, ejs hjtóarbhjs prjhfskj`befs fstâ` bcjstuoirbgjs b afstkj`br fe cjejr y fgktbr sus hjtjarbhïbs u`b b u`b. • Be trbibnbr cj` fstb oftjgjejaïb fs ouy kopjrtb`tf quf ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb y ejs oj`ktjrfs cj` ejs quf fstbojs rfbekzb`gj eb fgkckó` gf kobaf` fstë` pfrhfctbof`tf cbekirbgjs.
Mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf, cub`gj fgktbojs eb kobaf` pbrb jptkokzbr su vksubekzbckó`, ej quf fstbojs mbckf`gj fs bgbptbr eb kobaf` b u` oj`ktjr gftfrok`bgj< sk fe oj`ktjr fstâ obe cbekirbcb ekirb-
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
gj, ejs vbejrfs gf cjejr quf bska`bojs b eb kobaf` sfrâ` k`cjrrfctjs y fstb kobaf` sf vfrâ obe, cj` ejs cjejrfs betfrbgjs, f` jtrjs oj`ktjrfs ikf` cbekirbgjs, okf`trbs quf, sk fe oj`ktjr fstâ ikf` cbekirbgj, eb kobaf` tf`grâ vbejrfs cjrrfctjs y sf vfrâ oâs j of`js kaube f` jtrjs gkspjsktkvjs ikf` cbekirbgjs. F` eb gkaktbekzbckó` cbpturb b cbpturb sf sufef` fscb`fbr fscb`fb r skfoprf ejs gjcuof`tjs (hjtjarbhïbs, obpbs, `fabtkvjs…) nu`tj cj` u`b cbrtb gf cjejr (fs gfckr, sf k`ceuyf` cbrtbs gf cjejr f` tjgbs ebseâok`bs, cbpturbs). V`b cjsb mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb be trbibnbr gf fstb ob`frb> sk rfbekzbojs bnustfs tj`befs y gf `ktkgfz pjscbpturb, fstbojs betfrb`gj eb k`hjrobckó` gf cjejr `uoërkcb gf eb kobaf` (ejs vbejrfs YAI) pbrb cj`sfaukr u`b vksubekzbckó` óptkob< f` fstjs cbsjs, u` pfrfle KCC k`crustbgj j bsjckbgj b ebs koâaf`fs `js sfrvkrâ pbrb trb`soktkr y ob`tf`fr eb koâaf`fs cj` fstbs vbrkbckj`fs. Eb oftjgjejaïb gf gkaktbekzbckó` cbpturb b cbpturb cb pturb pjgrïb f`aejibr ebs skaukf`tfs jpfrbckj`fs> ‗ Cukgbgjsj cbekirb cbekirbgj gj gf oj`ktjr y gkspjsk gkspjsktkvj tkvj gf cbpturb. ‗ Crfbckó` gfe pfrfle gf f`trbgb. ‗ F`hjquf y ssfefcckó` fefcckó` gf ârfb gf cbpturb. F` beau`js cbsjs ssff pjgrâ` utkekzbr bbeau`js eau`js bnust bnustfs fs pbrb u` arupj gf gjcuof`tjs. ‗ Cj`flaurbckó` gf cbpt cbpturb urb (pfs (pfsj j j rfsjeuckó` gfe gjcu gjcuof`tj, of`tj, ft ftc.). c.). F` beau`js ccbsjs bsjs sf pjgrâ` utkekzbr beau`js bnustfs pbrb u` arupj gf gjcuof`tjs. ‗ Cbpturb gfe gjcuof`t gjcuof`tj j nu`tj cj` u`b ccbrtb brtb gf cjejr. ‗ Fgkckó` gf eb kobaf` rfsuetb`tf pbrb cj`sfaukr u`b óptkob vksubekzbckó` cjtfnb`gj vk vksubeof`subeof`tf eb kobaf` gkaktbe cj` fe jrkak`be gkaktbekzbgj, sk fs quf qufrfojs cj`sfaukr u`b rfprjgucckó` flfe, j gf jtrbs ob`frbs sk tf`fojs jtrjs fl`fs (rfstburbckó` gkaktbe, fl`fs brtïstkcjs, ftc.). ‗ Af`frbckó` gf cjpkb oâstfr cj` fe pfrfle gf f`trbgb k`crustbgj. Sk sf trb trbibnb ibnb cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb, sf pufgf af`frbr u` gjief oâstfr YBQ/WKHH. ‗ Af`frbckó` gf eb ccjpkb jpkb gfrkvbgb b pb pbrtkr rtkr gfe oâst oâstfr fr f` eb quf sf puf pufgf gf ob`tf`fr j quktb quktbrr eb cbrtb gf cjejr. cj`tfxtj gfe câobrbejshjtjarâflcb sf sufef cj`sfrvbr YBQ , cjoj cjpkb F` gf fe prfsfrvbckó` «f`trbibnj irutj¼, cj` y rfbekzbr cboikjs sjirf ebs cjpkbs quf fe sf brcmkvj af`frf`YB bQ pbrtkr gf ëe, sfb` gf prfsfrvbckó` (WKHH…) j gf gkhuskó` (NTFA, TGH…). • Tufgf sfr u`b jp jpckó`, ckó`, bgfcubg bgfcubgbb pbrb cbsjs cj`crftjs, fe rfb rfbekzbr ekzbr ejs bnustfs pjscbp pjscbpturb turb fxceuskvbof`tf sjirf eb cjpkb gf gkhuskó`. V`j gf fstjs cbsjs sfrïb fe gf rfstburbckj`fs gkaktbefs j ofnjrbs gf kobaf`. Tjgfojs Tjgfojs cj`sfrvbr u`b kobaf` (YBQ j WKHH j boibs) gfe gjcuof`tj f` su fstbgj rfbe y af`frbr u`b kobaf` gf gkhuskó` cj` fe gjcuof`tj rfstburbgj j ofnjrbgj (pjr fnfopej, u`b pebcb gf vkgrkj rbnbgb f` eb quf sf suprkof eb rbnbgurb gkaktbeof`tf). F` fstjs cbsjs tboikë` pufgf` af`frbrsf gjs vfrskj`fs gf ebs koâaf`fs, u`b sk` rfstburbr y jtrb rfstburbgb. Eb fefcckó` gf u`b u jtrb jpckó` gfpf`gfrâ gf eb pjeïtkcb gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf eb k`stktuckó` rfspj`sbief gfe prjyfctj. Fs u`b prâctkcb ibstb`tf fxtf`gkgb fe rfcjrtbr eb cbrtb gf cjejr f` ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`. Gf fstb ob`frb sf jhrfcf` cj`tf`kgjs «oâs ekopkjs¼ (sk` cbrtbs gf cjejr) b ejs usubrkjs, bu`quf sf
pkfrgf u` oëtjgj gf cj`trje gf cjejr pbrb ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó`. F` tjgj cbsj, ebs cbrtbs gf cjejr sf gfif` ob`tf`fr f` ejs oâstfrfs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
• Fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb utkekzbr cbnbs gf vksubekzbckó` pbrb eb cjopbrbckó` vksube gf eb kobaf` gkaktbe cj` fe gjcuof`tj koprfsj. Fstbs cbnbs cj`trjeb` ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf vksubekzbckó`. • F` fstf sf`tkgj, fs iuf iuf`b `b prâctkcb tboikë` utkek utkekzbr zbr oj`ktjrfs cj` vksfrbs pbrb ebs tbrfbs gf cjtfnj, pufs rfgucf` fe fhfctj gf ebs vbrkbckj`fs gf euz boikf`tbe f` sktkjs f` ejs quf fs gkhïcke j kopjskief cj`trjebreb.
26.3 Cbpturb cj` câobrb Mbcf pjcj oâs gf u`b gëcbgb j gëcbgb y ofgkb, eb tfc`jejaïb gf câobrb câobr b gkaktbe `j sf cj`skgfrbib suflckf`tfof`tf gfsbrrjeebgb cjoj pbrb bpekcbrsf b ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj j gjcuof`tbe, pfrj mbcf yb bòjs quf fstb tfc`jejaïb jhrfcf prfstbckj`fs tëc`kcbs suflckf`tfs pbrb f`cbrbr fstf tkpj gf trbibnjs. Fs oâs, bmjrb oksoj eb obyjr cbekgbg gf gkaktbekzbckó` eb jhrfcf` ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs. Sk b fstj suobojs quf sj` gkspjsktkvjs ouy fxkiefs y vfrsâtkefs, y quf sj` eb þ`kcb jpckó` pbrb f`cbrbr gftfrok`bgbs gkaktbekzbckj`fs, pjgfojs f`tf`gfr pjr quë su usj pbrb gkaktbekzbr gjcuof`tjs fs cbgb vfz oâs hrfcuf`tf. Sk ikf` mby fscâ`frfs prjhfskj`befs gksfòbgjs pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs ekirbrkjs, cbrtjarâflcjs y arâflcjs, bsï cjoj ojgfejs fspfckbefs pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf trb`spbrf`ckbs y gkbpjsktkvbs, ejsgf quf sf cj`skauf` fxcfef`tfsmftfrjaë`fbs, rfsuetbgjs, ebssj` câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs, f` beau`js cbsjs, cjoj cj` f` fe cjefcckj`fs hjtjarâflcbs u`b fxcfef`tf jpckó`, y f` jtrjs, cjoj fe gf obtfrkbefs ouy arb`gfs, sj` eb þ`kcb jpckó`. Bgfoâs, eb câobrb hjtjarâflcb gfstbcb sjirf tjgj pjr su vfrsbtkekgbg y fxkikekgbg, cj` feeb pjgfojs gkaktbekzbr prâctkcbof`tf tjgb eb tkpjejaïb gjcuof`tbe quf pufgb f`cj`trbrsf f` u`b ikiekjtfcb, brcmkvj, mfofrjtfcb j pk`bcjtfcb. Eb gkhfrf`ckb f`trf boijs tkpjs gf gkspjsktkvj `j fs tb` cebrb cjoj f` prk`ckpkj pufgf pbrfcfr. Mbcf tkfopj eb obyjrïb gf ejs fscâ`frfs utkekzbib` sf`sjrfs CCG y ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs utkekzbib` tb`tj sf`sjrfs CCG cjoj COJS. Sk` foibraj, mjy f` gïb, sk ikf` ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs sf mb` gfcb`tbgj pjr eb tfc`jejaïb COJS (y, f` of`jr ofgkgb, jtrjs tkpjs gf sf`sjrfs), oucmjs fscâ`frfs cf`ktbefs mb` fopfzbgj b utkekzbr câobrbs k`gustrkbefs (cj` jpckj`fs hjtjarâflcbs ekoktbgbs) cj` sf`sjrfs COJS, j gkrfctbof`tf câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs, k`stbebgbs f` irbzjs j cjeuo`bs. Eb gkhfrf`ckb f`trf fscâ`fr y câobrb hjtjarâflcb, pjr tb`tj, tkf`f quf vfr, f` fe cj`tfxtj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj, oâs quf cj` fe tkpj gf sf`sjr, cj` fe cj`cfptj gf fqukpj gf gkaktbekzbckó`. V` crktfrkj quf pufgf sfr `j gfe tjgj tëc`kcj, pfrj rfsuetb prâctkcj. Bsï, `js rfhfrkrfojs b fscâ`frfs cub`gj mbiefojs gf fqukpjs gksfòbgjs pbrb gkaktbekzbr gjcuof`tjs, quf vkf`f` yb cj` tjgbs sus pkfzbs oj`tbgbs y cj` u` skstfob gf keuok`bckó` prfk`stbebgj. Sf vf`gf`, bgfoâs, cj` su sjhtwbrf gf gf gkaktbekzbckó` y ejs cjopefof`tjs `fcfsbrkjs. [ `js rfhfrkrfojs b «gkaktbekzbckó` cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb¼ cub`gj sf mbyb cjoprbgj u`b câobrb hjtjarâflcb sufetb, y sf gkaktbekcf j sf vbyb b gkaktbekzbr cj` feeb. Fstj kopekcb tf`fr quf oj`tbr u` pufstj gf fscb`fbgj gf ob`frb brtfsb`be, pjr bsï gfckrej, cjopefof`tb`gj eb câobrb cj` ojikekbrkj y bccfsjrkjs cjoj ofsbs, trïpjgfs pbrb eb câobrb j ejs gjcuof`tjs, cjeuo`bs gf sunfckó`, eâopbrbs, pbrbsjefs, cbobs pbrb ekirjs, crkstbefs prf`sbekirjs, btrkefs, bgbptbgjrfs, jinftkvjs, sjpjrtfs, prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs, pb`fefs pbrb gjcuof`tjs arb`gfs, hjtóoftrjs, gf`sktóoftrjs, fspfctrjhjtóoftrjs, prjarbobs gf afstkó` gf cbpturb, ftc. Beau`bs foprfsbs, pjr ckfrtj, jhrfcf` fqukpjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb yb prfk`stbebgjs, j cj`flaurbiefs be austj gfe cjoprbgjr.
Tjr feej, sk fstbojs pf`sb`gj f` cjoprbr u`b câobrb hjtjarâflcb, mfojs gf tf`fr f` cuf`tb, b eb mjrb gf cbecuebr ejs prfckjs, tjgjs fstjs bccfsjrkjs y prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
Ebs gkhfrf`ckbs f`trf eb gkaktbekzbckó` cj` câobrb y cj` fscâ`fr `j bcbib` bquï. Ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs pufgf` tf`fr oucmbs oâs jpckj`fs gf cj`flaurbckó` quf beau`js ojgfejs gf fscâ`fr, quf k`ceuyf` câobrbs cj` jpckj`fs oâs ekoktbgbs, pfrj cj`flaurbgbs pbrb trbibnbr f` u`bs cj`gkckj`fs gftfrok`bgbs (ârfb gf cbpturb, gkstb`ckb be gjcuof`tj, keuok`bckó`, ftc.). Bgfoâs, ebs jpckj`fs gf cj`flaurbckó` gf cbpturb pufgf` vbrkbr ibstb`tf f`trf u`b câobrb y u` fscâ`fr. Tjr fnfopej, ebs câobrb câobrbss ssufef` ufef` trbibn trbibnbr br cj` ofgkgbs gf ttbobòj bobòj gf ko kobaf` baf` cjoj «`þofrj gf pkxfefs gf betj Ñ `þofrj gf pkxfefs gf b`cmj¼, okf`trbs quf f` ebs k`tfrhbcfs gf ejs fscâ`frfs sf sufef sfefcckj`br eb rfsjeuckó` f` ofgkgbs gf gf`skgbg gf pkxfefs (ppp). Tjr jtrj ebgj, ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs sufef` trbibnbr cj` hjrobtjs YB YBQ Q fspfcïflcjs pbrb cbgb obrcb j ojgfej gf câobrb y sufef` tf`fr sbekgb pbrb NTFA, pfrj beau`bs `j tkf`f` sbekgb f` WKHH, okf`trbs quf ejs fscâ`frfs fsc â`frfs sufef` trbi trbibnbr bnbr f` hjrobt hjrobtjs js cjoj WKHH WKHH,, NTFA, AKH AKH,, ftc. (bu`quf beau`js ojgfejs jhrfcf` tboikë` sbekgb f` YBQ). F` fe ou`gj hjtjarâflcj, bgfoâs, sf sufef utkekzbr u`b u `b tfrok`jejaïb f` beau`js cbsjs gkhfrf`gkhfr f`tf, pjr fnfopej, f` fe cbsj gf eb câobrb hjtjarâflcb sf mbcf rfhfrf`ckb `jrobeof`tf b prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr pjr cb`be, okf`trbs quf f` fe cbsj gfe fscâ`fr mbiebojs gf prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr j gf ikts b sfcbs, pjr ej quf = ikts gf prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr f` fe ou`gj gf eb hjtjarbhïb sj` 97 ikts gf prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr f` fe ou`gj gfe fscâ`fr, pjrquf eb prkofrb fs u`b ofgkgb gf prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr pjr cb`be (= ikts Ñ 3 cb`befs ? 97 ikts). Jtrb gkhfrf`ckb kopjrtb`tf f`trf eb gkaktbekzbckó` cj` fscâ`fr y eb rfbekzbgb cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb fs quf f` oucmjs fscâ`frfs eb câobrb fstâ flnb y cjejcbgb b ckfrtb gkstb`ckb gfe ârfb gf cbpturb, j ikf` fe sf`sjr sf gfspebzb sjirf fe ârfb gf cbpturb, pfrj kaubeof`tf ob`tf`kf`gj u`b gkstb`ckb flnb be gjcuof`tj. F` fe fqukpj gf gkaktbekzbckó` cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb, sf pufgf vbrkbr eb gkstb`ckb f`trf fe sf`sjr y fe gjcuof`tj ojvkf`gj eb câobrb pbrb bnustbr fe ârfb gf cbpturb be tbobòj gfe gjcuof`tj. Fstj tkf`f kopjrtb`tfs kopekcbckj`fs, pjrquf, be cj`trbrkj quf cj` fe fscâ`fr, gj`gf sf sfefcckj`b u`b rfakó`, u`b pbrtf gfe ârfb gf cbpturb (eb quf jcupb fe gjcuof`tj), eb câobrb pufgf bprjvfcmbr ofnjr eb cbpbckgbg óptkcb gfe sf`sjr, ojvkë`gjsf pbrb bnustbr cjopeftbof`tf fe ârfb gf cbpturb be ârfb gfe gjcuof`tj, f` fe cbsj gf quf fstf tf`ab eb oksob rfebckó` betj/b`cmj, j be of`js rfbekzb`gj fstf bnustf rfspfctj b u`j gf sus ebgjs, f` fe cbsj gfe quf fe sf`sjr y fe gjcuof`tj tf`ab` gkhfrf`tf rfebckó` gf bspfctj. Arbckbs b fstj, cj` u`b iuf`b câobrb hjtjarâflcb sf pufgf` cj`sfaukr mjy f` gïb koâaf`fs cj` betïskob rfsjeuckó`, y pjr tb`tj ouy bopekbiefs> cj` ebs ofnjrfs câobrbs gfe ofrcbgj99 sf becb`zb` rfsjeuckj`fs gf oâs gf 2644 ppp gkaktbekzb`gj obtfrkbefs ekirbrkjs y mbstb oâs gf 6444 ppp cj` u` iuf` jinftkvj obcrj y b cjrtb gkstb`ckb y supfrflckfs pfqufòbs, pjr fnfopej, pbrb gkaktbekzbr 36 oo, pjr ej quf eb câobrb fs kgfbe pbrb cbpturbr gkbpjsktkvbs y `fabtkvjs f` hjrobtj pfqufòj sk tkf`f sf`sjr y óptkcb gf cbekgbg y sf bcjopbòb gf u`b iuf`b ofsb gf euz gf brtfs arâflcbs. F` cub`tj b ebs cbpturbs gf obtfrkbefs nu`tj cj` cbrtbs gf cjejr j rfaebs, b `j sfr quf cjk`ckgb` fxbctbof`tf ebs rfebckj`fs gf bspfctj gfe ârfb hjtjarbflbgb y gfe gjcuof`tj, sf af`frbrâ` koâaf`fs cj` fspbckjs ekirfs gj`gf pjgfojs cjejcbr ebs cbrtbs, fscbebs j rfaebs. F` cbsj gf cjk`ckgkr ebs prjpjrckj`fs gf boijs, fe crktfrkj gf pjskckj`bokf`tj sfrïb uikcbr fstjs fefof`tjs f` eb pjskckó` quf of`js përgkgb gf fscbeb gf rfprjgucckó` af`frf f` fe jrkak`be b rfprjguckr. Bgfoâs, ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs sufef` jhrfcfr jhrfc fr eb jpckó` gf fspfckflcbr fe tbobòj gf eb kobaf` (`þofrj gf pkxfefs gf betj Ñ `þofrj gf pkxfefs gf b`cmj), y, pjr tb`tj, su pfsj. Gbgj quf
99
Bctubeof`tf, eb câobrb hjtjarâflcb cj` obyjr rfsjeuckó` gfe ou`gj fs eb gfe Jisfrvbtjrkj Xfrb Yuiï`, cj` u` sf`sjr gf 3944 ofabpkxfefs. Sf utkekzb pbrb k`vfstkabckó` bstrj`óokcb. F`trf ejs ojgfejs hbirkcbgjs f` sfrkf pbrb hjtóarbhjs prjhfskj`befs eb
câobrb cj` obyjr rfsjeuckó` sfrïb eb Tmbsf J`f KR 7 264 OT, quf tkf`f u` sf`sjr cj` 262 ofabpkxfefs, bu`quf mby tfc`jejaïbs gf ouetkcbpturb, cjoj eb gf eb câobrb Mbssfeiebg M8G-744c OS OS,, quf pfroktf` af`frbr koâaf`fs cj` 744 ofabpkxfefs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
269
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
rfsuetb prjiefoâtkcj trbibnbr cj` koâaf`fs ouy pfsbgbs, oucmjs hjtóarbhjs jptb` pjr sfefcckj`br u` tbobòj gftfrok`bgj gf kobaf`, y, pjr tb`tj, u` gftfrok`bgj pfsj gf brcmkvj. Sf trbtb gf u`b oftjgjejaïb gkstk`tb b eb gfe fscâ`fr. Okf`trbs quf fe jpfrbgjr gf fscâ`fr sfefcckj`b `jrobeof`tf eb rfsjeuckó` f` pkxfefs pjr pueabgb y eb rfebckó` gf tbobòjs f`trf fe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be y eb rfprjgucckó` gkaktbe, fe hjtóarbhj sfefcckj`b eb prjhu`gkgbg gf ikts, eb rfebckó` gfFstb bspfctj (b`cmj>betj) tbobòj gfskebsfkobaf`, quf gf gftfrok`brâ` fe pfsj gfe brcmkvj. hjrob gf trbibnbryfsfe bgfcubgb iuscb ebpbrâoftrjs rfprjgucckó` ofnjr cbekgbg pjskief quf tf`ab u` pfsj gf brcmkvj gftfrok`bgj, cj`trjeâ`gjsf bsï quf eb kobaf` `j pfsf gfobskbgj. F` fe cbsj gfe fscâ`fr, f` cj`gkckj`fs `jrobefs, b obyjr rfsjeuckó`, obyjr sfrâ fe pfsj gfe brcmkvj, okf`trbs quf sf ob`tkf`f fe tbobòj gf eb kobaf` cj`stb`tf. F` cub`tj b eb câobrb, b ob yjr tbobòj gf eb kobaf`, kobaf` , obyjrfs sfrâ` fe pfsj y eb rfsjeuc rfsjeuckó`. kó`. • Sk be trbibnbr cj` fscâ`fr rfsuetb cjopekcbgj gftfrok`br fe tbobòj gfe gjcuof`tj gkaktbekzbgj b pbrtkr gf su cjpkb gkaktbe, cj` eb câobrb hjtjarâflcb fs tjgbvïb oâs gkhïcke, pjr ej quf fs rfcjof`gbief k`ceukr u`b rfaeb f` ebs cbpturbs gf ejs gjcuof`tjs. Eb ofnjr jpckó` fs utkekzbr cbrtbs gf cjejr quf k`ceuyb` eb rfaeb.
Hka. 64. Sfefcckó` gf tbobòj gf kobaf` f` eb câobrb @klj` G6344.
Eb pjskikekgbg gf ojvfr eb câobrb y ejs gkvfrsjs fefof`tjs quf cj`hjrob` fe pufstj gf fscb`fbgj (k`ceukgb eb keuok`bckó`) gjtb` btkpjejaïbs fstjs fqukpjs gf u`gfbetj arbgj gf fxkikekgbg y vfrsbtkekgbg, pfroktkë`gjefs gkaktbekzbr gkvfrsbs y tbobòjs gjcuof`tjs. Eb gkaktbekzbckó` cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb tkf`f tboikë` sus k`cj`vf`kf`tfs> ‗ Fs `fcfsbrkb obyjr fxpfrtkckb f` gkaktbekzbckó` y hjtjarbhïb gkaktbe pbrb ob`fnbr fstjs fqukpjs. ‗ Yfqukfrf obyjr prfpbr prfpbrbckó`> bckó`> mby quf oj`tbr fe pufstj, cj`tr cj`trjebr jebr eb euz, ftc ftc.. ‗ Eb cbpturb fs oâs ef`tb. ‗ Fs oâs gkhïcke ob`tf`fr mjojaë`fbs ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf gkaktbekzbckó` (bnustfs butjoâtkcjs gf eb câobrb, ojvkekgbg gf ejs fefof`tjs quf cj`hjrob` fe pufstj…). ‗ Sf pufgf` prfsf`tbr prjiefobs gf gkstjrskó` gkstj rskó` afjoëtrkcb. • F` tjgj cbsj, sk gkaktbekzbojs cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb, tf`fojs tf`fojs quf bsfaurbr`js gf cj`tbr cj` u`b câobrb gf betb abob, quf cuf`tf cj` ef`tfs y sf`sjrfs gf cbekgbg y `js jhrfzcb betbs prfstb-
ckj`fs, sjirf tjgj f` ej quf rfspfctb b eb rfsjeuckó` y fe rb`aj gk`âokcj. Ej oâs rfcjof`gbief fs utkekzbr câobrbs rëfx cj` j sk` fspfnj< fstbs þetkobs sj` u` pjcj oâs bsfqukiefs. Wboikë` sf
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
utkekzb` oucmj ejs jinftkvjs obcrj, gksfòbgjs pbrb cjrrfakr f` arb` ofgkgb ebs gkstjrskj`fs óptkcbs quf sf prjgucf` f` ejs ijrgfs gf ebs ef`tfs cj`vfraf`tfs. • Ebs câobrbs sufef` trbibnbr cj` u`b vbrkfgbg g gff hjrobtjs YBQ. YBQ. Cj`vkf`f utkekzbr bqufeebs quf pfroktb` fxpjrtbr ebs koâaf`fs f` hjrobtj WKHH (bgfoâs gf f` YBQ), quf fs fe hjrobtj oâs fxtf`gkgj pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf prfsfrvbckó` f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs. • @j fs rbrj f`cj`trbr cbsjs f` ej ejss quf ebs fspfckflcbckj`fs gf ejs hbirkcb`tfs `j cjk`ckgf` cj` eb rfbekgbg, j ikf` sjej ej mbcf` f` cj`gkckj`fs óptkobs. Fs rfcjof`gbief ibsbrsf f` `jrobs (KSJ 2;987-2…) y utkekzbr prjcfgkokf`tjs pbrb fvbeubr fe rf`gkokf`tj gfe fqukpj gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf u`b ob`frb jinftkvb. • Sf gfif` cbekirbr y cj`flaurbr cukgbgjsbof`tf eb câobrb y fe oj`ktjr b`tfs gf k`kckbr eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf ejs obtfrkbefs. • Fs kopjrtb`tf mjojaf`fkzbr f` ej pjskief ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf gkaktbekzbckó`> ‗ Sfpbrb Sfpbrb`gj `gj ej ejss ob obtfrkbef tfrkbefss pjr tbobòjs y tktkpjejaïbs pjejaïbs gjcuof`t gjcuof`tbefs befs y cj` cj`flaurb`gj flaurb`gj fe fq fqukpj ukpj pbrb cbgb u`j gf fstjs arupjs. ‗ Ob`tf`kf`gj ebs oks oksobs obs cj`gkckj`fs gf keuok`bckó` y gf cbpturb cbpt urb pbrb tjgbs ebs cbpturbs gf ebs pbrtfs gf u` oksoj gjcuof`tj (ebs pâak`bs gf u` ekirj, pjr fnfopej). ‗ Gfsbctkvb`gj ejs bnustfs butjoâtkcjs g gff eb câobrb. Beau`js gf feejs ((ibeb`cf ibeb`cf butjoât butjoâtkcj kcj gf irkeej y cj`trbstf, bnustfs gf cjejr…) pufgf` vbrkbr ejs tj`js gf eb kobaf`. F` oucmjs cbsjs fs `fcfsbrkj gfsbctkvbrejs pbrb pjgfr mbcfr u`b cjrrfctb afstkó` gf cjejr. Fxcfpckó` b fstj sj` ejs bnustfs butjoâtkcjs gfe f`hjquf, quf, tjob`gj gftfrok`bgbs cbutfebs, pufgf` sfr ouy þtkefs. ‗ Sk mby quf prjcfsbr ebs koâaf`fs fscb`fbgbs, sf gfif` rfbekzbr ejs oksojs prjcfsjs f` tjgbs ebs koâaf`fs quf cj`hjrob` u` oksoj gjcuof`tj. ‗ Sf gfif` flnbr ejs gkstk`tjs cjopj`f` cjopj`f`tfs tfs oóvkefs gfe fqukpj (j obrcbr su pjskckó`) pbrb quf `j sf oufvb` okf`trbs sf fstâ` gkaktbekzb`gj cjefcckj`fs mjojaë`fbs j pbrtfs kaubefs gf u`b jirb (pâak`bs gf u` ekirj…). Fe `fabtjscjpkj, pjr fnfopej, pufgf flnbrsf be tbiefrj cj` vfecrj, ck`tb bgmfskvb, ftc. • Ebpbrb câobrb gfiffstb f`hjcbrsf cukgbgj. Ej oâsob`tf`fr bprjpkbgj fs utkekzbr obtfrkbefs cj` oucmj gftbeef rfbekzbr tb rfb. Fecj` tbrfb. f`hjquf sf pufgf okf`trbs `j vbrïf` ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf gkaktbekzbckó` `k fe tbobòj y pjskckó` gf ejs gjcuof`tjs b cbpturbr, pfrj, bu`quf sf mbyb` ob`tf`kgj fstbs cj`gkckj`fs, cj`vkf`f gf tjgbs ob`frbs cjoprjibrej gf vfz f` cub`gj. Wboikë` fs cj`vf`kf`tf rfvksbr fe f`hjquf be k`kckj gf cbgb sfskó` y fs `fcfsbrkj rfvksbrej sk cboikb` c boikb` eb pjskckó` j fe arjsjr gf ejs gjcuof`tjs, sk sf oufvf, bu`quf sfb oï`kobof`tf, fe pufstj gf gkaktbekzbckó` j cub`gj sf jisfrvb përgkgb gf `ktkgfz f` ebs koâaf`fs. Jtrj ojtkvj pbrb cjoprjibr fe f`hjquf fs eb utkekzbckó` gf crkstbefs pbrb bpeb`br j sunftbr ejs gjcuof`tjs. Sf pufgf` utkekzbr ebs hu`ckj`fs gf butjf`hjquf gf ebs câobrbs cjoprjib`gj prfvkbof`tf quf hu`ckj`b` ikf`, pfrj fs prfhfrkief f`hjcbr ob`ubeof`tf, ob`tf`kf`gj, gf fstb ob`frb, obyjr cj`trje gf eb cbpturb. • Fs cj`vf`kf`tf `jrobekzbr, `jrobekzbr, ofgkb`tf ob`ubefs g gff prjcfgkokf`tjs j sko skokebrfs, kebrfs, ejs prjcfgkokf`tjs gf cbpturb.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
• Mby quf bsfaurbrsf gf quf eb ofsb, eb cbob j sjpjrtf, eb câobrb y ejs gjcuof`tjs fstâ` pfrhfctbof`tf pbrbefejs. Tbrb feej, sf pufgf hjtjarbflbr u` fspfnj cubgrbgj j rfctb`auebr quf fstë ikf` cf`trbgj sjirf fe ârfb gf cbpturb. Sk sf trbzb` gkbaj`befs gfsgf ebs fsquk`bs f` eb kobaf` gkaktbe rfsuetb`tf, fe pu`tj gj`gf sf cruzb` ebs gkbaj`befs gfif cjk`ckgkr cj` fe cf`trj gfe jinftkvj gf eb câobrb rfprjguckgb f` eb kobaf`. Wboikë` pufgf sfr þtke, f` fstf sf`tkgj, u`b cbpturb gf u`b cubgrïcueb cjejcbgb sjirf fe ârfb gf cbpturb. Ebs eï`fbs tkf`f` quf qufgbr pfrpf`gkcuebrfs j pbrbefebs, sfaþ` cjrrfspj`gb, f` eb kobaf` af`frbgb.
Hka. 62. Bek`fbgj gf câobrb.
• Gfif` fvktbrsf ebs vkirbckj` vkirbckj`fs. fs. Mby quf bsfaurbrsf gf quf fe pufstj gf gkaktbekzbckó` fstë ikf` oj`tbgj, y eb câobrb, flrofof`tf sunftb. • Tbrb fvktbr vkirbckj`fs fs tboikë` rfcjof`gbief utkekzbr tfc`jejaïbs quf `js pfroktb` gkspbrbr eb câobrb gf ojgj rfojtj (cbiefs, gkspjsktkvjs k`beâoirkcjs, pjr jrgf`bgjr jrgf`bgjr,, ftc.). Fs cj`vf`kf`tf utkekzbr cbiefs ej oâs cjrtjs quf sfb pjskief. • B eb mjrb gf gkaktbekzbr cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb, fs `fcfsbrkj cj`trjebr eb keuok`bckó`, tb`tj eb boikf`tbe cjoj eb quf k`ckgf sjirf fe gjcuof`tj. • Ej kgfbe pbrb gkaktbekzbr gkaktbekzbr sfrïb trbibnbr cj` euz boik boikf`tf f`tf ouy tf`uf, bu`quf, sk fe fqukpj fstâ ikf` cbekirbgj y cj`flaurbgj, sf pufgf trbibnbr f` cj`gkckj`fs euoï`kcbs oâs cóojgbs pbrb fe hjtóarbhj. • Eb euz gfif ob`tf`frsf ob`tf`frsf mjojaë`fb gurb`tf ejs prjcfsjs gf cbpturb< pbrb feej fs rfcjof`gbief fvktbr ebs vbrkbckj`fs gf eb euz `bturbe y usbr euz boikf`tf brtkflckbe. • Eb keuok`bckó` quf k`ckgf sjirf ejs gjcuof`tjs gurb`tf eb cbpturb gfif k`stbebrsf y rfauebrsf cukgbgjsbof`tf. F` fe bpbrtbgj =.9 («Trfpbrbckó` gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb¼) yb mfojs gbgj beau`bs k`gkcbckj`fs be rfspfctj. • V` iuf` cjopefof`tj quf `js pufgf sfr þtke pbrb fvktbr rffnjs y euz pbrâsktb fs u` pbrbsje pbrb fe jinftkvj gf eb câobrb. • Ejs gkvfrsjs fefof`tjs oftâekcjs oftâekcjs gfe fqukpj gf cbpturb (cufrpj gf eb câobrb, irbzj gf sunfckó sunfckó`, `, pkfs gf eâopbrbs, ftc.) pufgf` prjguckr rffnjs sjirf ejs gjcuof`tjs. Tbrb fvktbr fstj, sf pufgf` f`obscbrbr fstjs fefof`tjs cj` cbrtuek`bs `farbs j obtfrkbefs skokebrfs ( hjbo, cbrtó` peuob, ftc.). Beau`js Beau` js hjtó hjtóarbhjs arbhjs rjgfb` fe ârfb gf cbp cbpturb turb cj cj` ` eâok eâok`bs `bs `f `farbs arbs g gff fstf tkpj gf obt obtfrkbefs frkbefs cjejcbg cjejcbgbs bs
vfrtkcbeof`tf. vfrtkcbeo f`tf. Wboikë Wboikë` ` fs bcj`sfnbie bcj`sfnbieff pk`t pk`tbr br ebs pbrf pbrfgfs gfs y fe tfcmj gf eb zj`b gf trbibn trbibnj j gf cjejr `far `farj j pbrb fvktbr rffnjs, sjirf tjgj sk utkekzbojs crkstbefs gf arb`gfs gkof`skj`fs pbrb prf`sbr ejs jrkak`befs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
• Sk sf utkekzb` crkstbefs prf`sbekirjs j sf fstâ` gkaktbekzb`gj gjcuof`tjs oftâekcjs j irkeeb`tfs, mby quf cjejcbr ebs eâopbrbs eâopbrb s gf tbe ojgj quf `j sf prjguzcb` rffnjs quf bhfctf` b ebs koâaf`fs. Vtkekzbr gjs eâopbrbs, u`b b cbgb ebgj gfe gjcuof`tj, keuok`b`gj cj` u` â`auej quf tf`ab f`trf 94¾ y 76¾, pufgf sjeuckj`br fe prjiefob. Sk sf fstâ` gkaktbekzb`gj ekirjs, eb keuok`bckó` ebtfrbe pufgf prjguckr sjoirbs f` eb zj`b gfe ejoj, pbrb fstjs cbsjs fs prfhfrkief keuok`br gfsgf brrkib j bek`fbr eb mf`gkgurb gf eb cjsturb gf f`cubgfr`bckó` cj` ebs eucfs. • Fs prfcksj bsfaurbrsf gf quf ejs gjcuof`tjs fstâ` u`khjrofof`tf keuok`bgjs gurb`tf eb cbpturb. Sk sf utkekzb` vbrkbs eâopbrbs mbirâ quf cjejcbrebs `jrobeof`tf fqukgkstb`tfs be gjcuof`tj.
Hka. 69. Gjcuof`tj obe keuok`bgj.
• Eb utkekzbckó` gf bsmfs gkspbrbgjs gkspbrbgjs gf cfrcb j gfsgf eb oksob câobrb `j fs rfcjof`gbie rfcjof`gbieff pjr cufstkj`fs gf cj`sfrvbckó` gf ejs gjcuof`tjs y gf u`khjrokgbg gf eb keuok`bckó`. Sk sf vb b utkekzbr euz gf bsm mby quf bsfaurbrsf, ofgkb`tf hjtóoftrj y cjoprjibckó` vksube gf ebs koâaf`fs, gf quf eb euz k`ckgf u`khjrofof`tf sjirf fe ârfb gf cbpturb. Sk `j gkspj`fojs gf hjtóoftrj, sf pufgf` mbcfr tjobs gf prufib sjirf u`b supfrflckf ieb`cb y utkekzbr ejs k`gkcbgjrfs gf sjirffxpjskckó` gfe prjarbob gf cbpturb. • Tbrb fvktbr rffnjs prjguckgjs p pjr jr ebs eâopbrbs sjirf ejs gjcuof`tjs, u`b jpckó` fs subvkzbr eb keuok`bckó` ofgkb`tf eâok`bs gf pjebrkzbckó` ek`fbefs u jtrjs tkpjs gf fletrjs pjebrkzbgjs. Mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj be usbrejs, pjrquf eb pjebrkzbckó`, y oâs bþ` eb pjebrkzbckó` cruzbgb (utkekzbr, bgfoâs gf ejs fletrjs pbrb ebs eâopbrbs, fletrjs pjebrkzbgjs pbrb ef`tfs), prjgucf sbturbckó` f` ebs koâaf`fs, betfrb sus cjejrfs y af`frb koâaf`fs cj` of`jr rb`aj gk`âokcj, y bu`quf sf pufgf` fvktbr j pbekbr sustb`ckbeof`tf fstjs fhfctjs rfbekzb`gj u`b cjrrfctb afstkó` gf cjejr ibsbgb f` eb cbpturb gf cbrtbs gf cjejr, sk eb euz fstâ gfobskbgj pjebrkzbgb, pjgfojs fstbr af`frb`gj koâaf`fs
cj` cjejrfs quf `j sf cjrrfspj`gf` gfe tjgj cj` ejs gfe jrkak`be, f k`ceusj fstbr pfrgkf`gj k`hjrobckó`, sjirf tjgj f` ebs tj`bekgbgfs jscurbs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
Hka. 63. K`gkcbgjrfs gf sjirffxpjskckó`.
• Jtrb tëc`kcb quf `js pufgf pfroktkr fekok`br ejs rffnjs sk` betfrbr ejs cjejrfs sfrïb rfbekzbr vbrkbs cbpturbs cj` cboikjs f` eb keuok`bckó` quf prjvjquf` fe irkeej f` gkstk`tbs zj`bs gfe gjcuof`tj. Eufaj sf huskj`b` ebs koâaf`fs cj` u` fgktjr gf kobaf` fekok`b`gj ebs zj`bs cj` rffnjs. Fstf prjcfsj sf pufgf mbcfr brtfsb`beof`tf, j gf hjrob hjr ob oâs skstfobtkzbgb, skaukf`gj oftjgjejaïbs ckf`tïflcbs j beajrktojs gf huskó` cjoj fe Ofrtf`s-Lbutz-Xb` Yfftm. • Gfif trbibnbrsf cj` eb keuok`bckó` suflckf`tf cjoj pbrb `j tf`fr quf utkekzbr tkfopjs ebrajs gf fxpjskckó`, fvktb`gj bsï eb pjskikekgbg gf quf sf prjguzcb` vkirbckj`fs quf pufgb` bhfctbr b eb cbekgbg gf eb kobaf`. • Tbrb bprjvfcmbr be oâxkoj eb cbpbckgbg gfe sf`sjr sf gfif f`cubgrbr ojvkf`gj eb câobrb mbstbbsfaurbr`js cj`sfaukr quf bnust bnustf be tbobòj sf gferfprjgucf gjcuof`tj. Cj`vkf`f gfnbr u`js ejs eebgjs bgjs pbrb gf sf quf fe fgjcuof`tj f`tfrj. Fstf ijrgf pjgrâokeïoftrjs rfcjrtbrsfb oâs bgfeb`tf cj` u` fgktjr gf kobaf` sk hufrb `fcfsbrkj. • Af`frbeof`tf sf jitkf`f ofnjr cbekgbg gf kobaf` cj` jinftkvjs gf hjcbe flnb quf cj` jinftk vjs gf hjcbe vbrkbief (zuo), pjr ej quf fs prfhfrkief prfhfrki ef trbibnbr cj` ejs prkofrj prkofrjss y ojvfr eb câobrb b ej ebraj gf u`b cjeuo`b gf sunfckó` (j ojvfr fe trïpjgf) pbrb gftfrok`br fe ârfb gf cbpturb quf trbibnbr cj` jinftkvjs vbrkbiefs. • @j fs rfcjof`gbief trbibnbr cj` jinftkvjs cj` gkstb`ckbs hjcbefs gfobskbgj cjrtbs (of`jrfs gf 36 oo), pufgf` prjguckr gkstjrskj`fs gf ibrrke f` ebs koâaf`fs. Ebs gkstjrskj`fs óptkcbs prjguckgbs pjr ebs ef`tfs pufgf` cjrrfakrsf cj` prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs (Ekamtrjjo, Tmjtjsmjp, Cbpturf J`f, ftc.). Wboikë` pufgf` cjrrfakrsf fstbs gkstjrskj`fs bpekcb`gj u` pfrfle ECC bnustbgj b eb ef`tf y fe gkbhrbaob quf sf fstë` utkekzb`gj. • Ebs gkstjrskj`fs óptkcbs sf gfif` oucmbs vfcfs b arb`gfs bpfrturbs gf gkbhrbaob. Tbrb fvk-
tbrebs fs rfcjof`gbief trbibnbr cj` gkbhrbaobs quf `j fstë` ouy bikfrtjs, pfrj tbopjcj tb` cfrrbgjs cjoj pbrb quf prjguzcb` fhfctjs gf gkhrbcckó`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
• Tjr su hbetb gf `jrobekzbck `jrobekzbckó` ó` (cbgb hbirkcb`tf tkf`f u`b j oâs vbrkfgbgfs gf fstf hjrobtj) y pjr eb `fcfskgbg gf cj`tbr cj` prjarbobs fspfcïflcjs pbrb vksubekzbrej, fe hjrobtj YBQ `j fs fe oâs bgfcubgj pbrb eb gkhuskó` `k eb prfsfrvbckó` f` ejs prjyfctjs gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe. Sk` foibraj, fs rfcjof`gbief utkekzbrej, `j sjej pjrquf fs fe hjrobtj `btkvj gf ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs, y be quf fstâ` bcjstuoirbgjs ejs hjtóarbhjs, tboikë` pjrquf, cj` fstf hjrobtj, quf `jrobeof`tf pufgf trbibnbr cj` prjhu`gkgbgfs gf cjejr fefvbgbs (34 b 7= ikts/pkxfe hrf`tf b ejs 97 quf jhrfcf NTFA), jitkf`f itkf`f u`b b`beóakcj kob kobaf` af` f`gkaktbe crugj,(sk` sk`cj`vfrtkrejs prjcfsbr, quf rrfcjaf fcjaf sk` gf vvbrkbckj` brkbckj`fs fs ejsgf vbejrfs prjgucfsffej cj`vfrsjr b ejs vbejrfs u` fspbckj cjejr),quf ej quf vf`grïb b sfr, be of`js pjtf`ckbeof`tf, eb rfprfsf`tbckó` oâs fxbctb pjskief gfe jrkak`be. • F` tjgj cbsj, f` ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf obtfrkbefs ikiekja ikiekjarâflcjs râflcjs mkstórkcjs, fs rfcjof`gbief utkekzbr pbrb gkhuskó` y prfsfrvbckó` hjrobtjs `jrobekzbgjs y gf bopekj usj cjoj NTFA j WKHH WKHH.. V`b sjeuckó` b fstf gkefob (sk usb usbrr YB YBQ Q j WKHH) y u`b iuf`b prâctkcb sfrïb af`f af`frbr rbr u` gjief oâstfr quf cj`tf`ab eb kobaf` YBQ, pjr u` ebgj (cj` sus brcmkvjs bgnu`tjs ]OE, sk ejs muikfrf), y eb kobaf` WKHH, pjr jtrj. Tbrb trbibnbr cj` hjrobtjs YBQ fs `fcfsbrkj gkspj`fr gf sjhtwbr f bgfcubgj. bgfcubgj. Ebs câobrbs prjhfskj`befs sufef` vf`kr cj` prjarbobs fspfcïflcjs quf afstkj`b` afst kj`b` ejs brcmkvjs YB YBQ Q quf af`frb`. Wboikë` sf pufgf` utkekzbr jtrjs fgktjrfs gf kobaf` j peuak`s . Ejs prjarbobs oâs utkekzbgjs pbrb afstkj`br koâaf`fs YBQ sj` prjibiefof`tf Cbpturf J`f y fe peuak` gf Tmjtjsmjp Bgjif Cbofrb YBQ. YBQ. Fstjs prjarbobs k`cjrpjrb` hu`ckj`fs `fcfsbrkbs j ouy þtkefs, cjoj fe ibeb`cf gf ieb`cjs, fgkckó` gf curvbs gf euok`b`ckb j mkstjarbobs, af`frbckó` gf pfrflefs KCC, fxpjrtbckó` f` hjrobtj WKHH, trbibnj pjr ejtfs, tëc`kcbs gf ofnjrb gf kobaf`, ftc. • Ebs curvbs gf trb`skckó` gf euok`b`ckb quf bpekcb` pjr gfhfctj ejs prjcfsbgjrfs gf koâaf`fs YBQ YB Q pbrb cj`flaurbr fe cj`trbstf gf eb kobaf` pufgf` betfrbr ebs ttj`bekgbgfs j`bekgbgfs cbptbgbs jrkak`beof`tf pjr fe sf`sjr. F` af`frbe, cub`tj oâs ek`fbefs sfb` fstbs curvbs, oâs pbrfckgb sfrâ eb tj`bekgbg gf eb kobaf` b eb gfe jrkak`be b`beóakcj. Fe rb`aj gk`âokcj sufef sfr oâs bopekj tboikë` cub`tj oâs ek`fbe fs eb curvb. F` tjgj cbsj, cj`vkf`f b`bekzbr ebs gkstk`tbs jpckj`fs quf jhrfzcb fe prjarbob f` iuscb gf bqufeeb quf pfroktb u`b rfprjgucckó` oâs flfe gfe jrkak`be. • Tbrb gkaktbekzbr `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs sf pufgf` usbr tëc`kcbs gf obcrjhjtjarbhïb bgbptb`gj eb câobrb cj` fefof`tjs cjoj hufeefs y jinftkvjs obcrj j bgbptbgjrfs cj` hufeef pbrb pfeïcueb. F` fstf cbsj `j fs rfcjof`gbief utkekzbr câobrbs cj` sf`sjrfs pfqufòjs (of`jrfs gf 97 Ñ 38 oo). • Sk sf tkf`f` quf gkaktbekzbr obtfrkb obtfrkbefs efs ekirbrkjs cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb y `j sf cuf`tb cj` u`b cbob rfauebief gf gjs `kvfefs cjoj ebs quf k`cjrpjrb` ejs fscâ`frfs gf ekirjs pbrb cjopf`sbr ebs gkhfrf`ckbs gf beturb quf sf prjgucf` f`trf ebs gjs pâak`bs gfe ekirj bikfrtj, pbrb rfguckr fstbs gkhfrf`ckbs gf beturb sf pufgf` kr cjejcb`gj cbezjs gf obtfrkbefs ieb`gjs, quf `j gbòf` eb f`cubgfr`bckó` (ajobfspuobs, cbrtj`fs, ftc.) ibnj eb cuikfrtb y cj`trbcuikfrtb gfe ekirj sfaþ` sf vb` pbsb`gj ebs mjnbs. • Sk eb câobrb ej pfroktf, cj`vkf`f cj`flaurbreb pbrb quf af`frf koâaf`fs cj` oftbgbtjs tëc`kcjs (F]KH, ]OT…) foifikgjs f` sus cbifcfrbs.
26.7 Obtfrkbefs gf arb` tbobòj Tbrb gkaktbekzbr obtfrkbefs gf arb` tbobòj pjgfojs utkekzbr fscâ`frfs pbrb arb`gfs hjrobtjs j pufstjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb f` ejs quf u`b cjeuo`b betb j u` irbzj oóvke pfroktb` buof`tbr eb gkstb`ckb f`trf fe gjcuof`tj y eb câobrb, y, pjr tb`tj, buof`tbr fe ârfb gf
cbpturb. Tfrj pjgfojs f`cj`trbr`js cj` obtfrkbefs tb` arb`gfs (`jrobeof`tf obtfrkbefs arâflcjs j cbrtjarâflcjs) quf `j qufpb` f` fe ârfb gf cbpturb gf fstjs fqukpjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
F` fe cbsj gf gjcuof`tbckó` gf arb` hjrobtj mby quf bsfaurbrsf gf quf fe ârfb gf cbpturb fstâ u`khjrofof`tf keuok`bgb. Sf sufef` utkekzbr vbrkbs huf`tfs gf euz quf pfroktb` keuok`br bopekbs ârfbs. K`ceusj pufgf sfr þtke j `fcfsbrkj fe usj gf u`kgbgfs gf bsm gf fstugkj sk`crj`kzbgbs cj` eb cbpturb. Eóakcbof`tf, sk vbojs b utkekzbr bsmfs gfifojs gfifojs cbekirbr fe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb j ofgkr eb euz cj` fe hjtóoftrj cj` eb euz gf bsm bctkvb. gkvfrsjs skstfobs pbrb Fxpekcbrfojs gkaktbekzbr fstjs obtfrkbefs gf ejs arb` tbobòj quf `j pufgf` gkaktbekzbrsfMby f` ejs fqukpjs `jrobefs. b cj`tk`ubckó` oâs mbiktubefs. Gkaktbekzbckó` f` sufej/câobrb f` fe tfcmj
V`b jpckó` fs utkekzbr skstfobs quf pfroktb` u`b obyjr fefvbckó` gf eb câobrb, cjoj cjeuo`bs, irbzjs j rbïefs f` fe tfcmj, y cjejcbr ejs gjcuof`tjs f` u`b ofsb ibnb j gkrfctbof`tf f` fe sufej, sjirf u`b supfrflckf ekopkb (eâok`b, behjoirb…). • Sk sf vb b trbibnbr cjejcb cjejcb`gj `gj fe gjcuof`tj sjirf fe sufej mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj gf `j gbòbrej `k f`suckbrej, ob`kpueâ`gjej cukgbgjsbof`tf y ob`tf`kf`gj u`b ekopkfzb fscrupuejsb gfe ârfb gf cbpturb y gf ejs obtfrkbefs prjtfctjrfs sjirf ejs quf sf vb b cjejcbr fe gjcuof`tj (eâok`b, cbrtuek`b, behjoirkeeb). • Tbrb beksbr, bpeb`br fe gjcuof`tj j ok`kokzbr sus gjiefcfs, sf pufgf` usbr crkstbefs.
Hka. 67. Tufstj gf gkaktbekzbckó` cj` câobrb hjtjarâflcb pbrb cbrtfefrïb.
