Realism

 

Realism

is an  an international relations theory  theory which states that world politics is driven

by competitive self-interest.

Realism is a tradition of international theory centered center ed upon four propositions. propositions.[2]  1. The international system is anarchic There is no actor above states capable of regulating their interactions; states must arrive at relations with other states on their own, rather than it being dictated to them by some higher controlling entity. o f constant antagonism   The international system exists in a state of (see  international anarchy) (see anarchy).

 

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2. States are the most important actors. 3. All states within the system are unitary, rational actors States tend to pursue self-interest. (see relative gain). gain).   Groups strive to attain as many resources as possible (see 

 

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4. The primary concern of all states is survival.  

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States build up military to survive, which may lead to a  a security dilemma  dilemma 

In summary, realists think that humankind is not inherently benevolent but rather r ather selfcentered and competitive. This perspective, which is shared by b y theorists such as as  Thomas Hobbes, Hobbes, views human nature as egocentric (not necessarily selfish) and conflictual unless there exist conditions under which humans may coexist. It is also disposed of the notion that an individual's intuitive nature is made up of anarchy. In regards to self interest, these individuals are self reliant and are motivated in seeking more power. They are also believed to be fearful. This view contrasts with the approach of  liberalism liberalism  to international relations. The state emphasizes an interest in accumulating power to ensure security in an anarchic world. Power is a concept primarily thought of in terms of material resources necessary to induce harm or coerce other states (to fight and win wars). The use of   power places an emphasis on coercive tactics being being acceptable to either accomplish something in the national interest or avoid something inimical to the national interest. The state is the most important actor under realism. It is unitary and autonomous  because it speaks and acts with one voice. voice. The power of the state is understood understood in terms of its military capabilities.

 

A key concept under realism is the international distribution of power referred to as system polarity. Polarity refers to the number of blocs of states that exert power in a international system. A multipolar system is composed of three or more blocs, a  bipolar system is composed composed of two blocs, and a unipola unipolarr system is dominated by a single power or hegemon. Under unipolarity realism predicts that states will w ill band together to oppose the hegemon and restore a balance of power. Although all state seek hegemony under  realism as the only way to ensure their own security, other states in the system are incentivised to prevent the emergence of a hegemon through balancing. States employ the rational model of decision making by obtaining and acting upon complete and accurate information. The state is sovereign and guided by a national interest defined in terms of power. Since the only constraint of the international system is anarchy, there is no international authority and states are left to their own devises to ensure their own security. Realists believe that  that Sovereign Sovereign  states states  are the principal actors in the international system, and special attention is afforded to large powers as they have the most influence on the international stage.  stage.  International institutions, institutions, non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, individuals individuals and other sub-state sub -state or trans-state actors are viewed as having little independent influence. States are inherently realism)) and/or obsessed with security ((defensive defensive realism realism)), and aggressive (offensive realism that territorial expansion is only constrained by opposing power(s). This aggressive  build-up, however, leads to a  a security dilemmawhereby dilemmawhereby increasing one's security may  bring along even greater instability instability as an opposing power buil builds ds up its own arms in response (an  (an arms race) race). Thus, security becomes aa  zero-sum zero-sum  game where onlyrelative onlyrelative  gains can be made. Realists believe that there are ar e no universal principles with which all states may guide their actions. Instead, a state must always be aware of the actions of the states around it and must use a pragmatic approach to resolve problems as they arise.