2. Câobrb Tmbsf J`f. 9. Oâscbrb gf cbrtuek`b `farb. 3. Cjeuo`b pbrb cj`trjebr eb beturb gf eb câobrb. 7. Tufstj cj` oj`ktjr y jrgf`bgjr cj`fctbgjs b eb câobrb. 6. Keuok`bckó` sk`crj`kzbgb cj` fe gkspbrj gf eb câobrb. 8. Wfcmj pk`tbgj gf `farj, eucfs
tbpbgbs pbrckbeof`tf cj` cbrtuek`bs `farbs (pbrb fvktbr rffnjs). 1. Supfrflckfs pbrb cjejcbr ejs gjcuof`tjs. =. Ofsbs gf bpjyj pbrb cjejcbr mfrrbokf`tbs y gjcuof`tjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
Cjejcbckó` gfe gjcuof`tj f` vfrtkcbe
V`b fstrbtfakb mbiktube f` fstjs cbsjs fs cjejcbr fe gjcuof`tj f` vfrtkcbe j k`cek`bgj f` u` btrke y hjtjarbflbrej cj` u`b câobrb cjejcbgb f` u` trïpjgf. • Gfifojs bsfaurbr`js gf quf tb`tj fe btrke cjoj fe trïpjgf fstâ` fstbiefs y flrofs, y gf quf eb câobrb ejs gjcuof`tjs fstë` ikf` sunftjs. Fvktbrfojs bsï vkirbckj`fs gurb`tf eb cbpturb quf pufgb`y prjguckr hbetb gf `ktkgfz. • Sk trbibnbojs f` vfrtkcbe gfifojs tf`fr oucmj cukgbgj gf `j gbòbr ejs gjcuof`tjs be cjejcbrejs j bpeb`brejs f` fe btrke (j f` u` pb`fe j f` eb pbrfg). Fstjs obtfrkbefs, bgfoâs gf su arb` tbobòj, pufgf` tf`fr gjiefcfs, ej quf ejs mbcf gkhïckefs gf ob`kpuebr. Cjoj f` fe cbsj b`tfrkjr, sf pufgf` usbr crkstbefs pbrb sunftbr, beksbr j bpeb`br ejs gjcuof`tjs. Tb`fefs gf succkó`
Mby foprfsbs quf jhrfcf` pb`fefs fspfckbefs cj` skstfobs gf succkó` gf bkrf pbrb sunftbr ejs gjcuof`tjs. Fstjs pb`fefs hbckektb` oucmj fstf tkpj gf trbibnjs, pfrj mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj cj` feejs b eb mjrb gf gkaktbekzbr gjcuof`tjs quf pfsf` oâs gf ej `jrobe pjrquf pufgf` gfsprf`gfrsf y suhrkr gbòjs. Ejs pb`fefs pufgf` f`cbrabrsf b ofgkgb, bu`quf `jrobeof`tf `j sufef` sfr gfobskbgj arb`gfs, pjr ej quf `j `js sfrvkrâ` pbrb gkaktbekzbr gjcuof`tjs ouy betjs y/j b`cmjs cjoj arb`gfs obpbs j cubgrjs.
Hka. 66. Tb`fe gf bisjrckó`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
Tb`fe oftâekcj cj` kob`fs
Sk `j sf gkspj`f gf u`j gf fstjs pb`fefs, sf pufgf usbr u` pb`fe oftâekcj y sunftbr ejs gjcuof`tjs cj` kob`fs. F` fstf cbsj eb tëc`kcb cj`skstf f` rfbekzbr gjs cbpturbs gfe gjcuof`tj cj` ejs kob`fs cjejcbgjs f` gkstk`tjs pu`tjs, y huskj`br pjstfrkjrof`tf fstbs cbpturbs cj` u` fgktjr gf kobaf` fekok`b`g fekok`b`gj j ebs zj`bs cj` kob`fs. Tbrb fekok`brejs f` Tmjtjsmjp, pjr fnfopej, sf supfrpj`f` ebs koâaf`fs f` gjs cbpbs, sf bek`fb`, y sf gb b eb cbpb supfrkjr fe ojgj «Bcebrbr¼. Be utkekzbr utk ekzbr fstb tëc`kcb mby q quf uf tf` tf`fr fr ouc oucmj mj cuk cukgbgj gbgj g gff quf `j ssff oufvb oufvb` ` eb câobrb `k fe jrkak`be f`trf tjob y tjob. t job. Bgfoâs, ejs kob`fs gfif` sfr, s fr, b sfr pjskief, `farjs, y `j sjej mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf `j cjk`ckgb eb pjskckó` gf ejs kob`fs f` ebs gjs tjobs, tboikë` mby quf cj`skgfrbr sus sjoirbs.
Hka. 68. Wrbibnj f` pb`fe cj` kob`fs.
Gkaktbekzbckó` f` cubgrïcueb
Cjoj yb sf mb of`ckj`bgj, fxkstf` tëc`kcbs gf gkaktbekzbckó` f` cubgrïcueb ofgkb`tf ebs cubefs sf cbpturb fe gjcuof`tj pjr pbrtfs, `jrobeof`tf ckòë`gj`js b u`b cubgrïcueb. Eb suob gf hjtjarbhïbs pbrb buof`tbr eb rfsjeuckó` gf ebs koâaf`fs f` u`b tëc`kcb quf sf utkekzb hrfcuf`tfof`tf cub`gj ebs prfstbckj`fs gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb `j eefab` b becb`zbr ebs `fcfskgbgfs gf rfsjeuckó`. Tjgfojs utkekzbr fstbs tëc`kcbs, pjr fnfopej, pbrb af`frbr koâaf`fs gf betb cbekgbg gf gjcuof`tjs arb`gfs j pbrb af`frbr koâaf`fs gf betïskob rfsjeuckó` gf ejs gjcuof`tjs pbrb bopekbckj`fs (póstfrfs, ourbefs, ftc.). Fstf tkpj gf trbibnjs mb` gbgj euabr b u` aë`frj prjpkj gf koâaf`fs cj`jckgj cjoj akabhjtj. Fstbs koâaf`fs quf sf af`frb` be huskj`br ebs koâaf`fs gf ebs pbrtfs gf u` gjcuof`tj u jinftj pufgf` pfsbr oucmïskoj, eefab`gj b sfr gkhïckefs gf ob`fnbr, j gkrfctbof`tf b sfr k`ob`fnbiefs. V`bejsob`frb gf sjevf`tbr fstf prjiefob mfojs mbiebgj gf feejpbrb f` fe gf gjcuof`tjs¼‗ fs utkekzbr skstfobs‗yb gf vksubekzbckó` pkrbokgbe ebsbpbrtbgj koâaf`fs8.7, gf «Wbobòj gkhuskó`.
F` fe bpbrtbgj 23, «Tfsj gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs¼, sf jhrfcf` jtrbs ofgkgbs y fstrbtfakbs pbrb f`cbrbr eb prjiefoâtkcb gfe pfsj gf ebs koâaf`fs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
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Be usbr fstb f stb oftjgjejaïb gfifojs cj`t cj`trjebr rjebr eb gkstb`ckb gf eb câ câobrb obrb be g gjcuof`tj jcuof`tj y eebb bek`fbckó` gf fstb rfspfctj b fstf, pbrb quf ebs cbpturbs gf ebs gkstk`tbs pbrtfs pufgb` f`sboiebrsf cjrrfctbof`tf prjguckf`gj u`b rfprjgucckó` fxbctb gfe jrkak`be. Mfojs gf cj`tbr tboikë` cj` sjhtwbrf quf quf `js pfroktb «cjsfr¼ ebs koâaf`fs gf ebs pbrtfs. Beau`bs Beau `bs k`s k`stkt tktuck uckj`f j`fss j hhjtó jtóarb arbhjs hjs mb` gks gksfòb fòbgj gj sskst kstfobs fobs pbr pbrbb cj cj`tr `trjeb jebrr eb gks gkstb` tb`ckb ckb gf eebb câobrb gf cbpturbFstjs y eb skstfobs bek`fbckó` gf eb fefof`tjs câobrb pbrb cbgb u`b gf cbpturbsbegfgjcuof`tj, ejs cubgrjsfegfârfb eb cubgrïcueb. utkekzb` cjoj obrcbs f`ebs fe sufej, tjpfs, rbïefs, cjeuo`bs, trïpjgfs, irbzjs gf sunfckó`, ftc. Fe skstfob rfqukfrf, `jrobeof`tf, gf u`b cukgbgjsb prfpbrbckó` y u` fstugkj prfvkj gfe obtfrkbe b gkaktbekzbr y gf eb gkstrkiuckó` gf ejs cubgrjs. Tbrb huskj`br ebs gkstk`tbs cbpturbs gf ebs pbrtfs gfe gjcuof`tj fs `fcfsbrkj cj`tbr cj` prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs fspfckbefs j hu`ckj`fs fspfckbefs gf`trj gf prjarbobs gf fgkckó` gf kobaf` (fe peuak` Bgjif ofraf gf Tmjtjsmjp, pjr fnfopej, fs u`b iuf`b jpckó`). @jrobeof`tf sf cbpturb` ebs pbrtfs gf ob`frb quf mbyb ckfrtj arbgj gf sjebpbokf`tj f`trf feebs< gf fstb ob`frb, ejs prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs tkf`f` oâs fefof`tjs pbrb gftfrok`br ejs pu`tjs gf huskó`. @jrobeof`tf sf rfbekzb bgfoâs u`b þ`kcb tjob gfe gjcuof`tj cjopeftj. Fstb kobaf` `js pufgf sfrvkr gf rfhfrf`ckb pbrb tf`fr u`b vkskó` gf cj`nu`tj gf tjgj fe jrkak`be, y sk vbojs b prfsf`tbr ebs koâaf`fs cj` u` skstfob gf vksubekzbckó` pkrbokgbe, `js sfrvkrâ cjoj cbpb supfrkjr. Yjijt gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf arb`gfs hjrobtjs
F`trf fstjs skstfobs gf gkaktbekzbckó` f` cubgrïcueb, fe oâs gfsbrrjeebgj fs fe rjijt fscb`fbgjr gf arb`gfs hjrobtjs, quf mb` utkekzbgj beau`bs k`stktuckj`fs pbrb gkaktbekzbr arb`gfs cubgrjs j gjcuof`tjs ouy arb`gfs.
Hka. 61 61.. Yjijt pbrb arb`gfs hjrobtjs gfe Ousfj @bckj`be Cf`trj gf Brtf Yfk`b Sjhïb.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
Fe Ousfj @bckj`be Cf`trj gf Brtf Yfk`b Sjhïb, pjr fnfopej, pjsff u`b gf fstbs oâquk`bs. Sf trbtb gf u` skstfob butjobtkzbgj gfsbrrjeebgj b ofgkgb cj` fe cube mb gkaktbekzbgj cubgrjs cjoj fe Aufr`kcb gf Tkcbssj. Fstf rjijt oufvf eb câobrb mjrkzj`tbeof`tf pjr u` rbïe gkspufstj f` pbrbefej be cubgrj, y vfrtkcbeof`tf pjr u`b cjeuo`b. Eb câobrb tboikë` pufgf ojvfrsf f` prjhu`gkgbg, befnâ`gjsf j bcfrcâ`gjsf be gjcuof`tj. Fe bpbrbtj fs cj`trjebgj pjr u` jrgf`bgjr. rjijt vb cbpturbs gfspebzb`gj câobrb arb` prfckskó` gfrfcmb b kzqukfrgb y gfrfbekzbr brrkib bibnj,Ferfbekzb`gj mbstb ebcuirkr tjgbcj` eb supfrflckf gf eb gf jirb. Fe gkspjsktkvj pfroktf ojsbkcjs gf koâaf`fs `j sjej gf euz vkskief, sk`j tboikë` gf euz rbsb`tf k`hrbrrjnb y uetrbvkjeftb j gf jtrbs ej`aktugfs gf j`gb. Fstbs tëc`kcbs, utkekzbgbs pjr k`stktuckj`fs ousfïstkcbs, pfroktf` u` fstugkj f` prjhu`gkgbg gf ejs cubgrjs y gfoâs obtfrkbefs pkctórkcjs. F` fe cbsj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gfe Aufr`kcb, eb obtrkz gf koâaf`fs obcrjhjtjarâflcbs jitf`kgb cj`tf`ïb k`hjrobckó` suflckf`tf pbrb quf ejs rfstburbgjrfs pugkfrb` tjobr gfckskj`fs rfefvb`tfs pbrb eb cj`sfrvbckó` gf fstb kopjrtb`tf jirb. Yótuebs akrbtjrkbs pbrb hjtjarbhïb pb`jrâokcb y f` cubgrïcueb
Eb cjoprb gf u` rjijt fscb`fbgjr, eóakcbof`tf, sjej tkf`f sf`tkgj pbrb beau`bs k`stktuckj`fs kopjrtb`tfs cj` rfcursjs suflckf`tf y quf cj`sfrvf` arb` cb`tkgbg gf obtfrkbefs gf arb` hjrobtj (ousfjs, `jrobeof`tf) pbrb ejs quf qukfrb` rfbekzbr u`b gkaktbekzbckó` gf cbekgbg j u` fstugkj f` prjhu`gkgbg. Jtrb jpckó`, gf of`jr cjstf, fs utkekzbr u`b rjtueb pb`jrâokcb. Eb rótueb pfroktf rfbekzbr fe ojsbkcj sk` `fcfskgbg gf mbcfr arb`gfs ojvkokf`tjs gf câobrb jisfrvb`gj u`bs pjcbs rfaebs. B cj`tk`ubckó` sf k`ceuyf u`b irfvf gfscrkpckó` gfe prjcfgkokf`tj pbrb gkaktbekzbr cj` rótuebs pb`jrâokcbs.
Hka. 6=. Yótueb pb`jrâokcb.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
Trjcfgkokf`tj Trjcfgk okf`tj gf gkaktbekzbckó` gkaktb ekzbckó` pb`jrâokcb pb` jrâokcb
2. Oj`tbnf gf eb câobrb. Sf oj`tb eb câobrb f` eb rótueb pb`jrâokcb, oj`tbgb b su vfz f` u` trïpjgf j sjpjrtf. Fe oj`tbnf gfif sfr ej suflckf`tfof`tf sóekgj pbrb fvktbr quf eb câobrb suhrb vkirbckj`fs. y cbekirbgj gfe pu`tj `jgbe. Gf Gfspuës spuës gf f`hjcbr gfifojs bsfaurbr`js gf quf9. feF`hjquf pu`tj `jgbe gfe jinftkvj pfrob`fzcb f` fe oksoj euabrebf`câobrb, tjgbs ebs tjobs quf rfbekcfojs, gf fstb ob`frb fe pu`tj gf jisfrvbckó` gf tjgbs ebs tjobs sfrâ fe oksoj, hbckektb`gj fstj eb u`kó` pjstfrkjr gf ebs koâaf`fs.
Hka. 6;. Tu`tj `jgbe gf eb câobrb 93.
Fstb cbekirbckó` sf cj`skauf utkekzb`gj u`b rjtueb pb`jrâokcb cjoj eb quf sf pufgf vfr f` eb flaurb 6=. Tbrb cbekirbr fe pu`tj `jgbe sf cjejcb` gjs pu`tjs bek`fbgjs hrf`tf b eb câobrb, b gkhfrf`tfs gkstb`ckbs gf fstb. Sf pjskckj`b eb câobrb f`hrf`tf gf fstjs gjs pu`tjs gf tbe ob`frb quf be okrbr pjr fe vksjr tb` sjej vfbojs fe prkofrj gf ejs pu`tjs (fe sfau`gj fs tbpbgj pjr fe prkofrj), bu`quf akrfojs eb câobrb oj`tbgb f` eb rótueb. Fs gfckr gfckr,, tf`fojs quf cjejcbr eb câobrb gf ob`frb quf qufgf` bek`fbgjs fe pu`tj `jgbe gf eb câobrb y fstjs gjs pu`tjs gf rfhfrf`ckb. V`b vfz cbekirbgj cbekirb gj fe pu`tj `jgbe pbrb eb gkstb`ckb gf f`hjquf quf vbojs b ut utkekzbr, kekzbr, fe f`hjquf `j gfifrïb tjcbrsf, pjr ej quf mbirïb quf gfsbctkvbr fe f`hjquf butjoâtkcj.
Hka. 84. Akrj gf eb câobrb oj`tbgb f` eb rótueb sjirf fe pu`tj `jgbe.
93
F` ebs cjopjskckj`fs gf ef`tfs gf ejs jinftkvjs gf ebs câobrbs ojgfr`bs sufef` fxkstkr u` pu`tj `jgbe b`tfrkjr y jtrj pjstfrkjr. Fe quf tf`fojs f` cuf`tb pbrb fstb tbrfb fs fe prkofrj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
3. Keuok`br u`khjrofof`tf tjgb eb supfrflckf b rfprjguckr. Eb keuok`bckó` quf utkekcfojs `j pufgf k`ukr f` eb rfprjgucckó` tj`be `k f` fe rfpbrtj gf gf`skgbgfs gf eb kobaf`, pbrb quf fstb sfb ej oâs flfe pjskief b ejs vbejrfs gfe jrkak`be. 7. Teb`kflcbr fe trbibn trbibnj, j, gfckgkf`gj fe `þofrj gf cbpbs quf sf vb` b af`frbr y fe tbobòj y `þofrj gf ejs cubgrjs gf fstbs cbpbs. Sf gfif rfbekzbr bgfoâs, skfoprf quf sfb pjskief, u`b þ`kcb tjob qufebscuirb tjgj jrkak`be. kobaf`, sk ej quf qufrfojs fsvkskó` af`frbr þ`kcb gf kobaf` huskj`b`gj pbrtfs, `jsfe sfrvkrâ gfFstb ï`gkcf j rfhfrf`ckb pbrb tf`fr u`b gfu`b cj`nu`tj tjgj fe jrkak`be. Sk vbojs b prfsf`tbr ebs koâaf`fs cj` u` skstfob gf vksubekzbckó` pkrbokgbe, `js sfrvkrâ cjoj cbpb supfrkjr. • Eb hjtjarbhïb f` cubg cubgrïcueb rïcueb pfroktf af`frbr af`frbr jinftjs gkaktbef gkaktbefss cj` u` betïskoj arbgj g gff gftbeef y pjr tb`tj ouy pfsbgjs. Gfifojs rfbekzbr u` fstugkj prfvkj pbrb gftfrok`br u` `kvfe gf cbekgbg (y pjr tb`tj gf rfsjeuckó` y gf `þofrj gf cubgrjs y cbpbs), quf sf ekoktf b cuirkr `ufstrbs `fcfskgbgfs, quf `j sfb fxcfskvj, pufs ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs gf fstf pfsj sj` prjiefoâtkcjs gf ob`fnbr y jcupb` oucmj fspbckj fspbc kj gf beobcf`bokf`tj. 6. Tbrb ok`kokzbr ebs gkstjrskj`fs quf sf pufgf` prjguckr pjr ebs gkhfrf`ckbs f` cub`tj b gkstb`ckbs y â`auejs f`trf eb câobrb y fe gjcuof`tj f` ebs gkstk`tbs tjobs, sf gfif` utkekzbr jinftkvjs ebrajs, cjoj oï`koj gf 244 oo, y prfhfrkiefof`tf gf 944. Eb câobrb `j gfif cjejcbrsf gfobskbgj cfrcb gfe gjcuof`tj, u`b ofgkgb bgfcubgb sfrïb quf eb gkstb`ckb gf eb câobrb be gjcuof`tj hufrb eb gfe b`cmj gf fstf. Bgfoâs, fs rfcjof`gbief rfc jof`gbief cjejcbr eb câobrb f` vfrtkcbe< gf fstb ob`frb, be cbpturbr cubgrjs oâs fstrfcmjs, sf ok`kokzb` ebs pjskiefs gkstjrskj`fs. Fstbs, f` fe cbsj gf quf sfb` bprfckbiefs, sf pufgf` cjrrfakr ofgkb`tf sjhtwbrf . 8. Yfbekzbr ebs tjobs cj` u` jrgf` quf pfroktb kgf`tkflcbr su pjskckó` pjr fe `joirf gf ejs brcmkvjs. Tbrb u` obyjr cj`trje gfe trbibnj pjgfojs usbr rótuebs rjijtkzbgbs, cjoj eb gf eb kobaf` skaukf`tf>
Hka. 82. Yótueb rjijtkzbgb.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftjgjejaïb gf trbibnj
• Ejs skstfobs gf rótueb, sk` bcfrcbrsf b eejs js prfckjs gf u` rjijt gf gkaktbekzbckó` gkaktbekzbckó` gf arb`g arb`gfs fs hjrobtjs, sj` tboikë` cjstjsjs. Sjej sfrâ rf`tbief pbrb u`b k`stktuckó` utkekzbrejs sk tkf`f cjefcckj`fs quf gfsfb gkaktbekzbr f` cubgrïcueb j `fcfsktb rfbekzbr mbiktubeof`tf fstf tkpj gf trbibnjs. Ejs skstfobs prfsf`tbgjs pbrb gkaktbekzbckó` gf arb`gfs hjrobtjs tkf`f` sus vf`tbnbs f k`cj` vf`kf`tfs. Eb k`s k`stktuckó` tktuckó` gfifrâ sfefcckj`b sfefcckj`brr fe skstfob quf ef rfsuetf oâs ccj`vf`kf`tf j`vf`kf`tf f` hu`c hu`ckó` kó` gf sus hj`gjs, ofgkjs, prjyfctjs y `fcfskgbgfs.
Hka. 89. Gkiunj gf arb` tbobòj gkaktbekzbgj cj` fe skstfob gf rótueb. Brrkib> fe gkiunj sf mb cjejcbgj f` u` pb`fe oftâekcj, sunftbgj cj` kob`fs. Sf mb` rfbekzbgj cubtrj cbpturbs gf pbrtfs. Ebs eï`fbs krrfauebrfs oufstrb` ebs zj`bs pjr gj`gf fe peuak`
Bgjif ofraf, gf Tmjtjsmjp, mb huskj`bgj ebs cubtrj koâaf`fs. Bibnj> rfsuetbgj fl`be.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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28. Trjcfsbgj gf koâaf`fs Cjoj yb sf mb gkcmj, f` af`frbe, f` fe cbopj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gfe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj ikiekjarâflc j y gf eb hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb, cj`vkf`f sfaukr fe crktfrkj gf af`frbr rfprjgucckj`fs ej oâs sfofnb`tfs pjskief gf ejs gjcuof`tjs jrkak`befs. Fstj `j ska`kflcb quf `j pjgbojs prjcfsbr gf `k`au`b ob`frb ebs cbpturbs gf ejs gjcuof`tjs, pjrquf pjgfojs rfbekzbr gftfrok`bgjs prjcfsjs quf `j bhfctb` be cj`tf`kgj gf eb kobaf` gkaktbe y jtrjs k`ceusj quf, cjoj vfrfojs, cj`skauf` quf eb kobaf` gkaktbe bgqukfrb u` obyjr pbrfckgj be gjcuof`tj b`beóakcj. Tjr þetkoj, fstf crktfrkj gf flgfekgbg be jrkak`be pufgf fxkikekzbrsf j gkrfctbof`tf `j tf`frsf f` cuf`tb f` gftfrok`bgbs sktubckj`fs, utkekzb`gj tëc`kcbs gf ofnjrb gf kobaf`. • V`j gf ejs prjcfsjs quf `j bhfctb be cj`tf`k cj`tf`kgj gj gf eb kobaf` y `js `js pfroktkrâ trbibnbr cj` obyjr fflckf`ckb fs fe gf sfpbrbckó` gf pâak`bs gjiefs. Ofgkb`tf fstf prjcfsj pjgfojs cbpturbr ebs gjs pâak`bs gf u` ekirj bikfrtj be oksoj tkfopj, cj` u` oksoj fscb`fj j gkspbrj gf câobrb hjtjarâflcb, y gfnbr quf fe prjarbob gf gkaktbekzbckó` sfpbrf butjoâtkcbof`tf ebs pâak`bs. Fs `fcfsbrkj cj`tbr cj` prjarbobs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, cjoj BII[[ Hk`f Yfbgfr j EKOI, quf jhrfzcb` fstb hu`ckj`bekgbg. Fstjs prjcfsjs sufef` hu`ckj`br ibstb`tf ib stb`tf ikf`, ej quf `j quktb quf mbyb quf rfbekzbr u`b rfvkskó` vksube gf sus rfsuetbgjs y cjrrfcckó` ejs gjcuof`tjs frrjrfs gftfctbgjs b`tfs tbiebs, gf pbsbr b eb sk-j aukf`tf hbsf gf eb gkaktbekzbckó`. F` beau`js cbsjs, gf cjoj cj` vkòftbs, gkiunjs gksfòjs cjopefnjs, pufgf` prjguckrsf frrjrfs. • Fe prjcfsj gf sfpbrbckó` gf pâak`bs gjiefs pufgf rfbekzbrsf pbrb af`frbr ebs cjpkbs oâstfr j sjej pbrb ebs cjpkbs gfrkvbgbs. Fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb af`frbr koâaf`fs gf u`b sjeb pâak`b pbrb ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` y gf prfsfrvbckó`, gf fstb ob`frb hbckektbojs ejs prjcfsjs gf cj`trje gf pâak`bs gkaktbekzbgbs, `uofrbckó` gf pâak`bs, `joirbgj gf brcmkvjs, prfsfrvbckó`, rfcupfrbckó` gf cj`tf`kgjs j af`frbckó` gf gfrkvbgjs b pbrtkr gf ebs cjpkbs gf prfsfrvbckó`. • Jtrjs prjcfsjs quf `js pufgf` sfr þtkefs y quf `j bhfctb` b eb rfprfsf`tbckó` gfe cj`tf`kgj gf eb kobaf` sfrïb` fe rfcjrtbgj gf ijrgfs, eb jrkf`tbckó` gf pâak`b, fe f`gfrfzbgj, y pjr supufstj, ejs prjcfsjs gf JCY, gf ejs quf trbtbrfojs oâs bgfeb`tf. • Sj` ouy ejs prjarbobs quf gfe pfroktf` u` rfcjrtbgj butjoâtkc butjoâtkcj j gf ijrgfs gf pâak`bs hjtjarbhïbs. Tbrbþtkefs `j pfrgfr k`hjrobckó` gjcuof`tj gkaktbekzbgj, fe rfcjrtf gfif mbcfrsf f` fej oksoj ijrgf, j ofnjr bþ`, gfnb`gj u` efvf ijrgf gf u`js pjcjs okeïoftrjs. • Mby tboikë` prjarbobs quf pfroktf` rfcjrtbr ejs ijrgfs gf ejs `fabtkvjs hjtjarâflcjs y ejs obrcjs gf ebs gkbpjsktkvbs. Mby rbzj`fs gf flgfekgbg be jrkak`be y cj`sfrvbckó` gfe jinftj mkstórkcj quf bcj`sfnb` gkaktbekzbr fstjs ijrgfs j obrcjs, pfrj tboikë` mby rbzj`fs gf fflckf`ckb, gf cf`trbrsf f` fe cj`tf`kgj, gf vksubekzbckó` f` wfi y gf bmjrrj gf fspbckj y gk`frj quf `js k`vktb` b rfcjrtbrejs. Fstf rfcjrtf pufgf rfbekzbrsf bgfoâs sjirf ebs cjpkbs gf prfsfrvbckó` j sjej sjirf ebs gf gkhuskó`. Fstbs cufstkj`fs mbirâ` gf rfsjevfrebs, f` gffl`ktkvb, ebs pjeïtkcbs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf cbgb k`stktuckó`. • Ejs prjcfsjs gf jrkf`tbckó` gf pâak`b gftfctb` eb gkrfcckó` gf ejs tfxtjs y akrb` eb kobaf` sk fs quf fs `fcfsbrkj pbrb quf su cj`tf`kgj pufgb effrsf cóojgbof`tf f` pb`tbeeb. Gf fstb ob`frb, pjgfojs fscb`fbrKaubeof`tf, ejs obtfrkbefs tfxtubefseffr cjejcâ`gjejs sjirfebsebpâak`bs supfrflckf cbpturb f` cubequkfr jrkf`tbckó`. pjgrfojs cóojgbof`tf qufgfmb` skgj
koprfsbs f` ejs ekirjs cj` u`b fspfckbe jrkf`tbckó` gf pâak`b y rfqukfrf` akrbr fe ekirj pbrb pjgfr effrebs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjcfsbgj gf koâaf`fs
Hka. 83. Kzq.> pâak`b obe rfcjrtbgb y bek`fbgb. Sf pkfrgf k`hjrobckó` gfe sfeej (bibnj, kzqukfrgb) y gfe tbobòj gfe gjcuof`tj.
Gcmb.> kobaf` ikf` rfcjrtbgb.
• Tufgf sfr tboikë` rfcj rfcjof`gbief of`gbief bctkvbr ebs hu` hu`ckj`fs ckj`fs gf f`gfrfzbgj gf ejs prjarbobs gf kobaf` j gkaktbekzbckó`, quf gftfctb` sk ejs gjcuof`tjs rfctb`auebrfs (pâak`bs, hjtjarbhïbs, pjstbefs…) fstâ` rfctjs y ejs f`gfrfzb` cub`gj fstâ` k`cek`bgjs. Fstbs hu`ckj`fs ofnjrb` eb prfsf`tbckó` y hbckektb` eb efcturb y ejs prjcfsjs gf JCY. Mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj cj` fstbs hu`ckj`fs, pjrquf beau`js prjarbobs rfgucf` eb cbekgbg gf eb kobaf` f`gfrfzbgb. Bgjif Bcrjibt, pjr fnfopej, be rfbekzbr ejs prjcfsjsbu`quf gf JCYfstf pufgf prjguckr u`b fekok`brsf rfgucckó` cj` gf cbekgbg sjirf pâak`bs f`gfrfzb butjoâtkcbof`tf, prjiefob pufgf gftfrok`bgbs jpckj`fsquf gf cj`flaurbckó` gfe prjarbob. • Fxkstf` jtrjs prjcfsjs gf usj rfcjof`gbief, quf `j sjej `j bhfctb` b eb rfprfsf`tbckó` gfe cj`tf`kgj, sk`j quf k`ceusj `js vb` b pfroktkr u`b rfprfsf`tbckó` oâs flfe gfe jrkak`be. F`trf fstjs prjcfsjs pjgfojs of`ckj`br ejs bnustfs gf irkeej, cj`trbstf y cjejr, fe ijrrbgj gf gfgjs, eb fekok`bckó` gf sjoirbs, eb rfgucckó` j fekok`bckó` gf curvbturbs gfe ejoj, fe f`gfrfzbgj gf eï`fbs gf tfxtj j eb cjrrfcckó` gf gkstjrskj`fs. Kaube quf f` fe cbsj gfe f`gfrfzbgj, tf`grfojs quf cjoprjibr quf `ufstrjs prjarbobs `j rfgucf` eb cbekgbg sk bpekcb` fstjs prjcfsjs, y quf ejs bpekcb` cjrrfctbof`tf. • V`b fgkckó` j prjcfsbgj gf kobaf` pjscbpturb pufgf pfroktkr`js jptkokzbr j ofnjrbr ofnjrbr eb vksubekzbckó` vksubekzb ckó` gf ebs kkoâaf`fs oâaf`fs gkaktbefs. Fstbs tëc`kcbs sj` ccjopbtkiefs jopbtkiefs cj` u` u`bb iuf`b afstkó` gf cjejr sk sf utkekzb` cbrtbs gf cjejr gurb`tf fe fscb`fj.
Eb fgkckó` gf kobaf` pjscbpturb sufef rfbekzbrsf f` fe cj`tfxtj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` cbpturb b cbpturb.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjcfsbgj gf koâaf`fs
• Beau`js prjarbobs gf gkaktbekzbckó` jhrfcf` hu`ckj`fs quf `js pfroktf` sjevf`tbr fe prjiefob gf eb curvbturb gfe ejoj, quf sf prjgucf cub`gj sf fscb`fb u` ekirj y ebs pâak`bs `j qufgb` gfe tjgj peb`bs, pufs sf curvb` f` eb zj`b gfe ejoj, gj`gf eb f`cubgfr`bckó` ebs u`f. Fstf prjiefob sf pufgf sjeuckj`br tjtbe j pbrckbeof`tf usb`gj prf`sbekirjs y gkaktbekzb`gj f` uvf, pfrj mby oucmbs jcbskj`fs f` quf, b pfsbr gf tjgj, sf prjguckrâ. Tbrb sjeuckj`brej, beau`js prjarbobs gf gkaktbekzbckó` jhrfcf` hu`ckj`fs cjoj eb gf «fekok`bckó` gf curvbturb gfe ejoj¼ y «fekok`bckó` gf gfe ejoj¼. Fstbs hu`ckj`fs `jsFsvb` b pfroktkr af`frbr koâaf`fs f` ebs quf ebs pâak`bssjoirfbgj sf vfb` peb`bs, sk` curvbturb gfe ejoj. rfcjof`gbief usbrebs, cjoprjib`gj prfvkbof`tf sus rfsuetbgjs, `j sjej pbrb u`b ofnjr rfprjgucckó` gfe jrkak`be, tboikë` pbrb ofnjrbr ejs rfsuetbgjs gfe prjcfsbokf`tj JCY. • Jtrb hu`ckó` þtke gf ejs prjarbobs gf gka gkaktbekzbckó` ktbekzbckó` fs eb gf cjrrfcckó` gf gkstjrskj`fs óptkcbs j trbpfzjkgbefs gf ebs koâaf`fs, gkstjrskj`fs gfikgbs b eb curvbturb gf ebs ef`tfs (jinftkvjs) gf ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs. Fstbs gkstjrskj`fs gfpf`gf` gfe tkpj gf ef`tf, eb gkstb`ckb hjcbe, fe â`auej gf f`hjquf y jtrjs hbctjrfs. Oucmbs vfcfs `j sf gftfctb` b skopef vkstb, pfrj cj` gftfrok`bgbs cj`flaurbckj`fs gf fqukpj j gf cbpturb pufgf` bprfckbrsf cebrbof`tf. • Jtrb hu`ckó` quf pufgf sfr þtke be gkaktbekzbgjr gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj fs eb gf f`gfrfzbokf`tj gf eï`fbs gf tfxtj. Fe prjarbob gftfctb eï`fbs curvbgbs (gkstjrskj`fs óptkcbs, bijoibokf`tj gf ebs pâak`bs, ftc.) y ebs f`gfrfzb. Kaube quf f` ejs cbsjs gfe f`gfrfzbokf`tj gfe ejoj y gf eb cjrrfcckó` gf gkstjrskj`fs trbpfzjkgbefs, fe prjcfsj gf JCY sufef ofnjrbr cj` fstb hu`ckó`.
Hka. 87. F`gfrfzbokf`tj gf eï`fbs gf tfxtj pjr sjhtwbrf.
• @j gfifrïb` vfrsf gfgjs f` ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs, pfrj f` jcbskj`fs ejs f`cj`trbrfojs pjrquf b vfcfs ejs gkaktbekzbgjrfs fstkrb` cj` ejs gfgjs ebs pâak`bs pbrb su cbpturb, y ejs gfgjs qufgb` fscb`fbgjs j hjtjarbflbgjs. Beau`js prjarbobs gf gkaktbekzbckó` sj` cbpbcfs gf ijrrbr butjoâtkcbof`tf fstjs gfgjs gurb`tf fe fscb`fbgj j b pjstfrkjrk . • Mby tboikë` prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs cj` hu`ckj`fs quf `js pfroktf` quktbr fe fhfctj oubrë. B eb mjrb gf utkekzbrebs mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf b vfcfs sf prjgucf` «hbesjs oubrës¼ pjrquf sf supfrpj`f` ejs pbtrj`fs gf eb kobaf` cj` ejs gf eb pb`tbeeb gfe oj`ktjr. Tbrb gftfctbr fstjs hbesjs oubrës ibstb cj` vksubekzbr ebs koâaf`fs f` jtrjs tbobòjs. @jrobeof`tf, fe hf`óof`j gfsbpbrfcf sk vksubekzbojs vksubekzb ojs eb kobaf` bbee 244 % gf tbobòj. Mby jtrbcj`sfaukr sfrkf gf prjcfsjs, quf pjgrïbojs eebobr ofnjrb j rfstburbckó` kobaf`,peb`quf `js•pfroktf` u`b rfprjgucckó` quf ofnjrb fe gf jrkak`be gkaktbekzbgj. Fstjsgf prjcfsjs
tfb` cufstkj`fs gf flgfekgbg y butf`tkckgbg rfspfctj be jrkak`be quf mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb y bcebrbr f` ebs pjeïtkcbs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf ebs k`stktuckj`fs gkaktbekzbgjrbs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
28;
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjcfsbgj gf koâaf`fs
Gf`trj gf fstjs prjcfsjs tf`fojs, pjr u` ebgj, ejs quf tkf`f` quf vfr cj` eb ekopkfzb, quf pfroktf` mbcfr cjsbs cjoj fekok`br rukgj gkaktbe, cjejr gf ibsf (fe cjejr prjguckgj pjr fe f`vfnfckokf`tj gfe pbpfe, pjr fnfopej), suckfgbg, hj`gjs, ojtbs, ojtbs , pu`tjs, obrcbs gf cjejr (sfeejs j suir suirbb ybgjs b i ijeïarb jeïarbhj) hj) j ob ob`cmbs. `cmbs. Eufaj mby jtrjs prjcfs prjcfsjs js quf pjgrïb pjgrïbojs ojs eebobr gf rrfstbu fstburbckó rbckó`, `, cjoj eb fekok`bckó` gf pekfaufs, rbybgurbs, cjrtfs, baunfrjs, arkftbs, ftc. Fstjs prjcfsjs pfroktf` rfnuvf`fcfr ejs gjcuof`tjs y hbvjrfcf` ejs prjcfsjs gf JCY. • Cjoj `jrob af`frbe, cj` gj gjcuof`tjs cuof`tjs tfxtubefs `j gfif` utkekzbrsf fstbs hu`ckj`fs, puf pufss `ufstrj jinftkvj mb gf sfr cj`sfaukr u`b rfprjgucckó` ej oâs fxbctb pjskief gfe gjcuof`tj gkaktbekzbgj, y fstjs prjcfsjs betfrb` su bspfctj. Sk` foibraj, mby sktubckj`fs f` ebs quf pjgrïbojs peb`tfbr`js utkekzbrejs. Tjr fnfopej, sk tf`fojs u` gjcuof`tj f` fe quf ebs tk`tbs gfe rfvfrsj gf eb pâak`b sf trbspbsb`, gkflcuetb`gj eb efakikekgbg gfe tfxtj, eb utkekzbckó` ut kekzbckó` gf u` prjcfsj gf fekok`bckó` gf cjejr gf ibsf j gf hj`gj pufgf cj`sfaukr u` buof`tj `jtbief gf eb efakikekgbg. Jtrj cbsj sfrïb fe gf gjcuof`tjs f` ejs quf ebs ob`cmbs j eb suckfgbg `j pfroktf` u`b iuf`b efakikekgbg. F` fstjs cbsjs, bpekcbr prjcfsjs gf ekopkfzb pufgf ok`kokzbr fe prjiefob. Cufstkó` bpbrtf sj` ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs. Fe crktfrkj af`frbe pbrb fstf tkpj gf obtfrkbefs fs fe oksoj quf pbrb ejs obtfrkbefs ekirbrkjs, ekirbrkjs , ejs jinftjs f` sï sj` obtfrkbefs mkstórkcjs mks tórkcjs quf mby quf rfprjguckr flfeof`tf. Sk` foibraj, mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb beau`js hbctjrfs. F` prkofr euabr, ebs hjtjarbhïbs f` pbpfe, pjr ej af`frbe, sj` rfprjgucckj`fs gf `fabtkvjs, quf pufgf` tf`fr obyjr j of`jr cbekgbg< bgfoâs, fstbs hjtjarbhïbs cj` fe pbsj gfe tkfopj sf gfcjejrb`, k`ceusj sk sf cj`sfrvb` cjrrfctbof`tf y `j sf fxpj`f` b eb euz. [ eb gfcjejrbckó` tboikë` sf pufgf prjguckr cj` ejs oksojs `fabtkvjs y gkbpjsktkvbs. Eb gfcjejrbckó` j hbetb gf cbekgbg gf ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs `j fs fqukvbef`tf, f` af`frbe, b eb hbetb gf cbekgbg j gfcjejrbckó` gf ebs pâak`bs gf u` ekirj, pjrquf u`b koprfskó` gf ibnb cbekgbg j u`b gfcjejrbckó` gf u` gjcuof`tj purbof`tf tfxtube `j sufef` bhfctbr be cj`tf`kgj< bu`quf sf gfcjejrf fe pbpfe j eb koprfskó` `j sfb gfe tjgj iuf`b, fe cj`tf`kgj skauf skf`gj efakief. efakief. Fe cbsj gf ebs hjtjarbhïbs fs gkstk`tj, eb gfcjejrbckó` j eb ibnb cbekgbg gf eb rfprjgucckó` supj`f` u`b përgkgb gf gftbeef, fs gfckr, prjgucf` u`b përgkgb gf cj`tf`kgj. Tjr jtrj ebgj, ejs `fabtkvjs sj` obtfrkbefs gksfòbgjs cjoj ofgkj b pbrtkr gfe cube rfbekzbr rfprjgucckj`fs f` pjsktkvj. Tjgfojs cj`skgfrbr quf fe `fabtkvj fs u` jinftj mkstórkcj y fscb`fbrej tbe cube, sk` k`vfrtkr ejs cjejrfs, y cj`sfrvbr fstb cbpturb cjoj oâstfr, pfrj, pjr sf`tkgj cjoþ`, sf fspfrb quf af`frfojs, be of`js pbrb gkhuskó`, cjpkbs f` pjsktkvj gj`gf pjgbojs bprfckbr eb fscf`b hjtjarbflbgb. • F` fe prkofrj gf fstjs cbsjs (fe prjiefob gf eb gfcjejrbckó`), ebs tëc`kcbs gf fgkckó` gf kobaf` (`kvfefs y curvbs gf cjejr, bnustfs gf irkeej, cj`trbstf, sbturbckó`, ftc.) `js pfroktkrâ` f` beau`js cbsjs af`frbr u`b rfprjgucckó` ofnjrbgb gf ebs hjtjarbhïbs j trb`spbrf`ckbs fscb`fbgbs, f k`ceusj, f` jcbskj`fs, mbcfr vkskiefs gftbeefs quf `j sj` bprfckbiefs f` fstbs, fst bs, ikf` pjrquf sf mbyb` pfrgkgj be gfarbgbrsf ejs obtfrkbefs cj` fe pbsj gfe tkfopj, ikf` quf `j hufrb` bprfckbiefs gfsgf fe prk`ckpkj gfikgj b u` gfflckf`tf pjsktkvbgj. Gbgj quf fstbs ofnjrbs pfroktf` u`b ofnjr rfprjgucckó` gfe cj`tf`kgj gf ejs gjcuof`tjs hjtjarâflcjs, fs bcfptbief utkekzbr fstf tkpj gf prjcfsbgjs gf kobaf`, sjirf tjgj f` fe cbsj gf quf cj` feejs sf cj`skab rfcupfrbr gftbeefs. Fstb oftjgjejaïb fs cjopbtkief cj` eb flejsjhïb gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf hjtjarbhïbs cjoj jinftjs mkstórkcjs, skfoprf quf sf rfbekcf eb ofnjrb sjirf ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` y sf gjcuof`tf bgfcubgbof`tf eb ckrcu`stb`ckb.
• F` fe sfau`gj cbsj, cub`gj pjsktkvbojs eb cbpturb gfe `fabtkvj, gkrfctbof`tf `j pjgfojs bpekcbr fe crktfrkj gf flgfekgbg be jrkak`be, pjrquf `j fxkstf jrkak`be f` pjsktkvj. Tjr tb`tj, `ufstrj
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Trjcfsbgj gf koâaf`fs
jinftkvj mb gf sfr cj`sfaukr eb ofnjr rfprjgucckó` pjskief, y pbrb feej pjgrfojs usbr tëc`kcbs gf ofnjrb gf kobaf`. Mfojs gf sfr cj`sckf`tfs gf quf cub`gj bpekcbojs fstbs tëc`kcbs fstbojs b`tf u` cbsj gf rfstburbckó` gkaktbe j gf rfcrfbckó` gkaktbe gf u` pjsktkvj gfsgf u` `fabtkvj, prjcfsjs quf gfif` mbcfrsf aukbgjs cj` crktfrkjs prjhfskj`befs y befnbgjs gf k`tf`ckj`fs peâstkcbs k`gkvkgubefs. • Gfsgf fe pu`tj gf vkstb gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs cjoj jinftjs mkstórkcjs, ebs jpfrbckj`fs gf rfstburbckó` gkaktbe `j gfif` f` `k`aþ` cbsj betfrbr ebs pjskikekgbgfs tëc`kcbs gfe prjcfsj hjtjarâflcj cj` fe quf huf rfbekzbgj fe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be. Tjr fnfopej, ejs rb`ajs gf cj`trbstf f` u` pbpfe b eb beiþok`b gfe skaej ]K] sufef` sufef` sfr ekoktbgjs, y gkaktbeof`tf sf pufgf fxbafrbr tb`tj fe cj`trbstf quf sf bcbif af`frb`gj u`b vfrskó` gkaktbe hbesb mkstórkcbof`tf y quf eefvf be fquïvjcj be b e usubrkj gfe skstfob skst fob gf k`hjrobc k`hjrobckó`. kó`. • Eb rfk`tfrprftbckó` gf ejs ska`kflcb`tfs peâstkcjs gf ebs koâaf`fs hjtjarâflcbs gurb`tf ebs jpfrbckj`fs gf pjsktkvbgj gkaktbe j gf rfstburbckó` gkaktbe gf pjsktkvjs gftfrkjrbgjs gfif mbcfrsf cj` cbutfeb y skfoprf gfsgf fe cj`jckokf`tj gf eb tëc`kcb hjtjarâflcb gf ebs hjtjarbhïbs jrkak`befs cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs. • Fxkstf` tboikë` prjarbobs quf `js pfroktf` fekok`br butjoâtkcbof`tf rbybnjs, pekfaufs, baunfrjs, cjrtfs, ob`cmbs y jtrjs gftfrkjrjs gf ebs hjtjarbhïbs f` ebs rfprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs< beau`bs gf fstbs hu`ckj`fs jhrfcf` f` jcbskj`fs rfsuetbgjs sjrprf`gf`tfof`tf iuf`js. Tjr supufstj, sf pufgf` mbcfr tjgbs fstbs cjsbs y oâs cj` u` fgktjr gf kobaf` prjhfskj`be, quf `js pfroktf fgktbr eb kobaf` pkxfe b pkxfe. Gfpf`gfrâ gf eb pjeïtkcb gf eb k`stktuckó` gkaktbekzbgjrb pfroktkr fstbs tëc`kcbs gf rfstburbckó` gf kobaf` quf pjr cufstkó` gf flgfekgbg be jrkak`be `j sj` f` prk`ckpkj rfcjof`gbiefs. • V`b iuf`b prâctkcb, utkekzbgb pjr beau`bs k`stktuckj`fs, cj`skstkrïb f` af`frbr vbrkbs koâaf`fs gf cbgb gjcuof`tj hjtjarâflcj, u`bs fgktbgbs, ofnjrbgbs j rfstburbgbs y jtrbs quf rfprjgucf` flfeof`tf fe jrkak`be. • Sk sf af`frb` vbrkbs koâaf`fs gf prfsfrvbckó`, pjr fnfopej, u` `fabtkvj fscb`fbgj f` pjsktkvj y jtrj cj` cjejrfs k`vfrtkgjs, j u`b rfprjgucckó` gkaktbe sk` rfstburbr gf u`b hjtjarbhïb y jtrb rfstburbgb, pjgfojs cj`skgfrbr quf tf`fojs u` oâstfr oþetkpef. Fe crktfrkj gf flgfekgbg be jrkak`be fs gf bpekcbckó` tb`tj b ebs cjpkbs gf prfsfrvbckó` (oâstfrfs) cjoj b ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`, bu`quf f` fstf þetkoj cbsj sf pufgf bpekcbr cj` obyjr fxkikekgbg. F` ejs cbsjs of`ckj`bgjs f` fe pârrbhj b`tfrkjr, b` tfrkjr, pjr fnfopej, pjgrïbojs jhrfcfr cjoj cjpkb gf gkhuskó` sjebof`tf eb kobaf` f` pjsktkvj j eb kobaf` rfstburbgb. Fe fstbiefckokf`tj gf fstjs crktfrkjs gfpf`gfrâ gf eb pjeïtkcb gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf eb k`stktuckó`. • Fe prjcfsbokf`tj butjoâtkcj gf kobaf` gfif gfif sfr skfoprf cjopefof`tbgj cj` eb rfvkskó` vksube gf ejs rfsuetbgjs gf fstf prjcfsj< prjcfs j< fstjs prjcfsjs butjoâtkcjs butjoâ tkcjs b vfcfs hbeeb` y prjgucf` obejs rfsuetbgjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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21. JCY Ebs koâaf`fs gf gjcuof`tjs tfxtubefs gkaktbekzbgjs `j sj`, pbrb ebs bpekcbckj`fs k`hjroâtkcbs, brcmkvjs gf tfxtj, sk`j ofrbs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs. @jsjtrjs pjgfojs effrebs f` eb pb`tbeeb, pfrj ebs bpekcbckj`fs `j sbif` quf cj`tkf`f` tfxtj, y pjr tb`tj `j ebs eff` `k pfroktf` hu`ckj`fs b ebs quf fstbojs bcjstuoirbgjs, cjoj iuscbr j cjpkbr y pfabr ejs tfxtjs. Tbrb quf ebs bpekcbckj`fs sfpb` quf ejs brcmkvjs gf kobaf` quf fstâ` afstkj`b`gj cj`tkf`f` tfxtjs, gkcmjs brcmkvjs mb` gf sfr sjoftkgjs prkofrj b u` prjcfsj gf rfcj`jckokf`tj óptkcj gf cbrbctfrfs (jptkcbe cmbrbctfr rfcja`ktkj` , JCY). • Fs betbof`tf rfcjof`gbief quf ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs jhrfzcb` hu`ckj`fs gf iþsqufgb f` fe cj`tf`kgj gf sus gjcuof`tjs gkaktbefs, ej quf kopekcb quf fstjs mb` gf pbsbr fe prjcfsbgj gf JCY (j ikf` sfr brcmkvjs gf tfxtj, `j gf kobaf`). Fstb hu`ckj`bekgbg ouetkpekcb eb vkskikekgbg y eb utkekgbg gf eb ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe y eb cj`vkfrtf f` u`b pjtf`tf mfrrbokf`tb gf k`vfstkabckó`. Eb cj`vfrskó` gf brcmkvjs gf kobaf` f` gjcuof`tjs efakiefs pufgf f`cbrbrsf gf gjs ob`frbs. Eb prkofrb gf feebs cj`skstkrïb f` cj`vfrtkr gkrfctbof`tf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs f` brcmkvjs gf tfxtj, pjr fnfopej, u`b kobaf` WKHH quf u`b pâak`b gf u` ekirjb f` u` brcmkvj gf Qjrg. Tjr jtrj cj`vfrtkr ebgj, pjgrïbojs ob`tf`fr ebs rfprjgucf koâaf`fs gkaktbefs y bsjckbrebs brcmkvjs quf cj`tkf`f` fe tfxtj, j k`ceukr eb k`hjrobckó` gf tfxtj gf`trj gf ejs brcmkvjs gf kobaf` (f` ejs TGH gf kobaf`, pjr fnfopej). F` fe cbopj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf cj`tf`kgjs pbtrkoj`kbefs fe gjcuof`tj sf cj`skgfrb u` jinftj mkstórkcj, pjr ej quf sf k`tf`tb` rfbekzbr rfprjgucckj`fs quf, bgfoâs gf su cj`tf`kgj, cj`sfrvf` f` ej pjskief eb k`hjrobckó` gf sus cbrbctfrïstkcbs hïskcbs (hjrob, cjejrfs, tfxturbs, oëtjgjs gf koprfskó`, f`cubgfr`bckj`fs…). Tjr feej, f` fstf cbopj, fe prkofrj gf ejs gjs skstfobs gf JCY of`ckj`bgjs, af`frbr brcmkvjs gf tfxtj (QJYG, TGH, W]W, MWOE, FTVI, OJIK, ftc.) b pbrtkr gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs, `j sufef utkekzbrsf oucmj, sk` foibraj, mby prjyfctjs fxktjsjs, cjoj fe Trjyfctj Autf`ifra, quf trbibnb` gf fstb ob`frb. Eb vf`tbnb gf utkekzbr fstf skstfob fs quf af`frb brcmkvjs ouy ekafrjs (f` cjopbrbckó` cj` ebs koâaf`fs y, pjr tb`tj, ob`fnbiefs y oâs hâckefs sfrâ` gf prfsfrvbr. Bgfoâs, sk utkekzbojs brcmkvjs gfgkaktbefs), tfxtj f` hjrobtjs hjr obtjs ikf`ouy cj`jckgjs, `ufstrjs brcmkvjs cjopbtkiefs cj` ouy gkvfrsjs gkspjsktkvjss y bpekcbckj`f gkspjsktkvj bpekcbckj`fs. s. Eb gfsvf`tbnb gf fstf peb`tfbokf peb`tfbokf`tj `tj `j fs sjej quf sf pkfrgf eb k`hjrobckó` gfe sjpjrtf, tboikë` sf pufgf pfrgfr eb k`hjrobckó` arâflcb, b`jtbckj`fs ob`uscrktbs, sfeejs, ftc. • Mby quf tf`fr cukgbgj, sk cj`vfrtkojs koâaf`fs f` brcmkvjs gf tfxtj, gf ob`tf`fr f` eb ofgkgb gf ej pjskief ejs fefof`tjs arâflcjs gf ebs jirbs, k`tfrcbebgjs f`trf ejs tfxtjs, gj`gf efs cjrrfspj`gb. Fstj kopekcb quf, sk eb jirb tkf`f fefof`tjs arâflcjs, `j sf gfif` usbr hjrobtjs gf brcmkvj, cjoj fe tfxtj peb`j (.txt), quf `j pfroktb` eb k`ceuskó` gf koâaf`fs. • Fstf skstfob (cj`vfrskó` b brcmkvjs gf tfxtj) pufgf sfr u`b iuf`b jpckó` pbrb ekirjs `j o ouy uy b`tkaujs, gfe skaej ]XKK f` bgfeb`tf, skfoprf y cub`gj ebs jirbs sfb` purbof`tf tfxtubefs (j cj`tf`ab` u`bs pjcbs keustrbckj`fs) y cbrfzcb` gf fefof`tjs fspfckbefs gf gksfòj, f`cubgfr`bckó` j koprfskó`.
@j fs bgfcubgb fstb oftjgjejaïb, pjr fe cj`trbrkj, pbrb hj`gj b`tkauj, jirbs arâflcbs j cj` betj cj`tf`kgj arâflcj j gjcuof`tjs cj` obquftbckj`fs cjopefnbs, j cj` cbrbctfrïstkcbs fspfckbefs gfe sjpjrtf (f`cubgfr`bckj`fs fspfckbefs, gfspefabiefs, ftc.).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
JCY
• Eb jtrb ob`frb gf rfbekzbr fe rfcj`jckokf`tj óptkcj gf cbrbctfrfs cj`skstf f` af`frbr brcmkvjs quf cj`tf`ab` fe cj`tf`kgj tfxtube gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs y bsjckbrejs b ebs koâaf`fs cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs. Eb ofnjr hjrob gf kopefof`tbr fstf skstfob cj`skstf f` af`frbr brcmkvjs quf, bgfoâs gfe tfxtj, rfakstrb` eb k`hjrobckó` gf eb pjskckó` quf jcupb cbgb fefof`tj tfxtube (pbebirbs, eï`fbs gf tfxtj, ftc.) gf`trj gf ebs koâaf`fs. Eb bsjckbckó` gf fstjs brcmkvjs cj` sus cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs pfroktf b ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs jhrfcfr skstfobs gf iþsqufgb quf pufgf` ejcbekzbr ejs tërok`js iuscbgjs gf`t rj `js gf`trj gf ebs koâaf`fs gf pâak`b, obrcb`gjgffeebs euabr f` quf sf f`cuf`trb` gkcmjs tërok`js. Fstf skstfob pfroktf rfprjguckr fe cj`tf`kgj jirbs, bgfoâs gf sus cbrbctfrïstkcbs hïskcbs, skf`gj pjr feej ouy bgfcubgj pbrb hj`gjs pbtrkoj`kbefs. Eb gfsvf`tbnb fstrkib f` quf pufgf sfr `fcfsbrkj (sfaþ` fe hjrobtj gf JCY quf usfojs) cj`tbr cj` prjarbobs fspfckbefs pbrb quf hu`ckj`f eb iþsqufgb tfxtube f` ebs koâaf`fs.
Hka. 86. Iþsqufgb gf tfxtj f` koâaf`fs.
Mby gkvfrsjs hjrobtjs, quf eebobrfojs gkrfctbof`tf «hjrobtjs gf JCY¼, quf `js pfroktf` fstb hu`ckj`bekgbg gf iþsqufgb f` tfxtj gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs. F`trf feejs cbif of`ckj`br> ‗ JCY gf Bgjif Bcrji Bcrjibt. bt. Fstf prjarb prjarbob ob af`frb su prjpkj tkpj gf JCY. F` ffstf stf cbsj `j ssff trbtb gf brcmkvjs fxtfr`js, fe tfxtj sf beobcf`b k`tfr`bof`tf gf`trj gfe TGH, pfrj sfpbrbgj gf ebs koâaf`fs. V`b gf ebs vf`tbnbs vf`tbn bs gf fstf tkpj gf JCY fs eb u`kvfrsbekgbg gfe hjrobt hjrobtj j TGH TGH,, y jtrb, quf fe tfxtj tfxt j gf ejs brcmkvjs TGH fs k`gfxbgj y rfcupfr rfcupfrbgj bgj pjr Ajjaef. Fe hjrobtj TGH `js pfroktf rfbekzbr u`b iþsqufgb f` fe cj`tf`kgj gf u` gjcuof`tj, f k`ceusj kopefof`tbr u` skstfob gf iþsqufgb quf pjskikektf iuscbr f` u` cj`nu`tj gf gjcuof`tjs. F` beau`bs gf fstbs kopefof`tbckj`fs ibstbrâ cj` mbcfr u`b sjeb iþsqufgb, f` jtrbs, tf`grfojs quf rfbekzbr u`b gjief iþsqufgb, prkofrj f` fe cj`nu`tj gf ejs gjcuof`tjs, y eufaj, gf`trj gf ejs gjcuof`tjs quf mb rfcupfrbgj eb prkofrb iþsqufgb. ‗ BEWJ. Hjrobt Hjrobtj j gf JCY ob`tf`kgj bctubeof`tf pjr eb Ekirbry jh Cj`arfs Cj`arfss, s, quf bgfoâs gfe cj`tf`kgj tfxtube y su gkspjskckó` f` ebs koâaf`fs gf pâak`b, jhrfcf eb pjskikekgbg gf rfakstrbr
eb k`hjrobckó` gf suiu`kgbgfs gf cj`tf`kgj gf`trj gf ebs pâak`bs gkaktbekzbgbs (keustrbckj`fs, cbpïtuejs, fsqufebs, `jtkckbs, ftc.), pfroktkf`gj, f` cjoik`bckó` cj` fe hjrobtj OFWS, eb kopefof`tbckó` gf u` iuscbgjr gf brtïcuejs y gfoâs suigkvkskj`fs y fefof`tjs gf`trj gf ebs
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
JCY
jirbs. Ejs brcmkvjs BEWJ sj` brcmkvjs ]OE, fxkstf u` scmfob cj`trb fe quf pufgf` sfr vbekgbgjs. ‗ Tbaf]OE. Hj Hjrobtj robtj gf JCY f` ]OE quf sk skrvf, rvf, bg bgfoâs foâs gf pbrb rfakstrbr fe cj` cj`tf`kgj tf`kgj g gff ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs, pbrb fvbeubr jtrjs bspfctjs gfe prjcfsbgj JCY. Fxkstf` gkvfrsjs scmfobs pbrb ebs gkhfrf`tfs hu`ckj`fs gfe hjrobtj. ‗ mJCY. Hjrobtj gf JC JCY Y f` MWOE y CSS. Ej kgfbe sfrïb utkekzbr u` hjrobtj gf JCY bikfrtj, ikf` gjcuof`tbgj y gf usj betbof`tf fxtf`gkgj. @j fxkstf bctubeof`tf bctubeof`tf u` hjrobtj gf JCY quf cuopeb tjgbs fstbs cbrbctfrïstkcbs. Fe hjrobtj gf JCY gf Bgjif Bcrjibt, fe oâs utkekzbgj cj` gkhfrf`ckb, fstâ kopefof`tbgj f` u` prjarbob prjpkftbrkj (bu`quf f` eb prâctkcb hu`ckj`b cjoj prjarbob bikfrtj) y su gjcuof`tbckó` `j fs hâckeof`tf bccfskief. Tjr fe cj`trbrkj, BEWJ, Tbaf]OE y mJCY sj` hjrobtjs bikfrtjs y ikf` gjcuof`tbgjs, pfrj su utkekzbckó` sf ekoktb b gftfrok`bgjs usjs y bpekcbckj`fs. F` fe cbopj gf ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs gkakt befs fe hjrobtj gf JCY oâs utkekzbgj ut kekzbgj fs fe JCY gf Bgjif Bcrjibt, bu`quf tboikë` tboik ë` sf usb ibstb`tf fe hjr hjrobtj obtj BEWJ. F` fe cbsj gfe JCY gf Bcrjibt, Bcrjibt , sf rfbekzb skfoprf f` brcmkvjs TGH, pjr ej quf sk `ufstrb ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe trbibnb cj` jtrjs hjrobtjs gf gkhuskó` (NTFA, AKH, T@A, GnXu, ftc.) `j pjgrâ utkekzbrej. Ejs hjrobtjs gf JCY f` ]OE gfscrktjs cj` scmfobs , cjoj BEWJ y Tbaf]OE, tkf`f` eb vf`tbnb gf sfr vbekgbiefs. • Fe rfcj`jckokf rfcj`jckokf`tj `tj óptkcj gf cbrbctfrfs puf pufgf gf ofnjrbr sk sf rfbekzb` gftfrok`bgjs gftfrok`bgjs prjcfsjs sjirf ebs koâaf`fs, cjoj pufgf` sfr bnustf gf irkeej y cj`trbstf, ekopkfzb (gf hj`gj, ob`cmbs, ojtbs, rbybnjs, obrcbs gf ijeïarbhj…), f`gfrfzbgj, fekok`bckó` gf curvbturbs y gkstjrskj`fs j ik`brkzbckó`. Beau`js prjarbobs gf JCY rfbekzb` u` prjcfsbgj tfopjrbe gf ebs koâaf`fs prfvkj be JCY sjoftkf`gj b ebs koâaf`fs b beau`js gf ejs prjcfsjs k`gkcbgjs. Sk `ufstrj sjhtwbrf gf gf JCY `j rfbekzb fstf prjcfsbgj, pjgfojs rfbekzbrej cj` jtrjs prjarbobs b`tfs gf rfbekzbr fe JCY. • Fxkstf` oþetkpefs prjarbobs gf pbaj (Bsprksf JCY, Y Yfcja`khjro, fcja`khjro, BII[[ Hk`f Y Yfbgfr, fbgfr, Okcrjsjht Jhflcf Gjcuof`t Kobak`a, Jo`kTbaf, YfbgSjht, XufScb`, Yfcja`ktkj` Sfrvfr…) y arbtuktjs (Kobaf tj JCY cj`vfrtfr, Cu`fkhjro, AJCY, Jcrbg, JCYHffgfr, JCYjpus…) cbpbcfs gf rfbekzbr fe prjcfsj gf JCY. Fstjs prjarbobs trbibnb` cj` gkvfrsjs ojtjrfs gf JCY cjoj Krks, Wfsfrbct, Hk`f Yfbgfr, WJCY, Obfstrj Yfcja`ktj` Sfrvfr, ftc. Tbrb rfbekzbr JCY sjirf ejs cj`tf`kgjs quf sf gkaktbekcf` fs ouy rfcjof`gbief utkekzbr u` sjhtwbrf prjhfskj`be prjhfskj`be y u` ojtjr gf iþsqufgb quf jhrfzcb` iuf`js rfsuetbgjs. Ebs gkhfrf`ckbs gkhfr f`ckbs f`trf ojtjrfs y prjarbobs sj` cj`skgfrbiefs. F` fe cbopj gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj ejs ojtjrfs gf JCY oâs utkekzbgjs sj`, sk` gugb, fe gf Bgjif Bcrjibt y fe gf BII[[. F` cub`tj b ejs prjarbobs, fs `fcfsbrkj cj`tbr cj` prjarbobs fspfckbefs pbrb af`frbr JCY f` BEWJ97, Tbaf]OE y mJCY.
97
Fe prjarbob Biiy Sfrvfr af`frb JCY f` hjrobtj BEWJ. Mby jtrjs prjarbobs (K`trb`gb BetjCj`vfrtfr, Betj K`fl`ktf…) cbpbcfs gf af`frbr brcmkvjs BEWJ b pbrtkr gfe JCY gf Hk`f Yfbgfr j Bgjif Bcrjibt.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
JCY
• Fe JCY pufgf ofnjrbrsf sk sf rfbekzb u`b cjrrfcckó` ob`ube gf ejs rfsuetbgjs quf brrjnb fe prjarbob. Sufef sfr k`vkbief pbrb ebs k`stktuckj`fs rfbekzbr fstb ebijrkjsb cjrrfcckó`, pufs supj`f gfobskbgj tkfopj y trbibnj. V`b jpckó` pufgf sfr fe rfbekzbr u`b cjrrfcckó` ob`ube tb` sjej gf ejs tïtuejs, suitïtuejs, tktuekeejs y gfoâs fefof`tjs quf prfsf`tb` ebs gkstk`tbs sfcckj`fs. Beau`bs k`stktuc k`stktuckj`fs kj`fs mb` gfs gfsbrrjeebgj brrjeebgj skstfobs gf cjr cjrrfcckó` rfcckó` cjebijrb cjebijrbtkvb tkvb ccj` j` eb byugb gf sus usubrkjs. yCj` fstjs skstfobs sf cj`skauf` iuf`js rfsuetbgjs, pfrj sj` cjstjsjs y cjopefnjs gf kopefof`tbr afstkj`br. • Fe JCY gb obe rfsuetbgj, f` af`frbe, cj` tfxtjs ob`uscrktjs, tkpjarbhïbs b`tkaubs j brtïstkcbs brtïstkcbs,, obquftbckj`fs cjopefnbs, tbiebs y tfxtjs quf fstâ` gf`trj gf koâaf`fs. Sf gfif` rfvksbr ejs hj`gjs b gkaktbekzbr y mbcfr prufibs cj` ejs obtfrkbefs prjiefoâtkcjs pbrb gftfrok`br ejs quf `j sj` bgfcubgjs pbrb fe rfcj`jckokf`tj óptkcj gf cbrbctfrfs. V` JCY gf ouy ibnb cbekgbg `j tkf`f `k`au`b utkekgbg, b eb pbr quf supj`f u` cjstf, jcupb u` fspbckj f` ejs sfrvkgjrfs y prjgucf u`b obeb koprfskó` f` ejs usubrkjs.
Hka. 88. Yfsuetbgj gfe JCY cj` tkpjarbhïbs ojgfr`bs (brrkib) y b`tkaubs (bibnj).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
216
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
JCY
• B eb mjrb gf peb`kflcbr u` prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó`, sk qufrfojs af`frbr cj`tf`kgjs cj` JCY, tf`fojs quf tf`fr cebrj quë hjrobtj hjrobt j `js cj`vkf`f utkekzbr. Fe hjrobtj gfpf`gfrâ, sjirf tjgj, gf `ufstrj sjhtwbrf gf gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe. Beau`js gf fstjs prjarbobs jhrfcf` skstfobs gf iþsqufgb f` fe cj`tf`kgj gf ebs koâaf`fs ibsbgjs f` gftfrok`bgj hjrobtj gf JCY. Sk `ufstrb ikiekjtfcb (pâak`b wfi, ftc.) `j pfroktf kopefof`tbr u`b iþsqufgb af`frbe f` fe cj`tf`kgj gf ebs gkaktbekzbgbs, skfoprf cbrabrk`gkvkgubefs. TGH cj` JCY, ej quf `js pfroktkrâ, pjr ej of`js, eb jirbs iþsqufgb gf cj`tf`kgjs f` pjgrfojs ejs gjcuof`tjs Ej rfhfrf`tf b eb cjrrfcckó` gfe rfsuetbgj gfe JCY sf k`ceuyf f` eb sfcckó` 98.7 («Cj`trje gf cbekgbg gfe JCY¼).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
218
2=. Af`frbckó` gf cjpkbs Eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb sf rfbekzb `jrobeof`tf cj` betjs ibrfojs gf cbekgbg, pjr ej quf sf prjgucf` brcmkvjs gf kobaf` ouy pfsbgjs. Fstjs brcmkvjs oâstfr gf betb cbekgbg pufgf` sfr prjiefoâtkcjs gf ob`fnbr, sjirf tjgj f` eb Qfi. [ sk eb cjpkb y ffee beobcf`bnf gf fstjs brcmkvjs gf betb cbek cbekgbg gbg pufgf` sf sfrr ef`tjs y cjstjs cjstjsjs, js, eb cbrab, vksubekzbckó` y gfscbrab f` wfi, fs gfckr, ebs jpfrbckj`fs gf gkhuskó`, pufgf` tbrgbr oucmj f k`ceusj eefabr b iejqufbr ejs jrgf`bgjrfs, prjiefobs quf prjgucf` përgkgbs gf usubrkjs y rfgucf` eb utkekgbg gf `ufstrb ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe. Tbrb fvktbr fstjs prjiefobs ‗quf ejs bvb`cfs tfc`jeóakcjs vb` subvkzb`gj y beaþ` gïb rfsjevfrâ`‗, sf skauf eb fstrbtfakb gf af`frbr cjpkbs fspfcïflcbs pbrb eb gkhuskó`, oâs ekafrbs y ob`fnbiefs. Fs gfckr, sf af`frb` cjpkbs gf prfsfrvbckó` j brcmkvjs oâstfr gf betb cbekgbg, y jtrbs cjpkbs pbrb gkhuskó`, oâs ekafrbs, quf cuirf` c uirf` ebs gkhfrf`tfs `fcfskgbgfs gf eb ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe y sus usubrkjs. Sk ejs crktfrkjs gf cbekgbg gfif` sfr ouy fxkaf`tfs pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf prfsfrvbckó`, pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` pufgf` sfr oâs fxkiefs. • Fs rfcjof`gbief utkekzbr hjrobtjs bikfrtjs, gf bopekj usj, `j f`crkptbgjs y ikf` gjcuof`tbgjs pbrb af`frbr ebs gkstk`tbs cjpkbs gf kobaf`. F` fe rfakstrj TYJ@JO (mttp>//www.`btkj`bebrcmkvfs. (mttp>//www.`btkj`bebrc mkvfs. ajv.ul/TYJ@JO/Gfhbuet.bspx ajv.ul/TYJ@ JO/Gfhbuet.bspx#) #) pufgf cj`suetbrsf k`hjrobckó` flbief sjirf ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf ejs gkhfrf`tfs hjrobtjs. F` eb wfi Sustbk`bikekty jh Gkaktbe Hjrobts (mttp>//www.gkaktbeprfsfrvbtkj`.ajv/ hjrobts/), gf eb Ekirbry jh Cj`arfss, pufgf f`cj`trbrsf k`hjrobckó` ouy þtke sjirf hjrobtjs gf kobaf` rfgbctbgb gfsgf fe pu`tj gf vkstb gf eb prfsfrvbckó` gf ejs cj`tf`kgjs gkaktbefs. • Tbrb ebs cjpkbs gf p prfsfrvbckó` rfsfrvbckó` sf gfif` usbr hj hjrobtjs robtjs sk` cjoprfskó`, cbpbcfs gf ob`tf`fr tjgb eb k`hjrobckó` cbpturbgb ofgkb`tf fe fscâ`fr j câobrb hjtjarâflcb. Fe usj gf hjrobtjs gf cjoprfskó` sk` përgkgb pufgf pbrfcfr u`b iuf`b jpckó`, gfikgj b quf prjgucf` u` bmjrrj gf fspbckj gf beobcf`bokf`tj y u` of`jr pfsj gfe flcmfrj, pfrj mfojs gf cj`skgfrbr quf, be usbr, u` hjrobtj gfbsï cjoprfskó` sk` përgkgb, sf buof`tbrâ fe hjrobtjs tkfopj gfy bpfrturb prjcfsbokf`tj gf(beajrktoj) ejs brcmkvjs, cjoj fe rkfsaj gf jisjefscf`ckb gf ejs gf k`cjo-y pbtkikekgbg cj` prjarbobs y bpekcbckj`fs. Kaubeof`tf, be sfr fe cógkaj oâs cjopefnj, gfikgj b eb rfcjgkflcbckó` quf kopekcb eb cjoprfskó`, sfrâ oâs hbctkief tf`fr prjiefobs gf rfcupfrbckó` gf ejs gbtjs gf eb kobaf` f` cbsj gf prjiefobs gf përgkgb gf k`tfarkgbg gfe flcmfrj, pjr ouy pfqufòjs quf sfb` fstjs. @j sf gfif` utkekzbr `u`cb hjrobtjs quf rfbekcf` butjoâtkcbof`tf prjcfsjs gf cjoprfskó` cj` përgkgb, cjoj NTFA, pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf prfsfrvbckó`. • Fe hjrobtj oâs utkekzbgj bctubeof`tf pbrb prfsfrvbckó` fs fe hjrobtj WKHH, WKHH, quf pfroktf cjoprfskó` sk` përgkgb (E^Q) y fs u`b fspfckflcbckó` bikfrtb (bu`quf tf`ab cjpyrkamt ), ), bgfoâs gf quf hjrob pbrtf gf fstâ`gbrfs KSJ kopjrtb`tfs f` fe ou`gj gf eb kobaf` gkaktbe y brtfs arâflcbs (WKHH/ KW y WKHH/FT), be kaube quf TGH.
• Ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs prjhfskj`befs trbibnb` j pufgf` trbibnbr cj` hjrobtjs YB YBQ. Q. F Fstjs stjs hjrobtjs cj`tkf`f` tjgb eb k`hjrobckó` quf cbptb fe sf`sjr (j, oâs fspfcïflcbof`tf, quf sbef gfe cj`vfrsjr b`beóakcj-gkaktbe, BGC) f` irutj. Su cj`sfrvbckó` cjoj oâstfr fs kopjrtb`tf gfsgf fe
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Af`frbckó` gf cjpkbs
pu`tj gf vkstb gfe trbibnj hjtjarâflcj. B pbrtkr gf fstf oâstfr sf pufgf` prjguckr jtrbs cjpkbs prjcfsbgbs j sk` prjcfsbr, gf prfsfrvbckó` j gf gkhuskó`, f` jtrjs hjrobtjs. Ejs prjiefobs gf fstjs hjrobtjs sj` su hbetb gf `jrobekzbckó`, pufs mby gkstk`tbs vfrskj`fs gfe hjrobtj YBQ, fspfcïflcbs pbrb obrcbs j k`ceusj ojgfejs gf câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs, y quf sj` hjrobtjs prjpkftbrkjs. Fstb hbetb gf `jrobekzbckó` y gf bpfrturb vufevf b fstjs hjrobtjs pjcj bgfcubgjs pbrb eb gkhuskó` y prfsfr vbckó`> sj` `fcfsbrkjs prjarbobs fspfcïflcjs pbrb vksubekzbr vksubekz br fstjs brcmkvjs, y mby u` betj rkfsaj gf quf hjrobtj qufgf jisjeftj. V`b ob`frb gf subvkzbr prjiefoâtkcb sfrïb cj`vfrtkr ejscjohjrobtjsfe YBQ gf ebs câobrbs hjtjarâflcbs be hjrobtj G@A gffstb Bgjif, u` hjrobtj YBQ bikfrtj, pbtkief cj` ejs prk`ckpbefs prjarbobs gf fgkckó` gf kobaf`, quf prfsf`tb vf`tbnbs kopjrtb`tfs, cjoj of`jr pfsj, obyjr cbpbckgbg pbrb aubrgbr aubr gbr oftbgbtjs y u`b abrb`tïb gf ej`afvkgbg supfrkjr. Beau`bs câobrbs pfroktf` fxpjrtbr gkrfctbof`tf gkrfctbof` tf f` fstf hjrobtj< tboikë` mby prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs cbpbcfs gf rfbekzbr fstb tbrfb. • Fe hjrobtj G@A mb vf`k vf`kgj gj usâ`gjsf sk` prjief prjiefobs obs gf jisjefscf`ckb g gfsgf fsgf su jrkaf`, f` fe bòj 9447, y sf fstkob quf sfaukrâ tf`kf`gj sjpjrtf tboikë` b ofgkj pebzj, pfrj, k`ceusj sk `j ej tuvkfrb, mfojs gf cj`skgfrbr quf eb fspfckflcbckó` G@A fs bikfrtb y pþiekcb, ej quf hbckektbrâ eb prjarbobckó` huturb gf gfscjgkflcbgjrfs. V`b hjrob sfaurb gf trbibnbr cj` fe hjrobtj G@A fs k`crustbr fe flcmfrj YBQ jrkak`be gf`trj gfe flcmfrj G@A rfsuetb`tf gfe prjcfsj gf cj` vfrskó vfr skó`. `. Fst Fstff prj prjcfs cfsj j pufg pufgff mbc mbcfrs frsff cj` eb bpek bpekcbc cbckó` kó` gf usj ekir ekirff Bgji Bgjiff G@A Cj` Cj`vfr vfrtfr. tfr. Fe flcmfrj G@A jcupbrâ gf fstb ob`frb ej quf fe YBQ jrkak`be oâs fe `ufvj G@A y pfroktkrâ fxtrbfr jrkak`be k`crustbgj cj` eb oksob bpekcbckó` usbgbjrkak`befs pbrb eb af`frbckó` gfe G@A f`hâckeof`tf cbsj gf sfrfe `fcfsbrkj. Tbrb fvktbr eb gfarbgbckó` gf ejs gbtjs y tf`fr obyjrfs abrb`tïbs gf gurbikekgbg, fs rfcjof`gbief quf `j sf bpekquf be G@A u` skstfob gf cjoprfskó` cj` përgkgb. • Vtkekcfojs hjrobtjs YB YBQ Q prjpkftbrkjs j G@A gf Bgjif, fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb, f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs, af`frbr u` gjief oâstfr, quf k`ceuyb fe brcmkvj YBQ, pjr u` ebgj, y u`b kobaf` WKHH gf betb cbekgbg af`frbgb b pbrtkr gf fstf. • Tbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` sufef` usbrsf hjrobtjs cj` cjoprfskó` cj` përgkgb, quf pfroktf` betjs arbgjs gf cjoprfskó` sk` u`b rfgucckó` hâckeof`tf bprfckbief gf cbekgbg. F`trf fstjs hjrobtjs, fe oâs utkekzbgj cj` gkhfrf`ckb fs fe hjrobtj y beajrktoj gf cjoprfskó` NTFA. Fstf hjrobtj y beajrktoj `j fs fe oâs fflckf`tf b eb mjrb gf cjoprkokr, pfrj su usj fstâ u`kvfrsbeof`tf fxtf`gkgj. jtrjs hjrobtjs y ikf` gjcuof`tbgjs ‗pfrj gf usj of`js fxtf`gkgj‗, cjoj T@A, Mby quf pufgf` sfr u`bbikfrtjs iuf`b betfr`btkvb b NTFA. • Jtrjs hjrobtjs hjrob tjs gf kobaf` cjoj IOT IOT,, AKH AKH,, KHH KHH,, HKWS, WAB, NTFA9444, OrSKG, FCQ FCQ,, HT], ftc., sj` prjpkftbrkjs, `j sj` ouy utkekzbgjs, j prfsf`tb` beau`b jtrb cbrbctfrïstkcb quf ejs mbcf pjcj rfcjof`gbiefs pbrb af`frbr cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`. • Beau`js gf ejs hjrobtjs of`ckj`bgjs tkf`f`, sk` foibraj, cbrbctfrïstkcbs quf ejs pufgf` mbcfr ouy k`tfrfsb`tfs pbrb gftfrok`bgjs usjs. Tjr fnfopej, ejs hjrobtjs NTFA9444, FCQ, OrSKG y HebsmTkx Heb smTkx (HT]) jhrfc jhrfcf` f` gkvkskó gkvkskó` ` gf kobaf` f` ccubgrïc ubgrïcueb ueb y rfsjeuc r fsjeuckó` kó` oþetkpe oþetkpef, f, hhu`ckj`f u`ckj`fss quf mbcf` oâs ob`fnbiefs ebs koâaf`fs gf arb` tbobòj. Beau`js gf fstjs hjrobtjs pfroktf` kopefof`tbr hu`ckj`fs gf vksubekzbckó` pkrbokgbe gf gjcuof`tjs cbrtjarâflcjs, arâflcjs, ftc., f` `ufstrbs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs. Fe k`cj`vf`kf`tf gf fstbs hu`ckj`fs ouetkrrfsjeuckó` fs quf af`frb` brcmkvjs ouy pfsbgjs.
• Cj`vkf`f tf`fr cebrj cóoj hu`ckj`b fe hjrobtj NTFA, fe oâs utkekzbgj (nu`tj cj` fe TGH) pbrb cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`. Fe hjrobtj NTFA cjoprkof butjoâtkcbof`tf eb kobaf` cbgb vfz quf fstb fs fgktbgb y sf aubrgb` ejs cboikjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
21=
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Af`frbckó` gf cjpkbs
Fe prjcfsj gf cjoprfskó` bpekcbgj u`b vfz b u`b kobaf` gkaktbe `j rfgucf pfrcfptkiefof`tf eb cbekgbg, pfrj sk fgktbojs y aubrgbojs ejs cboikjs vbrkbs vfcfs sjirf eb oksob kobaf` NTFA, rfibnbrfojs su cbekgbg ouy `jtbiefof`tf, pfrgkf`gj oucmïskob k`hjrobckó`. Tjr fsj, pbrb af`frbr ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` gfifojs rfbekzbr tjgjs ejs cboikjs j prjcfsjs `fcfsbrkjs sjirf ebs koâaf`fs oâstfr, cj`vkrtkë`gjebs eufaj b NTFA y `j vjevkë`gjebs b tjcbr. Sk `fcfsktbojs rfbekzbr `ufvjs prjcfsjs sjirf fstbs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó`, ej ofnjr fs pbrtkr gf `ufvj gf ejs oâstfrfs. • Tbrb eb gkhuskó` af`frbrfojs tb`tbs cjpkbs cjoj `fcfsktfojs f` hu`ckó` gf ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf `ufstrb bpekcbckó` j gf ejs usjs prfvkstjs gf ebs koâaf`fs. Fstjs usjs pufgf` sfr eb rfprfsf`tbckó` gf eb jirb (ok`kbturbs), eb efcturb f` pb`tbeeb, eb gfscbrab, ftc. • B eb mjrb gf af`frbr cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` ej quf `js k`tfrfsb fs gksok`ukr fe pfsj gfe brcmkvj rfguckf`gj ej of`js pjskief su cbekgbg< pbrb feej pjgfojs fopefbr gkvfrsbs fstrbtfakbs, cjoj eb rfgucckó` gfe tbobòj j eb rfsjeuckó`, eb jptkokzbckó` j eb cjoprfskó` cj` përgkgb (j eb rfgucckó` gf eb prjhu`gkgbg gf ikts, prjcfsj pjcj rfcjof`gbief). Fstbs fstrbtfakbs sf utkekzbrâ` f` ob yjr j of`jr arbgj f` hu`ckó` h u`ckó` gfe usj prfvks prfvkstj tj pbrb ebs cjpkb cjpkbss gf gkhuskó`. • Tbrb af`frbr ok`kbturbs j koâaf`fs rfprfsf`tbtkvbs gf ebs jirbs gkak gkaktbefs tbefs pjgfojs rfguckr `jtbiefof`tf fe tbobòj y eb rfsjeuckó` gf ebs koâaf`fs, cj`skaukf`gj bsï cjpkbs cj` ouy pjcj pfsj. • Tbrb cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` quf cj`skstf` f` f` u` cj`nu`tj gf koâaf`fs koâaf`fs sufetbs (NTFA, T@A…) pbrb cj`suetb f` Qfi, pjgfojs rfguckr efvfof`tf eb rfsjeuckó` y bpekcbr u` arbgj gf cjoprfskó` efvf j ofgkj. Sk fe gjcuof`tj cj`tkf`f trbzjs j gftbeefs ouy fl`js, cj`vkf`f utkekzbr cjoprfskj`fs oâs efvfs quf ofgkbs, pbrb fvktbr eb hjrobckó` gf brtfhbctjs berfgfgjr gf gkcmjs trbzjs j gftbeefs. • Sk qufrfojs jhrfcfr cj`nu`tjs gf koâaf`fs cjopkebgbs (pjr fnfopej ebs pâak`bs gf u` oksoj ekirj), `fcfsktbrfojs utkekzbr u` hjrobtj cjopkebgjr cjoj TGH, TGH, GnXu, ftc. F` fstjs cbsjs ejs brcmkvjs pufgf` sfr ouy pfsbgjs, pjr ej quf pjgfojs peb`tfbr`js peb`tfbr `js rfgucckj`fs gf rfsjeuckó` beaj obyjrfs quf f` fe cbsj gf ebs koâaf`fs sufetbs. suf etbs. [b mfojs cjof`tbgj fstf prjiefob y sus sjeuckj`fs f` fe bpbrtbgj 23 («Tfsj gf ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs¼). • Fs betbof`tf rfcjof`gbief rfcjof`gbief jhrfcfr eb gfscbrab gf ebs jirbs f`tfrbs cj` u` sjej cekc f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs. Tbrb feej sf sufef` utkekzbr hjrobtjs gf cjopkebckó`, sjirf tjgj TGH. Sk fe usubrkj quf gfscbrabrsf pjr u`b beebsusubrkj. koâaf`fs gf pâak`b gf u` ekirj, prjibiefof`tf pfrgfrâ tkf`f eb pbckf`ckb y `jsjtrjs u`b pfrgfrfojs Beau`js prjarbobs gf ikiekjtfcb ikiekjtfc b gkaktbe af`frb` butjoâtkc butjoâtkcbof`tf bof`tf fe brcmkvj cjopkebgj TGH b pbrtkr gf u` arupj gf koâaf`fs NTFA< sk cj`tbojs cj` fstb hu`ckj`bekgbg, `j `fcfsktbojs af`frbr cjpkbs f` TGH. • Tbrb cjopkebckó` gf koâaf`fs sf rfcjokf`gb utkekzbr fe hjrobtj TGH, TGH, quf fs, cj` gkhfrf`ckb, fe gf usj oâs fxtf`gkgj. Oâs cj`crftbof`tf, pufgf sfr k`tfrfsb`tf utkekzbr TGH/B, u`b vfrskó` gf TGH gksfòbgb pbrb prfsfrvbckó` b ebraj pebzj puiekcbgb cjoj `jrob KSJ96. Fe hjrobtj GnXu, pjr su pbrtf, tkf`f iuf`bs prfstbckj`fs, pfrj su usj fstâ pjcj fxtf`gkgj y oucmjs `bvfabgjrfs `j ej rfcj`jcf`, skf`gj `fcfsbrkj k`stbebr peuak`s pbrb pbrb pjgfr ob`fnbrej f` wfi.
96
KSJ 2;446-3>9 429. - Gjcuof`t ob`bafof`t - Fefctrj`kc gjcuof`t flef hjrobt hjr ej`a-tfro prfsfrvbtkj` - Tbrt 3> Vsf jh KSJ 39444-2 wktm suppjrt hjr foifggfg flefs (TGH/B-3).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
21;
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Af`frbckó` gf cjpkbs
Tufgf` utkekzbrsf tboikë` hjrobtjs gf ekirj gkaktbe, cjoj FTVI j OJIK, pfrj fstjs hjrobtjs fstâ` oâs pf`sbgjs pbrb tfxtj quf pbrb kobaf`, y ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf efcturb `j jhrfcf`, f` af`frbe, u`b cóojgb vksubekzbckó` y efcturb gf koâaf`fs gf pâak`b. • Mb gf tf`frsf cukgbgj, b eb mjrb gf af`frbr cjpkbs b pbrtkr gf ejs oâstfrfs, gf ob`tf`fr eb rfebckó` gf bspfctj (rfebckó` f`trf b`cmj y betj) gf eb kobaf`. • F` beau`bs ckrcu`stb`ckbs pufgf sfr cj`vf`kf`tf af`frbr u` ouetkoâstfr, pjr fnfopej, sk tf`fojs u` brcmkvj YBQ y u` brcmkvj f` WKHH, j u`b cbpturb gf u`b hjtjarbhïb sk` prjcfsbr y jtrb kobaf` prjcfsbgb, j cub`gj cj`tbojs cj` u` fscb`fbgj fsc b`fbgj f` pjsktkvj gf u` `fabtkvj y jtrb kobaf` k`vfrtkgb. • F` ejs peb`fs j p pjeïtkcbs jeïtkcbs gf gkaktbekzbckó` sf gfif k`ceukr k`hjrobckó` gf ejs hjrobtjs gf kobaf` quf sf vb` b utkekzbr. Fstb fefcckó` gfpf`gfrâ, bgfoâs gf ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs cbrbc tfrïstkcbs gf ejs hjr hjrobtjs, obtjs, gf ejs usjs prfvkstjs pbrb ebs koâaf`fs y gf eb bpekcbckó` gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe cj` eb quf cj`tfojs. • Gf`trj gf u` prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó` cj`vkf`f tf`fr f` cuf`tb `j sjej ejs hjrobtjs, sk`j tboikë` ebs vfrskj`fs gf ejs hjrobtjs. Fe quf tjgbs ebs koâaf`fs gf u` tkpj gf cjpkb tf`ab` eb oksob vfrskó` gf u` hjrobtj pufgf hbckektbr eb afstkó`, fe prjcfsbokf`tj pjr ejtfs ejt fs y eb prfsfrvbckó` gf fstbs koâaf`fs.
Hjrobtjs Hjro jrobt btj j
Cj Cjo opr prfs fskó kó` `
Ekcf Ekcf`c `ckb kb
Gjc jcuo uof` f`tb tbck ckó` ó`
Bea Beajrkt jrkto oj
Hu` u`ck ckj` j`fs fs fspf fspfck ckbe befs fs
Vsj Vsj
Vsj Vsj rfcj rfcjo of`gb f`gbg gj
AKH
Cj` y sk` përgkgb
Ekirf gf pbtf`tfs
Obe gjcuof`tbgj
E^Q, rfgucckó` gf cjejrfs
Wrb`spbrf`ckbs, b`kobckj`fs
E kko oktb gj gj
@j rrffcjof`gbief
T@A
Sk` përgkgb
Ekirf gf pbtf`tfs
Fstb`gbrkzbgj
Gfbtf
Wrb`spbrf`ckbs
Ekoktbgj
Tjskief usj pbrb gkhuskó`
NTFA
Cj` përgkgb
Ekirf gf pbtf`tfs
Fstb`gbrkzbgj
NTFA
V`kvfrsbe
Vsj rfcjof`gbgj pbrb gkhuskó`
WKHH
Cj` j sk` përgkgb
Trjpkftbrkj. Bikfrtj f` eb prâctkcb
Ikf` gjcuof`tbgj
E^Q…
Cbpbs, oþetkpefs hjrobs gf cjoprfskó`
Ouy fxtf`gkgj
Vsj rfcjof`gbgj pbrb prfsfrvbckó`
Fstb`gbrkzbgj
Qbvfeft
Yfsjeuckó` cubgrkcuebgjoþetkpef,
Ekoktbgj
Tjskief usj pbrb vksubekzbckó` pkrbokgbe
Gfbtf, E^Q, NTFA…
Cjopkebckó` gf koâaf`fs, bpfrturb f` strfbok`a, sjpjrtb cj`tf`kgjs vbrkbgjs (tfxtj, vïgfj, kobaf`…), b`jtbckj`fs, obrcbgjrfs, k`hjrobckó` afjfspbckbe, JCY…
V`kvfrsbe
Vsj rfcjof`gbgj cjoj hjrobtj cjopkebgjr gf gkhuskó`
Qbvfeft
Cbpbs, cbrab prjarfskvb, cjopkebckó` gf brcmkvjs, JCY…
Ekoktbgj
Tjskief usj cjoj hjrobtj cjopkebgjr gf gkhuskó`. Tjskief usj pbrb vksubekzbckó` pkrbokgbe
Sunftj b NTA9444
TGH
GnXu
Cj` j sk` përgkgb
Cj` j sk` përgkgb
Cj` përgkgb
pbtf`tfs. Bikfrtj f` eb prâctkcb
Trjpkftbrkj. Bikfrtj f` eb prâctkcb
Fstb`gbrkzbgj
Bikfrtj
Ikf` gjcuof`tbgj
Cubgrj 29. Cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf hjrobtjs gf kobaf`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
2=4
2;.. Obrcbs gf baub 2; Gfsgf quf, b fl`befs gfe skaej pbsbgj, cjof`zó b gkaktbekzbrsf fe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj, oucmbs foprfsbs f k`stktuckj`fs mb` utkekzbgj obrcbs gf baub pbrb k`gkcbr eb prjpkfgbg, butf`tkckgbg j prjcfgf`ckb gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs y pbrb fvktbr quf sf usf` k`gfikgbof`tf. F` beau`bs jcbskj`fs sf mb` utkekzbgj obrcbs gf baub gf pfqufòj tbobòj cjejcbgbs gkscrftbof`tf f` u`b fsquk`b j ijrgf, pfrj, f` jtrbs, fstbs obrcbs sf mb` supfrpufstj be cj`tf`kgj gf ebs koâaf`fs, gkflcuetb`gj eb efcturb gf ejs tfxtjs j bhfb`gj f`jrofof`tf eb vksubekzbckó` gf ebs jirbs arâflcbs, y, f` tjgj, cbsj jistbcuekzb`gj eb rfprjgucckó` gf ebs koâaf`fs, tuvkfrb fstb rfprjgucckó` fl`fs pfrsj`befs, gjcf`tfs, ckf`tïflcjs, cueturbefs j cjofrckbefs. • B eb vkstb gf fstbs prâctkcbs prâctkcbs,, y gf`trj gf su pjeïtkcb gf hjof`tj gfe bccfsj b ejs cj`tf`kgjs pbtrkoj`kbefs gkaktbekzbgjs, eb Cjokskó` Furjpfb, f` su k`hjrof Wmf `fw rf`bkssb`cf> Yfpjrt jh tmf Cjoktë gfs Sbafs , y y oâs rfckf`tfof`tf rfckf`tfof`t f f` su gjcuof`tj Cjooksskj` Yfcjoof`gbtkj` Yfcjoof`gbtkj` jh 91 jctjifr 9422 j` tmf gkaktksbtkj` b`g j`ek`f bccfsskikekty jh cueturbe obtfrkbe b`g gkaktbe prfsfrvbtkj` rfcjokf`gb `j utkekzbr obrcbs gf baub k`truskvbs f` cj`tf`kgjs pbtrkoj`kbefs gkaktbefs af`frbgjs cj` hj`gjs pþiekcjs. Mfojs gf f`tf`gfr quf fe tërok`j «k`truskvbs¼ sf rfflfrf bquï b ebs obrcbs gf baub (b vfcfs gf arb` tbobòj) quf sf supfrpj`f` b ejs cj`tf`kgjs gf ebs koâaf`fs, gkflcuetb`gj su rfprjgucckó`, efcturb y vksubekzbckó`. F` fe k`hjrof gfe Cjoktë gf Sbikjs (Cjoktë gfs Sbafs ) sf bcebrb quf ebs pfqufòbs obrcbs gf baub cjejcbgbs f` eb ibsf gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs pbrb k`gkcbr eb prjcfgf`ckb gf ejs obtfrkbefs `j supj`f` `k`aþ` prjiefob. • Eb utkekzbckó` j `j utkekzbckó` gf obrcbs gf baub f` ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs gf cj`tf`kgjs pbtrkoj`kbefs gfpf`gfrâ gf ebs pjeïtkcbs gf ebs k`stktuckj`fs gkaktbekzbgjrbs. Wboikë` f` fstbs pjeïtkcbs mbirâ gf gffl`krsf sk ebs obrcbs gf baub sf utkekzb` pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf prfsfrvbckó`, pbrb ebs gf gkhuskó` j pbrb boibs. Ej oâs mbiktube f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs fspbòjebs fs utkekzbr obrcbs gf baub fxceuskvbof`tf pbrb ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`. • Tbrb supfrpj`fr obrcbs gf baub f` ebs koâaf`fs gf ob`frb butjoâtkcb y obskvb sf pufgf` usbr prjarbobs gf gkaktbekzbckó` quf cuf`tf` cj` fstb hu`ckó`, fgktjrfs gf kobaf`, prjarbobs fspfckbekzbgjs f` fstb tbrfb j, f` fe cbsj gf ejs TGH, prjarbobs cjoj Bcrjibt Trjhfsskj`be. • Sk sf k`ceuyf` obrcbs gf baub f` ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs fs rfcjof`gbief quf sfb` gf pfqufòj tbobòj (gf u` tbobòj `j obyjr be 96 % gfe b`cmj gf eb kobaf`). • F` af`frbe, fe euabr oâs gkscrftj pbrb cjejcbr ebs obrcbs gf baub sj` ebs fsquk`bs gf ejs ijrgfs k`hfrkjr j supfrkjr gf ebs koâaf`fs, pjrquf sufef` sfr zj`bs f` ebs quf `j sufef mbifr cj`tf`kgj, be of`js f` ejs gjcuof`tjs tfxtubefs. F` gjcuof`tjs arâflcjs j hjtjarâflcjs `js sfrâ kopjskief f` oucmbs jcbskj`fs pj`fr obrcbs gf baub quf `j sf supfrpj`ab` be cj`tf`kgj. F` tjgj cbsj, mby quf k`tf`tbr quf `ufstrbs obrcbs gf baub bhfctf` ej of`js pjskief b u`b vksubekzbckó` cóojgb gfe gjcuof`tj, y sjirf tjgj quf `j prjguzcb` përgkgbs gf k`hjrobckó`. • Ebs obrcbs gf baub sufef` sfr jpbcbs j trbseþckgbs. Sf rfcjokf`gb utkekzbr cjejrfs subvfs quf `j gfsvïf` eb btf`ckó` gfe cj`tf`kgj gf eb kobaf` y `kvfefs gf trb`spbrf`ckb quf pfroktb` effr j
vksubekzbr eb obrcb obr cb gf baub sk` fshufrzj. fs hufrzj. • Gjcuof`tjs f` ejs quf fe cj`tf`kgj jcupf ejs ijrgfs gf ebs koâaf`fs pufgf` rfqufrkr u`b k`ceuskó` ob`ube gf ebs obrcbs gf baub.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
2=2
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Obrcbs gf baub
Hka. 81 81.. Eb obrcb gf baub tbpb fe tfxtj.
• F` fe cbsj gf gjcuof` gjcuof`tjs tjs cj` hj`gjs jscurjs j gf cjejr cjejr,, pufgf sfr `fcfsbrkj cboikbr fe cjejr gf ebs obrcbs gf baub, pbrb quf `j sf cj`hu`gb` cj` fe hj`gj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
2=9
94. Oftbgbtjs Sk f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs hïskcbs sf utkekzb` `jrobs gf cbtbejabckó` (KSIG, Yfaebs gf cbtbejabckó`, YGB, ftc.) pbrb cbtbejabr ejs hj`gjs y ekstbs gf obtfrkbs, tfsburjs f k`struof`tjs skokebrfs pbrb cebskflcbrejs, f` ejs cbtâejajs butjobtkzbgjs y JTBC sf rfakstrb eb k`hjrobckó` f` hjrobtjs efakiefs pjr oâquk`b j gksfòbgjs pbrb cj`tfxtjs k`hjroâtkcjs cjoj OBYC92, GC, OJGS, OBGS, ftc., y fstjs rfakstrjs sf trb`soktf` ofgkb`tf prjtjcjejs cjoj ^3;>64 j SYV. Wjgjs fstjs hjrobtjs, prjtjcjejs y `jrobs sj` k`suflckf`tfs pbrb gfscrkikr y afstkj`br bgfWjgjs cubgbof`tf ejs hj`gjs f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs. Sk ejs oftbgbtjs gf ebs ikiekjtfcbs hïskcbs pfroktf` gfscrkikr y cebskflcbr ejs gjcuof`tjs hïskcjs, y ejs oftbgbtjs gf ejs cbtâejajs butjobtkzbgjs pfroktf` trb`soktkr y jrab`kzbr fstb k`hjrobckó` f` eb Qfi, f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs, bgfoâs gf fstjs hjrobtjs gf oftbgbtjs, fs `fcfsbrkj utkekzbr jtrjs quf `js pfroktb` gfscrkikr, trb`soktkr, afstkj`br y prfsfrvbr ebs vfrskj`fs gkaktbefs gf ebs jirbs gkaktbekzbgbs. Fstf tfrcfr arupj gf hjrobtjs `js pfroktkrâ gfscrkikr y cbrabr ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs f` `ufstrb ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe (OFWS), rfakstrbr eb k`hjrobckó` tëc`kcb gf ejs brcmkvjs (OK]), trb`soktkr eb k`hjrobckó` gf eb uikcbckó` gf ejs brcmk vjs (prjtjcjej JBK), J BK), j k`tfarbrejs f` eb wfi sfoâ`tkcb (SLJS, FGO). • F` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gka gkaktbefs, ktbefs, be kaube quf f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs hïskcbs, ejs gjcuof`tjs quf `j fstâ` gfikgbof`tf bsjckbgjs b oftbgbtjs pufgf` eefabr b sfr krrfcupfrbiefs. Tjr feej, ebs pjeïtkcbs j peb`fs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf ebs f`tkgbgfs gkaktbekzbgjrbs mb` gf tf`fr ouy f` cuf`tb eb af`frbckó` gf oftbgbtjs y su bsjckbckó` b ebs jirbs gkaktbefs, cj`tfopeb`gj bspfctjs cjoj> ‗ quë `jrobs gf cb cbtbejabckó` tbejabckó` y cebs cebskflcbckó` kflcbckó` sf vb` b utkekzbr, ‗ sk sf vb` b usbr ekstbs gf obtf obtfrkbs, rkbs, tfsbur tfsburjs js u jtrbs mfr mfrrbokf`tbs rbokf`tbs gf ceb cebskflcbckó` skflcbckó` y cuâ cuâefs, efs, ‗ quë hjrobtjs g gff oftbgbtjs sf vb vb` ` b fopefbr, ‗ pbrb quë vb` b usbr usbrsf sf ejs oftbgbt oftbgbtjs, js, ‗ cóoj vb` b af`frbrs af`frbrsff j cj`sfaukrsf gkcmjs gkc mjs oftbgbtjs, ‗ quë `kvfefs j pfrflefs ssff vb` b bpekcbr, ‗ sk mby `fcfskgbg u jiekabtjrkfgbg gf cj`s cj`ska`br ka`br gftfrok` gftfrok`bgjs bgjs gbtjs, ‗ ftc. • Fs koprfsck`gkief quf ejs hj`gjs quf vbybojs b gkaktbekzbr sf cbtbejauf` j bsjckf` b oftbgbtjs gfscrkptkvjs< sk sf af`frb` koâaf`fs gkaktbefs sk` oftbgbtjs fstbs `j pjgrâ` cbrabrsf `k rfcupfrbrsf f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs. Ej kgfbe fs quf ejs hj`gjs fstë` yb cbtbejabgjs j gfscrktjs b`tfs gf cjof`zbr fe prjyfctj, pfrj mby cbsjs f` ejs quf pufgf sfr `fcfsbrkj rfbekzbr eb gfscrkpckó` gurb`tf eb gkaktbekzbckó` j gfspuës gf fstb. Tufgf quf sf cuf`tf, f` u` prk`ckpkj, cj` rfakstrjs iâskcjs, u` k`vf`tbrkj gf ejs hj`gjs, j
cj` eb k`hjrobckó` ikiekjarâflcb f` hjrobtjs `jf`bgfcubgjs, cjoj brcmkvjs Qjrg j Fxcfe. obtfrkbefs pufgf` sfrvkr cjoj pu`tj gf pbrtkgb u` prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó` skfoprf qufFstjs tf`abojs cebrj y `js bsfaurfojs gf quf ejs hj`gjs vbyb` b fstbr bgfcubgbof`tf bgfcubgbof`tf gfscrktjs cub`gj fl`bekcf` ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
2=3
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftbgbtjs
• Sk cj`tbojs f` u` k`kckj cj` oftbgbtjs fscrktjs f` flcmbs, brcmkvjs gf tfxtj, j cj` k`hjrobckó` `bgb fstructurbgb `k `jrobekzbgb, tf`grfojs quf pbsbr fstb k`hjrobckó` b brcmkvjs f` ejs hjrobtjs quf ob`fnf` `ufstrjs skstfobs. Fstjs prjcfsjs gf trb`shjrobckó` gf oftbgbtjs pufgf` sfr ouy ebijrkjsjs, ef`tjs y cjstjsjs, pugkf`gj sfr cj`vf`kf`tf k`ceusj eb cj`trbtbckó` gf u`b foprfsb fspfckbekzbgb pbrb eefvbrejs b cbij. F` jtrbs jcbskj`fs, sk eb k`hjrobckó` fstâ jrab`kzbgb gf u`b ob`frb oâs j of`js cj`skstf`tf f` u` hjrobtj gkaktbe, pjgrfojs butjobtkzbr j sfokbutjobtkzbr F` beau`js cbsjs sjej sf prfcksbrâ rfbekzbr obpfjfstf pbrbtkpj trb`shjrobr u` hjrobtj fegftrbibnj. oftbgbtjs f` jtrjs. Mbytb` prjarbobs fspfckbekzbgjs fspfckbekzbgj s f`u`rfbekzbr gf obpfjs f`trf hjrobtjs, j gfsgf k`hjrobckó` rfakstrbgb f` ibsfs gf gbtjs j f` brcmkvjs Fxcfe (Obp hjrcf), y jtrjs prjarbobs gf fgkckó` gf oftbgbtjs oftb gbtjs j gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe quf tkf`f` tkf`f ` hu`ckj`fs gf obpfj. • Bgfoâs, sk trbibnbojs f` ]OE, pjgfojs utkekzbr mjnbs gf trb`shjrobckó` (brcmkvjs ]SE j skokebrfs) pbrb obpfbr ejs rfakstrjs, cboikb`gj su hjrobtj gf oftbgbtjs. Eb Ekirbry jh Cj`arfss jhrfcf u` cj`nu`tj gf mjnbs gf trb`shjrobckó` y jtrjs rfcursjs pbrb cj`vfrskó` gf hjrobtjs f` su wfi (pjr (pj r fn fnfopej, fopej, f` eb pâa pâak`b k`b gf OBYC92> mttps>//www.ejc.ajv/stb`gbrgs/obrcxoe/ mttps>//www.ejc.ajv/stb`gbrgs/obrcxoe/). ). Wboikë` pjgfojs cbrabr ejs rfakstrjs f` beau`b bpekcbckó` gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe u gf jtrj tkpj quf rfbekcf fe obpfj butjoâtkcbof`tf y gfscbrabrejs f` fe hjrobtj quf `js k`tfrfsf. F` fe cbsj gf quf ejs rfakstrjs fstë` f` brcmkvjs Fxcfe, pjgfojs tboikë` pbsbrejs b OBYC]OE brtfsb`beof`tf, prjcfsb`gj fe brcmkvj Fxcfe bòbgkë`gjef f` flebs y cjeuo`bs ebs ftkquftbs OBYC y aubrgb`gj fe brcmkvj Fxcfe f` hjrobtj gf tfxtj (.txt). • Wboikë` fs ouy mbiktube quf `fcfsktfojs fgktbr ejs oftbgbtjs gf jrkaf` bòbgkf`gj, fgktb`gj j fekok`b`gj k`hjrobckó`. Tbrb feej pjgfojs usbr fgktjrfs gf tfxtj, fgktjrfs gf oftbgbtjs j prjarbobs gf cbtbejabckó` j ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe.
Hka. 8=. Jpckj`fs gf cj`vfrskó` gf hjrobtj gfe prjarbob ObrcFgkt.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
2=7
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftbgbtjs
Hka. 8;. Beau`bs jpckj`fs gf fgkckó` gf oftbgbtjs gf ObrcFgkt.
• Okf`trbs quf cj`vkf`f quf ejs oftbgbtjs gfscrkptkvjs fstë` gkspj`kiefs b`tfs gf quf cjokf`cf eb gkaktbekzbckó`, fs pjskief y u`b iuf`b prâctkcb af`frbr gftfrok`bgjs oftbgbtjs tëc`kcjs y gf prfsfrvbckó` butjoâtkcbof`tf gurb`tf eb cbpturb. Bsï, sf pufgf rfakstrbr butjoâtkcbof`tf k`hjrobckó` sjirf ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs tëc`kcbs gf ebs koâaf`fs, gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb, gf eb cbpturb oksob, ftc. • Fs rfcjof`gbief utkekzbr hjrobtjs gf oftbgbtjs bikfrtjs, `jrobekzbgjs, ikf` gjcuof`tbgjs, quf pfroktb` trb`sokskó` y prjcfsbokf`tj butjoâtkcj y cuyj usj fstë bopekbof`tf fxtf`gkgj. • Eb fefcckó` gf hjrobtjs gf oftbgbtjs gfpf`gfrâ gf ejs usjs prfvkstjs gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs y sf vfrâ ekoktbgb pjr ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf ebs bpekcbckj`fs cj` quf cuf`tf eb f`tkgbg gkaktbekzbgjrb. Fs `fcfsbrkj tf`fr cebrj quë hjrobtjs gf oftbgbtjs ob`fnb `ufstrj prjarbob gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe b`tfs gf gftfrok`br u`b pjeïtkcb gf gkaktbekzbckó` f` fstf sf`tkgj. • F` fe âoiktj gf ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs, ejs hjrobtjs oâs utkekzbgjs sj` ejs skaukf`tfs> ‗ OBYC92 y GC pbrb eb gfs gfscrkpckó`. crkpckó`. Wboikë` sf usb f` of`jr of`j r ofgkgb fe hjrobt hjrobtj j OJGS. ‗ OFWS pbrb eb gfsc gfscrkpckó` rkpckó` y cbrab gf gjc gjcuof`tjs uof`tjs gkaktbefs. ‗ TYFOKS (b vfcfs foif foifikgj ikgj f` brcmkvjs OFWS) pbrb eb prfsfr prfsfrvbckó`. vbckó`. ‗ F` fe cj`tfxtj gf eb Qfi sfoâ`tkcb (YGH) sf s f usb` hjrobt hjrobtjs js cjoj SLJS, FSF y FG FGO O pbrb eb gfscrkpckó` gf ejs rfcursjs. • Mby quf tf`fr prfsf`tf quf, cub`tb obyjr arb`uebrkgbg y fxtf`skó` tf`ab eb gfscrkpckó` ik-
iekjarâflcb, obyjrfs pjgrâ` pjskikekgbgfs gf (mttp>//pure.jra/gc/tfros/)< rfcupfrbckó`. Sk sf vb b trbibnbr cj` jrkak`be Guiek` Cjrf fs prfhfrkief mbcfrej cj`sfrebebs vfrskó` cubekflcbgb eb vfrskó` gf 26 ftkquftbs fs ouy iâskcb, bu`quf pufgb cuirkr `ufstrbs `fcfskgbgfs f` u` ojof`tj gbgj, cj` fe tkfopj y fe crfckokf`tj gfe prjyfctj fs pjskief quf `js bcbif ekoktb`gj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
2=6
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftbgbtjs
QjrlHejws). ws). Hka. 14. Xksubekzbckó` gf rfakstrj OBYC f` fe SKAI gf eb I@F (SkrskGy`kx Syopmj`y QjrlHej
• OBYC9298, fe hjrobtj oâs utkekzbgj f` fe âoiktj gf ebs ikiekjtfcbs, `j fs u` hjrobtj prjpkbof`tf gf cj`tf`kgjs, sk`j oâs ikf` u` hjrobtj gf trb`sokskó` gf oftbgbtjs. Fe cj`tf`kgj gf ejs rfakstrjs OBYC fstâ gffl`kgj pjr rfaebs y `jrobs gf cbtbejabckó` y cebskflcbckó` fxtfr`bs. F` fstf sf`tkgj, mbstb bmjrb, f` Fspbòb, sf mb` vf`kgj usb`gj pbrb cbtbejabr ebs Yfaebs gf Cbtbejabckó` Fspbòjebs, eb KSIG cj`sjekgbgb j ebs BBCY9, pfrj, b pbrtkr gf 942;, sf tkf`f quf cbtbejabr, pjr rfcjof`gbckó` gf eb Ikiekjtfcb @bckj`be91, utkekzb`gj ebs rfaebs YGB. Fstj supj`f quf ejs rfakstrjs OBYC92 gkspj`kiefs pufgf` rfqufrkr u`b bgbptbckó` b YGB quf kopekcb rfbekzbr cboikjs cjoj ejs skaukf`tfs> ‗ K`ceuskó` gf tïtuej tïtuejss u`khjrofs. ‗ Sustktuckó` gf ccbopjs bopjs 984 pjr cbopjs 9987. 87. ‗ K`ceuskó` gf cbopjs 3338, 38, 331 y 33=. ‗ Fekok`bckó` gf birfvkb birfvkbturbs turbs y tër tërok`js ok`js ebtk`js.
98
mttps>//www.ejc.ajv/obrc/
91
F` eb wfi gf eb Ikiekjtfcb @bckj`be sf pufgf f`cj`trbr biu`gb`tf gjcuof`tbckó` sjirf eb kopefof`tbckó` gf YGB (mttp>//www.i`f.fs/fs/K`kckj/Tfrflefs/Ikiekjtfcbrkjs/Trjcfsjs-tfc`kcjs/@jrobsK`tfr`bckj`befs/YGB/).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
2=8
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftbgbtjs
‗ Fekok`bckó` gf pu`tubc pu`tubckó` kó` KSIG (sbevj fxcfpckj fxcfpckj`fs). `fs). ‗ K`ceuskó` gf cbopjs 4478 78 y 31] f` ejs rfakstrjs rfakst rjs gf butjrkgb butjrkgbg. g. ‗ Ftc. • Eb k`hjrobckó` gf fnfo fnfopebrfs pebrfs pufgf fo foififrsf ififrsf gf`trj gf ejs rfakstrjs rfakstrjs ikiekjarâflcjs ikiekjarâflcjs j pj`frsf bpbrtf, jpckó` f` rfakstrjs gf bfnfopebr bsjckbgjsgfbrfakstrjs ejs ikiekjarâflcjs. prjiefob gf fstb sfau`gb fs quf, eb mjrb gfikgbof`tf rfbekzbr trb`sokskj`fs (gfscbrabs,Ferfcjefcckj`fs, f`vïjs…), mby bpekcbckj`fs quf tb` sjej trb`soktf` eb k`hjrobckó` gfe rfakstrj ikiekjarâflcj y sf jevkgb` gfe rfakstrj gf fnfopebr. Tjr feej, cj`vkf`f tf`fr fe cukgbgj gf cj`flaurbr `ufstrjs oftbgbtjs, prjcfgkokf`tjs y bpekcbckj`fs gf ojgj quf eb k`hjrobckó` gf fnfopebr sf trb`soktb j pufgb trb`soktkrsf nu`tj cj` eb ikiekjarâflcb f` tjgjs ejs cj`tfxtjs. • Ejs rfakstrjs OBYC cuf`tb` cj` gkvfrsjs cbopjs y suicbopjs f` ejs quf sf k`ceuyf eb k`hjrobckó` sfaþ` su tkpj. Fe betj `kvfe gf arb`uebrkgbg y fspfckflckgbg gfe hjrobtj OBYC mbcf k``fcfsbrkj fe usj gf eb pu`tubckó` KSIG, bu`quf sf skauf ob`tf`kf`gj fe mâiktj gf k`ceukreb f` ejs rfakstrjs. Tjr jtrj ebgj, f` fe cj`tfxtj gf eb Qfi, f` gj`gf ejs rfakstrjs ikiekjarâflcjs sf trb`soktf` y sf trb`shjrob` j obpfb` b jtrjs hjrobtjs, `js f`cj`trbojs oucmbs vfcfs cj` rfakstrjs obpfbgjs f` ejs quf eb pu`tubckó` KSIG `j sjej fs k``fcfsbrkb f k`cjoprf`skief pbrb ejs usubrkjs, bgfoâs, fstâ f`suckb`gj ejs rfakstrjs be fstbr hufrb gf cj`tfxtj. Fxkstf, tjgj mby quf gfckrej, tjgbvïb ckfrtb `fcfskgbg y utkekgbg gf eb pu`tubckó` KSIG f` beau`js cbsjs, pjr fnfopej, cub`gj eb pu`tubckó` fs vbrkbief (cbopj 976, suicbopj $i) j f` ejs cbopjs gf `jtbs, f` gj`gf `j mby suicbopjs quf pufgb` sustktukr eb pu`tubckó`.
Hka. 12. Xksubekzbckó` wfi gf rfakstrj OBYC (Ikiekjtfcb Xkrtube gfe Tbtrkoj`kj Ikiekjarâflcj).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
2=1
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftbgbtjs
Tjr tjgj feej sf rfcjokf`gb `j k`ceukr eb pu`tubckó` KSIG f` ejs rfakstrjs ikiekjarâflcjs OBYC92 j k`ceusj fekok`breb sk yb eb cj`tkf`f`, fxcfptj f` ejs cbsjs k`gkcbgjs. • Fe hjrobtj OBYC pfroktf cbtbejabr gkvfrsjs tkpjs gf obtfrkbefs, cjoj ekirjs, prf`sb, obpbs, brcmkvjs gf jrgf`bgjr, ftc. F` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs ej quf sf jhrfcf` sj` gjcuof`tjs gkaktbefs (brcmkvjs gf jrgf`bgjr) y ej oâs fstrkctbof`tf cjrrfctj sfrïb cbtbejabrejs cjoj tbe, sk` foibraj, eb prâctkcb oâs fxtf`gkgb fs cbtbejabrejs cjoj sk hufrb` ebs oksobs jirbs gkaktbekzbgbs, fs gfckr, cbtbejabrejs cjoj sk hufrb` ekirjs, obpbs, rfvkstbs, ftc. Sk sf usb fstb fstrbtfakb sf pufgf` cjopefof`tbr ejs rfakstrjs cj` k`hjrobckó` quf mbab rfhfrf`ckb b ebs rrfprjgucckj`fs fprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs (cbopjs 633, =73, =68…, gfe hjrobtj OBYC). • Sk sf fstâ gkaktbekzb`gj hj`gj b`tkauj, fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb utkekzbr ejs rfakstrjs ikiekjarâflcjs quf prjpjrckj`b` fe Cbtâejaj Cjefctkvj gfe Tbtrkoj`kj Ikiekjarâflcj (mttp>//cbtbejajs.ofcg.fs/ (mttp>//cbtbejajs.ofcg.fs/ CCTI/cak-ccpi/bi`ftjpbc/J29237/KGfic92ih2/@W2:BCC?242 ) j eb Ikiekjtfcb @bckj`be gf Fspbòb (mttp>//cbtbejaj.i`f.fs/umtik`/wficbt ). • Ebs puiekcbckj`fs sfrk sfrkbgbs bgbs (prf`sb, rfvkstbs, ftc.) `j `j gfif` sfr trbtbgbs cjoj cjoj oj`jarbhïbs, rfqukfrf` trbtbokf`tjs fspfckbefs quf tf`ab` f` cuf`tb sus s us pfcuekbrkgbgfs. B `kvfe gf cbtbejabckó`, mby quf obrcbrebs cjoj puiekcbckj`fs sfrkbgbs y cj`ska`br eb pfrkjgkckgbg, `uofrbckó` y crj`jejaïb gf sus `þofrjs, y b `kvfe gf fnfopebr, mby quf rfakstrbr ejs hj`gjs fxkstf`tfs. • Bu`quf fe hjrobtj OBYC fs fxkief y pfroktf tjgj tkpj gf cbtbejabckj`fs b`beïtkcb b`beïtkcbs, s, eb p prâcrâctkcb mbiktube, cub`gj sf cbtbejab` puiekcbckj`fs sfrkbgbs, fs mbcfr u` sjej rfakstrj gf tjgb eb puiekcbckó`. Sk` foibraj, pbrb u`b cjrrfctb afstkó` gf fstf tkpj gf puiekcbckj`fs fs `fcfsbrkj gkspj`fr gf eb k`hjrobckó` gf `uofrbckó` y crj`jejaïb gf tjgjs y cbgb u`j gf ejs `þofrjs quf ebs cjopj`f`, y cj`tbr cj` mfrrbokf`tbs quf `js pfroktb` rfebckj`br fe rfakstrj gf eb puiekcbckó` sfrkbgb cj` ejs `þofrjs quf eb cj`hjrob` y vkcfvfrsb, y fstjs `þofrjs f`trf sï.
Hka. 19. Cbtâejaj Cjefctkvj gfe Tbtrkoj`kj Ikiekjarâflcj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
2==
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftbgbtjs
Fstb hu`ckj`bekgbg pufgf `j pbrfcfr `fcfsbrkb sk fstbojs b`tf puiekcbckj`fs hjrobgbs pjr u`js pjcjs `þofrjs, quf pufgf` bsjckbrsf be rfakstrj ikiekjarâflcj y rfcupfrbrsf sk` obyjrfs prjiefobs, pfrj sk cj`tbojs, cjoj sucfgf f` oucmbs jcbskj`fs, cj` cbifcfrbs j rfvkstbs hjrobgbs pjr ckf`tjs j okefs gf `þofrjs, sf `js mbcf pbtf`tf eb `fcfskgbg gf mfrrbokf`tbs cjoj lbrgfx , cbef`gbrkjs, f`ebcfs j rfakstrjs gf `þofrjs, quf `js pfroktb` rfebckj`br eb cbifcfrb j rfvkstb cj` sus cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs `þofrjs, y ejs `þofrjs f`trf sï, hbckektâ`gj`js j pjskikektb`gj su jrgf`bckó` y cóojgb rfcupfrbckó` rfcupfrb ckó` f` ebs mfofrjt mfofrjtfcbs fcbs gkaktbefs. Tjr feej, bgfoâs gfe rfakstrj ikiekjarâflcj gf eb jirb cjopeftb, f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs sf afstkj`b y cj`sfrvb eb k`hjrobckó` gf ejs `þofrjs ofgkb`tf ibsfs gf gbtjs y/j utkekzb`gj rfakstrjs ikiekjarâflcjs pbrb ejs `þofrjs. Fstjs rfakstrjs b `kvfe gf `þofrj sufef` af`frbrsf f` hjrobtjs cjoj OFWS, pbrb eb cbrab, c brab, y f` jtrjs hjrobtjs cjoj GC, FSF j FGO pbrb eb trb`sokskó` vïb JBK. J BK. • V` frrjr ouy mbiktube gf tfrok`jejaïb, f` fe cbsj gf ebs puiekcbckj`fs sfrkbgbs, quf `j cj` vkf`f cjoftfr, cjoft fr, fs cj cj`hu`gkr `hu`gkr ffnfopebrfs nfopebrfs cj` `þofr `þofrjs. js. Eb pbebirb fnfopebr gfif rfs rfsfrvbrsf, frvbrsf, f` u` cj`tfxtj ikiekjtfcbrkj, b u` fnfopej j oufstrb gf eb jirb gfscrktb. F` fe cbsj gf eb prf`sb, u` fnfopebr gf u`b cbifcfrb k`ceukrïb tjgjs ejs `þofrjs gf gkcmb cbifcfrb. Bsï, u`b ikiekjtfcb pufgf tf`fr u` fnfopebr gf u`b rfvkstb y jtrb f`tkgbg pjsffr jtrj, u` fnfopebr pufgf fstbr cjopeftj j oâs j of`js k`cjopeftj. Fe fnfopebr, b su vfz, fstâ hjrobtj pjr tjgjs t jgjs ejs `þofrjs gf eb cbifcfrb cbifcfrb,, j pjr pbrtf gf feejs, cub`gj fstâ k`cjopeftj. • Be kaube quf f` fe cbsj gf ebs puiekcbckj`fs sfrkbgbs, f` ebs jirbs f` vjeþof`fs y f` jtrbs jirbs ouetkpbrtf, fs `fcfsbrkj cj`ska`br f` ejs oftbgbtjs j b `kvfe ibsf gf gbtjs eb rfebckó` f`trf ebs gkstk`tbs pbrtfs y f`trf eb jirb y sus pbrtfs. Fstb k`hjrobckó` `js vb b pfroktkr hu`ckj`fs cjoj vksubekzbr gfikgbof`tf jrgf`bgjs ejs gjc gjcuof`tjs uof`tjs f` eb ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe, pjgfr `bvfab `bvfabrr sfc sfcuf`uf`ckbeof`tf pjr ebs pbrtfs gf u` gjcuof`tj, `bvfabr gfe rfakstrj gf u`b jirb b u`b gf sus pbrtfs y vkcfvfrsb, ftc. ftc . • F` fe cbsj gf ebs jirbs f` vjeþof`fs, pbrb cj`ska`br gfikgbof`tf eb k`hjrobckó` gf fnfopebrfs gfifojs utkekzbr u` cbopj j u` rfakstrj gf hj`gjs pbrb gfscrkikr cbgb fnfopebr. F` fstf cbopj j rfakstrj sf k`ceukrïb eb k`hjrobckó` (ska`bturbs, `jtbs) gf tjgjs ejs vjeþof`fs quf cj`hjrob` f` fnfopebr (f` ejs rfakstrjs f` OBYC92 fstf cbopj fs fe =69).
Hka. 13. Obrcbgj y vksubekzbckó` gf jirbs f` vjeþof`fs f` Abekckb`b (kzq.) y eb Ikiekjtfcb Gkaktbe Mkspâ`kcb (gcmb.).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
2=;
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftbgbtjs
Jtrb fstrbtfakb ouy utkekzbgb f` fstjs cbsjs fs rfbekzbr u`b cbtbejabckó` b`beïtkcb gfe fnfopebr, af`frb`gj u` cbopj j rfakstrj gf hj`gjs pjr cbgb vjeuof`. F` fstf cbsj, cbgb u`j gf fstjs cbopjs j rfakstrjs cj`tf`grâ eb k`hjrobckó` gf u`j gf ejs vjeþof`fs quf cj`hjrob` fe fnfopebr. Eb utkekzbckó` gf rfakstrjs gf vjeþof`fs pfroktf jhrfcfr ejs gbtjs gf cbgb vjeuof` gf ob`frb k`gfpf`gkf`tf, pfrj `j fs ouy bgfcubgb pbrb prfsf`tbr ejs gbtjs af`frbefs rfebtkvjs be fnfopebr, pjr fnfopej, eb hbetb gf beau`j gf ejs tjojs.
Hka. 17. Kzq.> gfscrkpckó` gf hj`gjs gf jirb f` vjeþof`fs b `kvfe gf fnfopebr. Gcmb.> gfscrkpckó` b `kvfe gf vjeuof`.
• Tbrb gfscrkikr bgfcubgbof`tf u` jinftj gkaktbe hjrobgj pjr gkvfrsbs u`kgbgfs hïskcbs (koâaf`fs) fs `fcfsbrkj k`ceukr f` ejs oftbgbtjs k`hjrobckó` gf eb jrab`kzbckó` j fstructurb hïskcb gf sus pbrtfs (sfcuf`ckb, nfrbrquïb, ftc.) y/j eóakcb (vjeþof`fs, cbpïtuejs, cbpïtuejs, bpbrtbgjs, ftc.). Fstb k`hjrobckó` pufgf cj`ska`brsf, pjr fnfopej, f` ejs obpbs fstructurbefs gf ejs brcmkvjs OFWS j f` ejs obrcbgjrfs gf ejs hjrobtjs cjopkebgjrfs cjoj TGH. Fe hjrobtj OFWS9=, ob`tf`kgj pjr eb Ekirbry jh Cj`arfss, fs u`b fxcfef`tf mfrrbokf`tb quf `js pufgf sfrvkr pbrb gfscrkikr, trb`soktkr, trb`soktkr, cbrabr j prfsfrvbr ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs. Ejs rfakstrjs OFWS cj`tkf`f`, j pufgf` cj`tf`fr, tjgb eb k`hjrobckó` quf prfcksb u`b ikiekjtfcb ikiekjt fcb gkaktbe pbrb afstkj`br sus jinftjs gkaktbefs. F` cj`crftj, u` brcmkvj OFWS pufgf cj`tf`fr ebs skaukf`tfs sfcckj`fs> ‗ Sfcckó` gf oftbgbtjs gfscrkptkvjs, gj`gf sf kk`ceuyf `ceuyf eb k`hjrobckó` ikiekjarâflcb y gf fnf fnfoopebrfs. ‗ Sfcckó` gf oftbgbtjs bgok`kstrbtkvjs, f` gj`gf sf pufgf` k`ceukr oftbgbtjs tëc`kcjs (k`hjrobckó` gf eb crfbckó` gfe brcmkvj, su hjrobtj y cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf usj), gf gfrfcmjs gf fxpejtbckó` y prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube, gf jrkaf` (k`hjrobckó` sjirf fe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be gkaktbekzbgj) y gf prjcfgf`ckb gkaktbe (rfebckó` f`trf fe gjcuof`tj jrkak`be y su rfprjgucckó` gkaktbe, cjpkbs obfstrbs y gfrkvbgbs, okarbckj`fs y trb`shjrobckó`, ftc.). ‗ Sfcck Sfcckó` ó` gf brcmk brcmkvj. vj. F` fstb sfcck sfcckó` ó` sf ekstb ekstb` ` ejs gkstk gkstk`tjs `tjs brcmk brcmkvjs vjs quf cjopj`f cjopj`f` ` eb jirb gkaktbe, pjr fnfopej, ebs gkstk`tbs koâaf`fs gf pâak`b quf cj`hjrob` u` ekirj. ‗ Obpb fstr fstructurbe, ucturbe, g gj`gf j`gf sf rrfakstrb fakstrb eb k`hjr k`hjrobckó` obckó` sjir sjirff eb jrab`kz jrab`kzbckó` bckó` hïskc hïskcbb y/j eóakcb gf eb jirb.
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mttps>//www.ejc.ajv/stb`gbrgs/ofts/ofts-mjof.mtoe
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Hka. 16. Obpb fstructurbe gf brcmkvj OFWS gf jirb f` vjeþof`fs (eb jirb sf gkvkgf f` vbrkjs TGH).
‗ Sfcckó` gf f`ebcfs fstructur fstructurbefs. befs. Yfakstrb f`e f`ebcfs bcfs mkpfrtfxtub mkpfrtfxtubefs efs f` ejs gjcuof`tjs gjcuof`tjs.. ‗ Sfcckó` gf cjopjr cjopjrtbokf`tj. tbokf`tj. Tufgf us usbrsf brsf pbrb bbsjckbr sjckbr cjopjrtbokf`t cjopjrtbokf`tjs js fn fnfcutbiefs fcutbiefs cj` fe cj`tf`kgj gfe brcmkvj OFWS. • Fe hjrobtj OFWS pufgf k`ceukr oftbgbtjs f` gkvfrsjs hjrobtjs. Ejs OFWS gfif` k`ceukr, f` su ftkquftb rbïz, gkrfcckj`fs cjrrfctbs b ejs `bofspbcfs y y b ejs scmfobs quf quf gffl`f` ejs hjrobtjs quf utkekzb`, y gfif` fstbr ikf` hjrobgjs y sfr vâekgjs. • Ejs brcmkvjs OFWS gfif` k`ceukr u`b sfcckó` gf oftbgbtjs gfscrkptkvjs (gogSfc ) quf foifib j f`ebcf cj` fe rfakstrj ikiekjarâflcj. • F` eb sfcckó` g gff oftbgbtjs bgo bgok`kstrbtkvjs k`kstrbtkvjs (bgoSfc ) sf pufgf k`ceukr k`hjrobckó` tëc`kcb gf ebs koâaf`fs (betj, b`cmj, hjrobtj, suob gf vfrkhkcbckó`…) j k`hjrobckó` gf prfsfr vbck vb ck ó`. ó` . Fstb Fs tb k` k`hj hjrr ob obck ck ó` su fe feff k`ce k` ceuk ukrs rs f f` hj hjrr ob obtj tj s cj oj OK] OK ] (tëc (t ëc `k `kcb cb)) y TYFO TY FOKS KS (g f prfsfrvbckó`). • F` fstb oksob sfcckó` bfsejs rfcjof`gbief k`ceukr o oftbgbtjs ftbgbtjs ejs gfrfcmjs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube y gf fxpejtbckó` quf fstâ` sjoftkgbs ebs jirbs sjirf gkaktbefs, bsï cjoj sus cj`gkckj`fs gf usj. Fstb k`hjrobckó` pufgf rfakstrbrsf f` ftkquftbs TYFOKS j utkekzb`gj fe hjrobtj OFWSrkamts9;. • V` brcmkvj OFWS quf gfscrkib u`b jirb gkaktbe gfif k`ceukr u`b sfcckó` gf brcmkvj flefSfc (flefSfc ) quf f` u`b ftkquftb flefArp k`ceuyb u`b ekstb gf tjgjs ejs brcmkvjs quf cjopj`f` eb jirb. Fstb ekstb pufgf k`ceukr gkvfrsb k`hjrobckó` gf ebs koâaf`fs, cjoj fe tkpj gf brcmkvj, su suob gf vfrkflcbckó`, ftc., y mb gf k`ceukr gkrfcckj`fs vâekgbs b ejs brcmkvjs. Gf`trj gf fstb sfcckó` sf pufgf` rfakstrbr ejs gbtjs, ofgkb`tf jtrbs ftkquftbs flefArp, gf gkhfrf`tfs cjpkbs gf eb jirb< pjr fnfopej, cjpkbs f` ibnb j betb rfsjeuckó`, cjpkbs f` TGH, ftc. • V` brcmkvj OFWS gfif cj`tf`fr u`b sfcckó` gf obpb fstructurbe ( strucOb stru cObp p ) quf cj`ska`f eb fstructurb gf eb jirb. Eb fstructurb fstructur b gf ebs jirbs sf pufgf rfakstrbr b `kvfe hïskcj j b `kvfe eóakcj.
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mttps>//www.ejc.ajv/stb`gbrgs/rkamts/OFWSYkamts.xsg
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Hka. 18. Sfcckó` gf brcmkvj gf brcmkvj OFWS.
Hka. 11 11.. Obpb fstructurbe gf brcmkvj OFWS.
Sk tf`fojs vbrkbs vfrskj`fs gkaktbefs gf eb jirb, cj` gkhfrf`tfs fstructurbs, `fcfsktbrfojs k`ceukr tb`tbs sfcckj`fs gf obpb fstructurbe cjoj fstructurbs mbyb. Sk fstbojs rfebckj`b`gj gf`trj gfe OFWS, pjr fnfopej, u`b vfrskó` gf eb jirb f` NTFA y jtrb f` TGH, tf`grfojs u`b fstructurb pbrb eb cjpkb NTFA, gj`gf sf jrab`kcf` ebs gkstk`tbs koâaf`fs gf pâak`b, y jtrb pbrb eb cjpkb f` TGH, gj`gf sf rfebckj`f fe TGH j sf jrab`kcf` ejs gkstk`tjs TGH quf cj`hjrof` eb cjpkb. Jtrb jpckó` sfrïb af`frbr u` OFWS pbrb cbgb u`b gf fstbs vfrskj`fs. Sk utkekzbojs obpbs fstructurbefs gf tkpj hïskcj pjgfojs bsjckbr b ebs koâaf`fs gf pâak`b su `þofrj gf pâak`b j tkpjejaïb ikiekjarâflcb (pjrtbgb, pjrtbgkeeb, cuikfrtb, ï`gkcf, próejaj, ftc.), okf`trbs quf sk utkekzbojs obpbs eóakcjs pjgfojs bsjckbr ejs brcmkvjs cj` cbtfajrïbs eóakcbs, cjoj cbpïtuejs, bpbrtbgjs, ftc. • Fe hjrobtj OFWS fs u` hjrobtj ouy fxkief quf pfroktf ejs oâs gkvfrsjs usjs y cj`flaurbckj`fs. F`trf ejs usjs oâs cjou`fs fstâ` ejs gf cbrabr gjcuof`tjs f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs j prfsfrvbr gkcmjs gjcuof`tjs. F` hu`ckó` gf ejs usjs quf vbybojs b gbr b ejs OFWS tf`grfojs
quf af`frbr u`j tkpjb gf OFWSOFWS, j ikf`tf`abojs crfbr OFWS quf skrvb` gkstk`tjs usjs. Tjr feej fs `fcfsbrkj quf, uskjtrj vbojs utkekzbr cebrj quë pfrflepbrb gf bpekcbckó` `fcfsktbojs y ej gffl gffl`boj `bojss tëc tëc`kc `kcbof` bof`tf tf f` `ufs `ufstrj trjss peb` peb`fs fs gf gkak gkaktbe tbekzb kzbckó ckó` ` j pekf pekfajs ajs gf prf prfscr scrkpc kpckj`f kj`fss tëc`kcbs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Wboikë` tf`fojs eb jpckó` gf utkekzbr beau`j gf ejs pfrflefs gf OFWS `jrobekzbgjs quf gk vfrsbss kk`stkt vfrsb `stktuckj`f uckj`fss ccjopbrt jopbrtf` f` ff` ` eebb pâ pâak`b ak`b gf pfrflefs OFWS gf eebb EEkirbr kirbryy j jhh C Cj`arfs j`arfsss (mttps ( mttps>// >// www.ejc.ajv/stb`gbrgs/ofts/ofts-pr www.ejc.ajv/stb`gb rgs/ofts/ofts-prjflefs.mtoe). jflefs.mtoe). V`j gf fstjs pfrflefs, pfrflefs, fe Tfrfle OFWS gf eb Ikiekj34 tfcb Xkrtube gfe Tbtrkoj`kj Ikiekjarâflcj , fstâ f` fspbòje y fs utkekzbgj pjr beau`bs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs fspbòjebs pbrb rfprfsf`tbr, trb`soktkr, prfsfrvbr f k`afstbr oj`jarbhïbs gkaktbefs (koprfsjs, ob`uscrktjs, hjtjarbhïbs, pbrtkturbs, obpbs, ftc.). • Sk utkekzbojs OFWS pbrb cbrabr jirbs f` vbrkjs vjeþof`fs j puiekcbckj`fs sfrkbgbs, u`b jpckó` fs af`frbr u` brcmkvj OFWS pbrb cbgb vjeuof` j `þofrj. F` tbe cbsj tjgjs ejs OFWS cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs b u`b jirb f` vjeþof`fs j puiekcbckó` sfrkbgb cj`tf`grâ` fe oksoj rfakstrj ikiekjarâflcj f k`hjrobckó` gf fnfopebr. • F` ejs prjyfctjs gf gka gkaktbekzbckó` ktbekzbckó` gf prf`sb j rfvkstbs quf utkekzb` fe hjrobtj OFWS pbrb gfscrkpckó` y cbrab gf cj`tf`kgjs, ej oâs mbiktube fs af`frbr u` brcmkvj OFWS pbrb cbgb `þofrj gf prf`sb j rfvkstb. Gf`trj gf fstjs OFWS sf gfif` cj`ska`br eb rfebckó` gf `uofrbckó` y crj`jejaïb gf cbgb `þofrj y eb gkrfcckó` gf eb cbrpftb quf cj`tkf`f ebs koâaf`fs gf pâak`b gf gkcmj `þofrj. Fstb k`hjrobckó` sf pufgf rfakstrbr gurb`tf eb cbpturb (sk fe prjarbob gf cbpturb ej pfroktf) j pjstfrkjrof`tf. @j tjgjs ejs skstfobs gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe j prfsfrvbckó` utkekzb` fe hjrobtj OFWS, pjr ej quf f` beau`js prjyfctjs fstf hjrobtj `j sfrâ `fcfsbrkj. Tbrb cj` prfsfrvbr ejsfstf gjcuof`tjs gkaktbefs sufef hjrobtj TYFOKS. ebFstj `j ska`kflcb quf• ibstb af`frbr tkpj gf oftbgbtjs pbrbutkekzbrsf prfsfrvbrfeejs gjcuof`tjs, af`frbckó` gf oftbgbtjs gf prfsfrvbckó` fs u`b gf ebs ofgkgbs, f`trf jtrbs oucmbs, quf gfifrfojs tjobr pbrb prfsfrvbr ejs gjcuof`tjs gkaktbefs. • Ejs oftbgbtjs TYFOKS, quf tkf`f` arb`uebrkgbg y fspfckflckgbg suflckf`tf pbrb rfakstrbr eb k`hjrobckó` `fcfsbrkb pbrb ebs ebijrfs gf prfsfrvbckó`, pufgf` af`frbrsf gf gkvfrsbs ob`frbs> gkrfctbof`tf f` u`b ibsf gf gbtjs, f` ]OE, f` hjrobtj tfxtj, ftc. V`b gf ebs ob`frbs oâs mbiktubefs gf kopefof`tbrejs fs foifikgjs f` brcmkvjs OFWS, cjoik`b`gj eb k`hjrobckó` quf `jrobeof`tf k`ceuyf` ejs brcmkvjs OFWS cj` fefof`tjs fspfcïflcjs gf su gkcckj`brkj gf gbtjs. Eb Ekirbry jh Cj`arfss jhrfcf gjcuof`tbckó` fxmbustkvb sjirf fstf pbrtkcuebr f` eb pâak`b Vsk`a TYFOKS wktm OFWS (mttps>//www.ejc.ajv/stb`gbrgs/prfoks/prfoks-ofts.mtoe). • Eb utkekzbckó` gf OFWS cj` TYFOKS tkf`f fe k`cj`vf`kf`tf gf quf pufgf af`frbr, f` fe cbsj gf quf ebs jirbs tf`ab` oucmbs pâak`bs, brcmkvjs ouy arb`gfs, k`ob`fnbiefs f` ejs cbsjs oâs fxtrfojs. F` fstjs cbsjs tf`fojs quf peb`tfbr`js jtrj f`hjquf gf oftbgbtjs gf prfsfrvbckó`, sjirf tjgj sk qufrfojs utkekzbr ejs OFWS pbrb jtrbs hu`ckj`fs, bgfoâs gf eb prfsfrvbckó`. Ej oâs prjiefoâtkcj f` fstf sf`tkgj sj` ebs puiekcbckj`fs sfrkbgbs. Beau`bs gf feebs cj`tkf`f` ckf`tjs j okefs gf `þofrjs, cj` ej quf fs k`vkbief af`frbr u` OFWS gf prfsfrvbckó` quf k`ceuyb eb k`hjrobckó` `fcfsbrkb pbrb prfsfrvbr prfsfr vbr eb puiekcbckó` f`tfrb. Ej quf sf pufgf mbcfr f` fstjs cbsjs fs crfbr, pjr u` ebgj, u` OFWS gf prfsfrvbckó` pbrb eb jirb f` su cj`nu`tj (rfakstrj-obgrf), cj` k`hjrobckó` gf eb cbifcfrb, y, pjr jtrj, brcmkvjs OFWS pbrb cbgb u`j gf ejs gkhfrf`tfs `þofrjs, y rfebckj`br fstjs brcmkvjs (fe rfakstrj-obgrf y ejs gf ejs `þofrjs) f`trf sï ofgkb`tf kgf`tkflcbgjrfs y ftkquftbs «k`ceuyf¼, «k`ceukgj f`¼, «b`tfrkjr b¼, «pjstfrkjr b¼, ftc. • Fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb k`crustbr ejs oftbgbtjs f` ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs. Fxkstf` oucmjs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb y bpekcbckj`fs quf af`frb` oftbgbtjs tëc`kcjs y ejs k`crustb` f` ebs koâaf`fs
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Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftbgbtjs
butjoâtkcbof`tf. Sf trbtb gf k`hjrobckó` tëc`kcb gf ebs koâaf`fs y fe prjcfsj gf cbpturb cjoj fe b`cmj y fe betj gf eb kobaf`, su suob gf vfrkflcbckó`, beajrktoj gf cjoprfskó`, hjrobtj, fspbckj gf cjejr, rfsjeuckó`, prjhu`gkgbg gf ikts, pfrfle gf cjejr, ojgfej y tkpj gf gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb, hfcmb y mjrb gf cbpturb, baf`tf gkaktbekzbgjr, ftc. Tfrj, bgfoâs gf fstjs gbtjs, sf pufgf` k`crustbr f` ebs koâaf`fs jtrjs tkpjs gf oftbgbtjs, pjr fnfopej, eb k`hjrobckó` ikiekjarâhkcb j gf gfrfcmjs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube y cj`gkckj`fs gf usj. Bmjrb ikf`, ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb `j sufef` k`ceukr hu`ckj`fs pbrb mbcfr fstj þetkoj, cj` ej quf tf`grfojs quf mbcfrej ob`ubeof`tf j cj` beau`b bpekcbckó` quf `js hbckektf eb tbrfb. Ebs vf`tbnbs gfe skstfob sj` jivkbs, ebs koâaf`fs qufgb` bsjckbgbs cj` sus oftbgbtjs sk` `fcfskgbg gf brcmkvjs fxtfr`js y fstb bsjckbckó` bs jckbckó` fs gkhïcke gf rjopfr< ejs k`cj`vf`kf`tfs sfrïb` quf fs ouy gkhïcke, f` af`frbe k`vkbief, pjgfr bctubekzbr eb k`hjrobckó` gf ejs brcmkvjs cub`gj ebs koâaf`fs j ejs rfakstrjs sj` fgktbgjs y suhrf` cboikjs, j cub`gj ebs koâaf`fs sj` sjoftkgbs b bcckj`fs gf prfsfrvbckó` quf cj`vkf`f bpu`tbr. Bgfoâs, sk fgktbojs ebs koâaf`fs f` bpekcbckj`fs `j cjopbtkiefs, ejs oftbgbtjs k`crustbgjs pufgf` pfrgfrsf, pjr ej quf f` tjgj cbsj `j cj`vkf`f gfnbr gf af`frbr y utkekzbr oftbgbtjs fxtfr`js, bu`quf usfojs oftbgbtjs k`crustbgjs. • F` fe cj`tfxtj gf eb gkak gkaktbekzbckó` tbekzbckó` gfe pbtrko pbtrkoj`kj j`kj ikiekja ikiekjarâflcj râflcj ebs prâctkcbs gf k`crustbckó` gf oftbgbtjs oâs mbiktubefs cj`skstf` f` k`crustbr ejs oftbgbtjs f` ebs cbifcfrbs gf ejs brcmkvjs WKHH j f` ejs TGH. Tbrb feej sf rfcjokf`gb usbr ejs hjrobtjs oâs mbiktubefs j fstb`gbrkzbgjs gf k`crustbckó`, cjoj pufgf` sfr F]KH, KTWC j ]OT. F` cjoik`bckó` cj` fstjs pjgfojs k`crustbr jtrjs hjrobtjs gf oftbgbtjs, pjr fnfopej, pfrflefs KCC, oftbgbtjs gfscrkptkvjs GC, k`hjrobckó` afjarâflcb ATS j AfjWkhh, ftc. • F` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs sf trbibnb oucmj cj` hjrobtjs fscrktjs f` ]OE (GC, OBYC, TYFOKS, OFWS, OJGS, ]OT, FSF, FGO, YGH, ftc.). Bu`quf þetkobof`tf fxkstf ckfrtb prfskó`, pjr pbrtf gf ejs prjarbobgjrfs f k`hjroâtkcjs, pbrb quf sf usf`, f` vfz gf ]OE, ef`aubnfs gf obrcbgj ekafrj, cjoj NSJ@, fe hjrobtj ]OE jhrfcf hu`ckj`fs gf vbekgbckó` gf hjrobtjs y gf obpfj quf ej vufevf` ouy þtke pbrb fe trbibnj ikiekjtfcbrkj. Fe obrcbgj ekafrj jhrfcf bmjrb oksoj eb vf`tbnb gf pjgfr rfakstrbr eb oksob k`hjrobckó` quf u` brcmkvj ]OE cj` of`js cbrbctfrfs, y pjr tb`tj, gf af`frbr brcmkvjs oâs cjrtjs y ekafrjs, pjr ej quf beaþ` gïb jhrfckfrb u`b sk sfrkb betfr`btkvb b fstf.hu`ckj`bekgbgfs gf vbekgbckó` fqukvbef`tfs b ebs quf jhrfcf fe ]OE sfrïb Mjy pjr mjy, f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs, bu`quf tjgbvïb sf utkekcf` oucmj ejs rfakstrjs f` hjrobtj OBYC 914; (gffl`kgjs pjr eb `jrob KSJ 914;) y fe prjtjcjej gf trb`sokskó` ^3;>64, ej oâs cóojgj fs trbibnbr cj` oftbgbtjs f` ]OE. Eb Ekirbry jh Cj`arfss, cj`sckf`tf gf ebs vf`tbnbs gfe hjrobtj ]OE, mb crfbgj vfrskj`fs y prjtjcjejs pbrb trbibnbr cj` rfakstrjs OBYC f` ]OE> OBYC]OE y SYV. Fxkstf` tboikë` prjarbobs cjoj ObrcFgkt quf `js pfroktf` trb`shjrobr hâckeof`tf rfakstrjs Obrc914; f` rfakstrjs OBYC]OE y vkcfvfrsb. • Gftfrok`bgjs cbrbctfr cbrbctfrfs fs (ska`js «obyjr quf¼ y «of`jr quf¼, bpóstrjhj, ft (bopfrsb`g ) y cjokeebs gjiefs) quf pjgfojs f`cj`trbr f` ejs rfakstrjs pufgf` crfbr prjiefobs sk cjgkflcbojs eb
k`hjrobckó` Fstj sucfgf pjrqufyebs pufgf` f`tf`gfrTbrb quffvktbr gkcmjs ska`js hjrob` pbrtf gff`eb ]OE. cjgkflcbckó` gfe rfakstrj `jbpekcbckj`fs gfe cj`tf`kgj ikiekjarâflcj. fstjs prjiefobs, sk trbibnbojs cj` ]OE, sf rfcjokf`gb fvktbr f` ej pjskief fe usj gf fstjs ska`js, y sk `j pjgfojs fvktbr usbrejs, sustktukrejs pjr cbrbctfrfs fspfckbefs ]OE>
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
2;7
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftbgbtjs
Cbrâctfr
@joirf gfe cbrâctfr
Cbrâctfr fspfckbe ]OE
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Cjokeebs gjiefs
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Cubgrj 23. Cbrbctfrfs fspfckbefs f` ]OE 32.
Eb sustktuckó` gfe cbrâctfr «&¼ pjr su cógkaj ]OE pufgf gbr prjiefobs, sfaþ` ebs bpekcbckj`fs quf usfojs, sk fe cbrâctfr fstâ f` u`b VYE. F` fstjs cbsjs cj`vkf`f prjibr cj` fe cbrâctfr j cj` fe cbrâctfr fspfckbe ]OE pbrb gftfrok`br cuâe gf ebs gjs jpckj`fs fs oâs bgfcubgb j of`js k`bgfcubgb. • Skaukf`gj ebs p pbutbs butbs k`tfr`bckj`befs y `bckj`befs, fs rfcjof`gbief utkekzbr cjgkflcbckó` V@KCJGF (VWH-=…) f` ejs oftbgbtjs (y gfoâs brcmkvjs gf tfxtj) quf tf`abojs quf ob`fnbr. Jtrb iuf`b jpckó` fs usbr cjgkflcbckó` ebtk`b KSJ-==6;-2. Gf mfcmj, pjskiefof`tf bþ` mjy eb obyjrïb gf ejs rfakstrjs ikiekjarâflcjs quf `js pjgfojs f`cj`trbr f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs fstë` fscrktjs cj` cjgkflcbckó` KSJ-==6;-2, fspfrbr quf cj` fe tkfopj fstb sktubckó` cboikf y eb ibeb`zb sf gfcb`tf cebrbof`tfbu`quf b hbvjr fs gf gf VWH-=. • Sk sf trbibnb cj` rfakstrjs gf butjrkgbg, fs u`b iuf`b p prâctkcb râctkcb (bek`fbgb cj` ebs rfcjof`gbckj`fs gf gbtjs bikfrtjs f`ebzbgjs ‗ ek`lfg ek`lfg jpf` gbtb ‗ gf eb Q3C) vk`cuebrejs b ebs VYK gf ibsfs gf gbtjs gf bopekb kopefof`tbckó` k`tfr`bckj`be, k`tfr `bckj`be, cjoj XKBH, XKBH, Afj`bofs, KS@K, ftc. F` ejs rrfakstrjs fakstrjs OBYC92 gf butjrkgbg fstb vk`cuebckó` sf pufgf rfbekzbr k`ceuyf`gj ejs kgf`tkflcbgjrfs gf ejs rfakstrjs gf fstbs ibsfs gf gbtjs f` cbopjs 497. • Sk qufrfojs quf `ufstrjs oftbgbtjs cuopeb` cj` ejs fstâ`gbrfs gf eb wfi sfoâ`tkcb, tf`grfojs quf trbibnbr f` YGH. Mby gkvfrsjs hjrobtjs j `jrobs quf tkf`f` fspfckflcbckj`fs j fstâ` fscrktjs f` YGH quf pufgf` usbrsf j sf fstâ` usb`gj f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs> GC, OBYC92, FGO, SLJS, YGB, KSIG, OJGS, OBGSYG, ftc. Trjyfctjs kopjrtb`tfs cjoj Furjpfb`b (y su rfg@bckj`be gf rfcjefctjrfs rfcjefct y rfpjsktjrkjs JBK) trbibnb` f` YGH. K`stktuckj`fs kopjrtb`tfs cjoj eb Ikiekjtfcb gfjrfs Fspbòb fstâ` trbibnb`gj f` af39 `frbr vfrskj`fs f` YGH gf sus cbtâejajs . • Bu`quf `j sfb u`b ob`frb gf k`arfsbr f` eb Q Qfi fi sfoâ`tkcb gfobskbgj hjrobe, fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb eb gf «sfob`tkzbr¼ `ufstrjs rfakstrjs k`ceuyf`gj ftkquftbs scmfob.jra f` f` ejs oftbgbtjs gf `ufstrbs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs quf sf vksubekzb` f` eb Qfi. Fstj `js pfroktkrâ, gbgj fe sjpjrtf quf tkf`f` ejs `bvfabgjrfs pbrb fstf fst f hjrobtj sfoâ`tkcj, buof`tbr buof`tb r `ufstrb vkskikekgbg f` eb Qfi gf u`b hjrob oâs hâcke y sf`ckeeb quf sk utkekzbojs hjrobtjs YGH.
32
Fxkstf` jtrjs oucmjs cbrbctfrfs fspfckbefs ]OE quf cjgkflcb` jtrjs ska`js quf fs of`js prjibief quf `js f`cj`trfojs f` ejs rfakstrjs. Tbrb obyjr k`hjrobckó` pufgf cj`suetbrsf eb tbieb gf cbrbctfrfs fspfckbefs ]OE> mttps>//bsckk.ce/fs/cjgkajs-mtoe. mto
39
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Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Oftbgbtjs
Hka. 1=.
[email protected].
2;6
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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92. Vsj gf prjarbobs gf vbekgbckó` gf flcmfrjs • Fs cj`vf`kf`tf vbekgbr f kgf`tkflcbr butjoâtkc butjoâtkcbof`tf bof`tf ejs flcmfrjs quf sf vb` jitf`kf`gj gf ejs trbibnjs gf cbpturb. Fstj fs bsï pjrquf ejs jpfrbgjrfs gf fscâ`frfs j ebs bpekcbckj`fs usbgbs pbrb beobcf`br ebs koâaf`fs pufgf` tf`fr frrjrfs b eb mjrb gf hjrobtfbr ejs flcmfrjs, quf pjstfrkjrof`tf pufgf` cjopekcbr eb puiekcbckó` gf ebs koâaf`fs f` u` skstfob gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe j su k`afstb f` u` skstfob gf prfsfrvbckó` gkaktbe, j k`ceusj eb prjpkb rfprjguckikekgbg gf fstjs. Tbrb feej sf rfcjokf`gb fe usj gf mfrrbokf`tbs gf vbekgbckó` f kgf`tkflcbckó` butjobtkzbgbs quf af`frf` k`hjrofs gf sbekgb fstructurbgjs f` flcmfrjs gf tfxtj quf pufgf` sfr prjcfsbgjs butjoâtkcbof`tf pbrb hbckektbr ebs jpfrbckj`fs gf cj`trje gf frrjrfs. Fe prjpkj vbekgbgjr rfbekzb, bgfoâs, u`b kgf`tkflcbckó` gf hjrobtj y vfrskó` gf hjrobtj gurb`tf fe prjcfsj gf vbekgbckó` (prjcfsj tboikë` gf`jok`bgj «cbrbctfrkzbckó`¼). Wf`fojs b `ufstrb gkspjskckó` bpekcbckj`fs quf pfroktf` mbcfr eb kgf`tkflcbckó` tëc`kcb butjoâtkcbof`tf,, pfrj `j sj` cbpbcfs gf kgf`tkflcbr tjgjs ejs hjrobtjs. Eb bpekcbckó` NMJXF mb butjoâtkcbof`tf vf`kgj skf`gj usbgb hrfcuf`tfof`tf33pbrb fstf cjoftkgj, eb vbekgbckó` tb`tj gf ejs flcmfrjs gf kobaf` cjoj gf ejs oftbgbtjs f` ]OE . Eb vbekgbckó` fs bcj`sfnbief quf sf rfbekcf f` vbrkjs ojof`tjs gfe unj gf trbibnj gf gkaktbekzbckó` y beobcf`bokf`tj, y pjstfrkjrof`tf, f` ejs gf k`ceuskó` f` skstfobs gf prfsfrvbckó` gkaktbe j gf suikgb be skstfob gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe.
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Eb vbekgbckó` quf rfbekzb fe prjarbob NMJXF gf ejs brcmkvjs ]OE cj`skstf f` gftfrok`br gftfrok`br quf fhfctkvbof`tf sj` brcmkvjs ]OE, y f` cjoprjibr, b `kvfe gf cj`tf`kgj, quf fstâ` ikf` hjrobgjs. NMJXF `j rfbekzb u`b vbekgbckó` ]OE prjpkbof`tf gkcmb, cjoprjib`gj eb bgfcubckó` gfe cj`tf`kgj b ebs `jrobs gf u` scmfob scmfob gbgj. gbgj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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99. Fstructurb gf cj`tf`kgjs y `joirfs gf brcmkvj • Eb f`tkgbg gkaktbekzbgjrb mb gf tf`fr f` cuf`tb f` sus peb`fs j prjcfgkokf`tjs gf g gkaktbekzbckó` kaktbekzbckó` j pekfajs gf prfscrkpckj`fs tëc`kcbs fe skstfob gf `joirbgj gf ejs brcmkvjs y cbrpftbs y gf fstructurb gf cbrpftbs quf sf vb` b fopefbr f` sus prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`. Fstf skstfob gfpf`gfrâ f` ckfrtb ofgkgb gf cóoj trbibnf` su bpekcbckó` gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe j su skstfob gf prfsfrvbckó`> beau`bs bpekcbckj`fs jrab`kzb` butjoâtkcbof`tf ejs cj`tf`kgjs, jtrbs rf`joirb` ejs brcmkvjs, y jtrbs kopj`f` ekoktbckj`fs j pfrflefs b eb mjrb gf `joirbr brcmkvjs j cbrpftbs u jrab`kzbr eb k`hjrobckó`.
99.22 Cjrrfspj`gf`ckbs 99. Cjrrfspj `gf`ckbs f`trf cjpkbs • Cj`vkf`f k`gkcbr, f` prkofr euabr, quf ebs gkvfrsbs cjpkbs gf ejs gjcuof`tjs gkaktbefs (ok`kbturbs, cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`, cjpkbs gf prfsfrvbckó`, cjpkbs cjopkebgbs f` TGH, ftc.) gfif` fstbr gfikgbof`tf rfebckj`bgbs sï gf ob`frb cebrb y fflcbz. Fstjcj`tf`kgjs hbckektb ejs gkaktbefs. prjcfsjs gf af`frbckó` gf cjpkbs, rfvkskó`, cbrab,f`trf rfcupfrbckó` y prfsfrvbckó` gf ejs Skfoprf sf pufgf, cebrj fstâ, rfebckj`br fstbs vfrskj`fs f` b`jtbckj`fs, tbiebs j ibsfs gf gbtjs fxtfr`bs b ejs gjcuof`tjs gkaktbefs, pfrj fs u`b prâctkcb oucmj oâs fflckf`tf y sfaurb fe gksfòbr prjcfgkokf`tjs quf rfebckj`f` ebs cjpkbs ofgkb`tf sus `joirfs gf brcmkvj y cbrpftbs cj`tf`fgjrbs, utkekzb`gj fstructurbs gf cbrpftbs prfvkbof`tf gffl`kgbs. • Sk ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` y ebs gf prfsfrvbckó` sj` fstructur fstructurbeof`tf beof`tf kaubefs, pjr fnfopej, sk be gkaktbekzbr u` ekirj af`frbojs koâaf`fs gf pâak`b f` hjrobtj NTFA y WKHH WKHH,, pbrb eb gkhuskó` y eb prfsfr prfsfr- vbckó`, vbckó `, rf rfspfct spfctkvbo kvbof`tf, f`tf, fs o ouy uy rrfcjo fcjof`gbi f`gbief, ef, skfoprf skfoprf quf `j ccmjqu mjquff cj cj` ` be beaþ` aþ` rfquk rfquksktj sktj j p prjcfsj rjcfsj gf `ufstrbs bpekcbckj`fs, jrab`kzbr f` cbrpftbs y `joirbr fstbs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó` y prfsfrvbckó` gf eb oksob ob`frb. Fstb ofgkgb hbckektb fe rfcuf`tj, eb rfcupfrbckó` y eb prfsfrvbckó` gf ebs koâaf`fs. Fstb fstrbtfakb kopekcb, f` fe cbsj gf ejs ekirjs, prf`sb y rfvkstbs, af`frbr koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó` gf pâak`b skopef sk sf af`frb` oâstfrfs gf pâak`b skopef, j gf pâak`b gjief, sk sf af`frb` oâstfrfs gf pâak`b gjief. Sk eb fstructurb gf ebs cjpkbs `j cjk`ckgf, cjsb quf sucfgf, pjr fnfopej, sk cj`sfrvbojs koâaf`fs gf pâak`b f` hjrobtj WKHH pbrb eb prfsfrvbckó` y utkekzbojs u` hjrobtj cjopkebgjr cjoj TGH pbrb ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó`, pjgrfojs rfpekcbr ebs fstructurbs gf cbrpftbs y ejs `joirfs gf brcmkvj sjej mbstb ckfrtj pu`tj. • Ebs fstrbtfakbs oâs mbiktubefs pbrb rfebckj`br cjpkbs ofgkb`tf fstructurb fstructurbss gf cbrpftbs y `joirfs gf cbrpftbs y brcmkvjs sfrïb` ebs skaukf`tfs> ‗ Fstrbtfakb 2. Vtkekzbr u`b cbrpftb pbrb cbgb cjpkb (prfsfrvbckó`, ok`kbturbs, JCY, gkhuskó`…), y, gf`trj gf fstbs cbrpftbs, jrab`kzbr ebs koâaf`fs cj` ebs oksobs fstructurb fstructurbss gf ccbrpftbs brpftbs y `joirfs gf brcmkvj.
‗ Fstrbtfakb 9. Vtkekzbr ejs oksojs `joirfs gf brcmkvj y/j cbrpftb pbrb ebs gkstk`tbs cjpkbs bòbgkë`gjefs u` cbekflcbgjr pbrb gkstk`aukr u`bs gf jtrbs. Fstb fstrbtfakb sf pufgf kopefof`tbr utkekzb`gj gkvfrsbs fstructurbs gf cbrpftb.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Fstructurb gf cj`tf`kgjs y `joirfs gf brcmkvj
h jrobtj, oksob fstructurb y `joirfs gf cbrpftbs y brcmkvjs. Hka. 1;. Fstrbtfakb 2> u`b cbrpftb pjr hjrobtj,
Hka. =4. Fstrbtfakb 9> `joirfs gf brcmkvjs cj` kgf`tkflcbgjrfs< gkvfrsbs fstructurbs gf cbrpftbs.
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Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Fstructurb gf cj`tf`kgjs y `joirfs gf brcmkvj
99.9 @joirfs gf brcmkvjs y cbrpftbs • Ejs brcmkvjs y cbrpftbs gf u` prjyfctj gf gka gkaktbekzbckó` ktbekzbckó` mb` gf sfr `joirbgjs y jrab`kzbgjs jrab`kzbgjs gf u`b ob`frb cebrb y cj`skstf`tf, gf bcufrgj cj` u`bs `jrobs prfvkbof`tf gffl`kgbs. Fstf skstfob gf `joirbgj gf brcmkvjs y cbrpftbs gfpf`gfrâ gf hbctjrfs hbct jrfs cjoj fe hu`ckj`bokf`tj y cbpbckgbg gf ejs prjarbobs quf vb` b afstkj`br ebs koâaf`fs j sk fstbs sf vb` b prjcfsbr butjoâtkcb j ob`ubeof`tf. • Oucmjs prjarbobs y skstfo skstfobs bs pufgf` tf`fr prjief prjiefobs obs b eb mjrb gf afstkj`br brcmkvjs cuyj cuyjss `joirfs k`ceuyb` tkegfs, fòfs, sïoijejs fspfckbefs j gftfrok`bgjs ska`js gf pu`tubckó`, k`ceusj beau`js afstkj`b` obe ebs obyþscuebs. Tjr feej, cjoj `jrob af`frbe, okf`trbs `ufstrj skstfob `j `js jiekauf b jtrb cjsb, sf rfcjokf`gb bpekcbr ebs skaukf`tfs ekoktbckj`fs b ejs `joirfs gf brcmkvj y cbrpftb> ‗ Vtkekzbr fxceuskvbof`tf `þofrjs `bturbefs (gfe 4 be ;;)) j ef eftrbs trbs gfe behbiftj k`aeës (cjgkflcbckó` BSCKK) pbrb `joirbr ejs brcmkvjs y ccbrpftbs. brpftbs. ‗ Fvktbr fòfs y tke tkegfs. gfs. ‗ @j gfnbr fspbckjs f` ieb`cj, sust sustktukrejs ktukrejs pjr aukj`fs ibnjs. ‗ Ekoktbr eb pu`tubc pu`tubckó` kó` b aukj`fs ibnjs y aukj`fs ofgkjs. ‗ @j utkekzbr sïoijejs fspfckbefs. ‗ Vtkekzbr eftrb ok ok`þscueb `þscueb tb`tj pbrb ejs `joirfs gf cbr cbrpftbs pftbs y brcmkvjs cjoj pbr pbrbb ebs fxtf`skj`fs gf fstjs brcmkvjs. • Fs cj`vf`kf`tf (y `fcfsbrkj gf`trj gf u` oksoj prjyfctj) utkekzbr kgf`tkflcbgjrfs þ`kcjs þ`kcjs pbrb `joirbr ebs cbrpftbs quf cj`tkf`f` ebs jirbs. Fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb `joirbr ejs brcmkvjs cj`tf`kgjs f` fstbs cbrpftbs cj` fstjs oksojs kgf`tkflcbgjrfs bòbgkf`gj u` cbekflcbgjr quf pufgf sfr fe `þofrj gf jrgf` gf eb kobaf`. • Ejs `joirfs gfobskbgj ebrajs pufgf` prjguckr prjiefobs< beau`js beau`js prjarbobs j skstfobs bcjrtb` ejs `joirfs ebrajs j sj` k`cbpbcfs gf ob`fnbrejs. Tjr feej fs cj`vf`kf`tf fstbiefcfr, u`b vfz cj`jckgbs cj` jckgbs ebs ekokt ekoktbckj`fs bckj`fs gf `ufst `ufstrj rj sskstfob kstfob y prjarbobs, u` `þofrj oâxkoj gf cbrbctfr cbrbctfrfs fs pbrb ejs `joirfs gf `ufstrjs brcmkvjs y cbrpftbs. V` oâxkoj gf 39 cbrbctfrfs sfrïb bgfcubgj pbrb cbsk tjgjs ejs usjs y cj`flaurbckj`fs. • @j sf gfif jevkgbr k`ceukr eb fxtf`skó` f` ejs brcmkvjs. • Skstfobs gf `joirbgj cjopefnjs pufgf` prjguckr u` obyjr arbgj gf frrjr muob`j gurb`tf eb afstkó` gf ejs brcmkvjs. Ejs `joirfs gf ejs brcmkvjs y cbrpftbs pufgf` sfr gfscrkptkvjs j `j gfscrkptkvjs. Ejs prkofrjs utkekzb` beaþ` fefof`tj gf ejs rfakstrjs ikiekjarâflcjs j gfe rfakstrj j eb k`hjrobckó` gf fnfopebr, cjoj ejs `þofrjs gf cj`trje quf kgf`tkflcb` ebs jirbs j ejs fnfopebrfs. Ejs sfau`gjs sj` af`frbgjs butjoâtkcbof`tf pjr ejs prjarbobs gf afstkó` gf koâaf`fs. • Fs prfhfrkief utkekzbr fe skstfob gf `joirfs gfscrkptkvjs, quf sj` muob`bof`tf cjoprf`skiefs y cj`tkf`f` k`hjrobckó` yb rfakstrbgb f` fe cbtâejaj j f` ejs rfakstrjs ikiekjarâflcjs. Cj` fstf skstfob sf hbckektb` oucmj ebs tbrfbs gf iþsqufgb, cj`trje, cbrab, rfcupfrbckó`, ftc., quf rfbekzb fe
pfrsj`be tëc`kcj. Eb utkekzbckó` gf `joirfs gfscrkptkvjs fs pfrhfctbof`tf cjopbtkief cj` fe prjcfsbgj butjoâtkcj gf ejs brcmkvjs y cbrpftbs skfoprf y cub`gj ejs cógkajs quf sf usf` pbrb kgf`tkflcbr ebs
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
944
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Fstructurb gf cj`tf`kgjs y `joirfs gf brcmkvj
gkaktbekzbckj`fs sfb` þ`kcjs y fstë` rfakstrbgjs f` u`b ibsf gf gbtjs. Eb ofnjr jpckó` fs utkekzbr gkaktbekzbckj`fs kgf`tkflcbgjrfs k`ceukgjs f` ejs rfakstrjs ikiekjarâflcjs j gf fnfopebr (`þofrjs gf cj`trje, KSI@, ska`bturb, cógkajs gf ibrrbs…), quf sufef` fstbr rfakstrbgjs y cj`trjebgjs f` ebs ibsfs gf gbtjs gf ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs j cbtâejajs butjobtkzbgjs. • Fe skstfob gf bska`br butjoâtkcbof`tf `joirfs `j gfscrkptkvjs `js vb b bsfaurbr quf tjgjs ejs `joirfs sfb` þ`kcjs gf`trj gfe oksoj prjyfctj, y pufgf hbckektbr fe prjcfsbokf`tj butjoâtkcj gf ejs brcmkvjs. Gfsvf`tbnbs gf fstf skstfob sfrïb` quf ejs `joirfs `j fstâ` cj`tf`kgjs f` ejs rfakstrjs, quf sf gupekcb` j ouetkpekcb` ejs kgf`tkflcbgjrfs bsjckbgjs b ebs jirbs k``fcfsbrkbof`tf y quf fs prfcksj af`frbr tbiebs j ibsfs gf gbtjs, f` beau`js cbsjs gkhïckeof`tf bccfskiefs, bnf`bs be cbtâejaj, pbrb afstkj`brejs. F` beau`js cbsjs ejs prjarbobs rfbekzbrâ` fstb bska`bckó` butjoâtkcbof`tf sk` gbr`js jpckó`, pfrj, sk pjgfojs fefakr, fs prfhfrkief utkekzbr `joirbgj gfscrkptkvj. • Sk sf usb` `joirfs gfscrkptkvjs, sf gfif` utkekzbr kgf`tkflcbgjrfs þ`kcjs (gf`trj gf u` oksoj prjyfctj), cjoj fe `þofrj gf cj`trje gfe rfakstrj ikiekjarâflcj j gf fnfopebr, eb ska`bturb u jtrj kgf`tkflcbgjr. F` prk`ckpkj, fe cógkaj quf utkekcfojs tkf`f quf kgf`tkflcbr fe fnfopebr gf eb jirb, pfrj pjgfojs utkekzbr kgf`tkflcbgjrfs rfakstrj ikiekjarâflcj prf quf `js bsfaurfojs gf quf `j sfgfe prjguzcb` gupekckgbgfs.(`þofrj gf cj`trje, tïtuejs…) skfo-
Hka. =2. Skstfob gf `joirbgj gf brcmkvjs gf prf`sb gf Abekckb`b.
• Sk sf utkekzb` `joirfs gfscrkptkvjs, cj`vkf`f usbr kgf`tkflcbgjrfs ej oâs pfrskstf`tfs quf sfb pjskief j, pjr gfckrej gf jtrb ob`frb, fvktbr utkekzbr ut kekzbr kgf`tkflcbgjrfs quf vb` b fekok`brsf fekok`br sf j cboikbrsf f` u` prjcfsbgj próxkoj. • Cub`gj u`b jirb gkaktbe fstâ hjrobgb pjr vbrkjs brcmkvjs (pjr fnfopej, u` ekirj gkaktbe hjr-
obgj pjr u` cj`nu`tj gf koâaf`fs gf pâak`b), fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb `uofrbr ebs koâaf`fs gf ob`frb quf ejs `þofrjs rffnf` fe jrgf` j sfcuf`ckb gf ejs brcmkvjs. Eb vf`tbnb gf fstb prâctkcb fs trkpef. Tjr u` ebgj, eb `uofrbckó` pufgf af`frbrsf butjoâtkcbof`tf j sfokbutjoâtkcbof`tf, pjr jtrj, `js pfroktf mbcfr`js u`b kgfb gfe `þofrj gf brcmkvjs quf cj`hjrob` u`b jirb, pjr
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
942
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Fstructurb gf cj`tf`kgjs y `joirfs gf brcmkvj
þetkoj, eb `uofrbckó` `js pfroktf jrgf`br y vksubekzbr ejs brcmkvjs cjrrfctb y butjoâtkcbof`tf. F` eb prâctkcb, eb obyjrïb gf ejs prjarbobs gf gkaktbekzbckó` vb` `uofrb`gj ebs koâaf`fs quf af`frb`, cj` ej quf pbrb cj`sfaukr fstb hu`ckj`bekgbg ibstb cj` gkaktbekzbr ebs pâak`bs gf u`b jirb f` su jrgf` `bturbe, cjof`zb`gj pjr fe prk`ckpkj y bvb`zb`gj mbstb fe fl`be. • Cub`gj sf utkekzb `uof `uofrbckó` rbckó` pbrb `joirbr ebs koâaf` koâaf`fs fs j cbrpftbs cj`vkf`f, pbrb quf sf jrgf`f` cjrrfctbof`tf ejs brcmkvjs y sf hbckektf fe prjcfsbgj butjoâtkcj, quf tjgjs ejs `þofrjs tf`ab` eb oksob ej`aktug. Fstj sf cj`skauf pj`kf`gj cfrjs b eb kzqukfrgb f` ejs `þofrjs cj` of`js gïaktjs. Mby quf cbecuebr fe `þofrj oâxkoj gf brcmkvjs quf pufgf` eefabr b k`ceukrsf f` u`b cbrpftb pbrb gftfrok`br cuâ`tjs gïaktjs sf gfif` usbr f` `ufstrj skstfob gf `uofrbckó`. Sk vbojs b oftfr, cjoj fs rfcjof`gbief, cbgb oj`jarbhïb j `þofrj gf prf`sb f` u`b cbrpftb, fstf `þofrj ej gftfrok`brâ fe `þofrj gf koâaf`fs gf eb oj`jarbhïb oâs fxtf`sb gf u` prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó`. @j fs eb þ`kcb jpckó`, bu`quf sï eb oâs sf`ckeeb. Jtrb jpckó` cj`skstkrïb f` rfbekzbr fstf câecuej pbrb cbgb cbrpftb j pbrb arupjs gf cbrpftbs. • Sk sf `uofrb` cjrrfebtkvb cjrrfebtkvbof`tf of`tf ebs koâaf`fs gf u`b jirb (pâak`bs gf u` ekirj, pjr fnfopej), y sf cbpturb be prk`ckpkj prk`ck pkj u`b kobaf` cj` cbrtb gf cjejr, fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb prâct kcb `joirbr cj` fe `þofrj cfrj eb kobaf` gf eb cbpturb gf eb cbrtb gf cjejr, pjr fnfopej> 444.tkh (cbrtb gf cjejr), 442.tkh (prkofrb kobaf` sk` cbrtb gf cjejr), 449.tkh, 443.tkh… • V`b ob`frb gf `joirbr ebs koâaf`fs fs utkekzbr þ`kcbof`tf eb `uofrbckó`, pjr fnfopej> 4442.tkh, 4449.tkh, 4443.tkh, ftc. Ej obej gf fstf skstfob fs quf ejs kgf`tkflcbgjrfs gf ebs koâaf`fs sj` kaubefs pbrb gkstk`tbs jirbs, fxkstkrâ` brcmkvjs cj` fe oksoj `joirf f` jtrbs cbrpftbs, y, sk sf pkfrgf fe cj`tfxtj (fe `joirf gf eb cbrpftb cj`tf`fgjrb), pjgfojs tf`fr prjiefobs pbrb kgf`tkflcbr j afstkj`br ebs koâaf`fs< bgfoâs, jpfrbckj`fs cjoj cjpkbr brcmkvjs f` u`b cbrpftb fqukvjcbgb pufgf` mbcfr`js pfrgfr koâaf`fs krrfofgkbiefof`tf (ebs koâaf`fs cjpkbgbs sustktukrïb` b ebs gf eb cbrpftb fqukvjcbgb). Fstjs rkfsajs sf bpufgf` fvktbr b`tfpj`kf`gj cógkaj þ`kcj (`jrobeof`tf fe `joirf gf eb cbrpftb cj`tf`fgjrb) eb `uofrbckó`, pjr fnfopej>u` ibi4;=;44937Z4442.tkh, ibi4;=;44937Z4449.tkh, ibi4;=;44937Z4443.tkh, ftc. • F` fe cbsj gf ebs jirbs cjopkebgbs, f` TGH, TGH, pjr fnfopej, fs rfcjof`gbief quf ejs brcmkvjs ob`tf`ab` fe `joirf gf sus cbrpftbs cj`tf`fgjrbs. Sk mby oâs gf u` brcmkvj f` ebs cbrpftbs pjgfojs gkhfrf`ckbrejs bòbgkë`gjefs u` `þofrj gf pbrtf, pjr fnfopej> ivpi9428;=18Z442.pgh, ivpi9428;=18Z449.pgh, ivpi9428;=18Z443.pgh, ftc.
99.3 Fstructurb gf cbrpftbs • F` ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, bgfoâs gfe skstfob gf `joirbgj gf brcmkvjs y cbrpftbs, mby quf gffl`kr cebrbof`tf eb fstructurb gf cbrpftbs quf sf vb b utkekzbr pbrb beobcf`br ejs cj`tf`kgjs
gkaktbefs. Fstb fstructurb gfpf`gfrâ, f`trf jtrjs hbctjrfs, gf eb `bturbefzb gf eb cjefcckó` gkaktbekzbgb y gf ejs cjopjrtbokf`tjs y cbpbckgbgfs gf `ufstrjs prjarbobs k`hjroâtkcjs> beau`js prjarbobs prfcksb` gf gftfrok`bgbs fstructurbs pbrb butjobtkzbr ebs cbrabs, jtrjs af`frb` `ufvbs fstructurbs cub`gj cbrab` ejs cj`tf`kgjs…
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
949
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Fstructurb gf cj`tf`kgjs y `joirfs gf brcmkvj
• Fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb rfpekcbr eb jrab`kzbckó` hïskcb y/j eóakcb gf ebs cjefcckj`fs fscb`fbgbs. Fstj kopekcb, pbrb oj`jarbhïbs, u`b fstructurb gf cbrpftbs quf pjgrïb tf`fr ejs skaukf`tfs `kvfefs> 2. Trjyfctj. 9. Hjrobtj. 3. Ikiekjtfcb. 7. Cjefcckó`. 6. Jirb. 8. Xjeuof`. • Sfaþ` sfb `ufstrj prjyfctj, beau`js gf fstjs `kvfefs pufgf` `j fxkstkr j `j sfr `fcfsbrkjs. Tjr fnfopej, sk `js ekoktbojs b gkaktbekzbr ejs hj`gjs gf `ufstrb prjpkb ikiekjtfcb, fe `kvfe «ikiekjtfcb¼ sjirbrïb. F` tjgj cbsj, sbevj cbsjs fspfckbefs, fs pfckbefs, tf`grfojs u`b fstructurb fstructur b iâskcb cj` ejs `kvfefs «prjyfctj¼, «jirb¼ y «vjeuof`¼ (fe `kvfe «vjeuof`¼ sf utkekzbrïb sjej pbrb jirbs f` vjeþof`fs). • Sk f` u` prjyfctj gf gk gkaktbekzbckó`, aktbekzbckó`, cj cjoj oj fs ej `jrobe, sf af`frb af`frb` ` gkvfrsbs cjpkbs (gf prfsf prfsfrr vbckó`, gkhuskó gkhuskó`, `, ok`kbt ok`kbturbs, urbs, gf ssfaurkg faurkgbg…) bg…) gf ebs jirbs gkaktbe gkaktbekzbgbs, kzbgbs, fs rf rfcjof`g cjof`gbief bief cjejcbr tjgbs ebs koâaf`fs gf cbgb hjrobtj f` u`b oksob cbrpftb. Fstb ob`frb gf prjcfgfr `js vb b pfroktkr cjoprjibr hâckeof`tf fe j`þofrj gf koâaf`fs gf cbgb cjpkb Eb y quf ebsoftfr cjpkbs cj`tf`ab` fe oksoj `þofrj gf jirbs vjeþof`fs y/j koâaf`fs gkaktbefs. jtrb tjgbs jpckó`, gf`trj gf cbgb cbrpftb gf jirb j vjeuof` ebs cjpkbs f` gkhfrf`tfs hjrobtjs gf ebs jirbs, gkflcuetb fstbs cjoprjibckj`fs y pufgf gkflcuetbr fe prjcfsbgj gf ebs jirbs f` beau`js cbsjs (cbrab, fgkckó`, prfsfrvbckó`…). • Fs u`b obeb prâctkcb ‗quf ‗quf pufgf gkflcuetbr ff`jrofof`tf `jrofof`tf eb bsjckbckó` f`trf cjpkbs cjpkbs y ejs prjcfsjs gf prfsfrvbckó`‗ af`frbr gkstk`tbs fstructurbs gf cbrpftbs pbrb ebs gkstk`tbs cjpkbs. • Gf`trj gf cbgb cbrpftb gf hjrobtj (quf k`ceuyf u` tkpj gf cjpkb> prfsfrvbckó`, gkhuskó`…), tkf`f quf mbifr u`b cbrpftb pbrb cbgb jirb quf, eóakcbof`tf, k`ceuyb tjgbs ebs koâaf`fs gf fstb jirb. Fxcfpckj`fs b fstb `jrob sfrïb` j pjgrïb` sfr ebs jirbs f` vjeþof`fs. • F` fe cbsj gf jirbs jirbs f` vbrkjs vjeþof`fs j pbrtfs, cj`vkf`f usbr cbrpftbs k`gfpf`gkf`tfs pbrb cbgb vjeuof` gkhfrf`ckâ`gjebs pjr cbekflcbgjrfs gf pbrtf, cjoj f` ejs skaukf`tfs fnfopejs> ‗ 4427681Zv2, 4427681Zv9, 4427681 4427681Zv3. Zv3. ‗ ibrtr=;=18-2, ib ibrtr=;=18-9. rtr=;=18-9. ‗ orhs-2Zvjeuof`2, or orhs-2Zvjeuof`9, hs-2Zvjeuof`9, orhs orhs-2Zvjeuof`3, -2Zvjeuof`3, orhs-2Zvj orhs-2Zvjeuof`7. euof`7. F` gj`gf ejs `joirfs gf ejs gkrfctjrkjs k`ceukrïb` fe kgf`tkflcbgjr gf eb jirb sfaukgj gfe `þofrj gf pbrtf j vjeuof`. Fstbs cbrpftbs gf vjeuof` sf pufgf` k`ceukr k`ceuk r gf`trj gf eb cbrpftb pbrb eb jirb j prfsck`gkf`gj gf fstb, fst b, fs gfckr, pj`kf`gj ebs cbrpftbs gf vjeþof`fs j pbrtfs pbr tfs f` fe oksoj `kvfe nfrârqukcj quf ebs gfoâs jirbs. Fstb þetkob prâctkcb, skf`gj of`js eóakcbof`tf cjrrfctb, skopekflcb eb fstructurb gf cbrpftbs y pufgf hbckektbr eb afstkó` butjoâtkcb gf ejs cj`tf`kgjs gkaktbefs f` beau`js skstfobs. • Fs rfcjof`gbief, y f` oucmjs cbsjs `fcfsbrkj, gffl`kr y af`frbr u`b fstructurb gf cj`tf`kgjs fspfckbe pbrb ebs puiekcbckj`fs sfrkbgbs, pjrquf cjejcbr tjgbs ebs koâaf`fs gf u`b puiekcbckó` sfrkbgb f` u`b oksob cbrpftb pufgf sfr ouy prjiefoâtkcj< të`absf f` cuf`tb quf beau`bs puiek-
cbckj`fs fstâ` hjrobgbs pjr okefs j ckf`tjs gf okefs gf koâaf`fs gf pâak`b y ejs gkrfctjrkjs rfsuetb`tfs sfrïb` k`ob`fnbiefs. Wboikë` pjgrïb sfr prjiefoâtkcj af`frbr cbrpftbs pbrb cbgb `þofrj y cjejcbrebs gkrfctbof`tf gkrfct bof`tf gf`trj gf eb cbrpftb gf eb puiekcbckó` sfrkbgb, pjrquf mby puiekcbckj`fs quf tkf`f` okefs gf `þofrjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
943
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Fstructurb gf cj`tf`kgjs y `joirfs gf brcmkvj
Hka. =9. Tjskiefs fstructurbs gf cbrpftbs pbrb vjeþof`fs.
Sf `fcfsktb, pjr tb`tj, f` af`frbe, gfsaejsbr ejs cj`tf`kgjs gf ebs puiekcbckj`fs sfrkbgbs f` fstructurbs cj` oâs `kvfefs nfrârqukcjs quf ejs quf `fcfsktbojs pbrb jrab`kzbr ebs jirbs oj`jarâflcbs j f` vjeþof`fs. • Fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb utkekzbr u` skstfob quf rfprjguzcb eb jrab`kzbckó` eóakcb gf eb puiekcbckó`, k`ceuyf`gj `kvfefs pbrb ejs bòjs, ejs ofsfs y ejs gïbs, skfoprf quf fxkstb` fstjs `kvfefs f` eb crj`jejaïb gf eb puiekcbckó`. Sfaþ` fstj, pbrb u` b`ubrkj b`ubr kj tb` sjej mbirïb quf af`frbr fe `kvfe gf bòj, pbrb puiekcbckj`fs cj` pfrkjgkckgbgfs f`trf b`ube y of`sube (of`sube, ikofstrbe, sfofstrbe…) sfrïb` suflckf`tfs ejs `kvfefs gf bòj y ofs, okf`trbs quf, pbrb pfrkjgkckgbgfs k`hfrkjrfs be ofs, mbirïb quf utkekzbr, bgfoâs, fe `kvfe gf gïb. Bsï, eb fstructurb gf cbrpftbs gf u`b puiekcbckó` sfrkbgb pjgrïb tf`fr ejs skaukf`tfs `kvfefs> 2. Trjyfctj. 9. Hjrobtj. 3. Ikiekjtfcb. 7. Cjefcckó`. 6. Jirb. 8. Bòj. 1. Ofs. =. Gïb/`þofrj.
• Sk utkekzbojs fstf skstfob gf fstructurbckó` gf cj`tf`kgjs, cj`vkf`f `joirbr ebs cbrpftbs gf bòj, ofs y gïb cj` eb k`hjrobckó` gf hfcmb. Tbrb fvktbr quf mbyb cbrpftbs gupekcbgbs f` fe prjyfctj, sf pufgf` `joirbr fstbs cbrpftbs gf `kvfe gf bòj, ofs j gïb cj` fe oksoj `joirf quf eb
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Fstructurb gf cj`tf`kgjs y `joirfs gf brcmkvj
cbrpftb gf eb puiekcbckó` sfrkbgb sfaukgj pjr eb k`hjrobckó` gf hfcmb, quf f` fe cbsj gfe `kvfe gf bòj sfrâ fe bòj, f` fe cbsj gfe `kvfe gf ofs sfrâ fe bòj y fe ofs, y f` fe cbsj gfe `kvfe gf gïb sfrâ fe bòj, fe ofs y fe gïb. Tbrb `joirbr ebs koâaf`fs gf `þofrjs pjgfojs utkekzbr fe `joirf gf sus cbrpftbs cj`tf`fgjrbs y bòbgkr u` `þofrj gf sfcuf`ckb. • Tbrb cjgkflcbr ebs hfcmbs f` fstjs brcmkvjs sf rfcjokf`gb utkekzbr fe skstfob BBBBOOGG, f` fe quf ejs cubtrj prkofrjs cbrbctfrfs cbrbct frfs (BBBB) cjrrfspj`gf` be bòj, ejs gjs skaukf`tfs (OO), be ofs, y ejs gjs þetkojs (GG), be gïb. Mby jtrbs ob`fr ob`frbs bs gf cjgkflc cjgkflcbr br ebs hhfcmbs, fcmbs, pfrj eb of`ckj`bgb, i ibbsbgb f` eb `jrobtkvb k`tfr`bckj`be, fs eb oâs «cjoprf`skief¼ pbrb ebs oâquk`bs y jrgf`b cjrrfctbof`tf ejs brcmkvjs f` fe fxpejrbgjr gf Qk`gjws, ftc. • Fe skstfob prjpufstj hbckektb fe trbibnj gfe pfrsj`be tëc`kcj, pfrj mby, pjr supufstj, jtrbs ob`frbs gf jrab`kzbr ejs cj`tf`kgjs gf ebs puiekcbckj`fs sfrkbgbs gkaktbefs< pjr fnfopej, sk ebs puiekcbckj`fs sj` pfqufòbs, pufgf` sfr trbtbgbs cjoj jirbs f` vjeþof`fs. J pufgf` k`ceukrsf, gfikgbof`tf `joirbgbs, tjgbs ebs koâaf`fs gf u` bòj f` eb cbrpftb gf `kvfe gf bòj, prfsck`gkf`gj gf ejs `kvfefs gf ofs y gïb, ftc. F` tjgj cbsj, ebs puiekcbckj`fs sfrkbgbs gfif` jrab`kzbrsf gf u`b ob`frb cj`skstf`tf, utkekzb`gj u`b sjeb fstructurb gf cbrpftbs pbrb feebs gf`trj gf u` oksoj prjyfctj.
Hka. =3. Tjskief fstructurb gf cbrpftbs pbrb u`b puiekcbckó` sfrkbgb (sfob`brkj).
• B eb mjrb gf gksfòbr u` skstfob gf `joirbgj gf brcmkvjs y fstructurb gf cbrpftbs, mby mby quf prfvfr fe crfckokf`tj gf eb cjefcckó` gkaktbe, y utkekzbr skstfobs fscbebiefs quf pfroktb` gkcmj crfckokf`tj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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93. Sjpjrtfs Ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs quf sf af`frb` cj` ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb sf sufef` arbibr f` u` prkofr ojof`tj f` sjpjrtfs k`hjroâtkcjs cjoj gkscjs óptkcjs, ck`tbs oba`ëtkcbs j gkscjs VSI. Gfsgf fstjs sjpjrtfs sf rfbekzb` ebs jpfrbckj`fs gf cbrab f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs y f` ejs skstfobs gf prfsfrvbckó`. Bgfoâs, fstjs sjpjrtfs pufgf` sfrvkr cjoj cjpkbs gf prfsfrvbckó`. @js ekoktbrfojs f` fstf bpbrtbgj b jhrfcfr k`hjrobckó` quf pufgb byugbr b sfefcckj`br fe tkpj gf sjpjrtf oâs bgfcubgj pbrb rfbekzbr fstbs prkofrbs cjpkbs sfaþ` fe tkpj gf prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó`. Wë`absf f` cuf`tb quf fstbs rfcjof`gbckj`fs rfcjof`gbckj`fs sf rfflfrf` b prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbck gkaktbekzbckó` ó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekj ikiekj-arâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb, jtrj tkpj gf prjyfctjs, cjoj ejs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf cj`tf`kgjs bugkjvksubefs, pufgf` rfqufrkr jtrj tkpj gf sjpjrtfs y skstfobs gf prfsfrvbckó`. @j sf f`trbrâ f` gfobskbgj gftbeef tëc`kcj `k sf trbtbrâ bquï gf ejs skstfobs gf prfsfrvbckó`, quf qufgb` hufrb gfe becb`cf gf fstf gjcuof`tj. Mbikf`gj u`b arb` vbrkfgbg gf sjpjrtfs f` fe ofrcbgj, `js ekoktbrfojs b cjof`tbr ejs oâs cj`jckgjs y usbgjs f` prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, sjirf tjgj pjrquf `j fs rfcjof`gbief f` fstf cbopj utkekzbr skstfobs gf usj ouy pjcj fxtf`gkgj. • B eb mjrb gf sfef sfefcckj`br cckj`br fe tkpj gf sjpjrtf sjpjrtf quf `fcfsktbojs, tf`foj tf`fojss quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb hbctjrfs cjoj su pfrïjgj gf vkgb þtke, eb gfpf`gf`ckb gf ojgfejs j hbirkcb`tfs, eb cjojgkgbg gf ob`fnj, ej fxtf`gkgj gf su usj, sk sj` hâckeof`tf ob`fnbiefs, sk prfcksb` gf gkspjsktkvjs j prjarbobs fspfckbefs, ebs cj`gkckj`fs f` quf gfif` sfr beobcf`bgjs, j su flbikekgbg b eb mjrb gf prfsfr vbr k`hjrobckó`. k`hjrobc kó`. • Fe gkscj gurj VSI fs u` sjpjrtf gf bbopekj opekj usj quf pufgf sfr sfr usbgj sk` prjiefob f` gkstk`tjs fqukpjs y cj` gkhfrf`tfs cj`flaurbckj`fs< su u`kvfrsbekgbg y cjojgkgbg gf usj ej mbcf` ouy bgfcubgj pbrb af`frbr u`b cjpkb «gf trbibnj¼ gf ejs cj`tf`kgjs gkaktbefs gfe prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó`. Sk fe prj yfctj fs pfqufòj, pfqufòj, sf pu pufgf` fgf` usbr tbo tboikë` ikë` pf`grk pf`grkvfs vfs VSI. VSI. Fstbs cjpkbs gf trbibnj `js pufgf` sfrvkr pbrb mbcfr cbrabs, rfcupfrbr j fgktbr cj`tf`kgjs, cjpkbr koâaf`fs pbrb f`vkbr b tfrcfrbs pbrtfs, ftc. • Sk sf vb` b utkekzbr gkscjs gurjs VSI, fs prfhfrkief sfefcckj`br gkscjs VSI 3.4, quf pfroktf` u`b obyjr vfejckgbg gf trb`sokskó` gf gbtjs. Fs prfhfrkief utkekzbr ojgfejs suflckf`tfof`tf prjibgjs quf ejs þetkojs ojgfejs sbekgjs be ofrcbgj quf pfroktf` obyjrfs vjeþof`fs gf cbrab. Tufgf sucfgfr quf fstjs þetkojs tf`ab` prjiefobs gf cj`fxkó` cj` beau`js fqukpjs. • Sk` sfr fe sjpjrtf oâs bprjpkbgj bprjpkbgj pbrb eb prfsfrvbck prfsfrvbckó`, ó`, ejs gkscjs gurjs VSI p pufgf` ufgf` sfrvkr pbrb beobcf`br cj`tf`kgjs b cjrtj y ofgkj pebzj. Sk` foibraj, bu`quf sf gkspj`ab gf vbrkbs cjpkbs, u` skstfob gf prfsfrvbckó` b ebraj pebzj ibsbgj f` fe beobcf`bokf`tj gf gkscjs gurjs VSI `j fs eb ofnjr jpckó`, bu`quf, fsj sï, ejs gkscjs VSI pufgf` sfr bgfcubgjs cjoj cjpkbs gf rfhufrzj f` u` skstfob gf prfsfrvbckó` oâs sfaurj ibsbgj f` fe usj gf cbik`bs gf gkscjs j gf ck`tbs oba`ëtkcbs. Fe ojtkvj pjr fe quf fstjs gkscjs `j sj` eb ofnjr jpckó` pbrb beobcf`bnf b ebraj pebzj fs su pfrïjgj gf vkgb þtke< `fcfsktb` sfr rfhrfscbgjs cbgb ck`cj bòjs oâs j of`js. B pfsbr gf fstj, u`b skstfob gf prfsfrvbckó` iâskcj cj`skstf`tf f` fe ob`tf`kokf`tj y rfhrfscj pfrkógkcj gf vbrkbs cjpkbs f` gkscjs VSI fs u`b jpckó` b cj`tfopebr pbrb prjyfctjs pfqufòjs sk` gfobskbgjs ofgkjs, ebs vf`tbnbs gf fstf tkpj gf sjpjrtf (prfckj, cjojgkgbg gf usj, u`kvfrsbekgbg) pufgf` cjopf`sbr sus ekoktbckj`fs.
• @j sf rfcjokf`gb utkekzbr gkscjs gkscjs óptkcjs CG, GXG j Ieu-rby. Fstf tkpj gf sjpjrtfs `j sj` ouy flbiefs, sf cjrrjopf` cj` ckfrtb hbckekgbg y tkf`f` pjcb cbpbckgbg. Tufgf` sfr utkekzbgjs, cjoj oucmj, cjoj cjpkbs gf trbibnj j pbrb beobcf`br cj`tf`kgjs b cjrtj pebzj. Mby gkhfrf`ckbs
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
948
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Sjpjrtfs
cj`skgfrbiefs f` ebs prfstbckj`fs gf ejs gkscjs óptkcjs sfaþ` ojgfejs y hbirkcb`tfs< pjr ej quf, sk sf utkekzb fstf tkpj gf sjpjrtfs, cj`vkf`f sfefcckj`br ejs gf ofnjr cbekgbg. • Eb ck`tb oba`ëtkcb fs fe o ofnjr fnjr tkpj gf sjpjrtf pbrb beobcf`br beobcf`br cj`tf`kgjs b ebr ebraj aj pebzj. Fe usj gf fstf tkpj gf ck`tbs fs rfcjof`gbief, sjirf tjgj, pbrb prjyfctjs quf `fcfsktb` cj`sfrvbr arb`gfs vjeþof`fs gf k`hjrobckó` (02 TI). Trfsf`tb`, sk` foibraj, ckfrtbs ekoktbckj`fs quf ebs mbcf` pjcj bgfcubgbs cjoj cjpkbs gf trbibnj> ‗ Yfqukfrf` efctjrfs y arbibgjrfs fs fspfckbefs. pfckbefs. ‗ Yfqukfrf` cj`trjefs y ob`kpueb ob`kpuebckó` ckó` fspf fspfckbefs ckbefs (rfijik`bgjs, rftf`skj`bok rftf`skj`bokf`tjs, f`tjs, bbgbptbckjgbptbckj`fs boikf`tbefs, ftc.). ‗ Yâpkgb fvjeuckó` gf eb tfc`jejaïb, quf prjg prjgucf ucf arb` jisjefscf`ckb gf hjrobtjs y gkspj gkspjsktkvjs. sktkvjs. ‗ Ibnb cjopbtkikekgbg ff`trf `trf ojgfejs, vfrs vfrskj`fs kj`fs y hbirkcb`tfs. hbirkcb` tfs. ‗ Gkflcuetbgfs j kopjski kopjskikekgbg kekgbg gf sjirfsc sjirfscrkikr rkikr eb k`hjrobckó`. k`hjr obckó`. ‗ Ojgj gf efcturb ssfcuf`ckbe fcuf`ckbe quf kopkgf fe bccfsj bc cfsj k`ofgkbtj b eb k`hjrobckó`. • F`trf ebs cbrbctfr cbrbctfrïstkcbs ïstkcbs quf mbcf` b ebs ck`tbs oba`ëtkcbs sjpjrtfs bgfcubgjs pbrb prfsfrvbckó` tf`fojs quf of`ckj`br su betb cbpbckgbg gf beobcf`bokf`tj (yb mby ojgfejs gf ck`tb cbpbcfs gf beobcf`br 334 WI). Wboikë` gfstbcb` pjr su ebraj pfrïjgj gf vkgb þtke> tfc`jejaïbs cjoj ibrrkuo hfrrktf pfrok pfroktf` cj`sfrvbr ejs gbtjs, sfaþ` ejs hbirkcb`tfs, gurb`tf oâs gf trfk`tb bòjs. Ebs k`stktuckj`fs quf utkekzb` ck`tbs `j bcj`sfnb`, sk` foibraj, gfojrbr fe rfhrfscj gf sjpjrtfs oâs gf gkfz bòjs. Bgfoâs, sj` fe sjpjrtf sjpjrt f gf of`jr cjstf pbr pbrbb beobcf`br arb arb`gfs `gfs cb`tkgbgfs gf gbtjs. • F`trf ejs ojgfejs gf ck`tb oba`ëtkcb oâs utkekzbgjs f` prjyfctjs gf prfsfrvbckó`, pjgfojs of`ckj`br eb hbokekb gf ck`tbs EWJ (ek`fbr tbpf-jpf`), cj` ojgfejs gfsgf eb EWJ2 b eb EWJ;. Sj` prjibiefof`tf ebs oâs utkekzbgbs pbrb beobcf`br k`hjrobckó` b ebraj pebzj. Fxkstf` kopjrtb`tfs gkhfrf`ckbs gf prfstbckj`fs f`trf ebs gkstk`tbs af`frbckj`fs gf ck`tbs< ebs þetkobs af`frbckj`fs (b pbrtkr gf eb EWJ8) jhrfcf` tbsbs gf trb`shfrf`ckb y cbpbckgbgfs gf beobcf`bokf`tj ouy supfrkjrfs b ebs gf ebs af`frbckj`fs oâs b`tkaubs. Mby quf tf`fr ycukgbgj sk sf usb` ck`tbsgkspjsktkvjs EWJ, pjrquf oâsf`b`tkaubs sf vb` qufgb`gj jisjeftbs rfsuetb gkhïcke f`cj`trbr qufebsebsaf`frbckj`fs efb` j fscrkib` feebs, okf`trbs quf ejs `ufvjs gkspjsktkvjs gf efcturb y fscrkturb gfnb` gf rfcj`jcfrebs. Tjr feej, fs `fcfsbrkj, sk sf usb` fstbs tfc`jejaïbs, ob`tf`fr u`b vkakeb`ckb cj`stb`tf gf su fvjeuckó` tfc`jeóakcb y rfbekzbr prjcfsjs gf okarbckó` b fstâ`gbrfs j sjpjrtfs oâs ojgfr`js b`tfs gf quf ejs quf sf fstâ` utkekzb`gj sf qufgb` cjopeftbof`tf jisjeftjs.
EWJ J sfaþ` su af`frbckó`. Hka. =7. Cbpbckgbgfs gf ck`tbs EW
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Sjpjrtfs
• Sk sf vb` b utkekzbr ck`tbs oba oba`ëtkcbs `ëtkcbs fs cj`vf`k cj`vf`kf`tf f`tf utkekzbr ojg ojgfejs fejs gf usj fxtf`g fxtf`gkgj, kgj, ojgfr`js ‗pfrj suflckf`tfof`tf prjibgjs‗, y, sk pufgf sfr, cj` tfc`jejaïb ibrrkuo hfrrktf (hfrrktb (hfrrktb 37 gf ibrrkj) . • Wb`tj ebs ck`tbs oba`ëtkcbs cjoj ejs gk gkscjs scjs gurjs VSI sj` sf`skiefs b ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf beobcf`bnf, rfqukrkf`gj vbejrfs gf tfopfrbturb y muofgbg cj`trjebgjs y fstbiefs ‗sjirf 2= ¾C y f`trf u` 36 % (pbrb ebs ck`tbs) y u` 74 % (pbrb ejs gkscjs) gf muofgbg rfebtkvb‗. • Cj`vkf`f gksfòbr u` skstfob gf `joirbgj gf ejs sjpjrtfs quf utkekcf ska`bturbs j kgf`tkflcbgjrfs prfhfrkiefof`tf gfscrkptkvjs (quf cj`tf`ab` k`hjrobckó` gfe cj`tf`kgj gfe sjpjrtf)< cbgb gkscj j ck`tb gfif tf`fr u` `joirf j cógkaj þ`kcj gf`trj gfe prjyfctj. Tbrb pjgfr rfcupfrbr cóojgbof`tf fe cj`tf`kgj gf ejs sjpjrtfs sf gfif ob`tf`fr u` k`vf`tbrkj bctubekzbgj bctubekzb gj gfe beobcë`. Fxkstf` jtrbs oucmbs jpckj`fs vâekgbs, cjoj ejs gkscjs gurjs k`tfr`js, gkscjs SBWB, SBS j SSG, quf `j sufef` usbrsf cjoj prkofrbs cjpkbs, sk`j oâs ikf` cjoj gkscjs gurjs gf skstfobs bvb`zbgjs gf prfsfrvbckó`. Ebs ck`tbs oba`ëtkcbs tboikë` sf sufef` usbr oj`tbgbs f` skstfobs gf fstf tkpj. Fstjs skstfobs gf beobcf`bokf`tj j prfsfrvbckó` jhrfcf` hu`ckj`fs bvb`zbgbs, cjoj eb rfgu`gb`ckb y cjoprjibckó` butjoâtkcbs gf k`tfarkgbg, quf `j tkf`f` ejs skstfobs iâskcjs ibsbgjs f` fe ofrj beobcf`bokf`tj gf sjpjrtfs. Sj`, sk` gugb, eb ofnjr jpckó` pbrb prfsfrvbr ejs cj`tf`kgjs @j ejs cjof`tbrfojs bquï f` gftbeef, pjr sfr tfobs quf qufgb` hufrb gfe becb`cf gf fstfgkaktbefs. gjcuof`tj.
Hka. =6. Cbik`bs pbrb prfsfrvbckó`. Brrkib> cbik`b Sy`jejay. Bibnj kzq.> skstfob EkiGbtb. Gcmb.> cbik`b gf ck`tbs oba`ëtkcbs.
37
Sf fstâ trbibnb`gj bctubeof`tf f` ojgfejs gf ck`tb gf hfrrktb gf fstrj`ckj, obtfrkbe quf pfroktkrâ obyjr cbpbckgbg gf beobcf`bokf`tj. KIO y Hunkfleo mb` gfsbrrjeebgj u` prjtjtkpj quf pfroktf beobcf`br 6=4 WI.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
94=
97. Beobcf`bokf`tj y prfsfrvbckó` @j sf prfsf`tbrâ` f` fstf bpbrtbgj rfcjof`gbckj`fs sjirf eb prfsfrvbckó` f` sï, bsu`tj cjopefnj quf mbirïb quf bijrgbr f` u` fstugkj k`gfpf`gkf`tf y quf fstâ hufrb h ufrb gfe becb`cf gf fstf gjcuof`tj, pfrj sï sf jhrfcfrâ` beau`js cj`sfnjs pbrb bpekcbr f` ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` quf tkf`f` f` cuf`tb j hbckektb` ejs prjcfsjs pjstfrkjrfs gf prfsfrvbckó`. • Fs kopjrtb`tf peb`kflcbr ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` tf`kf`gj f` cuf`tb eb prfsfrvbckó` gf ejs cj`tf`kgjs gkaktbefs quf sf vb` b af`frbr. @j mbcfrej bsï fs u` frrjr quf cj` tjgb prjibikekgbg gfrkvbrâ f` u` buof`tj gfe cjstf y gf eb cjopefnkgbg gf ejs prjcfsjs gf prfsfrvbckó`, y sk `j qufrfojs quf sf pkfrgb` ejs cj`tf`kgjs af`frbgjs, mbirâ quf bpekcbrej oâs tbrgf j oâs tfoprb`j. Fs oâs cjstjsj y prjiefoâtkcj prfsfrvbr rftrjspfctkvbof`tf quf mbcfrej gfsgf u` prk`ckpkj. • Fs rfcjof`gbief fstbiefcfr pjeïtkcbs y peb`fs gf prfsfrvbckó` gkaktbe b`tfs gf gkaktbekzbr, j be of`js tf`fr f` cuf`tb eb `fcfskgbg gf eb prfsfrvbckó` y tjobr ofgkgbs f` cj`sfcuf`ckb f` `ufstrjs prj yfctjs yfc tjs gf gkaktbe gkaktbekzbc kzbckó` kó`.. Fstb Fstbss pje pjeïtk ïtkcbs, cbs, peb peb`fs `fs j ofg ofgkgb kgbss mb` gf cj`tfo cj`tfopeb pebrr hbct hbctjrf jrfss cjo cjoj j ejs ska skaukf ukf`tf `tfs> s> ‗ Cjstf y fl`b`ckbc fl`b`ckbckó` kó` gf eb prfsfrvbckó`. prfsfrvbc kó`. ‗ @þofrj gf cjpkbs b af`fr af`frbr. br. ‗ Hjrobtjs y sjpjr sjpjrtfs tfs gf ebs cjpkb cjpkbs. s. ‗ Oftbgbtjs gf prf prfsfrvbckó`. sfrvbckó`. ‗ Sfefcckó` gf cj`t cj`tf`kgjs f`kgjs b prfsfrvb prfsfrvbr. r. ‗ Yfspj`sbikekgbgfs. ‗ Heunjs gf trbibn trbibnj/prjcfgkokf`tjs. j/prjcfgkokf`tjs. ‗ Beobcf`bokf`tj gf sjpjr sjpjrtfs tfs (cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs, gf sfaurkgbg, sfaur kgbg, ekopkfzb…). ‗ Jrab`kzbckó` gf ejs gfpós gfpósktjs ktjs (k`vf`tbr (k`vf`tbrkbgj, kbgj, ska`bturkz ska`bturkzbgj, bgj, ftc.). ‗ Wbrfbs gf rfhrfsc rfhrfscj j (pebzjs). ‗ Gksfòj gf u` skstfob gf prfsfrvbckó`. ‗ Cj`trje gf k`tfarkgb k`tfarkgbg g gf cj`tf`kgjs. ‗ Fscbebikekgbg gfe sskstfob kstfob y gfpósktj. ‗ Ftc. • Gf cbrb b eb prfsfrvbckó` fs cj`vf`kf`tf, f` af`frbe, utkekzbr hjrobtjs bikfrtjs, ekirfs gf pbtf`tfs y gf bopekj usj. Tufgf mbifr cbsjs f` ejs quf fstj `j sfb pjskief j cj`vf`kf`tf. • Ebs koâaf`fs gf prfsfrvbckó` (brcmkvjs oâstfr) fs prfhfrkief quf sf af`frf` f` hjrobtjs sk` cjoprfskó`. • Fs u`b ofgkgb iâskcb gf prfsfrvbckó` prfsfrvbckó` fe rfbekzbr vbrkbs cjpkbs gf tjgjs ejs cj`tf`kgjs. Sk tf`fojs sjej u`b cjpkb y sf cjrrjopf j sf pkfrgf beaþ` sjpjrtf (gkscj, ck`tb…), pfrgfojs krrf-
ofgkbiefof`tf ejs cj`tf`kgjs. • Fs u`b iuf`b ofgkgb ofgkgb gf prfsfrvbckó` fe sfpb sfpbrbr rbr ebs gkvfrsbs cjpkbs afja afjarâflcbof`tf, râflcbof`tf, cjej cjej-câ`gjebs f` gkstk`tjs fgkflckjs< ofnjr bþ` sk ejs fgkflckjs fstâ` f` gkhfrf`tfs ejcbekgbgfs. Fstb prâc-
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Beobcf`bokf`tj y prfsfrvbckó`
tkcb `js fvktbrâ pfrgfr ejs cj`tf`kgjs f` cbsj gf rjij, ajtfrbs, bvfrïbs gf skstfobs (baub, euz, cekobtkzbckó`), k`cf`gkjs, gfsbstrfs `bturbefs, ftc. • Sk sf vb b cj`trbtbr u`b foprfsb fxtfr`b pbrb eb rfbekzbckó` gf ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, fs u`b iuf`b ofgkgb gf prfsfrvbckó` k`ceukr u`b ceâusueb f` ejs pekfajs quf jiekauf b eb foprfsb b cj`sfrvbr ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs af`frbgjs gurb`tf u` pebzj gftfrok`bgj. • V`b fstrbtfakb gf prfsfrvbckó` iâskcb ibsbgb f` fe beobcf`bokf`tj gf gjs j trfs cjpkbs gf tjgjs ejs cj`tf`kgjs f` gkscjs gurjs VSI pufgf sfr bgfcubgb pbrb prjyfctjs pfqufòjs j ofgkb`js skfoprf y cub`gj sf tf`ab ouy prfsf`tf eb `fcfskgbg gf rfhrfscj y cjoprjibckó` gf k`tfarkgbg gf ejs gkscjs. Jtrb pjskikekgbg f` fstjs cbsjs fs af`frbr u`b cjpkb «gf trbibnj¼ f` gkscjs gurjs VSI y jtrb u jtrbs cjpkbs f` jtrjs tkpjs gf sjpjrtfs, oâs gurbgfrjs, cjoj ck`tbs EWJ. • Tbrb prjyfctjs cj` arb`gfs vjeþof`fs gf gbtjs fs prfhfrkief utkekzbr ck`tbs oba`ëtkcbs j cbik`bs gf gkscjs j ck`tbs. Fstjs skstfobs gf prfsfrvbckó` pufgf` tboikë` cjopefof`tbrsf cj` u`b cjpkb f` hjrobtjs oâs ob`fnbiefs, cjoj gkscjs VSI. Ejs skstfobs gf prfsfrvbckó` ibsbgjs f` cbik`bs gf gkscjs j ck`tbs cj` ofcb`ksojs gf rfgu`gb`ckb afstkj`bgjs pjr prjarbobs fspfckbekzbgjs sj` prjibiefof`tf ejs skstfobs oâs flbiefs mjy f` gïb pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj j hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb. @j f`trbrfojs b gfscrkikrejs bquï, be cbfr tbefs cufstkj`fs hufrb gfe becb`cf gf fstf gjcuof`tj. Wboikë` mby foprfsbs quf jhrfcf` sfrvkckjs gf beobcf`bokf`tj f` eb `uif pbrb cj`tf`kgjs gf prfsfrvbckó`. @j sj` eb jpckó` oâs rfcjof`gbief pbrb prjyfctjs b ebraj pebzj gbgb eb k`fstbikekgbg y fe betj arbgj gf jisjefscf`ckb j gfsbpbrkckó` gf ejs sfrvkckjs y cj`tf`kgjs gf eb Qfi, pfrj mby k`stktuckj`fs y foprfsbs gf prfstkakj quf ejs jhrfcf`. Kaubeof`tf, fstjs sfrvkckjs qufgb` hufrb gfe becb`cf gf fstf gjcuof`tj. • Eb utkekzbckó` gf kgf`tkflcbgjrfs kgf`tkflcbgjrfs gfscrkp gfscrkptkvjs tkvjs pbrb ska`bturkzbr ejs ejs sjpjrtfs (cógkajs gf prj prj- yfctj, cjefcckó` j ikiekjt ikiekjtfcb, fcb, hhfcmb fcmb g gff cjpkb, ftc.) pufgf sfr sfrvkr vkr pb pbrb rb rf rfebckj`br ebckj`br fe sjpj sjpjrtf rtf ccj` j` su cj`tf`kgj. • Gfif` prfvfrsf ofcb`ksojs (k`vf`tbrkjs (k`vf`tbrkjs,, ibsfs gf gbtjs, ska`bturbs ska`bturbs,, kgf`tkflcbgjrfs…) quf rfebckj`f` ebs gkvfrsbs cjpkbs gfe prjyfctj f`trf sï y cj` sus cj`tf`kgjs. V`b iuf`b ob`frb gf rfebckj`br ebs cjpkbs gf prjyfctj f`trf sï fs utkekzbr pbrb `joirbrebs fe oksoj `joirf gkhfrf`ckbgj cj` u` cbekhkcbgjr, pjr fnfopej> IXTI942=-IBY-443Zcjpkb2, IXTI942=-IBY-443Zcjpkb9, IXTI942=-IBY-443Zcjpkb3. • Fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb utkekzbr kgë`tkcjs `joirfs gf cbrpftbs y brcmkvjs y fstructurbs gf cbrpftbs f` ebs gkhfrf`tfs cjpkbs gfe prjyfctj. Cj`vkf`f bcebrbr, pbrb fvktbr cj`huskj`fs, quf f` fstf gjcuof`tj fstbojs utkekzb`gj fe tërok`j «tkpj gf cjpkb¼ pbrb mbcfr rfhfrf`ckb b ejs cj`tf`kgjs gkaktbefs f` u` hjrobtj gf brcmkvj cj`crftj (cjpkb oâstfr, cjpkb gf gkhuskó`, cjpkb cjopkebgb, ok`kbturbs, brcmkvjs gf JCY…), okf`trbs quf cj` «cjpkb gfe prjyfctj¼ mbcfojs rfhfrf`ckb be cj`nu`tj gf tjgjs ejs cj`tf`kgjs af`frbgjs, ej cube k`ceuyf tjgjs ejs oftbgbtjs y hjrobtjs j tkpjs gf cjpkb gfe prjyfctj. • Ejs sjpjrtfs gfif` sfr beobcf`bgjs f` gfpósktjs cj` ebs cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs (tfopfrb-
turb, muofgbg…) cj`trjebgbs. Gkvfrsbs k`stktuckj`fs y fxpfrtjs rfcjokf`gb` vbejrfs gf tfopfrbturb f` tjr`j b ejs 2= ¾C pbrb sjpjrtfs óptkcjs y oba`ëtkcjs y f` tjr`j be 74 % gf muofgbg rfebtkvb pbrb sjpjrtfs óptkcjs y beaj of`js pbrb ck`tbs oba`ëtkcbs (36 %). Ejs gfpósktjs gfif` fstbr ekopkjs y `j gfif mbifr uctubckj`fs f` ebs cj`gkckj`fs boikf`tbefs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
924
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Beobcf`bokf`tj y prfsfrvbckó`
• Fs `fcfsbrkj gksfòbr u` skstfob gf cj`trje gf sjpjrtfs f` fe gfpósktj> ejs sjpjrtfs gfif` fstbr kgf`tkflcbgjs cj` ska`bturbs j kgf`tkflcbgjrfs þ`kcjs y cj`trjebgjs pjr beaþ` k`vf`tbrkj j cbtâejaj quf rfakstrf eb k`hjrobckó` gf su uikcbckó` y cj`tf`kgj. • Fs rfcjof`gbief af`frbr oftbgbtjs gf prfsfrvbckó` pbrb ejs cj`tf`kgjs gf ejs sjpjrtfs< ej `jrobe fs k`ceukr fstjs oftbgbtjs (`jrobeof`tf f` hjrobtj TYFOKS) gf`trj gf ejs oksojs sjpjrtfs. Wf`grfojs quf gksfòbr u` pfrfle gf oftbgbtjs gf prfsfrvbckó` pbrb `ufstrjs cj`tf`kgjs j Wf`grfojs ikf` usbr pfrflefs gf jtrbs jrab`kzbckj`fs quf cuirb` `ufstrbs `fcfskgbgfs. Sk vbojs b vjecbr fstjs cj`tf`kgjs f` u` skstfob gf prfsfrvbckó`, tf`grfojs quf af`frbr f` fe ojof`tj gf eb cbrab `ufvjs oftbgbtjs gf prfsfrvbckó` quf k`ceuyb` k`hjrobckó` gf fstbs jpfrbckj`fs gf cbrab y ebs gkrfcckj`fs gf ebs koâaf`fs gf`trj gf fstf skstfob. • Fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb af`frbr butjoâtkcbof`t butjoâtkcbof`tff oftbgbtjs tëc`kcjs f k`crustbrejs f` ebs koâaf`fs gurb`tf eb cbpturb. Fe k`cj`vf`kf`tf gf fstb fstrbtfakb fs quf ejs oftbgbtjs sj` fstâtkcjs y `j rffnbrâ` ejs cboikjs y prjcfsjs quf bhfctf` b ebs koâaf`fs. • Cjoj ofgkgb gf sfaurkgbg, sfaurkgbg, sf pufgf rfbekzbr butjoâ butjoâtkcbof`tf tkcbof`tf vbekgbckó vbekgbckó` ` gf brcmkvjs ofgkb`tf fe prjarbob NMJXF.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
922
96. Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube • Fe afstjr gf prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` mb gf tf`fr cebrb eb `jrobtkvb sjirf gfrfcmjs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube, pufs `j sf pufgf` rfprjguckr j gkhu`gkr jirbs jirb s sk` tf`fr ejs `fcfsbrkjs pfr pfroksjs oksjs gf ejs gfrfcmjmbikf`tfs y prjpkftbrkjs. Be sfr eb prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube u`b obtfrkb cjopefnb cuybs gkflcuetbgfs cjrrfspj`gf gfsf`trbòbr b fxpfrtjs efabefs y efaksebgjrfs, `js ekoktbrfojs bquï b jhrfcfr u`b vkskó` af`frbe gf ebs cufstkj`fs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube quf btbòf` b ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gfe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb, rfcjakf`gj `jrobtkvb quf fstë suflckf`tfof`tf cebrb sjirf pebzjs y obtfrkbefs quf pufgf` gkaktbekzbrsf. Cub`gj mbiebojs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube f` fstf cj`tfxtj, f` prkofr euabr, mby quf gkstk`aukr f`trf gfrfcmjs ojrbefs y gfrfcmjs gf fxpejtbckó`, y, f` sfau`gj euabr, gfifojs gkstk`aukr f`trf ejs gfrfcmjs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube gf ebs jirbs jrkak`befs, ejs gf ebs rfprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs y ejs gf ejs oftbgbtjs quf gfscrkif` fstbs jirbs. Eb efaksebckó` sjirf gfrfcmjs ojrbefs `js k`gkcb quf skfoprf gfifojs gkvueabr ebs jirbs gkaktbefs ibnj `joirf gf su butjr y quf `j pjgfojs betfrbrebs sk` su pfroksj. F` cub`tj b ejs gfrfcmjs gf fxpejtbckó`, `fcfsktbrfojs cj`tbr cj` ejs `fcfsbrkjs sk qufrfojs gkaktbekzbr jirbs y pj`fr f` eb Qfi sus rfprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs, b `j sfr quf ebs jirbs fstë` f` gjok`kj pþiekcj. Bmjrb ikf`, tf`fojs quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf `j sjej ebs jir jirbs bs quf prft prftf`gfojs f`gfojs gkaktbekzbr j mfojs gkaktbekzbgj pufgf` fstbr sunftbs b gfrfcmjs, tboikë` ej pufgf` fstbr sus rfprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs y ejs oftbgbtjs quf ebs gfscrkif`. • Fe afstjr gf prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` mb gf cjoprjibr, b`tfs gf k`kckbr ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`,, sk ebs jirbs b gkaktbekzbr fstâ` f` gjok`kj pþiekcj j, pjr fe cj`trbrkj, fstâ` sunftbs b aktbekzbckó` gfrfcmjs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube. Sk ebs jirbs fstâ` f` gjok`kj pþiekcj pufgf` sfr rfprjguckgbs y gkhu`gkgbs pjr cubequkfr cubequ kfr vïb< sk, pjr fe cj`tr cj`trbrkj, brkj, ebs jirbs ffstâ` stâ` sunftbs b gfrfcmjs, `j pjgfojs gkaktbekzbrebs `k pj`frebs f` eb Qfi sk` ejs pfroksjs j cfskj`fs gf gfrfcmjs `fcfsbrkjs (b `j sfr quf sfbojs `jsjtrjs oksojs ejs gfrfcmjmbikf`tfs). • Sk ebs jirbs tkf`f` gfrfcmjs, `fcfsktbojs quf sf `js cfgb` pjr fscrktj cjoj oï`koj ejs gfrfcmjs gf rfprjgucckó` y cjou`kcbckó` pþiekcb pbrb gkaktbekzbrebs gkaktbe kzbrebs y pj`fr f` eb Qfi sus rfprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs. F` ejs gjcuof`tjs gf cfskó` gf gfrfcmjs cj`vkf`f cj`tfopebr, bgfoâs gf eb cfskó` gfe gfrfcmj gf rfprjgucckó` pbrb pjgfr gkaktbekzbr ebs jirbs y mbcfr ebs cjpkbs `fcfsbrkbs pbrb eb gkhuskó` y prfsfrvbckó` y gfe gfrfcmj gf cjou`kcbckó` pþiekcb pbrb pjgfr pj`frebs f` eb Qfi, b gkspjskckó` gf ejs usubrkjs, tboikë` fe gfrfcmj j pfroksj gf butjrkzbr j f`trfabr rfprjgucckj`fs b tfrcfrjs gf koâaf`fs sufetbs gf ebs jirbs gkaktbefs, pjrquf, sk gbojs bccfsj b ebs jirbs b trbvës gf `ufstrbs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs, fs ouy prjibief quf `js sjekcktf` pfroksjs j koâaf`fs pbrb keustrbr puiekcbckj`fs, fxpjskckj`fs, gjcuof`tbefs, ftc.
Bgfoâs, sk qufrfojs rfbekzbr bctkvkgbgfs cjofrckbefs cj` fst fstbs bs gkaktbe gkaktbekzbckj`fs, kzbckj`fs, fs ouy pjskief quf `fcfsktfojs cj`tbr cj` ejs gfrfcmjs gf gkstrkiuckó`, y sk qufrfojs trb`shjrobr ebs jirbs (trbgucckó`, bgbptbckó`), gfifrfojs cj`tbr cj` ejs gfrfcmjs gf trb`shjrobckó`.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
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Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube
• V` gjcuof`tj gf cfskó` gf gfrfcmjs tf`grïb quf k`ceukr k`hjrobckó` gf bspfctjs cjoj> ‗ K`hjrobckó` gf eb ebss pbrtfs. ‗ Gfrfcmjs quf sf ccfgf`. fgf`. ‗ Sk sf cfgf` f` fxceus fxceuskvb kvb j `j. ‗ Tjskikekgbg gf cfgfr b tfrcfrjs. ‗ Becb`cf gf eb cfs cfskó` kó` (pebzjs, pbïsfs pbïsfs,, ef`aubs…). ‗ Cj`gkckj`fs gf eb cfs cfskó`. kó`. ‗ Cj`trbprfstb Cj`trbprfstbckj`fs ckj`fs b eb cfs cfskó`. kó`. ‗ Efaksebckó` bpekcbi bpekcbief. ef. ‗ Ftc. Fe Wfxtj rfhu`gkgj gf eb Efy gf Trjpkfgbg K`tfefctube 36 (f` bgfeb`tf, WYETK) peb`tfb beau`bs fxcfpckj`fs b ej cjof`tbgj f` ejs pârrbhjs b`tfrkjrfs. Bsï, ejs ousfjs, ikiekjtfcbs, hj`jtfcbs, fleojtfcbs, mfofrjtfcbs j brcmkvjs gf tktuebrkgbg pþiekcb j k`tfarbgjs f` k`stktuckj`fs gf cbrâctfr cueturbe j ckf`tïflcj pufgf` rfprjguckr (gkaktbekzbr) jirbs cj` gfrfcmjs cj` fl`fs gf k`vfstkabckó` j cj`sfrvbckó`. Bgfoâs, pufgf` pj`frebs b gkspjskckó` gf sus usubrkjs sk` butjrkzbckó` gfe butjr b fhfctjs gf k`vfstkabckó` ofgkb`tf rfg cfrrbgb f k`tfr`b b trbvës gf ejs jrgf`bgjrfs gf sus fstbiefckokf`tjs, skfoprf quf tbefs jirbs flaurf` f` ebs cjefcckj`fs gfe prjpkj fstbiefckokf`tj y `j sfb` jinftj gf cj`gkckj`fs gf bgqukskckó` j gf ekcf`ckb (brt. 31 gfe WYETK). F` cub`tj b ejs gfrfcmjs gf ebs rfprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs, eb efaksebckó` `j fspfckflcb sk fstbs pjsff` sus prjpkjs gfrfcmjs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube. Fxkstf bmjrb oksoj u`b hufrtf cjrrkf`tf gf jpk`kó` b hbvjr gf quf ebs rfprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs gf jirbs f` gjok`kj pþiekcj `j af`frf` `ufvjs gfrfcmjs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube, f k`ceusj sf mb` puiekcbgj gkvfrsjs ob`kflfstjs y rfcjof`gbckj`fs 38, y mby beaj gf nurksprugf`ckb b`aejsbnj`b, quf bpjyb` fstb tfsks. Tfrj, pjr fe jtrj ebgj, oucmbs kopjrtb`tfs k`stktuckj`fs cueturbefs sf btrkiuyf`, kopeïcktb j fxpeïcktbof`tf, gfrfcmjs sjirf ebs rfprjgucckj`fs rfprjgucc kj`fs gkaktbefs quf cbrab` y pj`f` b gkspjskckó` gf sus usubrkjs f` sus ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs, bpbrtf gf quf, skaukf`gj eb efaksebckó` fspbòjeb, u`b efcturb ektfrbe gfe brtïcuej 29= gfe WYETK (ofrbs hjtjarbhïbs) j u`b k`tfrprftbckó` k`tfr prftbckó` `bgb hjrzbgb gfe brtïc brtïcuej uej 29;.9 gf fstb oksob efy (quf sf bpekcb pbrb fgkckj`fs y hbcsïokefs) k`gkcb` ej cj`trbrkj, fstj fs, quf ebs rfprjgucckj`fs gkaktbefs gf ebs jirbs f` gjok`kj pþiekcj tkf`f` sus prjpkjs gfrfcmjs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube. Tjr tb`tj, fstbojs b`tf u`b cufstkó` quf gfifrâ` bcebrbr huturbs gkspjskckj`fs efaksebtkvbs. Gf mfcmj, yb mb mbikgj beau`b `jrobtkvb f` fstf sf`tkgj, quf gkeuckgb pbrckbeof`tf eb cufstkó`. Gfsgf fe 2= gf obyj gf 9492 fs gf bpekcbckó` eb Gkr Gkrfctkv fctkvb b (VF) ( VF) 942;/1;4 942;/1; 4 gfe g fe Tbrebof T brebof`tj `tj Furjpf j y gfe Cj`sfnj, Furjpfj C j`sfnj, gf 21 gf birke bi rke gf g f 942;, sjirf ejs gfrfcmjs gfrfc mjs gf g f butjr butj r y gfrfcmjs gfrfc mjs bfl`fs b fl`fs f` f ` fe ofrcbgj þ`kcj gkaktbe y pjr eb quf sf ojgkflcb` ebs Gkrfctkvbs ;8/;/CF y 9442/9;/CF , f` cuyj
brtïcuej 27 gfe cbpïtuej 7 pufgf effrsf ej skaukf`tf>
36
Yfbe Gfcrftj Efaksebtkvj 2/2;;8, gf 29 gf birke, pjr fe quf sf bprufib fe tfxtj rfhu`gk gj gf eb Efy gf Trjpkfgbg K`tfef ctube, rfauebrkzb`gj, bcebrb`gj y broj`kzb`gj ebs gkspjskckj`fs efabefs vkaf`tfs sjirf eb obtfrkb.
38
‗ Ob`kflfstj gfe gjok`kj pþiekcj (mttp>//www.puiekcgjobk`ob`khfstj.jra/spb`ksm mttp>//www.puiekcgjobk`ob`khfstj.jra/spb`ksm). ). ‗ Cbrtb gfe gjok`kj pþiekcj gf Furjpfb`b (mttps>//prj.f mttps>//prj.furjpfb`b.f urjpfb`b.fu/flefs/Furjpfb` u/flefs/Furjpfb`bZTrjhfsskj`be bZTrjhfsskj`be/Tuiekcbtkj`s /Tuiekcbtkj`s/TuiekcZGj/TuiekcZGjobk`ZCmbrtfr/Tuiekc%94Gjobk`%94Cmbrtfr%94-%94FS.pgh ). obk`ZCmbrtfr/Tuiekc%94Gjobk`%94Cmbrtfr%94-%94FS.pgh ). ‗ Cjooksskj` Yfcjoof`gbtkj` jh 91 Jctjifr 9422 j` tmf gkaktksbtkj` b`g j`ek`f bccfsskikekty jh cueturbe obtfrkbe b`g gkaktbe prfsfrvbtkj` ( prfsfrvbtkj` (mttps>//fur-efx.furjpb.fu/efabe-cj`tf`t/F@/W]W/:urk?CFEF]>39422M4122 mttps>//fur-efx.furjpb.fu/efabe-cj`tf`t/F@/W]W/:urk?CFEF]>39422M4122 ).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
923
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube
Ejs Fstbgjs okfoirjs gkspj`grâ` quf, cub`gj mbyb fxpkrbgj fe pebzj gf prjtfcckó` gf u`b jirb gf brtf vksube, cubequkfr obtfrkbe rfsuetb`tf gf u` bctj gf rfprjgucckó` gf gkcmb jirb `j fstë sunftj b gfrfcmjs gf butjr j gfrfcmjs bfl`fs, b of`js quf fe obtfrkbe rfsuetb`tf gf gkcmj bctj gf rfprjgucckó` sfb jrkak`be f` eb ofgkgb f` quf sfb u`b crfbckó` k`tfefctube gf su butjr. Ej quf ska`khkcb quf gfsgf eb hfcmb k`gkcbgb ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs rfsuetb`tfs r fsuetb`tfs gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf jirbs vksubefs f` gjok`kj pþiekcj, cjoj hjtjarbhïbs, pk`turbs, gkiunjs, arbibgjs j sfrkarbhïbs, fstâ` b su vfz f` gjok`kj pþiekcj. Wboikë`, gfsgf fsb oksob hfcmb, fstbrâ` f` gjok`kj pþiekcj ebs hjtjarbhïbs quf rfbekcfojs gf jirbs fscuetórkcbs, brquktfctó`kcbs, cfrâokcbs, gf jrhfirfrïb j brtfsb`ïb b rtfsb`ïb j ebs pk`turbs ourbefs, skfoprf s kfoprf quf fstbs jirbs fstë` f` gjok`kj pþiekcj. F` tjgj cbsj, mby quf gkhfrf`ckbr f`trf gfrfcmj gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube y prjpkfgbg gf eb jirb. Eóakcbof`tf, `j pjgfojs bccfgfr (pbrb gkaktbekzbreb j pbrb cubequkfrb jtrb cjsb) b u`b jirb quf sfb prjpkfgbg gf u`b pfrsj`b j k`stktuckó` sk` pfroksj gf fstb. Tjr eb oksob rbzó`, ebs pfrsj`bs j k`stktuckj`fs quf gkaktbekzb` jirbs f` gjok`kj pþiekcj sj` gufòbs gf ebs rfprjgucckj`fs rfsuetb`tfs y fstâ` f` su gfrfcmj, cjoj prjpkftbrkbs, gf rfauebr j prjmkikr fe bccfsj b fstbs jirbs, vf`gfrebs j mbcfr ej quf qukfrb` cj` fe feebs. ebs. @j jistb`tf ej gkcmj f` fe pârrbhj b`tfrkjr, eb Efy 68/9441, gf Ofgkgbs gf Kopuesj gf eb Sjckfgbg gf eb K`hjrobckó`, f` su gkspjskckó` bgkckj`be 28.ª, fstbiefcf eb jiekabckó` af`frbe gf quf ebs Bgok`kstrbckj`fs pþiekcbs pj`ab` b gkspjskckó` gfe pþiekcj, gf hjrob tfefoâtkcb y sk` rfstrkcckj`fs tfc`jeóakcbs (GYO…), ejs cj`tf`kgjs gkaktbefs j gkaktbekzbgjs gf quf gkspj`ab`, skfoprf quf ejs gfrfcmjs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube sjirf gkcmbs jirbs efs pfrtf`fzcb` j quf ebs jirbs fstë` f` gjok`kj pþiekcj, pbrb su usj cj`skstf`tf f` fe fstugkj, cjpkb j rfgkstrkiuckó`. Eb Efy 31/9441, gf 28 gf `jvkfoirf, sjirf Yfutkekzbckó` gf eb K`hjrobckó` gfe Sfctjr Tþiekcj, pjr su pbrtf, fstbiefcf quf ebs Bgok`kstrbckj`fs pþiekcbs mb` gf vfebr, fxcfpckj`fs bpbrtf, pbrb quf sus cj`tf`kgjs gkaktbefs sfb` rfutkekzbiefs. F` cub`tj b ejs oftbgbtjs, f` Fspbòb, f` fe âoiktj gf ebs ikiekjtfcbs pþiekcbs, f` eb prâctkcb `u`cb sf mb` cj`skgfrbgj jirbs sunftbs b gfrfcmjs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube, bu`quf f` jtrjs âoiktjs (ousfjs, brcmkvjs) fxkstf u`b cj`trjvfrskb be rfspfctj. F` jtrjs pbïsfs furjpfjs, sk` foibraj, ejs rfakstrjs ikiekjarâflcjs sj` jirbs prjtfakgbs pjr ebs efyfs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube. Fstj mb eefvbgj b Furjpfb`b, fe pjrtbe gf cj`tf`kgjs cueturbefs gf eb V`kó` Furjpfb, b fstbiefcfr u` skstfob gf cj`vf`kjs pbrb rfauebr fe k`tfrcboikj gf oftbgbtjs ofgkb`tf fe quf fstjs sj` ekcf`ckbgjs ibnj ekcf`ckb CC4 2.4, pbrb quf pufgb` sfr rfutkekzbiefs sk` rfstrkcckó`, k`ceukgjs ejs fl`fs cjofrckbefs31. Tjr feej, tjgjs ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` quf gfsff` quf sus cj`tf`kgjs sfb` bccfskiefs b trbvës gf Furjpfb`b mbirâ` gf flrobr u` cj`vf`kj gf k`tfrcboikj gf gbtjs, sfb cj` Furjpfb`b gkrfctbof`tf, j cj` u` barfabgjr gf cj`tf`kgjs (f` Fspbòb sf flrobrâ `jrobeof`tf cj` Mkspb`b, barfabgjr `bckj`be fspbòje).
31
Bcufrgj gf k`tfrcboikj gf gbtjs cj` Furjpfb`b puiekcbgj fe 2 gf nuekj gf 9429.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
927
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube
96.22 Gjcuof`tjs quf sf pufgf` 96. pufgf` gkaktbekzbr y pj`fr f` eb Q Qfi fi Cjoj yb sf mb gkcmj, ejs ousfjs, ikiekjtfcbs, hj`jtfcbs, fleojtfcbs, mfofrjtfcbs j brcmkvjs gf tktuebrkgbg pþiekcb j k`tfarbgjs f` k`stktuckj`fs gf cbrâctfr cueturbe j ckf`tïflcj pufgf` rfprjguckr (gkaktbekzbr) cubequkfr jirb cj` fl`fs gf cj`sfrvbckó` j k`vfstkabckó`, pfrj fstj `j efs gb gfrfcmj b gkhu`gkrebs pjr K`tfr`ft. Sf pufgf` gkhu`gkr pjr K`tfr`ft ejs skaukf`tfs tkpjs gf jirbs gkaktbekzbgbs> ‗ Gkaktbekzbckj`fs gf jirbs gf ebs quf eb pfrsj`b j f`tkgbg f`tkgb g gkaktbekzbgjrb pjs pjsfb fb ejs gfrfcmjs gfrfcmjs.. ‗ Gkaktbekzbckj`fs gf jirbs f` gjok`kj pþiekc pþiekcj. j. ‗ Gkaktbekzbckj`fs gf jirbs `j cuikfr cuikfrtbs tbs pjr gfrfc gfrfcmjs mjs gf butjr. ‗ Gkaktbekzbckj`fs gf jirbs muërh muërhb`bs. b`bs. Bgfoâs, bu`quf fstf gjcuof`tj sf ckòf be tfob gf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf gjcuof`tjs, cj`vkf`f k`gkcbr quf sf pufgf` gkhu`gkr pjr K`tfr`ft ebs jirbs `bckgbs gkaktbefs gf ebs quf eb pfrsj`b j f`tkgbg pjsfb ejs gfrfcmjs, jirbs gkaktbefs `j cuikfrtbs pjr gfrfcmjs gf butjr u jirbs muërhb`bs `bckgbs gkaktbefs. V`b pfrsj`b j f`tkgbg pufgf gkhu`gkr f` eb Qfi ebs gkaktbekzbckj`fs gf jirbs gf ebs quf pjsff ejs gfrfcmjs, ej cube k`ceuyf ebs jirbs gf ebs quf fs butjrb y ebs jirbs gf ebs quf mbyb bgqukrkgj ejs gfrfcmjs ofgkb`tf cjoprb, cfskó`, ftc. Ebs f`tkgbgfs j pfrsj`bs tboikë` sj` gfrfcmjmbikf`tfs gf ebs jirbs cjefctkvbs quf mb yb` skg skgj j fg fgktb ktbgbs gbs y g gkvu kvueab eabgbs gbs ibn ibnj j ssu u `j `joir oirff ((brt brt.. = gfe WYE WYETK) TK).. Tj Tjrr ffnfo nfopej pej,, y skf skfopr oprff qu quff `j sf k`gkquf ej cj`trbrkj f` ejs cj`trbtjs gf fgkckó` rfbekzbgjs cj` ejs butjrfs, u`b f`tkgbg pufgf gkaktbekzbr y pj`fr f` eb Qfi u`b puiekcbckó` sfrkbgb gf eb quf fs fgktjrb (rfvkstb, ijeftï`…). • Fs cj`vf`kf`tf y rfcjof`gbief quf ebs f`tkgbgfs quf bctþf` cjoj fgktjrbs j quf cj`trbtf` trbibnjs hjtjarâflcjs, pkctórkcjs, ftc., k`ceuyb` ceâusuebs f` sus cj`trbtjs ebijrbefs j gf fgkckó` quf ebs mbikektf` pbrb gkaktbekzbr y/j gkhu`gkr ejs cj`tf`kgjs af`frbgjs ofgkb`tf fstjs cj`trbtjs f` eb Qfi. • Wë`absf f` cuf`tb quf ebs fgkckj`fs gf jirbs f` gjok`kj pþiekcj tkf`f` u` pebzj gf prjtfcckó` gf vfk`tkck`cj bòjs gfsgf su puiekcbckó`3=, ej quf kopekcb quf `j sf pufgf gkaktbekzbr sk` pfroksj u`b fgkckó` gf u`b jirb f` gjok`kj pþiekcj sk mb skgj puiekcbgb mbcf of`js gf vfk`tkck`cj bòjs, j ej quf fs ej oksoj, pufgf` gkaktbekzbrsf sk` `fcfskgbg gf pfgkr pfroksj pfr oksj fgkckj`fs gf jirbs f` gjok`kj pþiekcj puiekcbgbs mbcf oâs gf vfk`tkck`cj bòjs. Sf jhrfcf b cj`tk`ubckó` u` cubgrj f` fe quf sf rfebckj`b` ejs pebzjs gf f`trbgb f` fe gjok`kj pþiekcj gf ejs gkstk`tjs tkpjs gf jirbs, fstj fs, ejs pebzjs b pbrtkr gf ejs cubefs gkcmbs jirbs pufgf` rfprjguckrsf y gkhu`gkrsf sk` rfstrkcckj`fs.
3=
Brt. 29;.9 gfe WYETK.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
926
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube
Jirbs f` gjok`kj pþiekcj - pebzjs Wkpj gf jirb
Tebzj gf f`trbgb be gjok`kj pþiekcj
E k ir js
Jcmf`tb bòjs gfsgf eb oufrtf gfe butjr3;
Ob p b s , p e b ` j s
Jcmf`tb bòjs gfsgf eb oufrtf gfe butjr
Gkiunjs y arbibgjs
Jcmf`tb bòjs gfsgf eb oufrtf gfe butjr
Jirbs f` cjebijrbckó` (ekirjs…)
Jcmf`tb bòjs gfsgf eb oufrtf gfe butjr oâs ej`afvj
Hjtjarbhïbs brtïstkcbs
Jcmf`tb bòjs gfsgf eb oufrtf gfe butjr
Ofrbs hjtjarbhïbs
Xfk`tkck`cj bòjs gfsgf su crfbckó`74
Jirbs b`ó`kobs j psfugó`kobs (cub`gj fe vfrgbgfrj `joirf gfe butjr fs gfscj`jckgj)
Sftf`tb bòjs gfsgf su puiekcbckó`72
Gkcckj`brkjs y f`ckcejpfgkbs
Sftf`tb bòjs gfsgf su puiekcbckó`79
Tfrkógkcjs y rfvkstbs
Jcmf`tb bòjs gfsgf su puiekcbckó`73
Cubgrj 27. Tebzjs gf f`trbgb gf ebs jirbs f` gjok`kj pþiekcj.
• Eb cufstkó` gf eb gkstk` gkstk`ckó` ckó` f`trf hjtjarbhïb brtï brtïstkcb stkcb y ofrb hjtjarbhïb mb skgj cukgbgjsbof`tf cukgbgjsbof`tf fstugkbgb pjr eb Suigkrfcckó` Af`frbe gf Brcmkvjs Fstbtbefs f` su gjcuof`tj Gkrfctrkcfs y prjcfgkokf`tjs pbrb eb gjcuof`tbckó` y afstkó` gf ejs gfrfcmjs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube gfe pbtrkoj`kj hjtj arâhkcj arâhk cj. Fstf fstugkj cj`ceuyf, gfspuës gf rfbekzbr u` cukgbgjsj b`âeksks gf eb efaksebckó` y
nurksprugf`ckb bpekcbief, quf pbrb quf u`b hjtjarbhïb pufgb sfr cj`skgfrbgb jirb brtïstkcb (y pjr tb`tj, sunftb b pebzjs gf sftf`tb/jcmf`tb bòjs gfsgf eb oufrtf gfe hjtóarbhj), mb` gf cj`currkr f` feeb gjs prjpkfgbg prjpkfgbgfs> fs> ‗ Jrkak`b Jrkak`bekgbg. ekgbg. F`tf`g F`tf`gkgb kgb tb`tj gfsgf fe p pu`tj u`tj gf vvkstb kstb jinftk jinftkvj vj (quf su cj`tf` cj`tf`kgj kgj sfb beaj `jvfgjsj, `j fe rffnj gf beaj yb fxkstf`tf) cjoj gfe suinftkvj (quf eb hjtjarbhïb rffnf eb pfrsj`bekgbg gfe butjr). ‗ Crfbtkvkgbg. Ruf eb hjtjarbhïb sfb fe hrutj gf u` fshufrzj brtïstkcj brtïstkc j j k`tfefctube. Fs gfckr, fs eb bcckó` gfe tbef`tj, eb k`tfekaf`ckb, fe k`af`kj, eb k`vf`tkvb j eb pfrsj`bekgbg gfe butjr ej quf cj`vkfrtf b u`b hjtjarbhïb f` u`b jirb brtïstkcb j k`tfefctube. Tjr jtrj ebgj, hbctjrfs cjoj eb cjrrfcckó` tëc`kcb, eb fl`bekgbg, eb gkflcuetbg j tkfopj k`vfrtkgj, fe fshufrzj j fe cjstf, fe tkpj gf jinftj hjtjarbflbgj, fe prfstkakj j eb fxpfrkf`ckb gfe hjtóarbhj `j sj` gftfrok`b`tfs pbrb eb cj`skgfrbckó` gf u`b hjtjarbhïb cjoj jirb brtïstkcb. Tjr tb`tj, y f` af`frbe, pjgfojs cj`skgfrbr ofrbs hjtjarbhïbs (y bpekcbrefs fe pebzj gf vfk`tkck`cj bòjs) ejs skaukf`tfs ttkpjs kpjs gf hjtjarbhïb hjtjarbhïbs> s> ‗ Hjtjarbhïbs rfbekzbgbs sk` prftf`skj`fs brtïstkc brtïstkcbs, bs, quf trbtb` gf rfakstrbr u`b rfbekgbg> fvf`tjs, oj`uof`tjs, pbksbnfs, ftc.
3;
Bu`quf fe brtïcuej 98 gfe WYETK k`g kcb quf fstf pebzj fs gf sftf`tb bòjs gfsgf eb oufrtf gfe butjr, eb oksob efy, f` su gkspjskckó` trb`sktjrkb cubrtb, k`gkcb quf pbrb ejs butjrfs hbeefckgjs b`tfs gfe 1 gf gkckfoirf gf 2;=1 fe pebzj fs gf jcmf`tb bòjs. F` eb prâctkcb, mjy pjr mjy pjgfojs iuscbr hj`gjs f` gjok`kj pþiekcj cj` fe pebzj gf jcmf`tb bòjs f` of`tf, pufs mbstb fe bòj 9461 `j sf pjgrâ bpekcbr fe pebzj gf sftf`tb bòjs b `k`aþ` butjr.
74
72
Brt. 29= gfe WYETK.
Brt. 91 gfe WYETK.
79 73
Brt. 9=.9 gfe WYETK.
Brt. 9=.9 y gkspjskckó` trb`sktjrkb sfau`gb gfe WYETK.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
928
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube
‗ Hjtjarbhïb gf prf`s prf`sbb77. ‗ Hjtjarbhïb rrfbekzbgb fbekzbgb pbr pbrbb keustrbr ekirjs u j jtrjs trjs gjcuof` gjcuof`tjs tjs (sbevj quf sfb` hhjtjarbhïbs jtjarbhïbs brtïstkcbs). F` cub`tj b eb hjtjarbhïb gf fstugkj, fs gkhïcke gkeuckgbr sk fstf tkpj gf hjtjarbhïbs sj` jirbs hjtjarâflcbs j ofrbs hjtjarbhïbs< gfpf`gkf`gj gfe cbsj pjgrâ` sfr ej u`j j ej jtrj. Jtrj tkpj gf jirbs quf pjgfojs gkaktbekzbr y gkhu`gkr sk` prjiefobs, `j pjrquf fstë` f` gjok`kj pþiekcj, sk`j pjrquf `j fstâ` sunftbs b gfrfcmjs, sj` ebs gkspjskckj`fs efabefs j rfaebof`tbrkbs y sus cjrrfspj`gkf`tfs prjyfctjs, ebs rfsjeuckj`fs gf ejs órab`js nurksgkcckj`befs y ejs bctjs, bcufrgjs, gfekifrbckj`fs y gkctâof`fs gf ejs jrab`ksojs pþiekcjs, bsï cjoj ebs trbgucckj`fs jflckbefs gf tjgjs ejs tfxtjs b`tfrkjrfs 76. Eb efy tboikë` pfroktf b cf`trjs fgucbtkvjs, ousfjs, ikiekjtfcbs y mfofrjtfcbs bccfskiefs be pþiekcj, bsï cjoj b ejs jrab`ksojs pþiekcjs gf rbgkjgkhuskó`, brcmkvjs, hj`jtfcbs y fleojtfcbs, eb gkaktbekzbckó` gkaktbekzbck ó` y gkhuskó` f` wfi gf ebs jirbs muërhb`bs78 skfoprf quf sf rfbekcf prfvkbof`tf u`b iþsqufgb gkekaf`tf gf ejs gfrfcmjmbikf`tfs. Fs kopjrtb`tf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf f` cubequkfr ojof`tj ejs tktuebrfs gf ejs gfrfcmjs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube gf ebs jirbs quf sf mbyb` cj`skgfrbgj muërhb`bs pufgf` sjekcktbr pbrb su jirb fe fl` gf tbe cj`gkckó`, y, f` tbe cbsj, eb k`stktuckó` quf eb mbyb rfprjguckgj y/j pufstj b gkspjskckó` gfe pþiekcj tf`grâ quf pbabr b fstf gfrfcmjmbikf`tf u`b cjopf`sbckó` fcj`óokcb, cj` cbrâctfr rftrjbctkvj, pjr fe usj quf mbyb mfcmj gf su jirb. Ebs jirbs crfbgbs j ebs jirbs cjefctkvbs fgktbgbs pjr f`tkgbgfs gfsbpbrfckgbs `j bgqukfrf` pjr feej eb cj`gkckó` gf jirbs muërhb`bs. Cub`gj u`b k`stktuckó` pþiekcb j u`j gf sus gfpbrtbof`tjs gfsbpbrfcf, `jrobeof`tf jtrb k`stktuckó` j gfpbrtbof`tj rfcjaf sus hu`ckj`fs y mfrfgb sus gfrfcmjs y prjpkfgbgfs. F` fe cbsj gf sjckfgbgfs prkvbgbs, sk fstbs sf gksufevf`, sus s us ikf`fs (k`ceukgjs gfrfcmjs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube) sf rfpbrtf` f`trf sus okfoirjs f` hu`ckó` gf ej quf k`gkquf` sus fstbtutjs.
96.9 Gfcebrbckj`fs gf gfrfcmjs y ekcf`ckbs wfi • Ebs jirbs quf sf gkhu`gf` f` ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs pufgf` fstbr sunftbs b gfrfcmjs gf eb prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube j b gkvfrsbs cj`gkckj`fs gf usj. Ebs k`stktuckj`fs j pfrsj`bs rfspj`sbiefs gf ebs ikiekjtfcbs gkaktbefs gfif` tf`fr cebrj cuâefs sj` ejs gfrfcmjs j cj`gkckj`fs gf usj quf bhfctb` b sus cjefcckj`fs. Fs cj`vf`kf`tf quf ebs k`stktuckj`fs tf`ab` j gfsbrrjeef` u`b pjeïtkcb j fstrbtfakb sjirf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube y cj`gkckj`fs gf usj gf sus jirbs gkaktbefs< `j mbcf hbetb gfckrej, fstb pjeïtkcb gfif rfspftbr eb efaksebckó` bpekcbief. • Fs ouy rfcjof`gbief jhrfcfr b ejs usubrkjs k`hjrobckó` sjirf ejs gfrfcmjs y cj`gkckj`fs gf utkekzbckó` b ejs quf fstâ` sunftbs ebs jirbs gkaktbefs.
77
Mby fxcfpckj`fs b eb cj`skgfrbckó` gf eb hjtjarbhïb gf prf`sb cjoj ofrb hjtjarbhïb. Eb jirb gf beau`js rfputbgjs hjtóarbhjs gf prf`sb pufgf sfr cj`skgfrbgb jirb brtïstkcb. Tjr fnfopej, `js pjgrïbojs oftfr f` u` prjiefob efabe sk puskërbojs f` eb Qfi sk` pfroksj gkaktbekzbckj`fs gf eb jirb gf Yjifrt Cbpb. 76
Brt. 23 gfe WYETK.
78
Brt. 31 iks iks gfe gfe WYETK< Yfbe Gfcrftj 997/9428, gf 91 gf obyj, pjr fe quf sf gfsbrrjeeb fe rëakof` nurïgkcj gf ebs jirbs muërhb`bs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
921
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube
Fstb k`hjrobckó` pufgf k`ceukrsf f` ejs oftbgbtjs j k`crustbrsf gkrfctbof`tf f` ejs jinftjs gkaktbefs (j boibs cjsbs). Foififr fstb k`hjrobckó` f` ebs koâaf`fs pfroktf mbstb ckfrtj pu`tj ob`tf`fr bsjckbgb b ebs koâaf`fs eb k`hjrobckó` gf gfrfcmjs y gf usj, bu`quf cboikf fe cj`tfxtj gf fnfcuckó`, y hbckektb cj`trjebr ejs usjs k`cjrrfctjs j prjmkikgjs gf `ufstrjs jinftjs gkaktbefs. Sf foifib j `j fstb k`hjrobckó` f` ebs koâaf`fs, fs rfcjof`gbief k`ceukreb f` ejs oftbgbtjs, pjrquf bsï ejs usubrkjs gf `ufstrb wfi pufgf` cj`jcfr ej quf fstâ pfroktkgj mbcfr cj` fstbs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs (sk sf pufgf` gfscbrabr, cjpkbr, trb`shjrobr, vf`gfr, gkstrkiukr, ftc.) y cóoj pufgf` mbcfrej (of`ckj`b`gj be butjr, cj` j sk` fl`fs cjofrckbefs, c jofrckbefs, sjekcktb`gj pfroksj prfvkbof`tf, cjopbrtkë`gjebs ibnj ebs oksobs cj`gkckj`fs, ftc.). • Eb k`hjrobckó` gf gfrfcmjs y usj pufgf k`ceukrsf f` cbopjs fspfcïflcjs gf ejs gkvfrsjs hjrobtjs gf oftbgbtjs. Tjr fnfopej>
Hjrobtj
Cbopj
Guiek` Cjrf
g c >r k a m t s
Obrc92 ikiekjarâflcj
648, 674, 679
obrc92 gf hj`gjs
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I K I HY B O F
VsbafB`gBccfssTjekcy
OF W S
oftsYkamts
TYFOKS
rkamtsStbtfof`t
FSF71
gc>rkamts, furjpfb`b>rkamts
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gc>rkamts, fgo>rkamts
Cubgrj 26. Cbopjs gf oftbgbtjs pbrb k`hjrobckó` gf gfrfcmjs y cj`gkckj`fs gf usj.
• Tbrb ebs jirbs gkaktbefs pufgf` utkekzbrsf gfcebrbckj`fs gf gfrfcmjs k`stktuckj`befs j prkvbgbs, pfrj eb prâctkcb oâs rfcjof`gbief, sk ebswfi, jirbscjoj fstâ`ebs f`ekcf`ckbs eb Qfi, fs utkekzbrCjooj`s ekcf`ckbs 7=j j gfcebrbckj`fs gf gfrfcmjs gksfòbgbs pbrb cj`tf`kgjs Crfbtkvf ebs gfcebrb7; ckj`fs gf gfrfcmjs gf Ykamtsstbtfof`ts.jra . Ebs ekcf`ckbs Crfbtkvf Cjooj`s hufrj` ebs prkofrbs mfrrbokf`tbs gf fstf tkpj y sj` bopekbof`tf utkekzbgbs f` K`tfr`ft, okf`trbs quf ebs gfcebrbckj`fs gf gfrfcmjs gf Ykamtsstbtfof`ts.jra mb` skgj fspfckbeof`tf gfsbrrjeebgbs pjr Furjpfb`b, GTEB, Lf``kseb`g y Crfbtkvf Cjooj`s pbrb cuirkr ebs `fcfskgbgfs gf ebs k`stktuckj`fs cueturbefs pbtrkoj`kbefs y ebs pebtbhjrobs f` eï`fb gf barfabckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj cueturbe.
71
Furjpfb`b yb `j bcfptb oftbgbtjs f` hjrobtj FSF, pjr ej quf fstf hjrobtj sf mb qufgbgj jisjeftj.
7=
mttps>//crfbtkvfcjooj`s.jra/
7;
mttp>//rkamtsstbtfof`ts.jra/fs/
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
92=
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube
Hka. =8. Cj`gkckj`fs gf usj gf gjs jirbs gf eb Ikiekjtfcb Gkaktbe Mkspâ`kcb.
• Furjpfb`b, pjrtbe gf cj`tf`kgjs cueturbefs pbtrkoj`kbefs bccfskiefs f` eï`fb gf eb V`kó` Furjpfb, utkekzb u` cj`nu`tj cj`crftj gf gfcebrbckj`fs gf gfrfcmjs (bctubeof`tf 27)64 quf k`ceuyf` ekcf`ckbs Crfbtkvf Cjooj`s y gfcebrbckj`fs gf Ykamtsstbtfof`ts.jra. Sk sf gfsfb quf u` prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó` sf k`cjrpjrf b Furjpfb`b, sf gfifrâ` utkekzbr fstbs gfcebrbckj`fs gf gfrfcmjs f` ejs oftbgbtjs (f` fe cbopj fgo>rkamts ). ).
64
mttps>//prj.furjpfb`b.fu/pbaf/bvbkebief-rkamts-stbtfof`ts
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
92;
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube
Gfcebrbckó` gf gfrfcmjs
VYK
T u i e k c G j o b k ` Ob r l ( T G O)
mttp>//crfbtkvfcjooj`s.jra/puiekcgjobk`/obrl/2.4/
@j Cjp Cjpyrka yrkamt mt - `j` cjoo cjoofrck frckbe be rf-usf rf-usf j`e j`ey y (@jC-@C) (@jC-@C)
mttp>// mttp>//rkam rkamtss tsstbt tbtfof fof`ts `ts.jr .jra/vj a/vjcbi cbi/@jC /@jC-@C/ -@C/2. 2.4/ 4/
@j Cjpyrkamt - Jtmfr L`jw` Efabe Yfstrkctkj` (@jCJLEY)
mttp>//rkamtsstbtfof`ts.jra/vjcbi/@jC-JLEY/2.4/
Wmf Crfbtkvf Cjooj`s CC4 2.4 V`kvfrsbe Tuiekc Gjobk` Gfgkcbtkj` (CC4)
mttp>//crfbtkvfcjooj`s.jra/puiekcgjobk`/zfrj/2.4/
Crfbtkvf Cjooj`s - Bttrkiutkj` (I[)
mttp>//crfbtkvfcjooj`s.jra/ekcf`sfs/iy/7.4/
Crfbt Crf btkvf kvf Cjo Cjooj oj`s `s - Bt Bttrk trkiu iutk tkj` j`,, SmbrfB SmbrfBek eklf lf (I[ (I[-SB) -SB)
mt mttp tp>// >//crf crfbt btkv kvfc fcjo jooj oj`s `s.j .jra/ ra/ek ekcf cf`s `sfs fs/iy /iy-sb -sb/7 /7.4 .4//
Crfbtkvf Cjooj`s - Bttrkiu Bttrkiutkj`, tkj`, @j Gfrkvbt Gfrkvbtkvfs kvfs (I[-@G) (I[-@G)
mttp>//crfbtkv mttp>//crfbtkvfcjooj fcjooj`s.jra/e `s.jra/ekcf`sf kcf`sfs/iy-`g s/iy-`g/7.4/ /7.4/
Crfbtkvf Cjooj`s Cjooj`s - Bttrkiutk Bttrkiutkj`, j`, @j`-Cjoof @j`-Cjoofrckbe rckbe (I (I[ [-@C)
mttp>// mttp>//crfbtkv crfbtkvfcjooj fcjooj`s.jra/e `s.jra/ekcf`sf kcf`sfs/iy-`c s/iy-`c/7.4/ /7.4/
Crfbtkvf Cjooj`s - Bttrkiutkj`, @j`-Cjoofrckbe, SmbrfBeklf (I[-@C-SB) (I[-@C-SB)
mttp>//crfbtkvfcjooj`s.jra/ekcf`sfs/iy-`c-sb/7.4/
Crfbtkvf Cjooj`s - Bttrkiutkj`, @j`-Cjoofrckbe, @j Gfrkvbtkvfs (I[ (I[-@C-@G) -@C-@G)
mttp>//crfbtkvfcjooj`s.jra/ekcf`sfs/iy-`c-`g/7.4/
K` Cjpyrkamt (K`C)
mttp>//rkamtsstbtfof`ts.jra/vjcbi/K`C/2.4/
K` Cjpyrk Cjpyrkam amtt - Fgu Fgucb cbtk tkj`b j`bee Vsf Vsf Tf Tfrok roktt ttfg fg (K` (K`C-F C-FGV) GV)
mt mttp tp>// >//rka rkamt mtss sstb tbtf tfof of`t `ts. s.jra jra/vj /vjcb cbi/K i/K`C`C-FG FGV/2 V/2.4 .4//
K` Cj Cjpy rrkkamt - FV J Jrp rpm mb ` Q Qj jrl ((K` K`C C-F -FV V-J -JQ Q)
mttp>/ //rk rka amtsstbtfof`ts.jra/ ra/ v vj jcbi/ KK` `C-J C-JQ-F -FV/ V/22.4/
Cjpyrkamt @jt Fvbeubtfg (C@F)
mttp>//rkamtsstbtfof`ts.jra/vjcbi/C@F/2.4/
Cubgrj 28. Gfcebrbckj`fs gf gfrfcmjs utkekzbgbs pjr Furjpfb`b.
Eb ob`frb gf rfebckj`br fstbs ekcf`ckbs j gfcebrbckj`fs gf gfrfcmjs f` ejs oftbgbtjs fs k`ceukr eb VYK cjrrfspj`gkf`tf b eb ekcf`ckb f` ejs cbopjs pbrb gfrfcmjs yb of`ckj`bgjs. Tjr fnfopej, sk gfsfbojs k`ceukr u`b gfcebrbckó` gf gfrfcmjs Crfbtkvf Cjooj`s – Btrkiutkj` (I[) f` u` rfakstrj FGO, pjgfojs k`ceukr eb skaukf`tf ftkquftb> 5fgo>rkamts rgh>rfsjurcf?¼mttp>//crfbtkvfcjooj`s.jra/ekcf`sfs/iy/7.4/ rgh>rfsjurcf?¼mttp>//crfbtkvfcjooj`s.jra/ekcf`sfs/iy/7.4/ ¼/0 • Bu`quf sf pufgf` cj`flaurbr ebs bpekcbckj`fs pbrb quf rfbekcf` butjoâtkcbof`tf eb bsjckbckó` gf eb VYK cj` fe `joirf gf eb ekcf`ckb cjrrfspj`gkf`tf, fs cj`vf`kf`tf, sk fe hjrobtj gf oftbgbtjs ej pfroktf, k`ceukr tboikë` gkcmj `joirf f` ejs oftbgbtjs. Tjr fnfopej, f` hjrobtj OBYC]OE, pjgrïbojs fscrkikr>
5gbtbflfeg tba?¼674¼ k`g2?¼ « k`g9?¼ «0
5suiflfeg cjgf?¼b¼0Eb cjpkb gkaktbe sf gkstrkiuyf ibnj ekcf`ckb «Bttrkiutkj` 7.4 K`tfr`btkj`be (CC I[ 7.4)¼>5/suiflfeg0
5suiflfeg cjgf?¼u¼0 cjgf?¼u¼0mttps>//crfbtkvfcjooj`s.jra/ekcf`sfs/iy/7.4/5/suiflfeg mttps>//crfbtkvfcjooj`s.jra/ekcf`sfs/iy/7.4/5/suiflfeg 0
5/gbtbflfeg0
96.3 Jtrbs cufstkj`fs rfebckj`bgbs • Sk f` u` prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó` fs `fcfsbrkj bsfaurbr efabeof`tf eb butf`tkckgbg gf ebs rfprjgucckj`fs, mbirâ quf k`cjrpjrbr ofgkgbs efabefs j tfc`jeóakcbs f` ejs peb`fs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, pekfaj gf prfscrkpckj`fs tëc`kcbs j skokebrfs pbrb cuopekr cj` fstf rfquksktj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
994
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube
• Mby quf tf`fr f` cuf`tb quf eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf gjcuof`tjs arâflcjs, hjtjarâflcjs j bugkj vksubefs pufgf bhfctbr bhfc tbr b ejs gfr gfrfcmjs fcmjs b eb prjpkb kob kobaf` af` gf ebs pfrsj`bs rfprfsf`tbgbs rfprfsf`tbgbs.. Fstjs oksojs tkpjs gf gjcuof`tjs y jtrjs cjoj eb gjcuof`tbckó` gf brcmkvj j eb cjrrfspj`gf`ckb pufgf` bhfctbr b ejs gfrfcmjs be mj`jr y b eb k`tkokgbg pfrsj`be y hbokekbr gf ejs butjrfs gf fstjs gjcuof`tjs j gf ebs pfrsj`bs of`ckj`bgbs j rfprfsf`tbgbs f` feejs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
992
98. Fvbeubckó`, cj`trje gf cbekgbg y supfrvkskó` gf trbibnjs • V`b cjrrfctb afstkó` gfe prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó` gfif rfbekzbr prjcfsjs gf fvbeubckó` y supfrvkskó` quf `js pfroktb` cj`trjebr cj`tr jebr eb iuf`b obrcmb gf ejs trbibnjs y fe arbgj gf cj`sfcuckó` gf ejs jinftkvjs obrcbgjs. Fs `fcfsbrkj tf`fr f` cuf`tb fstb `fcfskgbg f` ejs peb`fs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, pekfajs gf prfscrkpckj`fs tëc`kcbs j gjcuof`tjs skokebrfs, k`ceuyf`gj f` feejs u` skstfob j u` cj`nu`tj gf ofgkgbs gf supfrvkskó` y fvbeubckó` gfe prjyfctj. • Eb fvbeubckó` gf u` prjyfctj mb gf k`ceukr> ‗ V`b fvbeub fvbeubckó` ckó` k`kckb k`kckbee quf `js skrvb pbrb gftfr gftfrok`br ok`br sk ebs cj`gk cj`gkckj`fs ckj`fs gf pbrtk pbrtkgb gb sj` ebs bgfcubgbs y sf bnustb` b ejs rfquksktjs prfflnbgjs. Tjr fnfopej, f` fstb hbsf sf pufgf` cjoprjibr ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb, ebs sbebs, eb cbpbcktbckó` gfe pfrsj`be, ftc. Fstb fvbeubckó` sf rfbekzb be k`kckj gf eb hbsf gf fnfcuckó` y `j gfif cj`hu`gkrsf cj` fe fstugkj prfvkj quf sf rfbekzb f` eb hbsf gf peb`kflcbckó` pbrb gftfrok`br eb vkbikekgbg gfe prjyfctj gf gkaktbekzbckó`. ‗ Trjcf Trjcfsjs sjs gf fvbeu fvbeubckó bckó`/sup `/supfrvks frvkskó` kó` cj`tk cj`tk`ub `ub rfbek rfbekzbgj zbgjss pfrkó pfrkógkcbo gkcbof`tf f`tf y sjir sjirff tjgbs ebs hbsfs gfe prjyfctj. @js vb` b pfroktkr cjrrfakr frrjrfs y ojgkflcbr fstrbtfakbs, prjcfgkokf`tjs j ofgkgbs cj`crftbs sfaþ` fvjeuckj`b fe prjyfctj, fvktâ`gj`js cjoftfr arb`gfs frrjrfs j prjguckr hufrtfs gfsvkbckj`fs rfspfctj b ejs jinftkvjs. Ofgkb`tf fstjs cj`trjefs sf pufgf` kr fvbeub`gj j cj`trjeb`gj fe rf`gkokf`tj gf ejs fscâ`frfs, eb cbekgbg gf ebs koâaf`fs y oftbgbtjs, ejs brcmkvjs y sjpjrtfs, ftc. Tjr pj`fr u` pbr gf fnfopejs> cj`vkf`f quf fe jpfrbgjr gfe fscâ`fr j câobrb hjtjarâflcb rfbekcf u`b rfvkskó` gf ebs koâaf`fs b`tfs gf fxpjrtbrebs pbrb eb af`frbckó` gfe oâstfr< tboikë` gfif` sfr rfvksbgjs ejs gkscjs gurjs cj` ejs cj`tf`kgjs cub`gj sfb` arbibgjs j rfckikgjs (ska`bturbs, `joirbgj y fstructurbckó` gf cj`tf`kgjs, `þofrj gf brcmkvjs, tkpjs gf cjpkb…), ftc. ‗ Tjr þetkoj, mb gf rfbekz rfbekzbrsf brsf u`b fvbeubckó` fl` fl`be be quf `js pfroktb ccjoprjibr joprjibr gf u`b ob`frb jinftkvb fe arbgj gf ëxktj gf `ufstrj prjyfctj. • Gfsgf fe pu`tj gf vkstb gf eb gkrfcckó` pjr jinftkvjs, sf trbtb gf fstbiefcfr f` `ufstrjs peb`fs peb`fs j pekfajs jinftkvjs j rfquksktjs ofgkiefs j vfrkflcbiefs y sfefcckj`br u`b sfrkf gf pbrâoftrjs j k`gkcbgjrfs y crktfrkjs gf fvbeubckó` quf `js pfroktb` fvbeubr fe arbgj gf cuopekokf`tj gf tbefs jinftkvjs j rfquksktjs. • Tufgf utkekzbrsf tboikë` eb of oftjgjejaïb, tjgjejaïb, rfebckj`bgb cj` eb gkrfcckó` pjr jinftkvjs, gf 62 cj`trje gf cbekgbg , ofgkb`tf eb cube sf fstbiefcf` pjeïtkcbs y/j peb`fs gf cbekgbg quf k`ceuyf` u`b sfrkf gf jinftkvjs j crktfrkjs gf cbekgbg y u` skstfob pbrb cj`trjebr ejs hbctjrfs quf bhfctb` b eb cbekgbg y gftfrok`br sk sf mb` cuopekgj j mbstb quë pu`tj sf mb` cuopekgj fstjs crktfrkjs
prffstbiefckgjs.
62
Eb oftjgjejaïb gf cj`trje gf cbekgbg fstâ gfhk`kgb f` `jrobs cjoj eb KSJ ;444>9426, eb V@F-F@ KSJ ;442>9426 j eb KSJ ;447>942=. ;447>942=.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
999
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Fvbeubckó`, cj`trje gf cbekgbg y supfrvkskó` gf trbibnjs
• Ejs jinftkvjs j crktfrkjs gf cbekgbg fstbiefcf` `jrobeof`tf vbejrfs j `kvfefs gfsfbiefs j bcfptbiefs rfspfctj b u`b vbrkbief. Sf rfcjokf`gb fstbiefcfr jinftkvjs cebrjs, rfefvb`tfs, rfbekstbs, prâctkcjs y fvbeubiefs (ofgkiefs). • F` boijs f`hjqufs, eb gkrfcckó` pjr jinftkvjs y fe cj`trje gf cbekgbg, quf pufgf` cjopbak`brsf, sf utkekzb` k`gkcbgjrfs pbrb fvbeubr fe prjyfctj. Ejs k`gkcbgjrfs sj` vbrkbiefs quf `js pfroktf` fvbeubr j ofgkr gf hjrob jinftkvb u` bspfctj cj`crftj gfe prjyfctj. Sf rfcjokf`gb sfefcckj`br k`gkcbgjrfs cebrjs, flbiefs, jinftkvjs, sf`ckeejs gf bpekcbr, pfrtk`f`tfs, fspfcïflcjs y quf oufstrf` ejs cboikjs b ej ebraj gfe tkfopj. Sf sufef rfcjof`gbr `j usbr gfobskbgjs k`gkcbgjrfs b eb mjrb gf afstkj`br ejs prjyfctjs. • F` ejs peb`fs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, pufgf` peb`tfbrsf jinftkvjs, rfquksktjs tëc`kcjs j crktfrkjs gf cbekgbg quf rfauef` ârfbs j bspfctjs cjoj ejs skaukf`tfs> ‗ @þofrj y cbrbct cbrbctfrïstkcbs frïstkcbs gf ebs e bs jirbs quf sf vb` b gkaktbekzbr. ‗ Fe `þofrj, tkpj y rf`gkokf` rf`gkokf`tj tj gf ejs gkspjskt gkspjsktkvjs kvjs gf cbpturb. ‗ Mbrgwbrf yy sjhtwbrf b b fopefbr f` fe prjyfctj. ‗ Tbrâoftrjs y pr prjcfsjs jcfsjs gf cbptu cbpturb. rb. ‗ Cbrbctfrïst Cbrbctfrïstkcbs kcbs gf ebs ssbebs bebs gf gkaktbekzb gkaktbekzbckó`. ckó`. ‗ Yfquksktjs gf trb trb`spjrtf, `spjrtf, ob`kpuebckó ob`kpuebckó` ` y beobcf`bnf gf jir jirbs. bs. ‗ Tfrsj`be `fcfsbr `fcfsbrkj kj (`þofrj y cbpbcktbckó`). cbpbc ktbckó`). ‗ Fe `þofrj y cbrbc cbrbctfrïstkcbs tfrïstkcbs gf ejs brcmkvjs q quf uf sf vb` b af`frbr. ‗ Trjcfsjs gf JCY. ‗ Fe `þofrj y cbrbc cbrbctfrïstkcbs tfrïstkcbs gf ejs oftbgbtjs. ‗ Fe `þofrj, tkpj y cbr cbrbctfrïstkc bctfrïstkcbs bs gf ejs sjpjrt sjpjrtfs. fs. ‗ Fstructurb gf cbrpftbs y `joir `joirbgj bgj gf brcmkvjs. ‗ Hfcmbs gf f`trfab. ‗ Bspfctjs prfsupufs prfsupufstbrkjs tbrkjs y bgok`ks bgok`kstrbtkvjs. trbtkvjs. ‗ Ejs gfrfcmjs gf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctub k`tfefctubee gf ebs jirbs. ‗ Ftc. • Tbrb fvbeubr beau`js bspfctjs gfe prjyfctj pufgf sfr cj`vf`kf`tf peb`tfbr tbsbs gf frrjr j `kvfefs gf gfsvkbckó` bcfptbiefs. Tjr fnfopej, sk tf`fojs cjoj jinftkvj af`frbr 644 444 koâaf`fs gkaktbefs, pjgfojs fstbiefcfr u`b tbsb gf frrjr (j gfsvkbckó` rfspfctj b fstf crktfrkj) pfroktkgb gfe 2 %, cj` ej cube gbrïbojs pjr ccuopekgj uopekgj `ufstrj jinftkvj sk af`frârbojs 7;6 444 koâaf`fs gkaktbefs. • F` ejs arb`gfs prjyfctjs, pu pufgf fgf sfr `fcfsbrkj utkekzbr tëc`kcbs gf ouf oufstrfj strfj pbrb rfbekzbr eb fvbeubckó`. Tjr fnfopej, rfvksbr fe 6 % gf ebs koâaf`fs j u`b cbrpftb gf cbgb gkfz. Fstbs tbsbs gfif` fstbr fspfckflcbgbs f` ejs peb`fs, pekfajs j prjcfgkokf`tjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` j cbekgbg. • Cj`vkf`f fspfckflcbr tboikë`, f` ejs peb`fs gf gkaktbekzbc gkaktbekzbckó` kó` j gf cbekgbg, ebs ofgkgbs quf mby quf tjobr f` cbsj gf quf `j sf cuopeb` ejs `kvfefs gf cbekgbg gfsfbgjs u jinftkvjs jinft kvjs prfvkstjs.
Tjr fnfopej, sk be rfbekzbr fe oufstrfj sf supfrb` ejs `kvfefs gf frrjr bcfptbiefs, sfaþ` sfb fe `kvfe gf gfsvkbckó`, pjgfojs gftfrok`br quf mbyb quf rfbekzbr u`b rfvkskó` oâs prjhu`gb j quf mbyb quf cjrrfakr fe frrjr f` tjgj fe arupj oufstrfbgj, ej cube pufgf supj`fr, f` fe pfjr gf ejs cbsjs, tf`fr quf vjevfr b gkaktbekzbrej. Tjr supufstj, fs cj`vf`kf`tf quf, f` eb ofgkgb gf ej pjskief, tjgjs ejs frrjrfs quf sf gftfctf` gurb`tf eb fvbeubckó`/supfrvkskó` sfb` cjrrfakgjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
993
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Fvbeubckó`, cj`trje gf cbekgbg y supfrvkskó` gf trbibnjs
• F` cub`tj b eb supfrvksk supfrvkskó`, ó`, sk tf`fojs quf cuo cuopekr pekr cj` pebzjs, fs kop kopjrtb`tf jrtb`tf quf fstfojs btf`tjs b ejs rktojs cj` ejs quf sf vb` gfsbrrjeeb`gj ejs trbibnjs, y, ibsâ`gj`js f` fstbs jisfrvbckj`fs, rfbekcfojs fstkobckj`fs pbrb cbecuebr fe tkfopj quf sf tbrgbrâ f` tfrok`brejs. Gf fstb ob`frb, sk gftfctbojs quf fxkstf rkfsaj gf rftrbsj, pjgfojs tjobr ofgkgbs, cjoj buof`tbr fe pfrsj`be, fe mjrbrkj gf trbibnj j fe `þofrj gf gkspjsktkvjs, pbrb tfrok`br b tkfopj. • Sk ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` sf mb` fxtfr`bekzbgj, bu`quf eb foprfsb cj`trbtbgb rfbekcf su prjpkj cj`trje gf cbekgbg, fs cj`vf`kf`tf quf eb k`stktuckó` cj`trbtb`tf supfrvksf ejs trbibnjs y rfbekcf tboikë` u` cj`trje gf cbekgbg. Tbrb pjgfr rfbekzbr fstb supfrvkskó` cj`tk`ub fs `fcfsbrkj quf eb pbrtf cj`trbtb`tf fstë gfikgbof`tf k`hjrobgb gfe rktoj y cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf ejs trbibnjs quf sf vb` rfbekzb`gj y quf tf`ab ckfrtj bccfsj b ejs obtfrkbefs quf sf vb` af`frb`gj (ofgkb`tf u`b wfi gf sfaukokf`tj, f`vïjs pjr cjrrfj, sfrvkgjrfs gf gfscbrab…). Fstf skstfob gf supfrvkskó` gfif fstbr bgfcubgbof`tf prfvkstj f` ejs pekfajs tëc`kcjs j cj`trbtjs. • V`b mfrrbokf`tb ouy þtke pbrb supfrvksbr ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` fxtfr`bekzbg fxtfr`bekzbgjs js fs u`b wfi gf sfaukokf`tj ‗afstkj`bgb pjr eb foprfsb gkaktbekzbgjrb, cj`suetbief pjr eb pbrtf cj`trbtb`tf‗, quf rfcjnb k`hjrobckó` sjirf ebs tbrfbs quf sf vb` rfbekzb`gj, hfcmbs gf cjokf`zj y fl` gf ejs gkvfrsjs prjcfsjs, pfrsj`bs quf ejs mb` rfbekzbgj, cb`tkgbgfs gf koâaf`fs prjcfsbgbs, ftc. F` fe ofnjr gf ejs cbsjs, fstbs wfis gf sfaukokf`tj pfroktf` vksubekzbr ebs koâaf`fs quf sf vb` af`frb`gj, ej cube fs ouy þtke pbrb cjoprjibr su cbekgbg. • F` tjgj cbsj fs rfcjof`gbief quf eb f`tkgbg g gkaktbekzbgjrb kaktbekzbgjrb supfrvksf y vbekgf ebs prkofrbs cjpkbs af`frbgbs gf cbgb arupj j cjefcckó` gf obtfrkbefs b gkaktbekzbr. Kaubeof`tf, cj`vkf`f quf vbekgf ejs prkofrjs oftbgbtjs af`frbgjs. Eb gftfcckó` y cjrrfcckó` tfoprb`b gf frrjrfs `js fvktbrâ tf`fr quf rfpftkr tjgj fe trbibnj j rfckikr gkaktbekzbckj`fs quf `j becb`zb` ejs fstâ`gbrfs gf cbekgbg prjpufstjs j quf sfb` k`ob`fnbiefs pjr `ufstrj prjarbob gf ikiekjtfcb gkaktbe. • Ejs prjcfsjs y gbtjs gf fvbeubckó`, supfrvkskó` y/j cj`trje gf cbekgbg (ejas , k`hjrofs, ftc.) hjrob` pbrtf gfe prjyfctj y cjoj tbefs gfifrïb` gjcuof`tbrsf bgfcubgbof`tf.
98.22 Cj`trjefs tëc`kcjs sjirf ejs 98. ejs fscâ`frfs y fe fscb`fbgj • Gurb`tf ejs trbibnjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gfif` rfbekzbrsf pfrkógkcbof`tf cj`trjefs pbrb cjoprjibr eb cjrrfctb k`stbebckó` y fe rf`gkokf`tj gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb, tjoâ`gjsf ebs ofgkgbs `fcfsbrkbs pbrb cjrrfakr eb sktubckó` sk sf gftfctb quf ejs gkspjsktkvjs j ebs sbebs `j cuopef` ejs rfquksktjs fstbiefckgjs. • Ebs cbekirbckj`fs gf ejs fqukpjs gfif` rfbekzbrsf cj` hrfcuf`ckb, k`ceusj gkbrkbof`tf, y cbgb vfz quf cboikf` eb tkpjejaïb t kpjejaïb gjcuof`tbe j ebs cj`gkckj`fs gf gkakt gkaktbekzbckó`. bekzbckó`. • Fe rfakstrj gf fstbs fvbeubckj`fs gf gkspjsktkvjs `js pufgf sfrvkr pbrb gftfrok`br fe arbgj gf gfsabstf j gftfrkjrj gfe gkspjsktkvj.
• Fxkstf` `jrobs, prjarbobs y skstfobs, ibsbgjs `jrobeof`tf f` eb cbpturb gf cbrtbs gf cj`trje, pbrb rfbekzbr fvbeubckj`fs jinftkvbs gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb. Tbrb obyjr k`hjrobckó` sjirf fstb oftjgjejaïb pufgf` cj`suetbrsf ebs k`gkcbckj`fs gfe bpbrtbgj = («Trfpbrbckó` y fvbeubckó` gf ejs fqukpjs¼).
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
997
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Fvbeubckó`, cj`trje gf cbekgbg y supfrvkskó` gf trbibnjs
• Eb fvbeubckó` gf ejs gkspjsktkvjs gf cbpturb y eb supfrvkskó` gf ebs sbebs f` ebs quf fstâ` k`stbebgjs mb gf sfrvkr pbrb cj`trjebr bspfctjs cjoj> ‗ K`stbebckó` y ekopkfz ekopkfzbb gf ejs fqukpjs. ‗ Cj`gkckj`fs gf ebs ssbebs. bebs. ‗ Cbrbctfrïst Cbrbctfrïstkcbs kcbs tëc`kc tëc`kcbs bs gf ejs fqukpjs. ‗ Yf`gkokf`tj gf ejs fqukpjs. ‗ Keuok`bckó` gf ebs sb sbebs ebs y fqukpjs. ‗ Hrfcuf`ckb gf cb cbekirbckó`/pfrflebg ekirbckó`/pfrflebgj j gf ejs fqukpjs. ‗ Cj`flaurbckó` gf ejs gks gkspjsktkvjs. pjsktkvjs. ‗ Ftc. • Tjskiefs pbrâoftrjs j k`gkcbgjrfs quf pjgfojs bpekcbr pbrb fvbeubckó` gf fqukpjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` pjgrïb` sfr ejs skaukf`tfs> Tbrâoftrjs
‗ Trfckskó` gf cjej cjejr. r. ‗ Yfsjeuckó` rfbe gfe g gkspjsktkvj kspjsktkvj gf cbpt cbpturb. urb. ‗ V`khjrokgbg gf eb keuok keuok`bckó` `bckó` sjirf ejs gjcuof`tjs. ‗ Gkstjrskó` afjoëtr afjoëtrkcb kcb gfe gkspjskt gkspjsktkvj kvj gf cbpturb. ‗ Yukgj gkaktbe prjguckgj pjr fe gkspjsktkvj gf ccbpturb. bpturb. ‗ F`hjquf gfe gkspjsktkvj gf cbpturb. ‗ Tbrâoftrjs gf cbpturb bpekcbgjs (r (rfsjeuckó`, fsjeuckó`, prjh prjhu`gkgbg u`gkgbg gf cj cjejr, ejr, irkeej, cj`trbst cj`trbstf, f, fxpjskckó`…). ‗ Wkpjs gf cbrtb gf cj`trje. ‗ Ftc. K`gkcbgjrfs K`gkcbgjr fs
‗ Hrfcuf`ckb gf cb cbekirbckj`fs/pfr ekirbckj`fs/pfrflebgjs. flebgjs. ‗ Hrfcuf`ckb gf ekopkfz ekopkfzbb gf ef`tfs, pb`tbee pb`tbeebs bs y crkstbefs crkstbe fs prf`sbekirjs prf`sbekirjs.. ‗ Cuopekokf`tj gf crktfr crktfrkjs kjs tëc`kcjs ((pbrb pbrb gkstk`tjs pbrâoftrjs). ‗ Ftc.
98.9 Cj`trje gf cbekgbg cbekgbg sjirf ebs koâaf`fs af`frb af`frbgbs gbs • F` ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` fs `fcfsbrkj rfbekzbr u`b fvbeubckó` gf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs
af`frbgbs pbrb bsfaurbr`js gf quf sus cbrbctfrïstkcbs sf bnustb` b ejs rfquksktjs tëc`kcjs j crktfrkjs gf cbekgbg quf mfojs fstbiefckgj f` `ufstrjs peb`fs gf gkaktbekzbckó` y gf quf sf mb af`frbgj eb cb`tkgbg gf koâaf`fs prfvkstb. Fstb fvbeubckó` mby quf rfbekzbreb sjirf ejs oâstfrfs y sjirf ebs cjpkbs gf gkhuskó`, bu`quf, eóakcbof`tf, ejs crktfrkjs gf cbekgbg j vbekgbckó` sfrâ` gkhfrf`tfs pbrb ejs gkstk`tjs tkpjs gf cjpkbs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
996
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Fvbeubckó`, cj`trje gf cbekgbg y supfrvkskó` gf trbibnjs
• Eb fvbeubckó` gf ebs koâaf`fs `js skrvf pbrb cj`trjebr bspfctjs cjoj ejs skaukf`tfs> ‗ Cjoprjibckó` gf quf sf m mb` b` gkaktbekzbgj f`tf f`tfrbof`tf rbof`tf tjgjs ejs gjcuof`tjs prfvks prfvkstjs. tjs. ‗ @þofrj gf koâaf`fs af`frbgb af`frbgbs. s. ‗ Cjopeftkt Cjopeftktug ug y cjrrfc cjrrfctb tb ssfcuf`ckb fcuf`ckb pbrb gjcuof`t gjcuof`tjs js ouet ouetkpbrtf kpbrtf (pjr ffnfopej, nfopej, pâak`bs gf u` ekirj). ‗ Yfprjgucckó` cjrr cjrrfctb fctb gfe gjcuof`t gjcuof`tj. j. ‗ Mjojaf`fkgbg gf cbrbc cbrbctfrïstkcbs tfrïstkcbs gf`trj gf cbgb ejt ejtf. f. ‗ Hjrobtjs gf kobaf`. ‗ Cbrbctfrïst Cbrbctfrïstkcbs kcbs tëc`kc tëc`kcbs bs gf ebs koâaf`fs. ‗ Keuok`bckó`. ‗ Fxkstf`ckb gf gfhfc gfhfctjs. tjs. ‗ Efakikekgbg y/j vksubek vksubekzbckó` zbckó` gf gftbeef. ‗ Cbpturbs gf rfaeb rfaebss y cbrtbs gf cjejr. ‗ Obrcbs gf baub. ‗ K`crustbckó` gf pfrflefs KCC. ‗ Brcmkvjs gf rfhfr rfhfrf`ckb. f`ckb. ‗ Ftc. • Beau`bs k`stktuckj`fs mb` rfgbctbgj gjcuof`tjs gf rfcjof`gbckj`fs quf `js prjpjrckj`b` crktfrkjs pbrb fvbeubr jinftkvbof`tf eb cbekgbg gf ebs koâaf`fs. F`trf ejs oâs kopjrtb`tfs pjgfojs of`ckj`br ebs pbutbs gf OFWBOJYHJ^F j HBGAK, quf sf mb` hu`gkgj f` eb `jrob KSJ 2;987-2. Fstjs gjcuof`tjs fstbiefcf` `kvfefs gf cbekgbg, gf ejs cubefs `js pufgf` sfrvkr pbrb gkaktbekzbr pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb OFWBOJYHJ^F ekamt, HBGAK HBGAK 3 fstrfeebs j KSJ 2;9872 B. Tbrb obtfrkbefs cjoj arbibgjs, gkiunjs, pk`turbs j ob`uscrktjs b`tkaujs ouy vbekjsjs pjgrïbojs utkekzbr ejs `kvfefs oâxkojs quf fstbiefcf` fstbs `jrobs/rfcjof`gbckj`fs> OFWBOJYHJ^F, HBGAK 7 fstrfeebs j KSJ 2;987-2 B 69. Bgfoâs gf eebb KS KSJ J 22;987-2, ;987-2, jtrbs `jrob `jrobs, s, cjoj B@SK/BK B@SK/BKKO KO W WY37 Y37 ((Y9449), Y9449), KSJ 2613;>94 2613;>9443, 43, 63 KSJ 23866>9421, KSJ 3887>944; j KSJ 94789 `js pufgf` sfr þtkefs pbrb fvbeubr ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs. F` fe bpbrtbgj 91 («@jrobtkvb rfebckj`bgb¼) pufgf f`cj`trbrsf u`b rfebckó` gf gkvfrsbs `jrobs rfebckj`bgbs cj` ejs cj`tf`kgjs gf fstf gjcuof`tj. Fxkstf` tboikë` prjarbobs67 y skstfobs pbrb fvbeubr butjoâtkcbof`tf eb cbekgbg gf ebs koâaf`fs. Fstbs bpekcbckj`fs rfbekzb` eb fvbeubckó`, ikf` sjirf cbpturbs gf cbrtbs gf cj`trje, ikf` gkrfctbof`tf sjirf ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs. Beau`js gf fstjs prjarbobs tkf`f` hu`ckj`fs gf cjrrfcckó` j rfstburbckó` butjoâtkcb gf ebs koâaf`fs j ejtfs gf koâaf`fs. Beau`bs gf ebs `jr `jrobs/rfcjof`gbc obs/rfcjof`gbckj`fs kj`fs of`ckj`b of`ckj`bgbs gbs f` ejs pârrbh pârrbhjs js b`tfr b`tfrkjrfs kjrfs fst fstâ` â` gksfòbgbs pbrb sfr utkekzbgbs nu`tj cj` cbrtbs gf cj`trje `jrobekzbgbs y prjarbobs gf fvbeubckó`.
69
Ejs `kvfefs gf cbekgbg gf eb `jrob KSJ 2;987-2 fstâ` gffl`kgjs b `kvfe gf ijrrbgjr y tjgbvïb f` hbsf gf gkscuskó`.
63
KSJ 94789-2>9446, KSJ 94789-9>9446, KSJ 94789-9>944 94789-9>9446/cjr2>9441, 6/cjr2>9441, KSJ 94789-3>9429.
67
Tjr fnfopej, kR-B`bekzfr-], GKCF, Ijjl Yfstjrfr j EKOI. Ejs gjs þetkojs fstâ` fspfckbekzbgjs f` obtfrkbefs ikiekjarâflcjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
998
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Fvbeubckó`, cj`trje gf cbekgbg y supfrvkskó` gf trbibnjs
Ejs prjarbobs gf cj`trje gf cbekgbg y rfstburbckó` gkaktbe gf koâaf`fs cj`trjeb` pbrâoftrjs cjoj k`cek`bckó` gf pâak`bs, curvbturb gf pâak`bs y eï`fbs gf tfxtj, gkstjrskó` afjoëtrkcb, gftfcckó` y rfcjrtf gf ijrgfs `farjs y gfgjs, gftfcckó` y sfpbrbckó` gf pâak`bs gjiefs, fvbeubckó` gf rukgj, cj`trje gf rfsjeuckó`, f`hjquf, rb`aj gk`âokcj y cj`trbstf, prfckskó` gf cjejr, ftc. Beau`js gf fstjs pbrâoftrjs `fcfsktb` eb utkekzbckó` gf cbrtbs gf cj`trje pbrb sfr cj`trjebgjs. • Tbrb fvbeubr eb `ktkg `ktkgfz fz gf u`b kobaf` pjg pjgfojs fojs flnbr`js f` fefof` fefof`tjs tjs quf `j hjrob` pbrtf gf eb oksob kobaf`, cjoj rbybgurbs, ob`cmbs j obrcbs f` ejs ijrgfs j sjpjrtfs. Gf fstb ob`frb fvktbrfojs rfbekzbr u`b fvbeubckó` k`cjrrfctb gf koâaf`fs gf jrkak`befs cj` pjcb gffl`kckó` j obe f`hjcbgjs y pjgrfojs gftfctbr prjiefobs gf f`hjquf, gkhrbcckó`, gkstjrskó` óptkcb j k`ceusj gf hbetb gf pbrbefeksoj f`trf fe peb`j gf cbpturb y fe gfe sf`sjr. • Eb fvbeubckó` y rfstburbckó` butjoâtk butjoâtkcb, cb, bu`quf fs ouy þtke, tkf`f sus ekoktbckj`fs ekoktbckj`fs y f` jcbskj`fs cjoftf frrjrfs, pjr ej quf sus rfsuetbgjs skfoprf mb` gf sfr s fr rfvksbgjs pjr fe pfrsj`be tëc`kcj. • Tjr jtrj ebgj, u`b fvbeubckó` butjoâtkcb fs gkhïcke j kopjskief gf bpekcbr pbrb beau`js pbrâoftrjs. Tjr fnfopej, bspfctjs cjoj eb efakikekgbg, eb k`tfarkgbg (busf`ckb gf rfcjrtf), fe f`hjquf, eb jrkf`tbckó` gf u`b kobaf` arâflcb, eb fxkstf`ckb gf brtfhbctjs, ob`cmbs, pu`tjs prjguckgjs pjr suckfgbg f` ebs ef`tfs j oubrës, ftc., pufgf` `j sfr hâckefs gf gftfctbr pjr ejs prjarbobs gf cj`trje gf cbekgbg y fs gkhïcke gftfrok`br crktfrkjs obtfoâtkcjs j hjrobekzbgjs pbrb ofgkrejs, pbrboftrkzbrejs j gbrejs pjr vâekgjs. vâekg js. Tjr feej, beau`js pbrâoftrjs mbirâ` mbirâ ` gf fvbeubrsf gf u`b ob`frb oâs suinftkvb j k`hjrobe, vksubekzb`gj eb kobaf` f` pb`tbeeb y cjoprjib`gj quf tkf`f j `j tkf`f, y f` quë arbgj, ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs quf trbtbojs gf fvbeubr. • V`b hjrob, `bgb obtfoâtkcb pfrj ouy prâctkcb, gf supfrvksbr ebs koâaf`fs gkaktbefs pufgf cj`skstkr f` vksubekzbrebs f` pb`tbeeb be oksoj tbobòj quf fe jrkak`be rfprjguckgj. Tbrb ebs koâaf`fs gf gkhuskó`, sk fe jinftj jrkak`be fs oâs pfqufòj quf eb pb`tbeeb, pjgfojs cjoprjibr cóoj sf vf eb kobaf` bopekbgb mbstb fe tbobòj (betj j b`cmj, sfaþ` cjrrfspj`gb) gf eb pb`tbeeb. Fstb sfau`gb cjoprjibckó` sf rfbekzb prfvkf`gj quf pjskiefof`tf fe usubrkj bopeïf eb kobaf` pbrb vfreb j effreb cóojgbof`tf f` su oj`ktjr. Tbrb jinftjs ouy pfqufòjs quf `j fstâ` gksfòbgjs pbrb sfr vksubekzbgjs bopekbgjs, cjoj sfeejs j oj`fgbs, `j pjgfojs fspfrbr quf sf vfb` cj` `ktkgfz jcupb`gj tjgb eb pb`tbeeb, pb`t beeb, pjr ej quf mbirâ quf peb`tfbr pbrb pbr b feejs fvbeubckj`fs cj` of`jrfs `kvfefs gf bopekbckó`. • V`b vbekgbckó` gf ebs koâaf`fs (y oftbgbtjs) cj` NMJXF `js pufgf sfrvkr pbrb kgf`tkflcbr y vbekgbr ejs hjrobtjs hjr obtjs gf brc brcmkvj, mkvj, fvktâ`gj`js frrjrfs cjoj beobcf`br koâaf`fs cj` u`b fxtf`s fxtf`skó` kó` k`cjrrfctb. • Tjskiefs pbrâoftrjs j k`gkcbgjrfs pbrb fvbeubr eb cbekgbg gf ebs koâaf`fs pjgrïb` sfr ejs skaukf`tfs> Tbrâoftrjs Tbrâoftrj s
‗ Hjrobtj gf kobaf`. ‗ Wbobòj gf ebs koâaf`fs.
‗ Yfsjeuckó` gf ebs kkoâaf`fs. oâaf`fs. ‗ Trjhu`gkgbg gf cjej cjejr. r. ‗ @kvfe gf cjoprfskó`. ‗ Beajrktoj gf cjoprfs cjoprfskó` kó` utkekzbgj.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
991
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Fvbeubckó`, cj`trje gf cbekgbg y supfrvkskó` gf trbibnjs
‗ Trfckskó` f` eb rrfprfsf`tbckó` fprfsf`tbckó` gfe cjejr y btrkiu btrkiutjs tjs tj`befs gfe jr jrkak`be. kak`be. ‗ Fspbckj gf cjejr. ‗ Efakikekgbg gf ejs tfxt tfxtjs. js. ‗ V`khjrokgbg gf keuok`bc keuok`bckó`. kó`. ‗ Ftc. K`gkcbgjrfs K`gkcbgjr fs
‗ @þofrj gf gjcuof`tjs gkakt gkaktbefs befs af`frbgjs. ‗ @þofrj gf koâaf`fs af`frbgb af`frbgbss (sfaþ` hjrob hjrobtj). tj). ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf gj gjcuof`tjs cuof`tjs gkaktbefs cjopeftjs j k`cjopeftjs k`cjopeftjs.. ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf ssfcuf`ckbs fcuf`ckbs cjr cjrrfctbs rfctbs j k`c k`cjrrfctbs. jrrfctbs. ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf koâ koâaf`fs af`fs cj` cbrbc cbrbctfrïstkcbs tfrïstkcbs tëc`kcbs k`c k`cjrrfctbs. jrrfctbs. ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf cbpturbs cj` gfhfctjs pjr ejtf (koâaf`fs obe rfcjrtbgbs, obe jrkf`tbgbs, obe bek`fbgbs, cj` fxcfsj gf curvbturb, gjiefcfs, gfsf`hjquf, brtfhbctjs, gfgjs, gkstjrskj`fs, pjstfrkzbckó`, ob`cmbs, ojtbs, oubrë, b`keejs gf @fwtj`, eï`fbs gf sf`sjr gf fscâ`fr, rffnjs, ftc.). ‗ @þofrj gf koâaf`fs cjoprkokgb cjoprkokgbs. s. ‗ Xbrkbikekgbg gf cbr cbrbctfrïstkc bctfrïstkcbs bs gf`trj gf u` eejtf jtf (sfaþ` ejs gkst gkstk`tjs k`tjs pbrâoftr pbrâoftrjs js gf kobaf`). ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf koâ koâaf`fs af`fs cj` obrcbs gf baub. ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf koâ koâaf`fs af`fs cj` pfrflefs gf ccjejr jejr k`crustb k`crustbgjs. gjs. ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf koâ koâaf`fs af`fs cj` cbrtb gf cjejr/rfaeb. ‗ Ftc.
98.3 Cj`trje gf cbekgbg sjirf ejs oftbgbtjs • Eb supfrvkskó`/fvbeubckó` gf ejs oftbgbtjs `js vb b sfrvkr pbrb cj`trjebr quf sf af`frf` tjgjs ejs oftbgbtjs `fcfsbrkjs j sjekcktbgjs f` ejs pekfajs, y quf tf`ab` ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs prfvkstbs. • F` eb fvbeubckó`/supfr fvbeubckó`/supfrvkskó` vkskó` gf oftbgbtjs pjgfojs cj`trjebr bspfctjs cjoj> ‗ quf sf af`frf` oftbgbt oftbgbtjs js pbrb tjgjs ejs jinftjs gkakt gkaktbefs, befs, ‗ quf ejs hjrobt hjrobtjs js sfb` ejs sjekc sjekcktbgjs, ktbgjs, ‗ quf ejs rfaks rfakstrjs trjs gf oftbgbtjs fstë` ikf` hhjrobgjs jrobgjs y sfb` vâekgjs (quf cuopeb` ebs fspfckflcbckj`fs gfe hjrobtj), ‗ quf ssu u cj`t cj`tf`kgj f`kgj yy/j /j hj hjrob rob sf bbnustf nustf b ejs pfrflefs j `jr `jrobs obs ffspfckflcb spfckflcbgjs gjs f` ejs peb`fs j pekfajs gf gkaktbekzbckó`, ‗ quf ejs brcmkvjs vvf`ab` f`ab` `joirbgjs sfaþ` ej k`gkcbgj f` gkcmjs gjc gjcuof`tjs, uof`tjs, ‗ Ftc.
• Tjskiefs k`gkcbgjrfs pbrb fvbeubr fstbs cufstkj`fs pjgrïb` sfr ejs skaukf`tfs> ‗ @þofrj gf brcmkvjs gf oftbgbtjs af`frb af`frbgjs gjs (sfaþ` hjrob hjrobtj). tj). ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf oft oftbgbtjs bgbtjs ikf` hjr hjrobgjs. obgjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
99=
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Fvbeubckó`, cj`trje gf cbekgbg y supfrvkskó` gf trbibnjs
‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf oft oftbgbtjs bgbtjs vâekgjs. ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` g gff brcmkvjs gf oftbgbt oftbgbtjs js bnus bnustbgjs tbgjs be pfrfle sjekck sjekcktbgj tbgj (sfaþ` tkpj gf oftbgbtjs). ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó prjpjrckó` ` gf brcmkvjs gf oftbgbtjs bnustbgjs be `kvfe gf gfscrkpckó` fspfckflcbgj. ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf bbrcmkvjs rcmkvjs cj` kgf`t kgf`tkflcbgjrfs kflcbgjrfs cjr cjrrfctjs. rfctjs. ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf brcmkvjs cj` gkrfcc gkrfcckj`fs kj`fs cjrrfctb cjrrfctbss b ebs koâaf`fs (f` ejs OFWS…). ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf bbrcmkvjs rcmkvjs cj` cb cbopjs opjs jiekabtjrkjs. ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf bbrcmkvjs rcmkvjs cj` eb k` k`hjrobckó` hjrobckó` gf gfr gfrfcmjs fcmjs (OFWS…). ‗ @þ @þof ofrj rj j prjp pr jpjr jrck ckó` ó` gf brcm br cmkv kvjs js cj` cj ` fs fstr truc uctu turb rbss cj cjrr rrfc fctb tbof of`t `tff cj cjgk gkhk hkcb cbgb gbss (O (OFW FWS, S, TYFOKS…). ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf koâ koâaf`fs af`fs cj` oftbgbtjs k`crustbgjs. k`crustbgjs . ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` g gff brcmkvjs quf pfrokt pfroktf` f` eb hu`ckj`bekgbg fspfrbgb (cbrab, prfs prfsfrvbfrvbckó`, trb`sokskó`…). ‗ Ftc.
98.7 Cj`trje gf cbekgbg gfe JCY • Eb fvbeubckó` y supfrvkskó` gf ejs brcmkvjs gf JCY `js skrvf pbrb cj`trjebr quf sf mb af`frbgj tjgj fe JCY prfvkstj y quf fstf tkf`f ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs y fe `kvfe gf cbekgbg fspfrbgjs. [ [bb sf mb cjof`tbgj quf eb cbekgbg gfe JCY gfpf`gfrâ gf ebs prfstbckj`fs gfe ojtjr gf JCY quf utkekcfojs, gf ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs gf ebs koâaf`fs (rfsjeuckó`, prjhu`gkgbg gf cjejr, cj`trbstf…) y gfe tkpj gf tfxtj rfprjguckgj f` feebs (tkpjarbhïb, gksfòj, obquftbckó`). Fe prjcfsbgj butjoâtkcj gf JCY jhrfcf skfoprf ckfrtb tbsb gf frrjr< ejs prjarbobs gf JCY cjoftf` frrjrfs b eb mjrb gf rfcj`jcfr ejs cbrbctfrfs gf ejs tfxtjs, cj`hu`gkf`gj b vfcfs u` cbrâctfr cj` jtrj gkstk`tj. Bgfoâs, cjof`tf` frrjrfs b eb mjrb gf rfcj`jcfr eb fstructurb gfe tfxtj, prjguckgjs oucmbs vfcfs pjr eb k`cjrrfctb k`tfrprftbckó` gf fefof`tjs gf gksfòj j obquftbckó`, cjoj pufgf` sfr cubgrjs gf tfxtj, cjeuo`bs, ftc. Fstjs prjarbobs sufef` obrcbr beau`js cbrbctfrfs cjoj gugjsjs, y beau`js gf feejs sj` cbpbcfs gf fxtrbpjebr u`b cjrrfcckó` ob`ube gf cbrâctfr b cbrbctfrfs pbrfckgjs. Fstbs cjsbs hbckektb` beaj eb cjrrfcckó`, pfrj `j bsfaurb` u` JCY pfrhfctj. Yfbeof`tf, pbrb cj`sfaukr u` JCY pfrhfctj mbirïb quf rfbekzbr u`b rfvkskó` y cjrrfcckó` ob`ube `j sjej gf fstjs cbrbctfrfs gugjsjs, sk`j gf tjgjs ejs cbrbctfrfs gfe tfxtj, ej cube fs tbrfb k`bsuokief pjr gfobskbgj ebijrkjsb pbrb eb arb` obyjrïb gf ejs prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`. • Fs, pjr tb`tj, `fcfsbrkj bsuokr y fstbiefcfr f` ejs peb`fs gf gkaktbekzbckó` ckfrtb tbsb gf frrjr bcfptbief. Fstbs tbsbs sf fstbiefcf` cjoj pjrcf`tbnfs gf cbrbctfrfs frró`fjs pjr brcmkvj gf JCY, arupj gf brcmkvjs j cjefcckó`. Sk` foibraj, fe fstbiefckokf`tj gf fstf crktfrkj `j rfsufevf gfe tjgj fe prjiefob, pjrquf eb fvbeubckó` gfe JCY, bu`quf sf fxtrbpjef` ejs rfsuetbgjs gf u` oufstrfj y ejs prjarbobs sfb` cbpbcfs, f` jcbskj`fs, gf k`gkcbr`js fe `þofrj tjtbe gf cbrbctfrfs quf mby f` cbgb brcmkvj, rfqukf-
rf u`b ejcbekzbckó` ob`ube gf ejs frrjrfs gf ejs brcmkvjs, tbrfb quf, sfaþ` sfb eb oba`ktug gfe prjyfctj, pufgf sfaukr skf`gj gfobskbgj ebijrkjsb. V`b ob`frb, `j gfobskbgj prfcksb pfrj þtke, gf cj`sfaukr quf eb fvbeubckó` gfe JCY sf pufgb rfbekzbr butjoâtkcb j sfokbutjoâtkcbof`tf fs utkekzbr cjoj crktfrkj eb tbsb gf bpbrkckó` gf
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
99;
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Fvbeubckó`, cj`trje gf cbekgbg y supfrvkskó` gf trbibnjs
cbrbctfrfs cjoj P, *, 0, 5, &, £, /, U, #, ftc., quf `jrobeof`tf `j bpbrfcf` f` ejs tfxtjs, pfrj sufef` bpbrfcfr f`trf ejs frrjrfs gf rfcj`jckokf`tj f` ejs brcmkvjs gf JCY. • Bu`quf, cjoj mfojs gkcmj, tf`fojs quf bsuokr ckfrtb tbsb gf frrjr f` fe JCY, fs u`b iuf`b prâctkcb fstbiefcfr f` ejs peb`fs gf gkaktbekzbckó` j pekfajs fe crktfrkj gf u` JCY sk` frrjrfs pbrb gftfrok`bgjs fefof`tjs gfe tfxtj quf sfb` cebvfs pbrb eb iþsqufgb y rfcupfrbckó` gf eb k`hjrobckó`, cjoj tïtuejs, tktuekeejs y gfoâs fefof`tjs skokebrfs, skokebr fs, j quf sfb` fspfckbeof`tf kopjrtb`tfs pbrb u` prjyfctj f` pbrtkcuebr (pjr fnfopej, ejs cj`tf`kgjs gf ebs fsqufebs f` u` prjyfctj af`fbeóakcj). Fstf crktfrkj vb b rfqufrkr eb rfvkskó` ob`ube gf tjgjs fstjs fefof`tjs gf tfxtj, pjr ej quf mbirâ quf fstugkbr sk fstf trbibnj fs bsuokief b`tfs gf k`ceukr fe crktfrkj f` ejs peb`fs gf gkaktbekzbckó` j pekfajs. • Fs cj`vf`kf`tf tboikë`, b`tfs gf cjof`zbr b gkaktbekzbr, fstugkbr ejs hj`gjs y fstbiefcfr f` ejs peb`fs j pekfajs b cuâefs gf feejs sf efs vb b bpekcbr fe prjcfsj gf JCY y b cuâefs `j. Cjoj mfojs fxpekcbgj f` fe bpbrtbgj 21 («JCY¼), fstf prjcfsj sufef prjguckr obejs rfsuetbgjs cj` ob`uscrktjs, eftrbs aótkcbs, tkpjarbhïbs brtïstkcbs y gksfòjs j obquftbckj`fs cjopefnjs. Fstb sfefcckó` `js vb b fvktbr abstbr tkfopj y gk`frj f` af`frbr brcmkvjs gf JCY quf `j skrvf` rfbeof`tf pbrb eb rfcupfrbckó` gf eb k`hjrobckó` y quf, bgfoâs, jcupb` u` fspbckj f` ejs sfrvkgjrfs quf pjgrïbojs utkekzbr pbrb jtrbs cjsbs. • Tjskiefs k`gkcbgjrfs pbrb fvbeubr eb cbekgbg gfe JCY pjgrïb` sfr ejs skaukf`tfs> ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf br brcmkvjs cmkvjs gf JCY af`frb af`frbgjs. gjs. ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf gjc gjcuof`tjs uof`tjs cj` JCY. ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf br brcmkvjs cmkvjs gf JCY cj` hhjrobtj jrobtj cjrr cjrrfctj. fctj. ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf br brcmkvjs cmkvjs gf JCY bnus bnustbgjs tbgjs be pfrfle fs fspfckflcbgj. pfckflcbgj. ‗ @þofrj gf frrjrfs pjr brcmkvj gf JCY/ JCY/pâak`b. pâak`b. ‗ @þofrj gf frrjrfs pjr gjcuof`tj. ‗ @þofrj gf frrjrfs pjr ejtf. ‗ @þofrj gf frrjrfs tjtbefs. ‗ @þofrj gf frrjrfs f` tïtuejs y suit suitïtuejs ïtuejs pjr pâak`b/g pâak`b/gjcuof`tj/ejtf jcuof`tj/ejtf tjt tjtbefs. befs. ‗ @þofrj gf frrjrfs f` fefof`tjs cj`cr cj`crftjs ftjs (fsqufebs (fsqufebs,, pkfs gf hjtjarbhïb hjtjarbhïbs, s, ftc.). ‗ Ftc.
98.6 Cj`trje gf cbekgbg gf `joirfs `joirfs gf brcmkvj y fstructurb gf cbrpftbs • Fs kopjrtb`tf cj`trjebr j fvbeubr sk sf cuopef` ejs crktfrkjs fstbiefckgjs f` ejs peb`fs gf gkaktbekzbckó` j pekfajs gf prfscrkpckj`fs tëc`kcbs sjirf `joirfs gf brcmkvj y cbrpftbs y fstructurb gf cbrpftbs. F` oucmjs prjyfctjs fstf skstfob gf `joirfs y fstructurb fs k`gkspf`sbief pbrb quf sf pufgb` rfbekzbr butjoâtkcbof`tf jpfrbckj`fs gf cbrab, trb`sokskó` j prfsfrvbckó`. F` tjgj cbsj, k`ceusj sk `j fxkstf fstb `fcfskgbg, u` skstfob eóakcj y mjojaë`fj gf `joirbgj gf brcmkvjs y
cbrpftbs y gf fstructurbckó` gf gkrfctjrkjs hbckektb eb jrgf`bckó`, rfcupfrbck rfcupfrbckó` ó` y cj`sfrvbckó` gf ejs obtfrkbefs gkaktbefs. • Tbrb fvbeubr ejs `joirfs gf brcmkvj y fstructurb gf cbrpftbs pjgfojs utkekzbr k`gkcbgjrfs k`gkcbgjrfs cjoj ejs skaukf`tfs>
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
934
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Fvbeubckó`, cj`trje gf cbekgbg y supfrvkskó` gf trbibnjs
‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf `j `joirfs oirfs gf brcmkvj ccjrrfctjs. jrrfctjs. ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf `j `joirfs oirfs gf cbrpftb cjrrfctjs cjrrfctjs.. ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf gj gjcuof`tjs cuof`tjs jrab`kzbgjs f` fstructur fstructurbs bs gf cbrpftbs cjrrfctb cjrrfctbs. s. ‗ Ftc.
98.8 Cj`trje gf cbekgbg gf sjpjrtfs • Fs tboikë` `fcfsbrkj cj`trjebr sk sf fstâ` cuopekf`gj j sf mb` cuopekgj ejs crktfrkjs fstbiefckgjs f` cub`tj b sjpjrtfs. Fstf cj`trje j fvbeubckó` cj`skstf iâskcbof`tf f` cjoprjibr sk ejs sjpjrtfs f` ejs quf sf arbib` ejs obtfrkbefs af`frbgjs sj` gfe tkpj y tkf`f` ebs cbrbctfrïstkcbs fxkakgbs f` ejs pekfajs. • Tbrb fvbeubr ejs sjpjrtfs pjgfojs utkekzbr k`gkcbgjrfs cjoj ejs ekstbgjs b cj`tk`ubckó`> ‗ @þofrj gf sjpjrtfs. ‗ @þofrj gf sjpjrtfs ssfaþ` faþ` su tkpj. ‗ @þofrj gf cjpkbs. ‗ @þofrj gf cjpkbs kgë`t kgë`tkcbs. kcbs. ‗ @þofrj j prjpjrckó` gf ssjpjrtfs jpjrtfs ftkquft ftkquftbgjs bgjs cjrrfct cjrrfctbof`tf. bof`tf. ‗ Ftc.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
932
91.. @jrobt 91 @jrobtkvb kvb rfebck rfebckj`bgb j`bgb66 Cbekirbckó` gf gkspjsktkvjs
‗ B@SK KW=.1/2-2;;3 (Y9423)
Arbpmkc tfcm`jejay Cjejr trb`soksskj` tbraft hjr k`put scb``fr cbekirbtkj` mttps>//wfistjrf.b`sk.jra/Stb`gbrgs/@TFS/B@SKKW=2;;3Y9423
‗ B@SK KW=.1/9-2;;3 (Y9423) Arbpmkc Wfcm`jejay – Cjejr Yffctkj` Wbraft hjr k`put scb``fr cbekirbtkj` mttps>//wfistjrf.b`sk.jra/Stb`gbrgs/@TFS/B@SKKW=2;;3Y9423-2642328 ‗ KSJ 29872-2>9428
Arbpmkc tfcm`jejay – Trfprfss gkaktbe gbtb fxcmb`af – Cjejur tbrafts hjr k`put scb``fr cbekirbtkj` – Tbrt 2> Cjejur tbrafts hjr k`put scb``fr cbekirbtkj` mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/8==41.mtoe
‗ KSJ 29872-9>942; Arbpmkc tfcm`jejay – Trfprfss gkak gkaktbe tbe gbtb fxcmb`af – Tbrt 9> Bgvb`cfg cjejur tbrafts hjr k`put scb``fr cbekirbtkj` mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/8=616.mtoe Cj`sfrvbckó` gf gjcuof`tjs
‗ KSJ 221;;>9426
K`hjrobtkj` b`g gjcuof`tbtkj` – Gjcuof`t stjrbaf rfqukrfof`ts hjr brcmkvf b`g ekirbry obtfrkbes mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/83=24.mtoe 68
Gkaktbekzbckó` gf gjcuof`tjs
‗ KSJ/WY 2349=>9424
K`hjrobtkj` b`g gjcuof`tbtkj` – Kopefof`tbtkj` aukgfek`fs hjr gkaktkzbtkj` jh rfcjrgs mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/693;2.mtoe
Fvbeubckó` gf koâaf`fs
‗ B@SK/BKKO WY37-2;;8 Sbopek`a Trjcfgurfs hjr K`spfctkj` iy Bttrkiutfs jh Kobafs k` Fefctrj`kc Kobaf Ob`bafof`t (FKO) b`g Okcrjarbpmkcs Systfos
66
mttps>//wfistjrf.b`sk.jra/Sfbrcm/Hk`g:k`?2&st?B@SK%9HBKKO+WY37-2;;8
Wjgbs ebs VYE gf fstb sfcckó` mb` skgj cj`suetbgbs fe 9= gf bajstj gf 9492.
68
Sfrâ rffopebzbgb pjr eb `jrob f` gfsbrrjeej KSJ/BQK 221;;. 221;;.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
939
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube
‗ KSJ 3887>944;
Arbpmkc tfcm`jejay b`g pmjtjarbpmy – Xkfwk`a cj`gktkj`s
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/73937.mtoe
‗ KSJ 29932-2>9494
Tmjtjarbpmy – Fefctrj`kc stkee-pkcturf kobak`a – Xjcbiuebry \F` rfvkskó`_ mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/63827.mtoe
‗ KSJ 23866>9421
Arbpmkc tfcm`jejay – Spfctrbe ofbsurfof`t b`g cjejrkoftrkc cjoputbtkj` hjr arbpmkc brts kobafs
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/86734.mtoe
‗ KSJ 94789-2>9446
Tmjtjarbpmy – Tsycmjpmyskcbe fxpfrkof`tbe oftmjgs hjr fstkobtk`a kobaf qubekty. Tbrt 2> Jvfrvkfw jh psycmjpmyskcbe fefof`ts
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/3=334.mtoe 61
‗ KSJ 94789-9>9446 Tmjtjarbpmy – Tsycmjpmyskcbe fxpfrkof`tbe oftmjgs hjr fstkobtk`a kobaf qubekty. Tbrt 9> Wrkpeft cjopbrksj` oftmjg
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/3=339.mtoe
‗ KSJ 94789-3>9429
Tmjtjarbpmy – Tsycmjpmyskcbe fxpfrkof`tbe oftmjgs hjr fstkobtk`a kobaf qubekty. Tbrt 3> Rubekty ruefr oftmjg
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/67821.mtoe
Fvbeubckó` gf skstfobs y gkspjsktkvjs
‗ B@SK/BKKO OS77-2;== (Y2;;3) Yfcjoof`gfg Trbctkcf hjr Rubekty Cj`trje jh Kobaf Scb``frs
mttps>//wfistjrf.b`sk.jra/Sfbrcm/Hk`g:k`?2&st?B@SK%9HBKKO+OS77-2;==+%9=Y2;;3 %9;
‗ KSJ 29939>942; 6=
Tmjtjarbpmy – Gkaktbe stkee cbofrbs – Gftfrok`btkj` jh fxpjsurf k`gfx, KSJ spffg rbtk`as, stb`gbrg jutput sf`sktkvkty, b`g rfcjoof`gfg fxpjsurf k`gfx
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/31111.mtoe
‗ KSJ 29933>9421 6;
Tmjtjarbpmy – Fefctrj`kc stkee pkcturf kobak`a – Yfsjeutkj` b`g spbtkbe hrfquf`cy rfspj`sfs
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/128;8.mtoe
61
Cjrrfakgb pjr KSJ 94789-9>9446/cjr2>9441 94789-9>9446/cjr2>944 1.
6=
Cjrrfakgb pjr KSJ KSJ 29939>942;/Bog 2>9494.
6;
Sfrâ rffopebzbgb pjr eb `jrob f` gfsbrrjeej KSJ/CG 29933.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
933
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube
‗ KSJ 29878>9426
Arbpmkc Wfcm`jejay – Gkspebys hjr Cjejur Trjjfl`a – Cmbrbctfrks Cmbrbctfrkstkcs tkcs b`g Xkfwk`a Cj`gktkj`s
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/61322.mtoe
‗ KSJ 27697>944; Tmjtjarbpmyy – Fefctrj`kc stkee-pkcturf cbofrbs – Oftmjgs hjr ofbsurk`a jptjfefctrj`kc Tmjtjarbpm jptjfefctrj`kc cj` vfrskj` hu`ctkj`s (JFCHs)
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/73691.mtoe
‗ KSJ 2613;>9421 84 Tmjtjarbpmy – Fefctrj`kc stkee-pkcturf kobak`a – @jksf ofbsurfof`ts
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/19382.mtoe
‗ KSJ 28481-2>9443 Tmjtjarbpmy – Spbtkbe rfsjeutkj` ofbsurfof`ts jh fefctrj`kc scb``frs hjr pmjtjarbpmkc kobafs – Tbrt 2> Scb``frs hjr rffctkvf ofgkb
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/9;149.mtoe
‗ KSJ 28481-9>9447 Tmjtjarbpmy – Fefctrj`kc scb``frs hjr pmjtjarbpmkc kobafs – Spbtkbe rfsjeutkj` ofbsurfof`ts – Tbrt 9> Hkeo scb``frs scb ``frs
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/36942.mtoe
‗ KSJ 21392-2>9429 Arbpmkc tfcm`jejay b`g pmjtjarbpmy – Cjejur cmbrbctfrksbtkj` jh gkaktbe stkee cbofrbs (GSCs) – Tbrt 2> Stkouek, oftrjejay oft rjejay b`g tfst prjcfgurfs
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/68631.mtoe
‗ KSJ/WY 2;983-2>9421
Tmjtjarbpmy – Brcmkvk`a systfos – Tbrt 2> Ifst prbctkcfs hjr gkaktbe kobaf cbpturf jh cueturbe mfrktbaf obtfrkbe
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/87994.mtoe ‗ KSJ/WS 2;987-2>9492 82
Tmjtjarbpmy – Brcmkvk`a systfos – Kobaf qubekty b`beysks – Tbrt 2> Yffctkvf jrkak`bes
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/87992.mtoe
‗ KSJ 9;=82>944;
Gjcuof`t ob`bafof`t bppekcbtkj`s – Rubekty cj`trje hjr scb``k`a jhflcf gjcuof`ts k` cjejur
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/76126.mtoe
‗ KSJ 92664>9447 Tmjtjarbpmy – Fefctrj`kc scb``frs hjr pmjtjarbpmkc kobafs – Gy`bokc rb`af ofbsurfof`ts
84 82
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/36;3;.mtoe
Sfrâ rffopebzbgb pjr eb `jrob f` gfsbrrjeej KSJ/BQK 2613;.
Fstâ f` prfpbrbckó` prfpbrbckó` eb `jrob KSJ/WS 2;987-9, quf bijrgbrâ ejs obtfrkbefs trb`sokskvjs.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
937
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube
Hjrobtjs gf kobaf`
‗ KSJ/KFC 24;2=-2>2;;7 89 K`hjrobtkj` tfcm`jejay – Gkaktbe cjoprfsskj` b`g cjgk`a jh cj`tk`ujus-tj`f stkee kobafs> Yfqukrfof`ts b`g aukgfek`fs \NTFA_ mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/2=;49.mtoe ‗ KSJ 2983;>9447 83 Arbpmkc tfcm`jejay – Trfprfss gkaktbe gbtb fxcmb`af – Wba kobaf flef hjrobt hjr kobaf tfcm`jejay (WKHH/KW) mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/37379.mtoe ‗ KSJ/KFC 26777-2>942; K`hjrobtkj` tfcm`jejay – NTFA 9444 kobaf cjgk`a systfo> Cjrf cjgk`a systfo mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/1=392.mtoe ‗ KSJ 26;34 Arbpmkc tfcm`jejay – Trfprfss gkaktbe gbtb fxcmb`af \TGH_ mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/9;482.mtoe ‗
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/37;72.mtoe mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/3;;3=.mtoe mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/3;;3;.mtoe \Gfrjabgb_ mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/3;;74.mtoe mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/66=73.mtoe mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/66=77.mtoe KSJ/KFC 26;7=>9447 K`hjrobtkj` tfcm`jejay – Cjoputfr arbpmkcs b`g kobaf prjcfssk`a – Tjrtbief @ftwjrl Arbpmkcs (T@A)> Hu`ctkj`be spfckflcbtkj` mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/9;6=2.mtoe ‗ KSJ 26;9;>9449 vfejpof`t Arbpmkc tfcm`jejay Trfprfss gkaktbe gbtb fxcmb`af – Aukgfek`fs b`g prk`ckpefs hjr tmf gfjh TGH/]–stb`gbrgs stb `gbrgs \Gfrjabgb_ mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/37841.mtoe ‗ KSJ 2;446-2>9446 87 Gjcuof`t ob`bafof` ob`bafof`tt – Fefctrj`kc gjcuof`t flef hjrobt hjr eej`a-tfro j`a-tfro prfsfrvbtkj` – T Tbrt brt 2> Vsf jh TGH 2.7 (TGH/B-2) mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/3=;94.mtoe ‗ KSJ 2;446-9>9422 Gjcuof`t ob`bafof` ob`bafof`tt – Fefctrj`kc gjcuof`t flef hjrobt hjr eej`a-tfro j`a-tfro prfsfrvbtkj` – T Tbrt brt 9> Vsf jh KSJ 39444-2 (TGH/B-9) mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/64866.mtoe
89
Cjrrfakgb pjr KSJ/KFC 24;2=-2>2;;7/Cjr 2>9446.
83
Cjrrfakgb pjr KSJ 2983;>9447/Bog 2>9441.
87
Cjrrfakgb pjr KSJ 2;446-2>9446/ Cjr 2>9441 f KSJ 2;446-2>9446/Cjr 9>9422.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
936
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube
‗ KSJ 2;446-3>9429
Gjcuof`t ob`bafof`t – Fefctrj`kc gjcuof`t flef hjrobt hjr ej`a-tfro prfsfrvbtkj` – Tbrt 3> Vsf jh KSJ 39444-2 wktm suppjrt hjr foifggfg flefs (TGH/B-3)
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/6199;.mtoe
‗ KSJ 39444-2>944= Gjcuof`t ob`bafof`t – Tjrtbief gjcuof`t hjrobt – Tbrt 2> TGH 2.1
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/62649.mtoe
‗ KSJ 39444-9>9494
Gjcuof`t ob`bafof`t – Tjrtbief gjcuof`t hjrobt – Tbrt 9> TGH 9.4 \F` rfvkskó`. Sfrâ rffopebzbgb pjr KSJ/CG 39444-9_._
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/16=3;.mtoe
Afstkó` gf cbekgbg
‗ B@SK/BSR ^2.;–9443 (Y9423)
Sbopek`a Trjcfgurfs b`g Wbiefs hjr K`spfctkj` iy Xbrkbiefs hjr Tfrcf`t @j`cj`hjrok`a
mttps>//wfistjrf.b`sk.jra/stb`gbrgs/bsq/b`skbsqz29443r9423-2624=31
‗ B@SK/BKKO WY37-2;;8
Sbopek`a Trjcfgurfs hjr K`spfctkj` iy Bttrkiutfs jh Kobafs k` Fefctrj`kc Kobaf Ob`bafof`t (FKO) b`g Okcrjarbpmkcs Systfos
mttps>//ebw.rfsjurcf.jra/pui/us/chr/kir/442/bkoo.tr-37.2;;8.pgh
‗ KSJ ;444>9426 (fs)
Skstfobs gf afstkó` gf eb cbekgbg – Hu`gbof`tjs y vjcbiuebrkj
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/jip/uk/#ksj>stg>ksj>;444>fg-7>v2>fs
‗ V@F-F@ KSJ ;442>9426 Skstfobs gf afstkó` gf eb cbekgbg – Yfquksktjs mttps>//www.u`f.jra/f`cuf`trb-tu-`jrob/iuscb-tu-`jrob/`jrob:c?@446678; ‗ KSJ ;447>942=
Rubekty ob`bafof`t – Rubekty jh b` jrab`kzbtkj` – Aukgb`cf tj bcmkfvf sustbk`fg succfss
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/143;1.mtoe
Afstkó` gf cjejr
‗ KSJ 26418-2>9424
Kobaf tfcm`jejay cjejur ob`bafof ob`bafof`t `t – Brcmktfcturf, prjflef hjrobt b` b`g gg gbtb btb stru structurf cturf – Tbrt 2> Ibsfg j` KCC.2>9424 | Spfckflcbtkj` KCC.2>9424-29 (Trjflef vfrskj` 7.3.4.4)
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/67167.mtoe
‗ KSJ 9949=-2>9428
Tmjtjarbpmy b`g arbpmkc tfcm`jejay – Fxtf`gfg cjejur f`cjgk`as hjr gkaktbe kobaf stjrbaf, ob`kpuebtkj` b`g k`tfrcmb`af – Tbrt 2> Brcmktfcturf b`g rfqukrfof`ts
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/8=182.mtoe
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
938
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube
Oftbgbtjs
‗ BEWJ (B`beyzfg Ebyjut bb`g `g Wfxt Jinfct)
mttps>//www.ejc.ajv/stb`gbrgs/betj/tfcmcf`tfr/fefof`tSft/k`gfx.mtoe
‗ B@SK/@KSJ ^3;.=1-9448 (Y9421 (Y9421))
Gbtb Gkctkj`bry – Wfcm`kcbe Oftbgbtb hjr Gkaktbe Stkee Kobafs \OK]_
mttps>//www.`ksj.jra/puiekcbtkj`s/b`sk`ksj-z3;=1-9448-r9421-gbtb-gkctkj`bry-tfcm`kcbe-oftbgbtb-gkaktbe-stkee-kobafs
‗ GCOK Oftbgbtb Wfros
mttp>//guiek`cjrf.jra/gjcuof`ts/gcok-tfros/
‗ Fxcmb`afbief kobaf flef hjr hjrobt obt (Fxkh)
mttp>//www.fxkh.jra/Fxkh9-9.TGH
‗ KSJ 24397>2;;1
K`hjrobtkj` b`g gjcuof`tbtkj` – Mjegk`as stbtfof`ts – Suoobry efvfe
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/2=319.mtoe
‗ KSJ 26=38-2>9421
K`hjrobtkj` b`g gjcuof`tbtkj` – Wmf Guiek` Cjrf oftbgbtb ffefof`t efof`t sft – Tbrt 2> Cjrf fefof`ts
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/1233;.mtoe
‗ KSJ/@T 26=38-9
K`hjrobtkj` b`g gjcuof`tbtkj` – Wmf Guiek` Cjrf oftbgbtb fefof`t sft – Tbrt 9> GCOK Trjpfrtkfs b`g cebssfs \F` gfsbrrjeej_
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/12372.mtoe
‗ KSJ 288=7-2>942;
Arbpmkc tfcm`jejay – Fxtf`skief oftbgbtb pebthjro (]OT) spfckflcbtkj` – Tbrt 2> Gbtb ojgfe,
sfrkbekzbtkj` b`g cjrf prjpfrtkfs mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/16283.mtoe
‗ KSJ 94116>944;
K`hjrobtkj` b`g gjcuof`tbtkj` – Scmfob hjr mjegk`as k`hjrobtkj`
mttps>//www.ksj.jra/stb`gbrg/3;136.mtoe
‗ OBYC 92 Hjrobt hjr Ikiekjarbpmkc Gbtb
mttps>//www.ejc.ajv/obrc/ikiekjarbpmkc/
‗ OBYC 92 Hjrobt hjr Mjegk`as Gbtb
mttps>//www.ejc.ajv/obrc/mjegk`as/
‗ OBYC 92 Hjrobt hjr Butmjrkty Gbtb
mttps>//www.ejc.ajv/obrc/butmjrkty/
‗ OBYC]OE
mttps>//www.ejc.ajv/stb`gbrgs/obrcxoe/
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
931
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube
‗ Oftbgbtb F`cjgk`a & Wrb`ss Wrb`ssoksskj` oksskj` Stb`gbr Stb`gbrg g (OFWS)
mttp>//www.ejc.ajv/stb`gbrgs/ofts/
‗ Oftbgbtb Jinfc Jinfctt Gfscrkptkj` Scmfob (OJGS)
mttps>//www.ejc.ajv/stb`gbrgs/ojgs/
‗ TYFOKS Gbtb Gkctkj` Gkctkj`bry bry hjr Trfsfr Trfsfrvbtkj` vbtkj` Oftbgbt Oftbgbtbb mttp>//www.ejc.ajv/stb`gbrgs/prfoks/ ‗ Wfcm`kcbe Oftbgbtb hjr Wfxt (WfxtOG)
mttps>//www.ejc.ajv/stb`gbrgs/tfxtOG/
Trjpkfgbg k`tfefctube
‗ Yfbe Gfcrft Gfcrftj j Efaksebtkvj 2/2;;8, gf 29 gf bir birke, ke, pjr fe quf sf bbprufib prufib fe ttfxtj fxtj rfhu`gkg rfhu`gkgj j gf eb Efy gf Trjpkfgbg K`tfefctube, rfauebrkzb`gj, bcebrb`gj y broj`kzb`gj ebs gkspjskckj`fs efabefs vkaf`tfs sjirf eb obtfrkb.
mttps>//www.ijf.fs/gkbrkjZijf/txt.pmp:kg?IJF-B-2;;8-=;34
‗ Yfbe Gfcrft Gfcrftj j gf 3 gf ssfptkfoirf fptkfoirf gf 2==4, pjr fe quf sf bprufib fe Yfaebof`tj pbrb eb fnfcuckó` gf eb Efy gf 24 gf f`frj gf 2=1;, sjirf prjpkfgbg k`tfefctube.
mttps>//www.ijf.fs/iuscbr/bct.pmp:kg?IJF-B-2==4-8388
‗ Yfbe Gfcrf Gfcrftj tj 997/942 997/9428, 8, g gff 91 gf obyj, pjr fe quf sf gfsbrr gfsbrrjeeb jeeb fe rrëakof` ëakof` nurïgk nurïgkcj cj gf eebs bs jirbs muërhb`bs.
mttps>//www.ijf.fs/ijf/gkbs/9428/48/22/pghs/IJF-B-9428-6121.pgh
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
93=
9=. Ikiekjarbhïb Yfcjof`gbckj`fs ‗ BCCKÓ@ 6 GFE AYVTJ GF Y FTJSKWJYKJS FTJSKWJYKJS GF Y FIKVO FIKVO (9494). Auïb pbrb eb fvbeubckó` gf ejs prjcfsjs gf prfsfrvbckó` f` rfpjsktjrkjs k`stktuckj`befs gf k`vfstkabckó`.
5mttp>//mge.mb`gef.`ft/94.644.22;81/837 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ I BYYVFCJ CYV^, NJSË O. ft be. (9427). Yfcjof`gbck Yfcjof`gbckj`fs j`fs YFIKV@ f` obtfrkb gf gkaktbekzbckó` gkaktbekzb ckó` y prfsfrvbckó` prfsfrvbck ó` gkaktbe gf gjcuof`tjs . Yfg gf Ikiekjtfcbs V`kvfrsktbrkbs (YFIKV@).
5mttps>//www.rfiku`.jra/sktfs/gfhbuet/flefs/9421-22/KKKTFZEk`fb3ZYfcjof`gbckj`fsZYFIKV@Zgkaktbekzbckj`Zprfsfrvbckj`Z9427.pgh 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ IFY@S, Y J[ J[ S S. y HYF[ , HYB@^KSLB S. (9446). Gkrfct Gkaktbe Gkaktb e Cbpturf jh Cueturbe Mfrktbaf> If`cmobrlk`a Bofrkcb` Ousfuo Trbctkcfs b`g Gffl`k`a Huturf @ffgs- Hk`be Yfpjrt . Yjcmfstfr K`stktutf jh Wfcm`jejay. 5mttps>//www.rfsfbrcmabtf.`ft/puiekcbtkj`/9793=82=6ZGkrfctZGkaktbeZCbpturfZjhZCueturbeZ MfrktbafZ-ZIf`cmobrlk`aZBofrkcb`ZOusfuoZTrbctkcfsZb`gZGffl`k`aZHuturfZ@ffgsZTrjnfctZYfpjrt 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_ ‗ IKIEKJWFCB G KAKWBE M KSTÂ@KCB (9426). Trjcf Trjcfsj sj gf gkaktbekzbckó` gkaktbek zbckó` f` eb Ikiekjtfcb @bckj`be @bckj`b e gf Fspbòb. Ikiekjtfcb @bckj`be gf Fspbòb.
5mttp>//www.i`f.fs/wfigjcs/Cbtbejajs/TrjcfsjGkaktbekzbckj`
[email protected] 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ C BOTV^B@J NVB@, H. y AKOË@F^ CMJY@FW, X. (9446). Yfcjof`gbck Yfcjof`gbckj`fs j`fs tëc`kcbs pbrb eb cbptucb pturb y gkaktbekzbckó` gf hj`gjs gf brcmkvj. Brcmkvj gfe Yfk`j gf Xbef`ckb.
5mttp>//www.cfkcf.avb.f mttp>//www.cfkcf.avb.fs/gjcuof`ts/2828377 s/gjcuof`ts/282837749/28376==48/Y 49/28376==48/Yfcgkaktbekzbckj`.p fcgkaktbekzbckj`.pgh/96f2698hgh/96f2698h9b47-7398-i4=i-4bchg619=4220 9b47-7398-i4=i-4bchg619=422 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ CJ@SJYCK GF IKIEKJWFRVFS V@KXFYSKWÄYKFS GF C BW BWBEV@[B BEV@[B (9424). Fstâ`gbrfs gf g f gkaktbekzbckó`> gkaktbekzbc kó`> rfqufrkokf`tjs oï`kojs . 5mttp>//www.cfkcf.avb. mttp>//www.cfkcf.avb.fs/gjcuof`ts/2828377 fs/gjcuof`ts/282837749/28376==48/CI 49/28376==48/CIVC2424Fstb`gbrfsG VC2424Fstb`gbrfsGkaktbekzbkaktbekzbckj`.pgh/9=6143i1-;c3;-7267-=43=-86ihf971g9660 ckj`.pgh/9=6143i1-;c3;-7267-=43=-86ihf971g966 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_ ‗ GJYOJEF@, M B@S XB@ XB@ (9429). OFWBOJYHJ^F Trfsfrv Trfsfrvbtkj` btkj` Kobak`a Aukgfek`fs . Wmf Mbauf> @btkj`be Ekirbry jh tmf @ftmfreb`gs.
5mttps>//www.oftbojrhjzf.`e/sktfs/gfhbuet/flefs/puiekcbtkfZgjcuof`tf`/OftbojrhjzfZTrfsfrvbtkj`ZKobak`aZAukgfek`fsZ2.4.pgh0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ FVYJTFB@B (9424). Cbrtb gfe gjok`kj pþiekcj gf Furjpfb`b.
5mttps>//prj.furjpfb`b.fu/flefs/Furjpfb`bZTrjhfsskj`be/Tuiekcbtkj`s/TuiekcZGjobk`ZCmbrtfr/Tuiekc%94Gjobk`%94Cmbrtfr%94-%94FS.pgh 0 tfr/Tuiekc%94Gjobk`%94Cmbrtfr%94-%94FS.pgh 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ K@WFY@BWKJ@BE H FGFYBWKJ@ JH E KIYBY[ B B SSJCKBWKJ@S B@G B@ G K @SWKWVWKJ@S (KHEB) (9427). Gk Gk-rfctrkcfs pbrb peb`khkcbr eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf cjefcckj`fs gf ekirjs koprfsjs b`tkaujs y ob`uscrktjs .
5mttps>//www.kheb.jra/hkefs/bssfts/rbrf-ijjls-b`g-ob`uscrkpts/rios-aukgfek`fs/aukgfek`fs-hjr-peb``k`a-gkaktkzbtkj`-fs.pgh 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
93;
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Ikiekjarbhïb
‗ NV@WB GF B@GBEVCÏB. CJ@SFNFYÏB GF CVEWVYB. GKYFCCKÓ@ AF@FYBE GFE EKIYJ, BYCMKXJS [ [ I IKIEKJWFCBS. SFCCKÓ@ GF BYCMKXJs (9424). Yfcj Yfcjof`g of`gbckj bckj`fs `fs tëc`kcbs tëc`kcbs pbrb eb gkaktbek gkaktbekzbck zbckó` ó` gf gjcuof`t gjcuof`tjs js .
5mttps>//www.uob.fs/ofgkb/tk`ykobafs/flef/22.G-BAVOB.pgh 0 mttps>//www.uob.fs/ofgkb/tk`ykobafs/flef/22.G-BAVOB.pgh 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
Gkrfctrkcfs fs pbrb prjyfctjs prjyfctj s gf gkaktbekzbckó` gkaktbekzbc kó` gf cjefc ‗ O BCKEQBK@F, N. ft be . (KHEB-KCB) (9449). Gkrfctrkc ckj`fs y hj`gjs gf gjok`kj pþiekcj, f` pbrtkcuebr pbrb bqufeejs custjgkbgjs f` ikiekjtfcbs y brcmkvjs . Ok`kstfrkj gf Cueturb.
5mttp>//mge.mb`gef.`ft/24792/3379 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 94292_ JYLK@A AYJVT (9441). B Hrbofwjrl jh Aukgb`cf hjr Iukegk`a Ajjg Gkak ‗ @KSJ HYBOFQJYL Q JYLK@A tbe Cjeefctkj`s. Ibetkojrf> @btkj`be K`hjrobtkj` Stb`gbrgs Jrab`kzbtkj` (@KSJ).
5mttps>//www.`ksj.jra/sktfs/gfhbuet/flefs/9421-4=/hrbofwjrl3.pgh 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ TVAEKB., S., Y FFG FFG, N. y Y MJGFS MJGFS, F. (9447). Wfcm`kcbe Aukgfek`fs hjr Gkaktkzk`a Brcmkvbe Obtfrkbes hjr Fefctrj`kc Bccfss> Crfbtkj` Cr fbtkj` jh Trjguctkj` Obstfr Hkefs – Ybstfr Kobafs . V.S. @btkj`be Brcmk vfs b`g Yfcjrgs Bgok`kstrbtkj` Bgok`k strbtkj` (@BYB).
5mttps>//www.brcmkvfs.ajv/flefs/prfsfrvbtkj`/tfcm`kcbe/aukgfek`fs.pgh mttps>//www.brcmkvfs.ajv/flefs/prfsfrvbtkj`/tfcm`kcbe/aukgfek`fs.pgh 0 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
FFG , N. y Y MJGFS MJGFS , F. (V.S. @ BWKJ@B BWKJ@BEE BYCMKXFS B@G Y FCJYGS FCJYGS BGOK@KSWYBWKJ@ ) ‗ TVAEKB, S., Y FFG (9428). HBGAK Wfcm`kcbe Aukgfek`fs hjr Gkaktkzk`a Cueturbe Mfrktbaf Obtfrkbes . Wmjobs Ykfafr.
5mttp>//www.gkaktkzbtkj`aukgfek`fs.ajv/aukgfek`fs/HBGAK%94Hfgfrbe%94 mttp>//www.gkaktkzbtkj`aukgfek`fs.ajv/aukgfek`fs/HBGAK%94Hfgfrbe%94 %94Baf`ckfs%94Gkaktbe%94Aukgfek`fs%94K`ktkbtkvf-9428 aktbe%94Aukgfek`fs%94K`ktkbtkvf -9428 %94Hk`beZrfv2.pgh 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ WMF GKAKWBE EKIYBY[ HHFGFYBWKJ@ IF@CMOBYL Q JYLK@A JYLK@A AYJVT (9449). If`cmobrl hjr Hbktmhue Gkaktbe Yfprjguctkj`s Yfpr jguctkj`s jh Oj`jarbpms Oj` jarbpms b`g Sfrkbes. Sfrk bes.
5mttp>//jeg.gkaeki.jra/stb`gbrgs/iobrlfl`.pgh mttp>//jeg.gkaeki.jra/stb`gbrgs/iobrlfl`.pgh 0 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_ ‗ V@KÓ@ FVYJTFB. CJOKWË GFS S BAFS (9422). Wmf @fw Yf`bkssb`cf> rfpjrt jh tmf «Cjoktë gfs Sb afs¼. 5mttps>//jp.furjpb.fu/fs/puiekcbtkj`-gftbke/-/puiekcbtkj`/1;b3=b93-f1g;-7769-i;i42h=7649f8=c60 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_ ‗ V@KÓ@ FVYJTFB. CJOKSKÓ@ FVYJTFB (9422). «Cjooksskj` rfcjoof`gbtkj` jh 91 jctjifr 9422 j` tmf gkaktksbtkj` b`g j`ek`f bccfsskikekty jh cueturbe obtfrkbe b`g gkaktbe prfsfrvbtkj` 9422/122/fu¼. F`> Gkbrkj Jflckbe Jflckb e gf eb V`kó` Fur jpfb, E 9=3, 9;-24-9422, pp. 3;-76.
5mttps>//fur-efx.furjpb.fu/efabe-cj`tf`t/FS/W]W/TGH/:urk?CFEF]>39422M4122&hrjo?F@ 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
Oj`jarbhïbs y brtïcuejs BXKG XKG [ FMEK@A FMEK@A (2;;=). «Crfbtk`a b`g Gkstrkiutk`a Mkam Yfsjeutkj` Cbrtjarbpmkc Kob ‗ BEEF@, G B afs¼. F`> YEA Gkak`fws . Buaust 26, 2;;=, Xjeuof 9, @uoifr 7.
5mttp>//www.wjregcbt.jra/brcvkfwfr/2/JCC/9441/4=/4=/444441462;/vkfwfr/flef31.mtoe#hfb-
turf0 turf 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_ FEEJ E BAJS, @KCJEÂS A. (9423). Eb bprjpkbckó` bprjpkbckó ` gf jirbs f` fe gjok`kj pþiekcj b trbvës gf su ‗ I gkaktbekzbckó` . Sb`tkbaj gf Cmkef> V`kvfrskgbg gf Cmkef. Hbcuetbg gf Gfrfcmj.
5mttp>//rfpjsktjrkj.ucmkef.ce/iktstrfbo/mb`gef/9964/226326/gf-ifeejZ`.pgh:sfquf`cf?2 5mttp>//rfpjsktjrkj.ucmkef.ce/iktstrfbo/mb`gef/9964/226326/gf-ifeejZ`.pgh:sfquf`cf?20 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
974
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Ikiekjarbhïb
‗ IFWB@CJY R R VK@WB@B, A BIYKFE (9494). Eb hjtjarbhïb hjtjarb hïb f` Arb` Cb`brkb Cb` brkb 2=74-2;74 2=74-2;7 4 . Ebs Tbeobs gf Arb` Cb`brkb> Fgkckj`fs Yfojtbs. ‗ IEBW@FY , G. ft be . (9446). Fe fscâ`fr f` fe gksfòj gks fòj arâflcj. Obgrkg> B`byb Ouetkofgkb. ‗ IJKB@AKV, CJSWK@-B@WJ@ y y G G XJY@KC, B@GYFK-KVEKB@ (944=). «Oftmjgs jh iktj`be kobaf cj`vfrskj` hjr ojgfr` b`g cebsskc gjcuof`ts¼. F`> QSFBS WYB@SBCWKJ@S j` CJOTVWFYS , Kssuf 1, X Xjeuof jeuof 1, pp. 24=2-24;4.
5mttps>//www.rfsfbrcmabtf.`ft/puiekcbtkj`/99=;1;812ZOftmjgsZjhZIktj`beZKobafZCj`vfrskj`ZhjrZOjgfr`Zb`gZCebsskcZGjcuof`ts 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ GÏB^ X BEGËS, NFSÞS (9421). Gkaktbekzbc Gkaktbekzbckó` kó` gf gjcuof`tbckó` gjcuof`tb ckó` ouskcbe> V`b auïb gf kopeb`tbkop eb`tbckó`. V`kvfrskgbg Cbrejs KKK gf Obgrkg.
5mttps>//f-brcmkvj.uc3o.fs/mb`gef/24428/96333 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ GVSJEEKFY , SËXFYK@F (9424). Fstugkj fxpejrbtjrkj sjirf fe gfrfcmj gf butjr y ejs gfrfcmjs cj`f xjs y fe gjok`kj pþiekcj. Jrab`kzbckó` Ou`gkbe gf eb Trjpkfgbg K`tfefctube (JOTK).
5mttps>//www.wkp 5mttps>//www.wkpj.k`t/fxpjrt/sktfs/w j.k`t/fxpjrt/sktfs/www/kp-gfvfej ww/kp-gfvfejpof`t/fs/baf`g pof`t/fs/baf`gb/pgh/scjpk`aZstu b/pgh/scjpk`aZstugyZ gyZ cr.pgh 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ FGOJ@SJ@, Y. (9447). Hkejsjhïb y prk`ckpkjs prk`c kpkjs gf ejs br brcmkvjs cmkvjs bugkjvksubefs bugkjv ksubefs . Tbrks> V@FSCJ. ‗ HYBCFY , I., OVYTM[ , CM. y IV@WJOA, H. (9443). Vsj y bgok`kstrbckó` gfe cjejr . Obgrkg> B`byb Ouetkofgkb. ‗ HJVEJ@@FBV, O VYKFE (944=). Oftbgbtb hjr Gkaktbe Yfsjurcfs> Y fsjurcfs> Kopefof`tbtkj`, Ko pefof`tbtkj`, Systfos Gfska` b`g K`tfrjpfrbikekty . Jxhjrg> Cmb`gjs. ‗ HYF[ , H. S. y Y FKEE[ FKEE[ , N. O. (9448). Gkaktbe Kobak`a hjr Tmjtjarbpmkc Tmjtjarbp mkc Cjeefctkj`s Hju`gbtkj`s Hju`gbtkj` s hjr Wfcm`kcbe Stb`gbrgs (9.b (9.b fg.). Yjcmfstfr> YKW. ‗ HVF@WFS, Â. y Y JIEFGB@J JIEFGB@J, N. (2;;;). «Eb kgf`tkflcbckó` y cj`sfrvbckó` gf ejs obtfrkbefs hjtjarâflcjs¼. F`> Xbeef Abstbok`zb, Hëekx gfe (cjjrg.). Ob`ub Ob`ubee gf gjcuof`tbc gjcuo f`tbckó` kó` hjtjarâflcb hjtja râflcb . Sï`tfsks. ‗ A BYCÏB, FHYBÏ@ y JSV@B, Y VIË@ VIË@ (9446). Hu`gbof`tjs gf hjtjarbhïb hj tjarbhïb gkaktbe gkaktb e .
5mttp>//www.u`fg.fs/pfrsj`be/rjsu`b/rfsjurcfs/pmjtjarbpmy/KobafRubekty/hu`gbof`tjs. kobaf`.gkaktbe.pgh 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ Mb`gijjl hjr gkaktbe prjnfcts> pr jnfcts> B Ob`bafof`t Ob` bafof`t Wjje hjr Trfsfrvbtkj` Trfsfrv btkj` b`g Bccfss (9444). B`gj vfr, Obssbcmusftts> Gjcuof`t Gjc uof`t Cj`sfrvbtkj` Cf`tfr.
5mttp>//www.`fgcc.jra/bssfts/ofgkb/gjcuof`ts/gob`.pgh mttp>//www.`fgcc.jra/bssfts/ofgkb/gjcuof`ts/gob`.pgh 0 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ NKSC. 5mttps>//www.nksc.bc.ul/ 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_ ‗ LF@@F[ , B@@F Y . y SMBYTF, EJVKS M. (2;;;). Keeustrbtfg Ijjl Stugy> Gkaktbe Cj`vfrskj` Cj`v frskj` Yfqukrfof`ts Trk`tfg Keeustrbtkj`s . Cjr`fee V`kvfrskty.
5mttp>//ofojry.ejc.ajv/boofo/tfcmgjcs/kis.pgh 5mttp>//ofojry.ejc.ajv/boofo/tfcmgjcs/kis.pgh 0 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ LF@@F[ , B@@F Y., Y KFAFY KFAFY , J [B [B [ . y F@WEKCM, Y KCMBYG KCMBYG (9443). Eefvb`gj eb tfjrïb b eb prâctkcb> p râctkcb>
tutjrkbe gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf koâaf`fs . V`kvfrskgbg gf Cjr`fee.
5mttp>//prfsfrvbtkj`tutjrkbe.ekirbry.cjr`fee.fgu/tutjrkbe-spb`ksm/prfhbcf.mtoe0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ EFF, S WVBYW G . (9444). Gkaktb Gkaktbee kobak`a ko bak`a>> b prbctkcbe prbctk cbe mb`gijjl mb`gijj l . Ej`gj`> Ekirbry Bssjckbtkj` Tuieksmk`a.
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
972
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Ikiekjarbhïb
‗ EÓTF^ O J@NÓ@, N VB@ T., KIÂÒF^, Y., X KEEBEÓ@ KEEBEÓ@, Y JSB JSB O . y BYCF , H. (9441). «Gkaktbekzbckó` gf hj`gjs hjtjarâflcjs f` sjpjrtf vkgrkj gfe K`stktutj gf Mkstjrkb (CSKC)> jinftkvjs, prjcfsj, rfsuetbgjs¼. F`> Ruk`tbs Njr`bgbs Kobaf`, Cueturb y Wfc`jejaïb (6.ª, 9448, Aftbhf. Obgrkg). Obgrkg> V`kvfrskgbg Cbrejs KKK, Fgktjrkbe Brcmkvkb`b, 9441, pp. 61-8=.
5mttps>//f-brcmkvj.uc3o.fs/mb`gef/24428/;=19 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
gkak tbe cjeefctkj`s . Ej`gj`> Hbcft. ‗ OKEEFY , SWFTMF@ N. (9422). Oftbgbtb hjr gkaktbe
‗ TFYFKYB, N. Gkaktbe Mfrktbaf.
5mttp>//www.npfrfkrb.`ft/ 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ TFYFKYB V ^BE , N JSË O B@VFE (9423). Afstkó` gfe cjejr f` prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó`. Obgrkg> Obrcjoij. ‗ Y FCKJ FCKJ O BYWÏ@, Y FIFCB FIFCB C . (9426). «Tbutbs pbrb eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf `fabtkvjs y trb`spbrf`ckbs sjirf pebcbs gf vkgrkj y sjpjrtfs fxkiefs¼. F`> Fstucj> Yfvkstb gf fstugkjs y cjou`kcbckj`fs cjo u`kcbckj`fs gfe Ousfj Cfrrbeij, `.¾ 4, pp. 999-991. 5mttps>//www.rfsfbrcmabtf.`ft/puiekcbtkj`/3292;1=74ZTbutbsZpbrbZebZgkaktbekzbckj`ZgfZ`fabtkvjsZyZtrb`spbrf`ckbsZsjirfZpebcbsZgfZvkgrkjZyZsjpjrtfsZfxkiefsZFstucjZYfvkstbZgfZ FstugkjsZyZCjou`kcbckj`fsZgfeZOusfjZCfrrbeijZK`tfr`ftZ`Z4Z97Zgf FstugkjsZyZCjou`kcbckj`fsZgfe ZOusfjZCfrrbeijZK`tfr`ftZ`Z4Z97ZgfZ`jvkfoirfZppZ90 Z`jvkfoirfZppZ90 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_ ‗ Y KXFYB KXFYB G J@JSJ, O KAVFE Â @AFE (944;). «Gkrfctrkcfs pbrb eb crfbckó` gf u` prjarbob gf prfsfrvbckó` gkaktbe¼. F`> Sfrkf Ikiekjtfcjejaïb y Afstkó` gf K`hjrobckó`, `.¾ 73, obrzj 944;.
5mttp>//fprk`ts.rceks.jra/29;=;/2/SfrkfZ@%C9 %I473ZTrfsfrvbckj`Zgkaktbe.pgh 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
JIEFGB@J B YKEEJ N . (9422). «Ofnjrb gfe rb`aj gk`âokcj f` eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf gjcuof`tjs ‗ Y JIEFGB@J gfsgf u`b pfrspfctkvb pbtrkoj`kbe> fvbeubckó` gf oëtjgjs gf betj rb`aj gk`âokcj (MGY) ibsbgjs f` fxpjskckj`fs oþetkpefs¼. F`> Yfvkstb fspbòjeb fspbòje b gf gjcuof`tbckó` gjcuof` tbckó` ckf`tïflcb ckf`tïfl cb, vje. 37, `.¾ 3, pp. 361-3=7.
5mttps>//rfgc.rfvkstbs. 5mttps>//rfgc.rfvkstbs.cskc.fs/k`gfx.p cskc.fs/k`gfx.pmp/rfgc/brtkcef/vkfw mp/rfgc/brtkcef/vkfw/143/11; /143/11;0 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 9 gf sfptkfoirf gf 9492_
‗ Y JIEFGB@J JIEFGB@J B YKEEJ, N . (9426). «Eb gkaktbekzbckó` gf hjtjarbhïb¼. F`> Sbevbgjr If`ïtfz, B`tj`kb (cjjrg.). Tbtrkoj`kj hjtjarâflcj> hjtj arâflcj> gf eb vkskikekgbg v kskikekgbg b eb afstkó`. Aknó`> Wrfb. JIEFGB@J BYKEEJ, N. (9421). Eb cbpturb gkaktbe gf pbtrkoj`kj cueturbe. Fxpfrkf`ckb ‗ Y JIEFGB@J Fxpfrk f`ckb gf trbib nj cj` fe hj`gj hj` gj gfe brcmkvj brcmk vj Fspbckj T . Brs Bctkvus Fgkckj`fs.
5mttps>//f-brcmkvj.uc3o.fs/mb`gef/24428/979=3#prfvkfw 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 9 gf sfptkfoirf gf 9492_
‗ Y JIEFGB@J JIEFGB@J B YKEEJ, N . (9492). «Rubekty cj`trje jh gkaktbe rfprfsf`tbtkj`s jh ob`uscrkpt tfxts> prjpjsbe jh b stb`gbrgs-ibsfg oftmjg¼. F`> Jpf` K`hjrobtkj` Sckf`cf . Xjeuof 6< Kssuf 2, Nb`ubry 9492, pp. 91-77.
5mttps>//gjk.jra/24.2626/jpks-9492-4443 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 9 gf sfptkfoirf gf 9492_
‗ Y JCB JCB, E., AYFF@, B. y OJYBEFS, H. (9427). Wfnfgjrfs gf koâaf`fs> Trjpufstbs oftjgjeóakcbs gf k`vfstkabckó` y afstkó` gfe pbtrkoj`kj hjtjarâflcj y bugkjvksube . Oëxkcj> K`stktutj Ojrb. Ebij-
rbtjrkj Bugkjvksube gf K`vfstkabckó` Sjckbe. W YKBS , ‗ WJYYFS HYFK]F@FW, E. (944;). «Gkaktbekzbckó` gfe pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj¼. F`> Yfvkstbs WYKBS `.¾ 26, pp. 93;-9;1.
5mttps>//fs.scrkig.cjo/gjcuof`t/3971;81=4/Yfvkstb-WYKB-260 5mttps>//fs.scrkig.cjo/gjcuof`t/3971;81=4/Yfvkstb-WYKB-260 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
979
Arupj gf Wrbibnj Iuf`bs Trâctkcbs f` Gkaktbekzbckó`
Ikiekjarbhïb
‗ WYVNKEEJ NKOË@F^, N BXKFY BXKFY (944;). (944;). «Brcmkvj y afstkó` gf koâaf`fs gkaktbefs¼. F`> Yfvkstbs WYKBS WY KBS , `.¾26, pp. 9;;-337.
5mttps>//fs.scrkig.cjo/gjcuof`t/3971;81=4/Yfvkstb-WYKB-260 5mttps>//fs.scrkig.cjo/gjcuof`t/3971;81=4/Yfvkstb-WYKB-260 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ S BSWYF @ BWKXKGBG, A BYB^K (9426). «Trfsfrvbckó` y cj`sfrvbckó` gf gjcuof`tjs gkaktbefs¼. F`> BrcmkvTjst . Sbebob`cb> Bsjckbckó` gf Brcmkvfrjs gf Cbstkeeb y Efó`. 5mttp>//www.bcbe.fs/k`gfx.pmp/brcmkvpjst-b-hj`gj/ktf 5mttp>//www.bcbe.fs/k`gfx.p mp/brcmkvpjst-b-hj`gj/ktfo/2132-prfsfrvbckj`-y-cj o/2132-prfsfrvbckj`-y-cj`sfrvb`sfrvbckj`-gf-gjcuof`tjs-gkaktbefs0 ckj`-gf-gjcuof`tjs-gkaktbefs 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 bajstj 9492_ ‗ X B@ IJABYW, NJM@ Q. C. (2;;=). «Beobcf`bokf`tj y ob`kpuebckó` gf ck`tbs oba`ëtkcbs> auïb pbrb ikiekjtfcbs y brcmkvjs¼. F`> Cj`sfrvbpeb`> Gjcuof`tjs pbrb Cj`sfrvbr. C j`sfrvbr. Ikiekjtfcb @bckj`be gf Xf`fzufeb, `.¾ 24.
5mttps>//gkbarbobs.gkbarbobsgf.cjo/jtrjs/c 5mttps>//gkbarbobs.gkbarbobsgf.cjo/jtrjs/cj`sfrvbckj`%94ck`tbs%94vkgfj.pgh0 j`sfrvbckj`%94ck`tbs%94vkgfj.pgh0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
‗ X FYABYB FYABYB T FYKS, N JSË (9446). Cj`sfrvbckó` y rfstburbckó` gf obtfrkbe cueturbe f` brcmkvjs y ikiekjtfcbs . Xbef`ckb> Af`frbektbt Xbef`ckb`b. 5mttp>//ikvbegk.avb.fs/fs/cj`suetb/rfakstrj.cog:kg?12320 5mttp>//ikvbegk.avb.fs/fs/cj`suetb/rfakstrj.cog:kg?1232 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_ KWBEF,Fqubtkj` KWBEF Fstkobtk` a tmf Yfsjeutkj Yfsj eutkj` ` jh Mkstjrkc Mkstj rkc Hkeo Koba fs> Vsk`a Vsk` a ;. tmf Yfsjevk`a Yfsje vk`a ‗ X WKO (944;). Tjwfr (YT Fstko (YTF) F) b`gbtk`a Fstkobtfs jh j h Ef`s Rubekty. Xfrskj` ; - Kobafs> @jvfoifr 944 944;.
5mttps>//cjje.cueturbemfrktbaf.jra/vkgfjprfsfrvbtkj`/ekirbry/fstkobtk`aZmkstjrkcZkobafZrfsjeutkj`Zv;.pgh 0 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
KEEKBOS, GJ@ (9449). Kobaf qubekty oftrkcs. F`> YEA Gkak`fws. Buaust 26, Xjeuof 7, @uo ‗ Q KEEKBOS ifr 7.
5mttp>//wfigjc.awga.gf/fgjc/bw/reag`/prfsfrv/gkak`fws/gkak`fws7-7.mtoe#tfcm`kcbe2 0 5mttp>//wfigjc.awga.gf/fgjc/bw/reag`/prfsfrv/gkak`fws/gkak`fws7-7.mtoe#tfcm`kcbe20 \Cj`suetbgj fe 93 gf bajstj gf 9492_
Yfcjof`gbckj`fs pbrb prjyfctjs gf gkaktbekzbckó` gf pbtrkoj`kj ikiekjarâflcj y hjtjarbhïb mkstórkcb
973
